Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology RUSSIAN PHYSICS OLYMPIADS 2005 — 2017 Executive Editors Aleksandr M. Kiselev, Valery P. Slobodyanin Moscow MIPT 2018YIIK 53(079) BBK 22.387 R95 Executive Editors A.M. Kiselev, V.P. Slobodyanin Translator Mikhail A. Savrov Scientific Editors A.N. Apolonskii, M.L. Karmanov, A.M. Kiselev, V.P. Slobodyanin, 8.D. Varlamov, I. I. Vorob’ev, I. A. Barygin, D. A. Aleksandrov R95 Russian Physics Olympiads Exec, editors: A.M. Kiselev, V.P. Slobodyanin. — Moscow, MIPT, 2018. — 152 pages. This book presents theoretical assignments of Russian National Physics Olympiads given in 2005-2017. ISBN 978-5-00077-733-6 If you want to order this book or report a typo, please, contact us at [email protected] ISBN 978-5-00077-733-6 i Signed to publication on 25.05.2018. Paper size 60x90/16. Paper type Mondi Maestro 80gms. Printed digitally. Order #76384. Printed at “OneBook.ru” of JSC “SAM Poligraphist” Russia 109316, Moscow, Volgogradsky prospekt, 9 oo0l777336ll> dom 42, korp. 5, “Technopolis Moskva”. www.onebook.ruPreface Russian National Olympiad is the major event for high school students participating in subject Olympiads in Russia. Russian Physics Olympiad (RPhO) includes four stages. The first (school) and the second (local district) stages take place in November-December. About 200 thousand high school students partic- ipate in the contest at the first stage. The third regional stage is held in the regions of Russian Federation at the end of January. About six thousand students participate in the contest at this stage. The fourth stage is the final. It takes place in the middle of April. The best three hundred physics students from all over Russia gather for the contest every year. The final stage is held separately for 9th-, 10th-, and 11th-graders. Before 2008 RPhO included five stages, the fourth federal stage was held in seven Federal Districts of Russia in the middle of March. The federal stage was canceled after 2008. Since then, the selection of contesters for the final is made after the regional stage. The regional, federal, and final stages consist of experimental and theo- retical contests. During the theoretical contest, five problems are given to be solved in five hours. The experimental contest includes two as- signements, a student has two and a half hours to finish each of them. The previous set of problems given at RPhO was published in 2004 (in Russian only). The present set is its follow-up containing the prob- lems of theoretical contest given to 11th-graders at the federal and final stages in 2005-2017.We want to express our sincere gratitude to all authors of the problems, to the members of jury, and to the students who prepared assignments and experimental equipment for the Physics Olympiad over the course of years. We must especially remember two persons whose work shaped the course of the Physics Olympiad in our country for years to come. Alexander Rafailovich Zilberman, who passed away in 2010, directed Soviet Union National Physics Olympiad and trained the USSR team for the International Physics Olympiad (IPhO) for many years. Stanislav Mironovich Kozel passed away in 2015. He directed RPhO and trained the national team for more than 20 years. Among their students there are several absolute winners of IPhO and dozens of gold medalists. ‘We dedicate this book to their memory. Executive Editors A.M. Kiselev V.P. SlobodyaninProblems Federal stage 2005 41. A Fly Page 48 A fly is flying between a lens and a plane mirror parallel to the mirror. The lens is located at a distance L = 20 cm from the mirror, its optical axis is perpendicular to the mirror. When the fly is crossing the optical axis, the velocities of its images formed by the lens and by the mirror- Jens system are equal in magnitude. Determine the focal length F of the lens and the distance a between the lens and the fly. 42. Boat Page 48 A round rubber boat was pushed off from a lake shore at a speed vo and traveled a distance Sg until stopped. An identical boat was pushed off from a river bank so that its initial velocity was equal to vp and orthogonal to the current. This boat traveled a distance S; = aSg in the reference frame of water until it stopped relative to the wa- ter. What was a boat velocity V relative to the bank when it reached the middle of the river which width is H = aSo? Assume that a = 5/4, the water drag is directly proportional to boat velocity, and the river current is uniform. 43. Variable Equilibrium Page 50 A mixture of gases X2, Yo, and X2Y are confined in a cylinder under a piston. A chemical reaction 2X2 + Y2 «+ 2X2Y proceeds in the cylin- der. In equilibrium (when the reaction proceeds at the same rate in both directions) the system occupied a volume V under a pressure p 5while the amount of substances X2, Y2, and X2Y ,was 1, v2, and v3, respectively. Then the pressure was changed by, a small amount Ap. Determine the volume increment AV and the increments Av, Ave, and Avg when new equilibrium had been reached. The temperature was maintained constant during the process. Note. It is known that a chemical reaction rate is proportional to the product of concentrations 1;/V of participating substances. There- fore, the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are proportional to y\2 (V2 3 \2 (7) (F) am GH) The proportionality factors can be different but depend on temperature only. A gas is considered to be ideal. 4. Electric Charge, Hollow Sphere, and Dielectric Page 51 A small sphere, which carries a charge Q, is located at the centre of a fixed uncharged conducting hollow sphere with outer and inner radii Ri and Rz (Ra < Ri). The sphere is enclosed by a concentric dielectric layer of permittivity « and the outer radius Rs (fig. 1). What is the minimum work required to move away a small sphere to a distance much greater than R3 through a narrow channel inside the conductor and the dielectric? 5. Three Batteries Page 51 Experimentalist Glitch assembled an electric circuit (fig. 2) by mistak- enly connecting a battery in parallel, rather than in series, to the rest. two ones. Determine the currents via the resistors of the assembled cir- cuit. Each resistor has a resistance R. All three batteries are identical with an emf @ and an internal resistance which is small compared to R.os + el a R fy Foy e I Figure 2 Final stage 2005 46. Something Fictional Page 58 Suppose that the Moon suddenly stopped orbiting the Earth because of a cosmic cataclysm. Determine the time 7 in which the Moon will fall on the Earth and a relative velocity v of the planets just before the impact. The distance between the Earth and the Moon is LI = 3.84-10° km, the Earth radius is R = 6370 km. Both the mass and the radius of the Moon can be neglected compared to those of the Earth. @7. Not Quasistatic Cyclic Processes An ideal diatomic gas being in thermal equilibrium oc- cupies precisely one half of an adiabatically isolated con- tainer under a massive piston which does not conduct heat. A weight was placed on the piston (fig. 3). When the system reached a new equilibrium state, the gas pres- sure turned out to increase by 25%. Then the weight was quickly removed and new equilibrium state had settled. How many such cycles n will be performed until the pis- ton is pushed out of the cylinder during a next weight HY] y j LZ LLEL LL, Figure 3 removal? A friction between the piston and the cylinder is negligible. There is no external pressure.@8. Clausius’ Gas a Page 54 When developing the kinetic theory of gases, Clausius corrected the ideal gas law by introducing a parameter b, the proper volume of gas molecules (per mole): pV —b) = RT. Process 1-2 (fig. 4) is performed over one mole of ideal gas and then over one mole of Clausius’ gas. Determine a difference AT of the maximum gas temperatures in these experiments and indicate the highest one. Tt is known that po = 1.51 MPa, b = 44 cm’/mol «< Vo, and Figure 4 R= 8.314 J/(mol - K). #9. Superconducting Solenoid and Power Source Page 55 There is a superconducting solenoid 1 = 10 cm long with N = 1000 turns and a cross-sectional area S = 1.6 cm’. At some moment the solenoid is connected to a power source with an emf & = 24 V and an internal resistance r = 0.2 9. It is known that a magnetic in- duction exceeding By = 1.26 T destroys the solenoid superconducting state. Determine whether the solenoid coil switches from the superconducting state to the normal one in this experiment and, if so, at which time to after connecting to the power source this happens. Otherwise, find out for which emf & of the source the transition would occur. The magnetic constant is jig = 4m - 10-7 SI units. 410. Photoelectric Effect Page 56 ‘A zinc ball of a radius R = 1 cm is located in vacuum far away from other bodies and is charged to a potential yo = —0.5 V (assuming y = 0 at infinity). The ball is being illuminated by a monochromatic ultraviolet light with a wavelength A = 290 nm. 1. What is the maximum velocity v; of photoelectrons flying out of the ball?2. What is the maximum velocity v2 of a photoelectron, which left the ball at the beginning, far away from the ball? 3. Determine a ball potential y; after a prolonged exposure to the UV. 4. Determine the net number N of photoelectrons escaped from the ball after a prolonged exposure to the UV light. The photoelectric threshold for zinc is Ap = 332 nm. The speed of light is c = 3.0- 108 m/s, the Planck constant is h = 6.63 - 10~*4 J/s, the electric constant is ¢9 = 8.85 - 10-2 F/m, the electron charge is e = —1.6- 10~!® C, and the electron mass is m=9.1- 107%! kg. Federal stage 2006 $11. A Fly in Web Page 57 A spider made a web shaped as a regular hexagon with a side 1 = 45cm (fig. 5) and fixed the endpoints of radial threads of radius 7] r = 0.01 mm so that their tension turned out to be Fy) = 6mN. Assume a thread deforma- tion to be elastic and its Young’s modulus to be E=2.-108 Pa, A thread breaks when its strain exceeds Emax = 0.2. 1. Determine the maximum mass M of a fly Figure 5 which does not break the web by hitting it at a speed v = 2 m/s. The fly hits at the web centre pependicular to the web plane. 2. A fly of a mass m = 0.1 g gets stuck at the web centre. Determine the period T of its small oscillation perpendicular to the web plane. Once in the web, a fly cannot wave its wings. #12. Work Done by Gas Mixing Page 58. There are vx moles of an ideal gas X and vy moles of an ideal gas Y in a cylinder which temperature T is maintained constant. There are two semitransparent pistons inserted in the cylinder (fig. 6).The first piston: lets through only molecules of gas X and the second one only the molecules of gas Y. Ini- tially the pistons are in contact and the pure gases X and Y occupy vol- Figure 6 umes Vxo and Vyo, respectively. Then the pistons are slowly moved apart un- til the mixture of gases X and Y occupies the volume Vx0+Vyo. What is the net work A done by the gases in this process? Note. The area of the curvilinear trapezoid bounded by the curve y = 1/2 and straight lines y = 0, = 2; and x = 22 is S(a1, 22) =n 2. 413. Soap Bubble Page 59 Determine a rate u of the radius R of a soap bubble decreasing when being deflated via a tube of a radius r << R. The tube volume is negligible compared to the bubble volume, the air inside the bubble can be regarded as being still. ‘The surface tension of the soap solution is o. The air flowing out of the bubble can be considered as an ideal incompressible liquid of a density p. 414. Conducting Sphere Page 59 ‘A point charge is located at a distance R/3 from the centre O of a con- ducting sphere of radius R (fig. 8). A point charge Qz is located outside the sphere at a distance 22. The sphere is connected to the ground via aswitch K and a battery of an emf &. A separation between the sphere and the ground is much greater than R. Assume the Barth potential to be zero. 1. Determine the potential y at the sphere centre when the switch K is open. 2. Determine the charge Q accumulated on the sphere after the switch had been closed and the system attained equilibrium. 10415. Circuit and Solenoid Page 60 An electric circuit consists of two resistors Ry and Rp and a capacitor C (fig. 7). The con- ducting wire AB passes along a diameter of a loop of a long solenoid in which the cur- rent linearly increases with time. Determine the charge q stored by the capacitor in a sta- tionary regime if the current flowing through AR, in this regime equals J;. Final stage 2006 416. Capacitor Parameters Page 61 The Wheatstone bridge circuit (fig. 9) is used to determine a capac- itance and a leakage resistance (C2, rg) of a capacitor. The bridge is balanced when a harmonic alternating voltage is applied. It turns out, the balance persists even under variations of the voltage frequency. Determine C2 and rz providing rj = 2500 2, rg = 10 2, L3 = 1H, and 74 = 800 Q. 2k Figure 8 ay417. Exploded Projectile ‘ Page 61 A projectile of mass M = 100 kg was fired from a cannon. At some point of its trajectory the projectile exploded and split in two fragments with initial momenta p; = 36-10? kg «m/s and pz = 24- 108 kg» m/s. The angle between the momenta was @ = 60°. Determine the ratio of the fragment masses which minimises a change AE of the kinetic energy due to the explosion. Determine AEjnin- 418. Tethered Puck Page 62 ‘A round vertical cylinder of a radius R is fixed on a horizontal plane (fig. 10). ‘An inextensible thread of a length L is attached at the cylinder side near the bottom, initially the thread is tan- gent to the side. A small puck (of neg- ligible size) is attached to the other end of the thread. The puck is given an initial velocity vo perpendicular to the thread, so the puck starts sliding on the plane. Figure 10 1. How long will the puck motion (winding the thread around the cylin- der) last if there is no friction? 2. How long will the puck motion last if there is a friction between the puck and the plane? The coefficient of friction is p. 419. Two Thermodynamic Processes Page 64 A diagram (fig. 11) shows a container B connected to a cylinder under a piston. The container volume is Vy = 0.2 m’, the initial net volume of the cylinder and the container is Vi = kVo where k = 2.72. The system contains air (a diatomic gas) under a pressure pp = 10° Pa and at the ambient temperature. The air from the cylinder is then displaced to the container by moving the pis- ton. Determine a heat transferred to the system surroundings during the process. Consider two possibilities: Figure 11 121. The piston is moving slowly (quasistatically), so at any moment the system remains in equilibrium with its surroundings. 2. The piston is moving fast enough, so that a heat exchange between the system and the surroundings can be neglected while the air inside the system can be considered as being in thermal equilibrium at any moment. After the process is completed the temperature in the con- tainer gradually equilibrates with the ambient temperature. Note. An adiabatic process is described by the equation pV” = const, where y = C,/Cy. 420. At Solenoid Butt Page 65 Figure 12 A thin round superconductor ring lies on a thin non-magnetic sheet upon a butt of a long vertical solenoid (fig. 12). The ring is coax- ial with the solenoid. Initially, a current I, through the solenoid and a current J in the ring are zero. A non-uniform magnetic field is pro- duced near the solenoid butt for a nonzero I,. The vertical B, and the radial B, components of the magnetic induction B near the butt can be approximated by B, = Bo(1— a2), B, = Bor, 13where a and # are constants and Bo is determined by I,. At some mo- ment, the current J, starts flowing and gradually increases. Determine: 1, the critical value I of the current J, at which the superconductor ring starts levitating above the sheet; 2. the ring clevation above the sheet when I, = 20; 3. the frequency of small oscillations of the ring at I. = 2Jo (assuming the ring is displaced along the solenoid axis by a small distance Az from the equilibrium position). Numerical data: a = 36 m}, 6 = 18 m™|, the ring mass is m—100 mg, the ring coefficient of self-inductance is L = 1.8 - 10-8 H, the number of turns of the solenoid is n = 10° per meter, the ring area is S$ = 1 cm?, and the magnetic constant is ju = 1-257 - 10-8 H/m. Federal stage 2007 421. Slipping Rope Page 66 A firmly fixed symmetric tube consists of three parts: B C. two straight vertical segments AB and CD and a semi- circle BC (fig. 13). A heavy uniform rope is threaded through the tube, the rope can slide within the tube A D_ without friction. Initially, both ends of the rope are at the same height and the rope is at rest. Then the rope has been slightly pushed and started sliding. Determine the rope acceleration a and a fraction k Figure 13 of the rope length traveled by the lower end to the mo- ment when the vertical component of the force exerted on the rope by the tube vanishes. At any time the length of the bent part BC is negligible compared to the length of a vertical part of the rope. 422. Pair of Unequal Lenses Page 68 Two thin lenses L; and L2 with focal lengths F, and F) are separated by adistance L. A thin lens Lg is placed between Ly and Lo, so that any beam coming to the optical system at a small angle to the optical axis remains parallel to itself when leaving the system. Determine a focal length F3 of Ls, the distance 1; between Lg and Ly, and the distance ly between D3 and Ly. Optical axes of all three lenses coincide. 14@23. «Running Away» Liquid Page 69 One side of a tall symmetric U-shaped tube with a cross- sectional area S is open to the atmosphere, the other side is sealed. The tube is filled with a liquid of a den- sity p, so that the open side is filled to the brim while the liquid level in the sealed side is lower by h because of air left under the lid (fig. 14). The tube is being heated from the initial room temperature T} to the liquid boiling temperature TJ) at an atmospheric pressure Po. Determine the volume AV of the liquid spilled out of the open side before the boiling, provided the liquid level in the sealed side remained above the horizontal part of the tube. Evaporation from the open side and the pressure of saturated vapour at room temperature can be neglected. Figure 14 $24. Particle and Variable Capacitor Page 70 One plate of a plane capacitor is fixed while the other one can move. A distance between the plates can be varied between 0 and d. A power source maintains a constant voltage U across the capacitor regardless of the distance between the plates. The task is to accelerate a particle with a charge q > 0, which initially stays at rest between the plates, to the maximum kinetic energy possible. In so doing, the particle should not approach a plate to a distance less than a. Determine this energy, the polarity of the power source, the initial particle position, and how one should move the plate in order to attain the maximum energy. The force of gravity and edge effects can be ignored. Note. The indefinite integral of 1/(# + k) is In(x + k). 25. Electromagnetic Gun Page 71 A long solenoid of a radius r produces a uniform magnetic field By along its axis O (fig. 15). A straight tube AM made of a dielectric is fixed in a plane perpendicular to the axis at a distance Ro from it. The angle AOM equals a = x/3. The tube is much shorter than the solenoid. A small sphere of a mass m, which carries a positive charge q, is placed inside the tube. Determine the sphere velocity at the moment of de- parture from the tube. Consider the following cases: 151. The magnetic field quickly vanishes, so the sphere travels a distance much less than Ro during this time. . 2. The magnetic field decreases at a constant rate dB/dt = —k < 0 during the time of sphere motion inside the tube. A friction and an electromagnetic force exerted by the tube on the sphere are negligible. Figure 15 Final stage 2007 426. Particle Annihilation Page 72 A proton pt and an antiproton p~ are separated by a distance L = 10 cm in vacuum. Both particles have the same mass m = 1.67- 10-27 kg and the same absolute value of electric charge e = 1.602-10-19 C. Initially, the particles are at rest. When a distance between the particles becomes less than | = 10-38 m, they annihilate and produce 7-quanta. 1. What velocities will the particles have at this separation? 2. What time it will take the particles to approach? 3. Is it necessary to take into account the gravitational force between the particles? Justify your answer with a calculation. Electric constant is €9 = 0.885 - 10~!! C?/(N- m2). Gravitational constant is G = 6.67 - 1071! N-m*/kg?. 16427. Colliding Disks Page 74 Two small disks with smooth lateral sides lie on horizontal plane with a coefficient of friction y. Initially, the first disk was at rest and the sec- ond one collided with it at a velocity %. Determine the distance between disks when they stopped moving, providing the first disk has traveled the distance x. Assume the collision to be elastic but not necessarily central. What is the maximum and minimum finite distance between the disks for a given absolute value of velocity v and the coefficient of friction 44? Neglect the disk size. The free fall acceleration is g. 428. Heating Main Page 74 Heating plant supplies a residential district by water at high pressure and an output temperature Zp = 120°C. Water flows inside a steel pipe of a radius R = 20 cm insulated with a h = 4 cm layer of mineral wool, the pipe is located in the open air. The water flow rate is 4 = 100 kg/s. The ambient temperature is T, = —20°C. The coefficient of thermal conductivity of the wool is x = 0.08 W/(m-K). The coefficient of ther- mal conductivity of steel is several orders of magnitude higher than that of the wool. Determine the temperature T at the pipe other end in two cases: 1. The heating pipe length is L; = 10 km. 2. The heating pipe length is Lj = 100 km. The specific heat capacity of water is c = 4200 J/(kg + K). Note. The amount of heat Ag passing through a layer with an area S and a thickness h per a time At for a temperature gradient AT is given by the equation Aq = x($/h)ATAt, where x is a coefficient of thermal conductivity. 429. Parametric Oscillations Page 76 A diagram (fig. 16) shows a circuit with a capacitor C(t) C which capacitance is varied by moving its plates. Suppose that a minor disturbance initiated small os- cillations with a capacitor voltage amplitude of several L A millivolts. At the moment of maximum voltage the ca- pacitance is sharply reduced by a factor ¢ = |AC|/C. . In a quarter of the period VLC the capacitance is Figure 16 17Figure 17 sharply increased to the original value; in the next quarter the capaci- tance is again reduced by € etc. Under certain conditions this process can induce undamped electric oscillation in the circuit. The circuit contains a nonlinear element (incandescent light bulb A) which I-V curve is shown in the diagram (fig. 17). 1. Determine the minimum value émin required to initiate nondamped oscillations in the circuit provided L = 0.1 H and C = 10-7 F. 2. Determine the amplitude of stationary oscillations across the bulb, ife=3%. $30. Light Emitting Diodes Page 78 A metal rod is traveling at a constant velocity between poles of a large round electromagnet of a radius R = 5 cm. The magnetic induction between the poles is uniform and equals B = 1 T, the rod velocity is perpendicular to the field lines (fig. 18). 18The rod length exceeds 2R, its ends are connected via flexible wires to a cir- cuit containing a battery with an emf & = 0.5 V and two LEDs Cj and C2. An LED emits light if a voltage across it exceeds U > 0.25 V for the polarity shown in the diagram. Suppose the rod initially touches the magnet circumfer- ence, ie. begins to cross the magnetic induction lines. Determine the voltage U(t) across the LEDs and the moments of their turning on and off during the rod field crossing (0 << 2R/v). Sketch the dependence U(t) and indicate the intervals of LED ©; and C, lighting. Figure 18 Federal stage 2008 31. Insulated System Page 80 A cylinder with a metal bottom and dielectric walls is under a thin mas- sive metal piston located at a height h which is much smaller than the cylin- der diameter. A resistor, which is much smaller than the cylinder, is placed in- Figure 19 side; the resistor is connected to an electric circuit (fig. 19). The lat- ter is connected with the piston and the cylinder bottom with light flexible wires. Initially, the cylinder is filled with helium at a pres- sure p >> e9&?/h?. The system is thermally insulated, placed in vac- uum, and stays in thermal equilibrium. Then the switch K is closed. Determine the maximum height H the pis- ton is able to reach when the system attains an equilibrium. Heat: capacity of the cylinder and piston is negligible. The resistance r can be considered constant. A friction between the piston and the cylin- der can be neglected. Helium is considered as an ideal gas. The electric permittivity of helium is taken to be eye = 1. 19432. Which Efficiency is Greater? : Page 81 ‘An ideal monoatomic gas undergoes a cyclic process C’ which consists of two isochors and two isobars. The same gas undergoes a sim- ilar process D (fig. 20). Which process has a greater efficiency? Evaluate np providing the efficiency of C equals nc. For both processes Apn = Aps2 = Ap and AVa, = AV32 = AV, y_ although their numerical values are unknown. Figure 20 433. Very Thick Lens Page 82 A transparent plate with a refractive index n is bounded by two spher- ical surfaces of curvature radii R and r < R. 1, What should a plate thickness L be in order to transform a paral- lel beam incident on the surface with the curvature radius R into a parallel one? 2. By which factor does the beam intensity increase (the energy trans- ferred per unit area per unit time) after it passes through the plate? Neglect a loss of the beam energy inside the plate. 3. What is the angular magnification of a distant object by the plate? 934. Athlet Ant Page 84 An ant is sliding on a smooth straw starting from a point A without an initial velocity; the sloping straight segment AB is smoothly joined to an arc BC with a curvature radius R, and the arc is smoothly joined to a horizontal straight segment CD (fig. 22). It is given that AB: BO: CD =1: 2: 3 and the total length of the path is much smaller than R. Evaluate the time of ant sliding on the straw from the point A to the point D. 435. Massive Rope Page 86 A weight, is held at rest by means of a massive uniform rope, a mov- ing pulley of radius R, and a pulley attached to a fixed mounting 20Figure 22 Figure 21 point (fig. 21). The rope mass is m, its length is 1, and a net mass of the weight and the moving pulley is M. Vertical distances H, and Hg are known. 1. Determine the rope tension at a point B. 2. Determine the force F applied to the rope at a point K. Neglect a friction in the pulley axes. Final stage 2008 $36. Rotation of Charged Cylinder Page 86 A long dielectric thin-wall cylinder of a radius R, a length L > R, and a mass M carries an electric charge of a uniform surface den- sity ¢ (C/m?). The cylinder can ro- tate without friction around its axis under a force exerted by a weight of a mass m suspended by a light thread wound around the cylin- der (fig. 23). Determine the weight acceleration. The magnetic constant jug is known. Figure 23 21$37. Weight and Springs ‘ Page 87 4 A weight of @ mass m lies at rest I on asmooth horizontal table; two iden- Lowry & | tical springs with the same spring con- v stant k are attached to it (fig. 24). . 0 The left end of the spring I is attached Figure 24 to a wall. The right end of the spring II starts to be slowly pulled at t = 0 at a constant velocity u. 1. In what time will the weight have the velocity u at the first time? 2. At what distance from the initial position will the weight be at, this moment? Directive. Consider the motion in the frame moving at a velocity u/2. 38. Utilisation of Wave Power Page 88 to turbine working cavity Figure 25 The first device utilising the power of sea waves was engineered in 1964 to produce electricity for a beacon. The design is shown in the figure 25. When the piston goes down, a portion of air is pumped in through a valve Ko, then it is compressed and enters a working cavity through a valve K;. When the water level goes down, the valve Ki closes and Ky opens. The volume of air pumped in for a single cycle is Vj = 0.233 m3, the pressure p; = 1.0- 10° Pa, and the temperature t1 = 7°C. 22When the water level begins to rise, the valve K2 closes and the piston adiabatically compresses the air to a pressure p2 = 6.0- 10° Pa. Then the valve K; opens and the piston goes upward until all air is expelled into the working cavity. On the way, the air rotates a turbine and an electric generator. After the valve K) opens, the air pressure under the piston remains approximately constant. Determine the work done by water per a cycle. Neglect the piston mass and a friction between the piston and the walls. Air can be considered as an ideal diatomic gas for which y = Cp/Cy = 7/5. The universal gas constant is 2 = 8.31 J/(mol- K). 439. Charged Soap Bubble Page 89 A soap bubble of a mass m = 0.01 g has a coefficient of surface tension a = 0.01 N/m, the bubble has been inflated through a short thin tube (fig. 26). The bubble is then charged with an electric charge Q = 5.4- 1078 C. The tube remains open. 1. Determine an equilibrium radius Ro of the bubble. 2. Determine a period of small spherical oscillations of the bubble. 3. The bubble suddenly receives a charge Q; = 10Q, estimate a speed of the spray. Electric constant is ¢9 = 8.85 - 10-1? C?/(J-m). Figure 26 440. Optical System Page 90 There is a rumour that Snell’s archive contains a drawing of some optical system. The ink a| has faded with time and the only sketches re- bf mained are those of a converging lens, an object, and its real image; all of them are being paral- lel (fig. 27). From the comments to the drawing, it is clear that there was a plane mirror behind the lens. Using the drawing, restore the mirror position and locate the lens focal points. Figure 27 23Final stage 2009 ‘ 441. Bungee Jumping Page 92 In a dizzy sport, a person of a mass m = 70 kg jumps from a platform to a laket. A rubber cord of a length L and with a spring constant k is fastened to person’s legs. The other end of the cord is attached to the platform. Near the water surface the person must have zero velocity and an acceleration a9 = 2g. Assume g = 10 m/. 's? and that the cord obeys Hooke’s law. Neglect person’s dimensions, a cord mass, air drag, and energy losses. Determine: 1. the length L of unstretched cord and its spring constant k; 2. the cord length at the equilibrium position; 3. the person maximum speed Umax} 4. in what time 7 the person reaches the water surface. Attention! The accuracy of your calculations could possibly be crucial for a person safety! 442. Electric Circuit with Inductor Page 93 Parameters &,R,L of the circuit shown 6 in the diagram (fig. 28) are known. Initially the switch is open and there is no current in the circuit containing the inductor. R ‘Then the switch was closed for some time and opened again. — It is known that a charge go passed through the inductor when the switch was closed. The net heat released in the circuit after the switch was opened is Qo. Figure 28 Assuming the circuit elements to be ideal, determine 1. a current Jy flowing through the inductor just before the switch was opened; 2. acharge qi passed through the resistor R when the switch was closed; twww.youtube.com/watch?y=uIB7u-Cbq2Q 243. a charge q2 passed through the resistor R after the switch was opened; 4, anet work A done by a DC power source during the whole process; 5. a net heat Q released in the circuit when the switch was closed. Directive. Determine a relation between a charge passed through the re- sistor R and a change of magnetic flux in the inductor. 443. Kelvin’s Problem Page 94 ‘There is a rumour that Kelvin’s archive contains a plot of a thermodynamic cy- 499 cle performed over one mole of an ideal © -—I monoatomic gas (fig. 29). The ink has 0.5 1 faded with time, so there are no traces ‘4 of T-axis (temperature) and V-axis (volume) left. Comments to the plot say that a temperature at the point A is equal to 400 K, the volume is 41, the pressure is minimal, and the coordinate origin is in a plot lower part. The plot scale is shown. 1. Reconstruct the T- and V-axes. 2. Determine the maximum gas pressure in the cycle. A Figure 29 444. Heat Exchange with Environment Page 95 A heater, with a power output Po = 400 W, is placed into a con- tainer with a water-ice mixture at 7 = 0 min. The mixture is being vigorously stirred. A plot in fig. 30 shows a mixture temperature t¢ ver- sus time 7. A heat exchange Q with an environment is proportional to a temperature difference At = t — to, where to is the ambient tem- perature. Assume that to = 0 °C, so Q = at, where a is a temperature independent factor. Using the plot of t(r), determine: 1. the initial mass m, of ice in the mixture; 2. the net mass M of the mixture; 3. the factor a; 4. the maximum power output Prax of the heater, such that water would never boil; 255. atime 7; from the beginning of ice melting to the beginning of water boiling for the heater power output P, = 300 W. The specific heat capacity of water is cw = 4200 J/(kg- K); the specific heat of fusion of ice is \ = 3.2 - 10° J/kg. tec uy 10045 80- 604} 20: 1m min Page 96 During an olympiad the contesters were given a task to determine fo- cal lengths of two thin converg- ing lenses placed at the butts of an empty cylinder which length 4 Piguet was L = 20.0 om (fig. 31). ‘A contester Basil Haughtykin did the experiment accurately and ob- tained the following results: 1. If a point-like source of light is placed at the cylinder left at a dis- tance 1; = 5.0 cm, the light passing through the system comes out of the right end as a parallel beam. 262. Ifa parallel beam is incident on the left butt, the light coming out of the right butt converges to a point on the cylinder axis at a dis- tance l2 = 10.0 cm from the right butt. However, Haughtykin could not determine the focal lengths F, and Fy of these lenses using his data. Please, help poor Basil. Final stage 2010 446. Chain on Sphere Page 97 A uniform chain of a length L is being held by its end at the top of a smooth spherical sur- face of a radius R , where L < 7R/2 (fig. 32). Then the chain end is released. 1. What is an acceleration a (the absolute value) of a chain element right after the release? Figure 32 2. At which chain point is a tension T’ maximal right after the release? anR Consider a special case when the chain length L equals +. 447. Motion of Charged Particles Page 99 Four point masses m freely float in space being initially at the corners of a square inscribed in a circle of radius Ro. Two particles have electric charge +g, the other two have a charge —g (fig. 33). Initially the masses were given the same clockwise velocities tangent to the circle. It is known that the minimum distance between a mass and the circle centre O during the motion equals R; (R; < Rp). Suppose that the system remains symmetrical with respect to the axis O during the time of observation. Gravity force is negligible. 1. Determine the mass trajectories; 2. Determine a period of their motion. Figure 33 27448. Unipolar Inductor ‘ Page 100 A unipolar inductor is a rapidly rotating disk- B shaped permanent magnet. The disk is made of an electrically conducting magnetic alloy, which is able to produce a strong magnetic field, and it is covered by a thin conducting layer of nickel. w Disk rotation generates an electric potential Figure 34 across the axis of rotation and the lateral side, the potential can be measured by a volt- meter (fig. 34). If, on the other hand, a battery is connected to the axis of rotation and to the lateral side, the magnet starts rapidly spinning, thereby becoming an electric motor. Similarly, if one rapidly rotates a shaft of a regular electric motor, it becomes an electric generator; if a voltage is applied to a generator, it becomes a motor. A diagram (fig. 35) shows a scheme of a work- B ing unipolar electric motor, which rotor is a disk ——— ofradius ro = 2 cm made of a strong permanent magnet fitted on a shaft. The disk starts rapidly spinning when a battery of an emf & = 1.5 V is connected to it via sliding contacts. Note. To simplify calculations assume that Figure 35 the vector of magnetic induction B in the con- ducting nickel layer is perpendicular to the disk upper surface, its magnitude is constant and equal to B = 1 T. Assume that a current in the conducting layer flows along radii. 1. What are the readings of a voltmeter (fig. 34) at a frequency of disk rotation equal to v = 3000 rev/min ? What is the voltage polarity? Indicate the polarity in the diagram (fig. 34). 2, Assume a friction to be negligible and estimate the maximum frequency of rotation (rev/min) of a magnetised disk (the rotor of unipolar motor in figure 35). Indicate the direction of rota- tion for the battery polarity and the magnetic induction B shown (Bg. 35). 28449. Heat Engine Page 101 A heat engine operates according to a Carnot cycle with a hot source temperature T, = 800 K. Heat exchange between a working substance and a cold sink with a temperature T, = 300 K proceeds at a temper- ature T via a massive body, which is thermally insulated from the en- vironment. The body transfers per a time At a net energy Q2 received from the engine to the sink by means of thermal conductivity according to a law Qo = a(T — Ty)At, where a = 1 kW/K (fig. 36). The temperature T of the body-mediator depends on the work A = PAt done by the engine, where P is the engine power. 1. Express P in terms of T,, Tz and T. 2. Determine a temperature T’ of the mediator which maximises the engine output. 3. Determine the maximum power Pmax of the engine. 4. What is the heat engine efficiency at the maximum power output? Hot source Working Cold sink agen, - Qe Q2 T, = 800 K ~| 7 |~!%=300K A= a Figure 36 450. Motion without Sliding Page 102 A long board of a mass mj lies at rest on a smooth horizontal surface of a table; a slab of a mass mg is put on the right end of the board. The slab is tethered to a wall by a light uncompressed spring with a spring coefficient k. A weight of a mass M is attached to the board via a light inextensible cord threaded through a pulley (fig. 37). Initially the system is at rest. There is a dry friction between the slab and the board. The board length and the initial distance between the pulley and the board are large enough. 291. Which path L will the slab travel before it starts sliding on the board? 2. Study how this result depends on the coeffi¢ient of friction 1. 3. Evaluate a time ¢ the slab will travel the distance L. Final stage 2011 $51. Trifilar Pendulum Page 103 A massive ring is suspended on three identical thin vertical threads of a length L (fig. 38). 1. Determine a period of small torsional oscillations of the ring around the axis OO’. 2. How much will the period of the torsional oscillations change if a small body of the same mass as that of the ring is placed at the ring centre (the point O) by means of light spokes? Hint: For « < 1 the cosine approximation can be used: cosa © 1—a"/2. Figure 37 Figure 38 $52. Charged Particle Inside Solenoid Page 104 A diagram (fig. 39) shows a cross-section of a long straight coil (a solenoid) with a coil radius r = 10 cm. The number of turns per 1 meter of the solenoid length is n = 500m™!. A direct current I =1.0 A flows (clockwise) in the solenoid coils. 30A charged particle accelerated by a potential U = 10° V flies into the solenoid via a gap between the coils at a point A. The particle velocity at A is pointing along a solenoid radius. The parti- cle is traveling inside the solenoid in a plane perpen- dicular to its axis and exits the solenoid at a point C at an angle a = 60° with respect to its initial direction. Determine: 1. a sign of the particle charge; (am) 2. a curvature radius of the particle trajectory in- Figure 39 side the solenoid; 3. a specific charge of the particle (ie. the charge-to-mass ratio). Magnetic constant is o = 4m - 10-7 (of SI units). $53. Capacitor Leak Page 106 A plane capacitor of a capacitance Cp is filled with a weakly conducting layered medium of a dielectric permittivity « = 1, which spe- cific conductivity depends on a distance x to the lower capacitor plate as p = po(1+ 2), Figure 40 where d is the plate separation. The capacitor is connected to a battery of a voltage Uo (fig. 40). Determine: 1. a current flowing through the capacitor; 2. a charge on the lower (q,) and upper (q2) capacitor plates; 3. a volume charge q within the capacitor (i.e. in the medium between the plates); 4. an electric energy W, stored by the capacitor. $54. Piston Stability Page 107 A vertical cylinder sealed at the bottom has a length L = 1.50 m. Its upper end Tl tah is opened into another cylinder of a much L larger diameter (fig. 41). A thin light pis- ton is located in the lower cylinder at a dis- tance h = hy = 380 mm from its upper end. There are a layer of mercury of a height h + Ah, where Ah < h, Figure 41 31above the piston and helium at a pressure p1 = po + Pregl, where po = 760 mmHg is the atmospheric pressure and pyg = 13.6 g/cm? is a density of mercury, below the piston. A change in Ah resulting from a displacement of a piston inside the lower cylinder is negligible because the diameters of the cylinders differ significantly. The piston is in equilibrium. Is its equilibrium position stable? Are there other equilibrium positions? If so, at which distances h; of the piston from the upper end are they located? Are these equilib- rium positions stable? One can assume that the temperature of helium under the piston does not vary under a small change of the volume. $55. Planar Waveguide Page 108 ~ = Se 6) ——sS C- L ? j~——_______4 Figure 42 A point-like source S$ is placed near the left butt of a finely polished transparent plate with a refractive index n (fig. 42). A plate thickness is H = 1 cm and its length is L = 100 cm. Light from the source is incident on the left butt of the plate at all possible angles (0—90°). An observer’s eye catches both direct rays from the source and the rays which underwent multiple internal reflections on the plate lateral sides. 1. What is the maximum number of reflections undergone by a ray go- ing out the right butt of the plate? Solve the problem for two values of the refractive index: m1 = 1.73 and ng = 1.3. 2. In which of these two cases the light partially escapes the plate through its lateral sides? 32Final stage 2012 $56. Bag of Flour Page 110 A paper bag of flour falls from a height h = 4 cm without initial velocity on the measuring pan of a spring scale. The scale pointer had initially deviated to m; = 6 kg and eventually settled at mp = 2 kg when oscillations decayed. The spring constant is k = 1.5 kN/m. Determine amass M of the measuring pan. Note. Assume the free fall acceleration to be g = 10 m/s?. $57. Magnetism Page 111 Two metal rods AB and CD can move without friction along two horizontal paral- lel rails separated by a distance | (fig. 43). A rod has a mass m and a resistance R. A uniform magnetic field B is perpendic- ular to the plane of the rails. Initially the rods are perpendicular to the rails and separated by a distance d. The rod CD is at rest and the rod AB is given an initial velocity vg which is parallel to the rails away from CD. Figure 43 1. How far away will the rods be after a long time? 2. How much heat will be produced by the system? Neglect a resistance of the rails. $58. Linear Process Page 113 One mole of an ideal polyatomic gas pro- _p} ceeds from a state B, in which its temper- B ature is Tg = 217°C, to a state D. In ~\ the process, there is a linear relation be- D tween gas pressure and volume, its temper- ature monotonously decreases, and a heat is being transferred to the gas all the way 9 Figure 44 Vv (fig. 44). Determine the maximum work the gas can perform in such a process. 33