5 Integration

Chapter 5

INTEGRATION
Learning Outcome 5.1
 Evaluate the integration of
1 1
(a) e axb (b) , (c) ,
ax  b x  a2
2

(d) sin( ax  b), cos(ax  b) and sec 2 ax  b

5.1.1 Integration of Exponentials, Logarithm and Trigonometry Functions.

1. Exponential and logarithm

1
(a) For x ≠ 0,  dx  ln x  c
x
1 1
(b)  ax  b dx  a ln ax  b  c
Example 1
1 5 5
(a)  2 x dx (b)  2 x  3 dx (c)  2  3x dx

Example 2 ON07/Q1
k 1
Find the exact value of the constant k for which 1 2x  1
dx  1 .

By NCX & TCY 81

 5 Integration
2. Natural Logarithm
 e dx  e  c
x x
(a)
1
 e dx  a e
ax  b ax  b
(b) c

 f ' ( x)e dx  e  c ,where f(x) is any function of x.

f ( x) f ( x)
(c)

Example 3
(a)  3e x dx (b) e
2x
dx (c) e
3x2
dx (d) e
1 5 x
dx

Example 4 MJ10/33/Q5

The diagram shows the curve y  e  x  e 2 x and its maximum point M . The x -coordinate of M is
denoted by p .
(i) Find the exact value of p .
(ii) Show that the area of the shaded region bounded by the curve, the x -axis and the line x  p is
1
equal to .
8

By NCX & TCY 82

 5 Integration
3. Integral of Trigonometry Functions
sin mx
(a)  cos x dx  sin x  c,  cos mx dx  m
c.
cos mx
(b)  sin x dx   cos x  c,  sin mx dx   m  c .
tan mx
 sec x dx  tan x  c,  sec mx dx  m  c .
2 2
(c)

Example 5
 
(a)  sin 2 x    dx (b)  cos 2  x  dx .

 2x   
(c)  sec  5 dx
2
(d) 0
4
sec 2  2 x  dx
 3

Example 6
 1 
Find the area under the graph of y  sin  2 x    from x =0 as far as the first point at which the graph
 3 
cuts the positive x-axis.

By NCX & TCY 83

 5 Integration
4. When an integral of a trigonometric function is not one of the standard integrals, using a
trigonometric identity often helps to change the integral to one that we can recognize.

Example 7 ON10/33/Q4
It is given that f ( x)  4 cos2 3x . Find  f ( x) dx .

Example 8 MJ19/31/Q4
(i) Using the expansions of cos(3x  x) and cos(3x  x) , prove that
1
cos 2 x  cos 4 x   sin 3x sin x .
2
 1
 sin 3x sin x dx 
3
(ii) Hence show that 3.
6 8

By NCX & TCY 84

 5 Integration
Example 9 MJ11/31/Q9
(i) Prove the identity cos 4  4 cos 2  8 cos 4   3 .


 cos4  d .
4
(ii) Hence, find the exact value of
0

Example 10 MJ13/31/Q9
1
(i) Express 4 cos  3 sin  in the form R cos    , where R  0 and 0     . Give the
2
value of  correct to 4 decimal places.
50
(ii) Hence find  d .
4 cos  3 sin  2

By NCX & TCY 85

 5 Integration
5.1.2 Anti-Derivatives Involving Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1 1  x
x 2
a 2
dx  tan 1    C , for all x .
a a

Example 11
Find the following integrals.
1 1 1
(a)  2 dx (b)  4x dx (c)  1  9x dx
x  36 2
5 2

Example 12
Evaluate each of the following.
1 3 2
2 4 1
(a)  2 dx (b)  2 dx (c)  dx
0
x 1 0 x 9  2
3x  2
2

Example 13 (Specimen Paper 20/P03/Q5)

(a) Show that
d
dx
 1
x  tan x  x2
1 x2
.
3
2 1
(b) Show that  x tan 1 x dx    3.
0
3 2

By NCX & TCY 86

 5 Integration

Learning Outcome 5.2

kf ' ( x) x
 Recognise an integrand of the form , and integrate, for example 2 or tan x .
f ( x) x 1
 Integrate rational functions by means of decomposition into partial fractions.
 Use a given substitution to simplify and evaluate either a definite or an indefinite integral.

f ' ( x)
5.2.1 Integrating Functions of the Form
f ( x)
d f ' ( x)
1. We know that ln f ( x)  .
dx f ( x)
f ' ( x)
2. Therefore an integral of the form  f ( x)
dx = ln f ( x)  k .

Example 14
5x2 ex 2x  3
(a)  x3  1 dx (b)  2  e x dx (c)  3x 2
 9x  4
dx
1 1
(d)  2e 2 x
dx (e)  x ln x dx (f)  tan xdx

By NCX & TCY 87

 5 Integration
Example 15 MJ03/Q10
(i) Prove the identity cot x  cot 2 x  cosec2 x .
 1
(ii) Show that  4cot x dx  ln 2 .
6 2



4
(iii) Find the exact value of cosec2 x dx , giving your answer in the form a ln b .
6

Example 16 MJ05/Q9

x
The diagram shows part of the curve y  and its maximum point M . The shaded region R is
x 1 2

bounded by the curve and by the lines y  0 and x  p .

(ii) Find the area of R in terms of p .
(iii) Hence calculate the value of p for which the area of R is 1, giving your answer correct to 3
significant figures.

By NCX & TCY 88

 5 Integration
5.2.2 Integral of Rational Function
1. Express the rational functions into partial fractions before integrating.

2. Use the following concept to integrate the partial fractions:

1 1 ax  b 
n 1
f ' ( x)
 (ax  b) dx  a ln(ax  b)  c  ax  b dx  an  1  c  dx = ln f ( x)  k .
n

f ( x)

Example 17 MJ05/Q8
1
Using partial fractions, find  y4  y  dy .

Example 18 MJ14/33/Q8
6  6x
Let f ( x)  .

2  x  2  x 2 
A Bx  c
(i) Express f (x) in the form  .
2  x 2  x2
1
(ii) Show that  1
f ( x) dx  3 ln 3 .

By NCX & TCY 89

 5 Integration

5.2.3 Integration Using Substitution

1. Many functions cannot be integrated using the methods previously discussed. Substitution is
used to change the integral into a simpler one that can be integrated.

2. When dealing with definite integrals, the limits of integration can also change.

Example 19
6x
(a) Find  2x  1
dx by using the substitution 2 x  1  u 2 .

(b) Find  4  x 2 dx by using the substitution x  2 sin u . [HINT: cos 2u  2 cos 2 u  1 ].


(c) Find the exact value of I   6 4 cos3  d by using the substitution x  sin  .
0

By NCX & TCY 90

 5 Integration
Example 20 ON14/33/Q10
ln 4 e2x 8
By first using the substitution u  e , show that 
x
dx  ln   .
0 e2x  3e  2
x
5

By NCX & TCY 91

 5 Integration

Learning Outcome 5.3

 Recognise when an integrand can usefully be regarded as a product, and use integration by
parts to integrate, for example, x sin 2 x , x 2 e x , e x sin x , x ln x or ln x .

5.3 Integration by Parts (Integrating Products)

1. When we have the integrals involve the function ln x , xsin x , x cos x , xe x , integration by parts
should be used.
dv du
 u dx dx  uv   v dx dx

2. When decide which function to select for u, remember LATE rule: u should be the first
available type of function from the following list:

L Logarithmic
A Algebraic
T Trigonometric
E Exponential

Example 21
 xe  ln x dx x
3x 2
Find (a) dx (b) (c) sin x dx .

By NCX & TCY 92

 5 Integration
Example 22
1
 xe
2x
(a) MJ03/Q2 Find the exact value of dx .
0

(b) MJ10/Q2 Show that  0
x 2 sin x dx   2  4 .
4
(c) MJ13/31/Q8 Show that  4 x ln x dx  56 ln 2  12 .
2

By NCX & TCY 93