Page 6 of 6

Impatient with the progress in Leningrad, Hitler looked to Moscow, the capital
and heart of the Soviet Union. A Nazi drive on the capital began on October 2, Making Inferences
1941. By December, the Germans had advanced to the outskirts of Moscow. Soviet What does the
General Georgi Zhukov (ZHOO•kuhf) counterattacked. As temperatures fell, the fact that German
Germans, in summer uniforms, retreated. Ignoring Napoleon’s winter defeat 130 armies were not
years before, Hitler sent his generals a stunning order: “No retreat!” German troops prepared for the
Russian winter indi-
dug in about 125 miles west of Moscow. They held the line against the Soviets until cate about Hitler’s
March 1943. Hitler’s advance on the Soviet Union gained nothing but cost the expectations for the
Germans 500,000 lives. Soviet campaign?

The United States Aids Its Allies

Most Americans felt that the United States should not get involved in the war.
Between 1935 and 1937, Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts. The laws
made it illegal to sell arms or lend money to nations at war. But President
Roosevelt knew that if the Allies fell, the United States would be drawn into the
war. In September 1939, he asked Congress to allow the Allies to buy American
arms. The Allies would pay cash and then carry the goods on their own ships.
Under the Lend-Lease Act, passed in March 1941, the president could lend or
lease arms and other supplies to any country vital to the United States. By the sum-
mer of 1941, the U.S. Navy was escorting British ships carrying U.S. arms. In
response, Hitler ordered his submarines to sink any cargo ships they met.
Although the United States had not yet entered the war, Roosevelt and Churchill
met secretly and issued a joint declaration called the Atlantic Charter. It upheld
free trade among nations and the right of people to choose their own government.
The charter later served as the Allies’ peace plan at the end of World War II.
On September 4, a German U-boat fired on a U.S. destroyer in the Atlantic. In
response, Roosevelt ordered navy commanders to shoot German submarines on
sight. The United States was now involved in an undeclared naval war with Hitler.
To almost everyone’s surprise, however, the attack that actually drew the United
States into the war did not come from Germany. It came from Japan.

SECTION 1 ASSESSMENT

TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
• nonaggression pact • blitzkrieg • Charles de Gaulle • Winston Churchill • Battle of Britain • Erwin Rommel • Atlantic Charter

USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING

2. Which of the listed events 3. Why were the early months of 6. CLARIFYING What do you think is meant by the statement
might be considered a turning World War II referred to as the that Winston Churchill possibly was Britain’s most
point for the Allies? Why? “phony war”? (10.8.3) powerful weapon against Hitler’s Germany? (10.8.4)
(10.8.3)
4. Why was Egypt of strategic 7. MAKING INFERENCES What factors do you think a
Cause Effect importance in World country’s leaders consider when deciding whether to
First War II? (10.8.3) surrender or fight? (10.8.3)
blitzkrieg
Allies 5. Why did President Franklin 8. COMPARING How were Napoleon’s invasion of Russia
stranded Roosevelt want to offer help to and Hitler’s invasion of the Soviet Union similar? (10.8.6)
at Dunkirk
the Allies? (10.8.4) 9. WRITING ACTIVITY EMPIRE BUILDING Write a magazine
Lend-Lease
Act article on German conquests in Europe through
1942. (Writing 2.3.b)

CONNECT TO TODAY PREPARING AN ORAL REPORT

Conduct research into “stealth” technology, which is designed to evade radar. Use your
findings to prepare a brief oral report titled “How Stealth Technology Works.” (Writing 2.2.f)

496 Chapter 16
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Japan’s Pacific Campaign

MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES

EMPIRE BUILDING Japan World War II established the • Isoroku • Douglas

attacked Pearl Harbor in Hawaii United States as a leading player Yamamoto MacArthur
and brought the United States in international affairs. • Pearl Harbor • Battle of
into World War II. • Battle of Guadalcanal
Midway

SETTING THE STAGE Like Hitler, Japan’s military leaders also had dreams of CALIFORNIA STANDARDS
empire. Japan’s expansion had begun in 1931. That year, Japanese troops took 10.8.3 Identify and locate the Allied and
over Manchuria in northeastern China. Six years later, Japanese armies swept Axis powers on a map and discuss the major
turning points of the war, the principal the-
into the heartland of China. They expected quick victory. Chinese resistance, aters of conflict, key strategic decisions, and
however, caused the war to drag on. This placed a strain on Japan’s economy. To the resulting war conferences and political
resolutions, with emphasis on the importance
increase their resources, Japanese leaders looked toward the rich European of geographic factors.
colonies of Southeast Asia. 10.8.4 Describe the political, diplomatic,
and military leaders during the war (e.g.,
Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano
Surprise Attack on Pearl Harbor Roosevelt, Emperor Hirohito, Adolf Hitler,
Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, Douglas
By October 1940, Americans had cracked one of the codes that the Japanese MacArthur, Dwight Eisenhower).
used in sending secret messages. Therefore, they were well aware of Japanese 10.8.6 Discuss the human costs of the war,
plans for Southeast Asia. If Japan conquered European colonies there, it could with particular attention to the civilian and
military losses in Russia, Germany, Britain,
also threaten the American-controlled Philippine Islands and Guam. To stop the the United States, China, and Japan.
Japanese advance, the U.S. government sent aid to strengthen Chinese resistance.
And when the Japanese overran French Indochina—Vietnam, Cambodia, and
Laos—in July 1941, Roosevelt cut off oil shipments to Japan.
Despite an oil shortage, the Japanese continued their conquests. They hoped
to catch the European colonial powers and the United States by surprise. So
they planned massive attacks on British and Dutch colonies in Southeast Asia
and on American outposts in the Pacific—at the same time. Admiral Isoroku TAKING NOTES
Yamamoto (ih•soh•ROO•koo YAH•muh•MOH•toh), Japan’s greatest naval Recognizing Effects
strategist, also called for an attack on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii. It was, he said, Use a chart to identify
“a dagger pointed at [Japan’s] throat” and must be destroyed. the effects of four major
events of the war in the
Day of Infamy Early in the morning of December 7, 1941, American sailors at Pacific between 1941
Pearl Harbor in Hawaii awoke to the roar of explosives. A Japanese attack was and 1943.
underway! U.S. military leaders had known from a coded Japanese message that
an attack might come. But they did not know when or where it would occur. Event Effect
Within two hours, the Japanese had sunk or damaged 19 ships, including 8 bat-
tleships, moored in Pearl Harbor. More than 2,300 Americans were killed—with
over 1,100 wounded. News of the attack stunned the American people. The next
day, President Roosevelt addressed Congress. December 7, 1941, he declared,
was “a date which will live in infamy.” Congress quickly accepted his request for
a declaration of war on Japan and its allies.
World War II 497
 Page 2 of 5

Almost at the same time of the Pearl

Harbor attack, the Japanese launched
bombing raids on the British colony of
Hong Kong and American-controlled
Guam and Wake Island. (See the map on
the opposite page.) They also landed an
invasion force in Thailand. The Japanese
drive for a Pacific empire was under way.

Japanese Victories
Lightly defended, Guam and Wake
Island quickly fell to Japanese forces.
The Japanese then turned their attention
to the Philippines. In January 1942, they
marched into the Philippine capital of
Manila. American and Filipino forces
took up a defensive position on the
Bataan (buh•TAN) Peninsula on the
▲ The U.S.S. West northwestern edge of Manila Bay. At the same time, the Philippine government
Virginia is engulfed
moved to the island of Corregidor just to the south of Bataan. After about three
by flames after
taking a direct hit months of tough fighting, the Japanese took the Bataan Peninsula in April.
during the Japanese Corregidor fell the following month.
attack on Pearl The Japanese also continued their strikes against British possessions in Asia.
Harbor.
After seizing Hong Kong, they invaded Malaya from the sea and overland from
Thailand. By February 1942, the Japanese had reached Singapore, strategically
located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula. After a fierce pounding, the
colony surrendered. Within a month, the Japanese had conquered the resource-rich
Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia), including the islands of Java, Sumatra, Borneo,
and Celebes (SEHL•uh•BEEZ). The Japanese also moved westward, taking Burma.
From there, they planned to launch a strike against India, the largest of Great
Britain’s colonies.
By the time Burma fell, Japan had taken control of more than 1 million square
miles of Asian land. About 150 million people lived in this vast area. Before these
conquests, the Japanese had tried to win the support of Asians with the anticolo-
nialist idea of “East Asia for the Asiatics.” After victory, however, the Japanese
quickly made it clear that they had come as conquerors. They often treated the peo-
ple of their new colonies with extreme cruelty.
However, the Japanese reserved the most brutal treatment for Allied prisoners of
war. The Japanese considered it dishonorable to surrender, and they had contempt
for the prisoners of war in their charge. On the Bataan Death March—a forced
march of more than 50 miles up the peninsula—the Japanese subjected their cap-
tives to terrible cruelties. One Allied prisoner of war reported:

PRIMARY SOURCE
I was questioned by a Japanese officer, who found out that I had been in a Philippine
Scout Battalion. The [Japanese] hated the Scouts. . . . Anyway, they took me outside and
I was forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts alive. They made the men dig
their own graves, and then had them kneel down in a pit. The guards hit them over the
head with shovels to stun them and piled earth on top.
LIEUTENANT JOHN SPAINHOWER, quoted in War Diary 1939–1945

Of the approximately 70,000 prisoners who started the Bataan Death March, only
54,000 survived.
498 Chapter 16
 Page 3 of 5

Alaska (U.S.)
World War II in Asia and the Pacific, 1941–1945

160° W
160° E
120° E
80° E

SOVIET UNION s
nd
Is l a
Sakhalin A leutian
Attu
May 1943
Karafuto s.
I
MONGOLIA MANCHURIA ril
Ku

Hokkaido
40° N
AN
Beijing
CHINA (Peking) KOREA P Honshu
Hiroshima JA Tokyo PACIFIC
Aug. 1945
Shikoku
OCEAN
Nanking Shanghai Nagasaki, Aug. 1945
Kyushu Midway Island
June 1942
Iwo Jima
Okinawa Feb.–Mar. 1945
Apr.–July 1945 Isl H a w
Tropic of Cancer
Taiwan an a
d ii
45

Pearl Harbor s ( an
19

INDIA Hong Kong U.

BURMA (Br.) Mariana Wake Island Dec. 1941 S.
(Br.) Dec. 1941 )
19

Islands
45

1945
Luzon 1943
Saipan
THAILAND PHILIPPINES June–July 1944
4
FRENCH 194
194

INDOCHINA 1944
5

Leyte Gulf

3
Oct. 1944 Guam Japanese empire, 1931

194
July–Aug. 1944
Japanese gains by 1942
Marshall
Mindanao Caroline Islands Extent of Japanese expansion
MALAYA Islands Allies
19

Tarawa
44

Singapore Nov. 1943 Neutral nations

Su

0° Equator Borneo 194 Gilbert Allied advances

DU
ma

3–
Islands
19

Celebes Moluccas Battle

tr

43

194

INDIAN C
T
a

–1

HE
4

NEW GUINEA
94

Ellice
A ST Solomon
4

OCEAN Java INDIES Islands Islands

Guadalcanal
Coral Sea Aug. 1942–Feb. 1943
May 1942
1942

0 1,000 Miles
Coral
0 2,000 Kilometers Sea

Battle of Midway, June 1942

177° W

r
180° W

179° W

178° W

o
om rb
Fr l Ha
a r
Hornet & Enterprise Pe The Japanese warship Mikuma
Hiryu Yorktown lists and begins to sink after
(sinks June 5)
being struck by bombs from
Fr

31° N American aircraft during the

om

Soryu Enterprise
Ja

(sinks
Battle of Midway.
pan

June 4)
Hiryu Yorktown
Akagi (sinks June 7)
(sinks June 5)

Kaga
(sinks Japanese fleet movements
June 4)
U.S. fleet movements 30° N
Japanese air strikes
U.S. air strikes
Japanese aircraft carriers
U.S. aircraft carriers

PAC I F I C 29° N
OCEAN 0 50 Miles

0 100 Kilometers
Kure
Atoll Midway Islands
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps
1. Location Which battle was fought in the most northern
Some Japanese search aircraft were late getting into the air. As a result,
region?
the Japanese were completely unaware that U.S. ships were nearby.
2. Movement From what two general directions did Allied
forces move in on Japan?

World War II 499

 Page 4 of 5

The Allies Strike Back

After a string of victories, the Japanese seemed unbeatable. Nonetheless, the
Allies—mainly Americans and Australians—were anxious to strike back in the
Pacific. The United States in particular wanted revenge for Pearl Harbor. In April
1942, 16 B-25 bombers under the command of Lieutenant Colonel James H.
Doolittle bombed Tokyo and several other Japanese cities. The bombs did little
damage. The raid, however, made an important psychological point to both
Americans and Japanese: Japan was vulnerable to attack.
The Allies Turn the Tide Doolittle’s raid on Japan raised American morale and
shook the confidence of some in Japan. As one Japanese citizen noted, “We started Vocabulary
to doubt that we were invincible.” In addition, some Japanese worried that defend- invincible:
ing and controlling a vast empire had caused them to spread their resources too thin. unconquerable
Slowly, the Allies began to turn the tide of war. Early in May 1942, an American
fleet with Australian support intercepted a Japanese strike force headed for Port
Moresby in New Guinea. This city housed a critical Allied air base. Control of the air
base would put the Japanese in easy striking distance of Australia.
In the battle that followed—the Battle of the Coral Sea—both sides used a new
kind of naval warfare. The opposing ships did not fire a single shot. In fact, they
often could not see one another. Instead, airplanes taking off from huge aircraft car-
riers attacked the ships. The Allies suffered more losses in
ships and troops than did the Japanese. However, the Battle
of the Coral Sea was something of a victory, for the Allies
had stopped Japan’s southward advance.
The Battle of Midway Japan next targeted Midway Island,
some 1,500 miles west of Hawaii, the location of a key
American airfield. Thanks to Allied code breakers, Admiral
Chester Nimitz, commander in chief of the U.S. Pacific
Fleet, knew that a huge Japanese force was heading toward
Midway. Admiral Yamamoto himself was in command of the
Japanese fleet. He hoped that the attack on Midway would
draw the whole of the U.S. Pacific Fleet from Pearl Harbor Analyzing Motives
to defend the island. Why might the
On June 4, with American forces hidden beyond the hori- Americans send
General Douglas MacArthur their entire Pacific
zon, Nimitz allowed the Japanese to begin their assault on
1880–1964 Fleet to defend
the island. As the first Japanese planes got into the air, Midway Island?
Douglas MacArthur’s qualities as a
American planes swooped in to attack the Japanese fleet.
leader and a fighting soldier emerged
in France during World War I. Show-
Many Japanese planes were still on the decks of the aircraft
ing incredible dash and courage on carriers. The strategy was a success. American pilots
the battlefield, he received several destroyed 332 Japanese planes, all four aircraft carriers, and
decorations for bravery. And he won one support ship. Yamamoto ordered his crippled fleet to
promotion from the rank of major to withdraw. By June 7, 1942, the battle was over. The Battle
brigadier general.
of Midway turned the tide of war in the Pacific. (See the
After serving in several positions in
the United States, MacArthur received
inset map on page 499.)
a posting to the Philippines in 1935.
He remained there until shortly An Allied Offensive
before the islands fell in 1941. But he
left very reluctantly. In a message to
With morale high after their victory at Midway, the Allies
the troops who remained behind, he took the offensive. The war in the Pacific involved vast dis-
vowed, “I shall return.” As you will tances. Japanese troops had dug in on hundreds of islands
read later in the chapter, MacArthur across the ocean. General Douglas MacArthur, the com-
kept his promise. mander of the Allied land forces in the Pacific, developed a
plan to handle this problem.
500 Chapter 16
 Page 5 of 5

MacArthur believed that storming each island would be a long,

Identifying costly effort. Instead, he wanted to “island-hop” past Japanese
Problems strongholds. He would then seize islands that were not well
If the vast dis- defended but were closer to Japan.
tances of the Pacific MacArthur’s first target soon presented itself. U.S. military lead-
caused problems
ers had learned that the Japanese were building a huge air base on
for the Allies, how
might they have the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. The Allies had to
also caused prob- strike fast before the base was completed and became another
lems for the Japanese stronghold. At dawn on August 7, 1942, several thousand
Japanese? U.S. Marines, with Australian support, landed on Guadalcanal and
the neighboring island of Tulagi.
The marines had little trouble seizing Guadalcanal’s airfield.
But the battle for control of the island turned into a savage strug-
gle as both sides poured in fresh troops. In February 1943, after six
months of fighting on land and at sea, the Battle of Guadalcanal
finally ended. After losing more than 24,000 of a force of 36,000
soldiers, the Japanese abandoned what they came to call “the
Island of Death.”
To American war correspondent Ralph Martin and the U.S. sol-
diers who fought there, Guadalcanal was simply “hell”:

▲ U.S. Marines
PRIMARY SOURCE
Hell was red furry spiders as big as your fist, . . . enormous rats and bats everywhere, storm ashore at
and rivers with waiting crocodiles. Hell was the sour, foul smell of the squishy jungle, Guadalcanal.
humidity that rotted a body within hours. . . . Hell was an enemy . . . so fanatic that it
used its own dead as booby traps.
RALPH G. MARTIN, The GI War

As Japan worked to establish a new order in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, the
Nazis moved ahead with Hitler’s design for a new order in Europe. This design
included plans for dealing with those Hitler considered unfit for the Third Reich.
You will learn about these plans in Section 3.

SECTION 2 ASSESSMENT

TERMS & NAMES 1. For each term or name, write a sentence explaining its significance.
• Isoroku Yamamoto • Pearl Harbor • Battle of Midway • Douglas MacArthur • Battle of Guadalcanal

USING YOUR NOTES MAIN IDEAS CRITICAL THINKING & WRITING

2. Which event was most impor- 3. How did the Japanese plan to 6. EVALUATING DECISIONS Did Admiral Yamamoto make a
tant in turning the tide of the catch the European colonial wise decision in bombing Pearl Harbor? Explain. (10.8.6)
war in the Pacific against the powers and the United States 7. ANALYZING MOTIVES Why do you think the Japanese
Japanese? Why? (10.8.3) by surprise? (10.8.3) changed their approach from trying to win the support of
4. In what way was the Battle of the colonized peoples to acting as conquerors? (10.8.3)
Event Effect the Coral Sea a new kind of 8. IDENTIFYING PROBLEMS What problems did Japan face
naval warfare? (10.8.3) in building an empire in the Pacific? (10.8.3)
5. What was General Douglas 9. WRITING ACTIVITY EMPIRE BUILDING Imagine you are a
MacArthur’s island-hopping foreign diplomat living in Asia during World War II. Write
strategy? (10.8.4) journal entries describing the Japanese advance across
Asia and the Pacific during 1941 and 1942. (Writing 2.1.e)

INTERNET ACTIVITY
Use the Internet to research the Pearl Harbor Memorial in Hawaii. INTERNET KEYWORD
Create a Web page that describes the memorial and provides Pearl Harbor
background information on the attack. (Writing 2.3.b)

World War II 501

 Page 1 of 4

The Holocaust
MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW TERMS & NAMES

EMPIRE BUILDING During the The violence against Jews • Aryan • ”Final
Holocaust, Hitler’s Nazis killed during the Holocaust led to the • Holocaust Solution“
six million Jews and five million founding of Israel after World • Kristallnacht • genocide
other ”non-Aryans.“ War II. • ghetto

CALIFORNIA STANDARDS SETTING THE STAGE As part of their vision for Europe, the Nazis proposed
10.8.4 Describe the political, diplomatic,
a new racial order. They proclaimed that the Germanic peoples, or Aryans, were
and military leaders during the war (e.g., a “master race.” (This was a misuse of the term Aryan. The term actually refers
Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano
Roosevelt, Emperor Hirohito, Adolf Hitler,
to the Indo-European peoples who began to migrate into the Indian subcontinent
Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, Douglas around 1500 B.C.) The Nazis claimed that all non-Aryan peoples, particularly
MacArthur, Dwight Eisenhower).
Jewish people, were inferior. This racist message would eventually lead to the
10.8.5 Analyze the Nazi policy of pursuing
racial purity, especially against the European Holocaust, the systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judged infe-
Jews; its transformation into the Final rior by the Nazis.
Solution; and the Holocaust that resulted in
the murder of six million Jewish civilians.
10.8.6 Discuss the human costs of the war,
with particular attention to the civilian and
The Holocaust Begins
military losses in Russia, Germany, Britain, To gain support for his racist ideas, Hitler knowingly tapped into a hatred for
the United States, China, and Japan. Jews that had deep roots in European history. For generations, many Germans,
HI 4 Students understand the meaning,
implication, and impact of historical events
along with other Europeans, had targeted Jews as the cause of their failures.
and recognize that events could have Some Germans even blamed Jews for their country’s defeat in World War I and
taken other directions.
for its economic problems after that war.
In time, the Nazis made the targeting of Jews a government policy. The
Nuremberg Laws, passed in 1935, deprived Jews of their rights to German citi-
zenship and forbade marriages between Jews and non-Jews. Laws passed later
also limited the kinds of work that Jews could do.
“Night of Broken Glass” Worse was yet to come. Early in November 1938,
17-year-old Herschel Grynszpan (GRIHN•shpahn), a Jewish youth from
TAKING NOTES Germany, was visiting an uncle in Paris. While Grynszpan was there, he received
Analyzing Bias Use a a postcard. It said that after living in Germany for 27 years, his father had been
web diagram to identify deported to Poland. On November 7, wishing to avenge his father’s deportation,
examples of Nazi
persecution.
Grynszpan shot a German diplomat living in Paris.
When Nazi leaders heard the news, they launched a violent attack on the
Jewish community. On November 9, Nazi storm troopers attacked Jewish homes,
businesses, and synagogues across Germany and murdered close to 100 Jews.
Nazi An American in Leipzig wrote, “Jewish shop windows by the hundreds were
persecution
systematically . . . smashed. . . . The main streets of the city were a positive lit-
ter of shattered plate glass.” It is for this reason that the night of November 9
became known as Kristallnacht (krih•STAHL•NAHKT), or “Night of Broken
Glass.” A 14-year-old boy described his memory of that awful night:
502 Chapter 16
 Page 2 of 4

PRIMARY SOURCE
All the things for which my parents had worked for eighteen long years were destroyed
in less than ten minutes. Piles of valuable glasses, expensive furniture, linens—in short,
everything was destroyed. . . . The Nazis left us, yelling, “Don’t try to leave this house!
We’ll soon be back again and take you to a concentration camp to be shot.”
M. I. LIBAU, quoted in Never to Forget: The Jews of the Holocaust

Kristallnacht marked a major step-up in the Nazi policy of Jewish persecution. The
future for Jews in Germany looked truly grim.
A Flood of Refugees After Kristallnacht, some Jews realized that violence
against them was bound to increase. By the end of 1939, a number of German Jews
had fled to other countries. Many however, remained in Germany. Later, Hitler
conquered territories in which millions more Jews lived.
At first, Hitler favored emigration as a solution to what he called “the Jewish
problem.” Getting other countries to continue admitting Germany’s Jews became
an issue, however. After admitting tens of thousands of Jewish refugees, such coun-
tries as France, Britain, and the United States abruptly closed their doors to further
immigration. Germany’s foreign minister observed, “We all want to get rid of our
Jews. The difficulty is that no country wishes to receive them.”
Isolating the Jews When Hitler found that he could not get rid of Jews through
emigration, he put another plan into effect. He ordered Jews in all countries under
his control to be moved to designated cities. In those cities, the Nazis herded the
Recognizing Jews into dismal, overcrowded ghettos, or segregated Jewish areas. The Nazis
Effects then sealed off the ghettos with barbed wire and stone walls. They hoped that the
What steps did Jews inside would starve to death or die from disease.
Hitler take to rid Even under these horrible conditions, the Jews hung on. Some formed resis-
Germany of Jews? ▲ After 1941, all
tance organizations within the ghettos. They also struggled to keep their traditions. Jews in German-
Ghetto theaters produced plays and concerts. Teachers taught lessons in secret controlled areas
schools. Scholars kept records so that one day people would find out the truth. had to wear a
yellow Star of
David patch.
The “Final Solution”
Hitler soon grew impatient waiting for Jews to die from starvation or disease. He
decided to take more direct action. His plan was called the “Final Solution.” It was ▼ German soldiers
round up Jews in
actually a program of genocide, the systematic killing of an entire people.
the Warsaw ghetto.