DUW10022 & DUW10012
TOPIC 4:
Hazard Identification,
Risk Assessment And Risk Control
(HIRARC)
COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOME (CLO)
CLO1: C2, PLO 1
Explain briefly OS&H procedures,
regulation and its compliance in Malaysia.
CLO 2: A3, PLO 8
Initiates incident hazards, risks and safe
work practices in order to maintain health
and safe work environment.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Hazard, risk and danger
Types of hazard
Risk assessment
Risk control
DEFINITIONS
Hazard: A source or a situation with a
potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the environment or a
combination of these
DANGER: Relative exposure to hazard
DANGER: Relative exposure to hazard
DEFINITIONS
Risk:A combination of the likelihood of
an occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury
or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event.
RISK
Likelihood Severity
HAZARD
IDENTIFICATIONS
SOURCES OF HAZARD
Man - Unsafe acts
Machinery - Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials – Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
Method - The way people carry out their work
Media – Workplace condition: i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration etc
Physical
Physical work hazards are workplace hazards that can affect
the body.
They may include radiation and excessive noise levels. Other
examples of physical hazards are falls or poorly
communicated evacuation routes. Falls are the number one
cause of office workplace injuries, and they can be easily
avoided by mandating clear walkways and proper lifting
procedures.
According to the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health
and Safety, managers should check noise levels and
distribute safety gear to employees who work in high-volume
or high-vibration areas.
Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_7799456_types-
hazards-workplace.html
Chemical
Chemical work hazards may result if an employee
inhales or absorbs harmful chemicals through his
mouth, nose or via skin contact.
Chemical hazards can come in several forms, such
as liquids, vapors, gases, mists, fumes or solids.
To prevent these types of hazards, employers should
mandate that employees who come into contact with
harmful chemicals wear protective clothing, gloves,
masks and eye wear.
Employees who work in manufacturing plants and
labs may be more susceptible to these types of
hazards.
Read more
: http://www.ehow.com/info_7799456_types-hazards-
workplace.html
Biological
Biological work hazards may occur if workers are
exposed to living organisms or properties, such as
parasites, viruses, fungi and bacteria.
These types of work hazards may also come from toxins
and allergens.
Employees who work in medical offices or health care
facilities may be more at risk for this type of work hazard.
This is because they can be easily exposed to blood-
borne pathogens and diseases.
Office and industrial workers may be at risk of exposure
to biological hazards if they come into contact with
dangerous mold or asbestos.
Read more : http://www.ehow.com/info_7799456_types-
hazards-workplace.html
Ergonomic
Ergonomic hazards may be described as problems that
can occur when a worker’s physical workplace or
typical work procedures do not match up with his
physical size or work positions.
These types of hazards may occur in both office and
light industrial settings. According to Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) website,
office employees may face ergonomic hazards such as
poor seating or lighting.
For example, if an employee works on computer all
day, he may be at risk for eye strain. Warehouse
employees may risk physical injuries through repetitive
motions or through improper use of handling tools.
Read more
: http://www.ehow.com/info_7799456_types-hazards-
workplace.html
Psychosocial hazards
* Psychosocial hazards in the workplace contribute to work-
related stress.
* Psychosocial hazards include: bullying and harassment;
occupational violence or customer aggression; fatigue
resulting from long hours of work or shiftwork; demands in
excess of a worker’s capacity to deliver; and alcohol and
drug misuse.
* This chapter concentrates on bullying, occupational
violence and fatigue.
* Psychosocial hazards have grown in prominence in recent
years in response to a number of factors including
increasing work intensification (in terms of longer working
hours and greater workloads), changes in organizational
practices, and changing social expectations of how
employees should be treated by their supervisors,
managers and fellow workers
CLASSIFICATION AND
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Classification of Example of Potential Sources of
Hazards
Hazards
Physical Pinch points,sharp points and
edges,overload or force a tool
(i) Mechanical beyond its capabilities and
grinding wheel without guard
Physical Electrical cord insulation
damaged,electrical face plate or
(ii) Electrical cover broken or missing and fan
cord insulation pulled loose
Biological Exposed to airbone and blood
borne viruses,bacteria and fungus
CLASSIFICATION AND
POTENTIAL SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Chemical Exposed to carcinogens
chemicals,sensitizers and
corrosive chemicals
Psychological Stress,sexual harassment
and violent at work
Ergonomics Repeated exposure to
unnatural postures and
unnatural movement, wrong
design of workstation,tools
and task
OVERVIEW OF RISK
AND
RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK ASSESSMENT
What is Risk assessment: The process
of evaluating the risks to safety and
health arising from hazards at work
Risk assessment results is documented
and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF
RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Integrate Risk Management as part of
planning at all levels of business.
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately
(depending on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
WHY CARRY OUT RISK
ASSESSMENT?
Gives organizations a more effective way of
managing hazards
Requirement of the law e.g.
- OSHA 1994, CIMAH Reg. 1996 & USECHH
Reg. 2000
Req. of OSH management system stds:
- OHSAS 18001 & MS 1722:2005
- ISO 45001:2018 and
- ISO 14001, etc
RISK ASSESSMENT SHOULD BE
CARRIED OUT FOR:
Routine and non-routine activities
including emergencies
Activitiesof all personnel having access to
the workplace (including subcontractors
and visitors)
Facilitiesat the workplace, whether
provided by the organization or others
WHEN TO CARRY OUT
RISK ASSESSMENT
Before Operation
During Operation
After Operation
WHO WILL CARRY OUT
RISK ASSESSMENT
Person or persons trained to identify
hazard and risk assessment
- In some cases legally competent
person, eg: CHRA
Consultation with and involvement of
workers
- Safety and Health Committee OR
workers and their representatives
Involvement of supervisors
BASIC COMPONENTS OF
RISK MANAGEMENT
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
Review
THE PROCESS OF
RISK MANAGEMENT
1. Start
2. Classify Activities
(Work,Product,Services,Activities)
3. Identify Hazards
4. Determine Risk
5. Decide if Risk is Tolerable
6. Risk Control Action Plan
7. Review Adequacy of Risk Control
PRE-ASSESSMENT –
INFORMATION GATHERING
Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
- Area Map
- Site plan(s); own and neighbour
- Process flow-charts
- Inventory of materials (raw materials, chemicals,
wastes, products, sub-products
- Toxicology and other health and safety data
- Monitoring data
PRE-ASSESSMENT –
CLASSIFYING WORK ACTIVITIES
Geographical areas within/outside the
premises
Stages in a production process,or in the
provision of a service
Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning)
Identify the working groups
Land use, previous property use, future
use
METHODS OF IDENTIFYING
HAZARDS
Review of documents and publications
Inspection and observation at the workplace
Measurement of the atmosphere, monitoring
the environment or medical surveillance of
workers
Hazard Analysis
DOCUMENT REVIEW
Reports of accidents, accident
investigation and audits
Information from publications
- Acts, Reg. and Codes of Practice
- Statistics
- Handbooks
- Safety Data Sheet (SDS)
INSPECTION AND
OBSERVATION
Typesof inspections: statutory
inspection, periodic inspection, formal
and informal inspection
Documentation – Checklist and
inspection worksheet (standard approach
and record)
INPSECTION AND
OBSERVATION
– to involve supervisors,
Activities
managers and employees
Inspection outcome – to include actions
and timeframes
Ensure follow up on action – to ensure
effectiveness
EXPOSURE MONITORING
Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring
Monitoring of:
- Noise
- Heat
- Radiation
- Air contaminants
- Chemicals etc.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
Biological monitoring is a regular
measuring activity where selected
validated indicators of the uptake of toxic
substances in the human body are
determined in order to prevent health
impairment
This form of monitoring could entail
examination of, for example, blood, urine,
saliva and expired air.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
Biologicalmonitoring commonly features
in the health or medical surveillance of
persons exposed to hazardous
environments especially complying to legal
requirement i.e USECHH Regulations
2000 etc
TYPES OF RISK
ASSESSMENT
Approaches:
• Qualitative Risk Assessment
• Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
• Quantitative Risk Assessment
DETERMINING LIKELIHOOD OF
OCCURRENCE OF HAZARD
Based on statistic & data, professional
judgement
Determine likelihood categories i.e:
- Highly likely,
- Likely,
- Unlikely,
- Highly Unlikely
LIKELIHOOD
Highly likely – could happen frequently
Likely – could happen occasionally
Unlikely – could happen, but only rarely
Highlyunlikely – could happen, but
probably never will
DETERMINING SEVERITY
Severity in terms of:
- Harm to health
- Damage to property
- Damage to environment
- Or the combination of the above
SEVERITY
Determine severity categories i.e:
• Fatality
• Major injuries (normally irreversible
injury or damage to health)
• Minor injuries (normally reversible injury
or damage to health requiring days off
work)
• Negligible injuries (first aid)
QUALITATIVE RISK TABLE
SEVERITY LIKELIHOOD
HIGHLY LIKELY UNLIKELY HIGHLY
LIKELY UNLIKELY
Fatality High High High Medium
Major High High Medium Medium
Injuries
Minor High Medium Medium Low
Injuries
Negligble Medium Medium Low Low
Injuries
SEMI – QUANTITATIVE
RISK ASSESSMENT
Determine Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
• 4: Daily
• 3: Weekly
• 2: Monthly
• 1: Yearly
SEMI – QUANTITATIVE
RISK ASSESSMENT
Determine severity categories i.e:
• 4: Fatality & Permanent Disability
• 3: More than 4 days MC
• 2: Less than or 4 days MC
• 1: First aid and near misses
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE
RISK ASSESSMENT
LIKELIHOOD
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
S
E 1 2 3 4
V First Aid
and Near 1 1 2 3 4
E Misses
R Less than
or 4 days 2 2 4 6 8
I MC
More than
T 4 days MC 3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Y Permanent 4 4 8 12 16
Disability
RISK ASSESSMENT
FORM
RISK CONTROL
CONSIDERATION IN
IMPLEMENTING
RISK CONTROL
Reviewmeasures regularly; modify if
necessary
Comply with national laws and
regulations
Reflect good management practice; and
CONSIDERATION IN
IMPLEMENTING
RISK CONTROL
Consider the current state of knowledge
Includeinformation or reports from
organizations such as:
- DOSH, OSH services, and others
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination – remove the hazard
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution – use less hazardous one
Isolation – isolate the work area
Engineering Control – design,isolation at source, barricade,
guarding
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control – safe work procedure, isolation i.e.reduce
exposure time and limit,training,signage etc
PPE – last resort
ELIMINATION
SUBSTITUTION
ISOLATION
ENGINEERING CONTROL
ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
PPE
THE END
