... .. .....·.
~ ...... - ~--~,-~-
.
IDENTIFICATION OF ANION
Oil. H2 SO4 ANIONS
2
Salt+ dil H2S04 colourless gas with brisk eF.~rvescence co 3· 2indicated
or colourless suffocating gas s03• indicated
2
or colourless gas with rotten egg smell s· indicated
or brown coloured gas No 2•1 indicated
CARBONATE ION
1 (i)Salt + dil H2S0 4olourless gas with brisk effervescence
{ii)Pass the colourless gas through lime water ii.ne water turns milky
indicated
2 Salt solution(aq) + MgS0 4 (aq). Heat* .whiteppt co 3•2confirmed
SULPHITE ION
1 {i)Salt + dil H2S04.colourless suffocating gas
(ii)Brine;:, filter paper ~.trip dipped in ,.:·.'. difieC' K/:::r/) 1;; •·11 " ~i:: ;· the rn ;; '. Hh of f•..:- t li!:: ; •ubr,
2 (i)Salt solution {aq) + BaCl 2 (aq) white ppt
(ii)Dissolve the ppt in cone. HClppt dissolves so/ confirmed
SULPHIDE ION
2
l (i}Salt +dil H2S0 4.colourless gas with rotten egg sme11s· indicated
(ii)Bring a filter paper strip dipped inlead acetate solutionne ar the mouthof the test tube strip
turns black s·2indicated
purple colour s· confirmed
2
2 Salt solution (aq) + Sodium nitropruss ide (aq)
NITRITE ION
1 Salt+ dil H2S04 brown coloured gas No)·1 indicated
1
2 Salt solution (aq) + Kl (aq) + Starch solution deep tilue colour No 2• confirmed
*Magnesium sulphate test is done only for carbonates soluble in water
CHEMICAL REACTIONS INVOLVED
CO/ (CARBONATE ION)
(ii)C02 + Ca(OHh ---------- ➔ CaCO 3 (s) + H2O
2
2 CO 3 - + MgSO• --➔ SO42• + MgCO 3 (white ppt)
SO32-(SULPHITE ION)
1 (i)SOt + H2S04 --➔ SO 42• + H2O + S02 (g)
----·➔ o•! + BaSO 3 {whitepp t)
(ii)BaSO3 + HCI
S2-(SULPHIDE ION)
(ii)H 2S + (CH 3COO}zPb -----·➔ CH:jCOOH + PbS (black ppt)
--------➔
2
2 5L· + [ Fe(CN) 5NOr [Fe(CN) 5NOS]4°(violet complex)
NO/°(NITRITE ION)
2
1 N02 + H2S04 ------➔ S04 · -1· H20 + NO (g)
1
•
NO + Oz --------➔ N0 2 (g)(brown)
2 NO/ +2 Kl + 02 ------- ➔ 2 KN0 3 + 12
12 + Starch --------)Starch Iodide complex ( blue )
CONC. H2S04 ANIONS
1 Salt + conc.H2S04 . Heat colourless gas evolves
,l.\dd a few copper turnings
in the te_st tube. Heat reddish brown gas evolves No 3•• indicated
and solution becomes bluish
IF REDDISH BROWN GAS DOES NOT EVOI.VC: ON ADDING COPPER TURNINGS
dense white fumes form c1- indicated
Bring a glass rod dipped In NH40H
near the mouth of the test tube
OR
2 Salt+ conc.H;zS04 .Heat reddish brown gas evolves Br-or N0 3-indicate.d
Add a few copper turnings
in the test tube. Heat reddish brown gas intensifies N0 3- indicated
and solution become: 1·,luish
IF REDDISH BROWN GAS DOES NOT INTENS111° ON AD[!i-NG COPPER TURNINGS
Add a pinl·h r1f Mn0 2 h the t_est tube re,(:!:sh· L:·T ::.; i.,~s intensifies 13r-1ndicated
OR
3 Salt+ conc.H 2504 .Heat violet coloured gas evolves ,-indicated
Add a pinch of Mn0 2 in the test tube violet gas intensifies I - indicated
OR
4 Salt+ solid oxalic acid + few drops of
Cone. H2504 • Rub the mixture in a vinegar like smell CH 3Coo- indicated
China dish with a glass rod
OR
2
5 Salt solution(aq) +dil.H 2504 +KMn04 violet colour of KMn0 4 C20 4- indicated
solution. Heat disappears
CONFIRMATORY 'lESTS
: ::- , .::r Nitra te Te st
s.a:~solution(aq) + AgN0 3(aq) light yello w ppt
_!>\}M d NH 4 0H and shake . ppt sligh tly dissolves 1
Br- conf irme d
2 Orga nic Laye-r Test
Salt solut io n(aq) + CCI. + Chlo rine water
Orange colou r in orga nic layer Br- 1 conf irme d
(or a few drops of cone HN0 ) . Shake .
3
- -- ------------------------- --- -------·--------- - -- -
CH EMIC AL REACTION INVOLVED
- -- -- - - - - -
lndic atory Test
Br- 1+ Hi$0 • ------ ➔ HS0 4 - 1 HBr
2HBr + H2SO• --------- ➔ S0 2 + 2H 0 + Br (redd
2 2 ish brow n gas)
2HBr + H2SO• + Mn0 2 -------- ➔ MnS
0 4 + 2H 20 + Br 2 (redd ish brow n gas)
Conf irma tory Test
1 Silver Nitra te Test
1
Br- + AgN03 -➔ N03- 1
+ AgBr {ligh t yello w ppt)
2 Orga nic Layer Test
2Br- l + Cl2 -➔ cr-l + Br2 (dissolves in orga nic solve nt to give oran
ge colou r)
1-1 (IODIDE !Ofil
1 Siive r Nitra te Tesi
(i)Salt wlet i:-: ,,(aq ) -: AgNOc:,(aq)
µale v;;!lo w ppt
(ii)Ad d NH 4 0H and shak e. ppt does not disso lve 1- 1 conf irme d
2 Organic Layer Test
Salt solution(aq) + CCl4+ Chlorine wate r
viole t colour in organic laye r 1-1 conf irme d
(or a few drops of cone HN0 3) . Shake.
CHE MICA L REACTION INVO LVED
lndic atory Test
1-1+ H2S04 ------ -➔ HSO4 - 1 HI
2HI+ H2S04 -- ➔ S02 + 2H 20 + '2 (viol et gas)
2HI + H2S04 + Mn0 2 ----- --➔ MnS04
+ 2H20 + '2 (viol et gas)
Con firma tory Test
1. Silver Nitra te Test
1
,-- + AgN 0
3 --- ➔ N03- 1
+ Agl (pale yello wpp t)
2 Orga nic Layer Test
21- 1 + Ch ---- ➔ c1- 1 + 12 (dissolves in orga nic solv ent to give viole t
colo ur)
CH~c oo- ! (ACETATE §_
ON)
r
I
;,,
r1
t : salt solution(aq) + FeC'3 (aq) brick red colour CH 3COO- 1confirrned
CHEMICAL REACT10NS INVOLV ED
indicatory Test
···••➔
1
ctt3C00- 1 + H2C20• + H2SO• CH3C00h(vinegar smell) + HS011- + CO2 + CO + H20
confirmatory Test 1
3 CH C0O- 1 +
3
FeC\ 3 ------➔ (CH 3COOh Fe (wine red colour) + 3 Cl-
·------ ·---------------~-------------------------------------------------- ------------------
4
Ci_O• (OXALATE ION}
2
white pptC 204- confirmed
1 Salt solution(aq) + CaCh (aq)
--------------------------·- ··· ---------
CHEMtCAL REACTIONS INVOLVED
lncflcatory Test
-----➔ 2 Mn• . + 10 CO2 + 8 H20
2
s coZ 4
- 2+ 2 Mno.-1 + 16 H•1
Confirmatory Test
cp.- 2 + each --➔ 2cr1 + CaC204 (white ppt}
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -·- -----------------
INDEPENDENT IONS
S06- 2 (SULPHATE ION)
1 Salt solution(aq) + BaCl2(aq) white pptSO4-z confirmed
2
2 Salt solution (aq) + (CH 3COO)zPb(aq) white ppt s04·- confirmed
1
SO 4
-2
+ BaCl2 --------➔ 2c1- + BaSO 4 (white ppt)
1
$04 -z + (CH 3COO)zPb ------➔ CH 3 C00- + PbS04 (white ppt)
------------------------------------------------------------
P04 - 3 (PHOSPHATE ION) .
Salt scAution(aq) + cone HN0 3 +.Heat.
Add ammonium molybdate _solution and heat. canmv vellow ppt PO 4- 3 confirmed
--------- ------------------------------- --------------
.P04- +12 (NH41)iMo04+ 24 HN03 ---➔ 3 NO/+ 21 NH4N03 + 12 H20 + (NH 41hMo0 4.12 Mo0 3
3
. (,canary yellow, ppt) · · .· •· .
