Module 1: Networking Today

NDJE Paul Dolin

Instructeur Cisco
Certifié CCNP Route, CCNP Switch, CCNP Tshoot
CCNA Enterprise, CCNA Cybersecurity & MTCNA

Email: [email protected] Tel : +237 695229692 / 650413024

Introduction to Networks v7.0

(ITN)
Module Objectives
Module Title: Networking Today

Module Objective: Explain the advances in modern technologies.

Topic Title Topic Objective

Networks Affect our Lives Explain how networks affect our daily lives.
Network Components Explain how host and network devices are used.
Network Representations and Topologies Explain network representations and how they are used in network topologies.
Common Types of Networks Compare the characteristics of common types of networks.
Internet Connections Explain how LANs and WANs interconnect to the internet.
Reliable Networks Describe the four basic requirements of a reliable network.

Network Trends Explain how trends such as BYOD, online collaboration, video, and cloud computing
are changing the way we interact.
Network Security Identify some basic security threats and solution for all networks.

The IT Professional Explain employment opportunities in the networking field.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
1.1 Networks Affect Our
Lives

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Networking Today
Networks Connect Us

Communication is almost as important to us as our reliance on air, water, food, and

shelter. In today’s world, through the use of networks, we are connected like never
before.

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Networking Today
Video – The Cisco Networking Academy Learning Experience
Cisco Networking Academy: learn how we use technology to make the world a better place.

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Networking Today
No Boundaries

• World without boundaries

• Global communities

• Human network

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1.2 Network Components

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Network Components
Host Roles

Every computer on a network is

called a host or end device.

Servers are computers that

provide information to end
devices:
• email servers Server Description
Type
• web servers
Email Email server runs email server software.
• file server
Clients use client software to access email.
Clients are computers that send Web Web server runs web server software.
requests to the servers to retrieve Clients use browser software to access web
information: pages.
• web page from a web server File File server stores corporate and user files.
• email from an email server The client devices access these files.

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Network Components
Peer-to-Peer
It is possible to have a device be a client and a server in a Peer-to-Peer Network. This type of
network design is only recommended for very small networks.

Advantages Disadvantages
Easy to set up
No centralized administration
Less complex
Not as secure
Lower cost
Not scalable

Used for simple tasks: transferring files and sharing printers

Slower performance

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Network Components
End Devices

An end device is where a message originates from or where it is received. Data originates with an
end device, flows through the network, and arrives at an end device.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21
Network Components
Intermediary Network Devices

An intermediary device interconnects end devices. Examples include switches, wireless

access points, routers, and firewalls.

Management of data as it flows through a network is also the role of an intermediary

device, including:
• Regenerate and retransmit data signals.
• Maintain information about what pathways exist in the network.
• Notify other devices of errors and communication failures.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22
Network Components
Network Media

Communication across a network is carried through a medium which allows a message to

travel from source to destination.
Media Types Description

Metal wires within Uses electrical impulses

cables

Glass or plastic fibers Uses pulses of light.

within cables (fiber-
optic cable)

Wireless transmission Uses modulation of

specific frequencies of
electromagnetic waves.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
1.3 Network Representations and
Topologies

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Network Representations and Topologies
Network Representations

Network diagrams, often called topology

diagrams, use symbols to represent
devices within the network.

Important terms to know include:

• Network Interface Card (NIC)
• Physical Port
• Interface

Note: Often, the terms port and

interface are used interchangeably

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
Network Representations and Topologies
Topology Diagrams

Physical topology diagrams illustrate the Logical topology diagrams illustrate devices,
physical location of intermediary devices ports, and the addressing scheme of the
and cable installation. network.

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1.4 Common Types of Networks

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Common Types of Networks
Networks of Many Sizes
• Small Home Networks – connect a few
computers to each other and the
Internet
• Small Office/Home Office – enables
computer within a home or remote office
to connect to a corporate network
Small Home SOHO
• Medium to Large Networks – many
locations with hundreds or thousands of
interconnected computers
• World Wide Networks – connects
hundreds of millions of computers
world-wide – such as the internet
Medium/Large World Wide

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Common Types of Networks
LANs and WANs
Network infrastructures vary greatly in
terms of:
• Size of the area covered
• Number of users connected
• Number and types of services
available
• Area of responsibility

Two most common types of networks:

• Local Area Network (LAN)
• Wide Area Network (WAN).

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29
Common Types of Networks
LANs and WANs (cont.)

A LAN is a network infrastructure that A WAN is a network infrastructure that

spans a small geographical area. spans a wide geographical area.

LAN WAN

Interconnect end devices in a limited area. Interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas.
Administered by a single organization or Typically administered by one or more service
individual. providers.
Provide high-speed bandwidth to internal Typically provide slower speed links between
devices. LANs.

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Common Types of Networks
The Internet

The internet is a worldwide collection of

interconnected LANs and WANs.

• LANs are connected to each other using

WANs.
• WANs may use copper wires, fiber optic
cables, and wireless transmissions.
The internet is not owned by any
individual or group. The following groups
were developed to help maintain structure
on the internet:
• IETF
• ICANN
• IAB

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
Common Types of Networks
Intranets and Extranets

An intranet is a private collection of LANs

and WANs internal to an organization
that is meant to be accessible only to the
organizations members or others with
authorization.

An organization might use an extranet to

provide secure access to their network
for individuals who work for a different
organization that need access to their
data on their network.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
1.5 Internet Connections

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Internet Connections
Internet Access Technologies

There are many ways to connect

users and organizations to the
internet:
• Popular services for home users
and small offices include
broadband cable, broadband
digital subscriber line (DSL),
wireless WANs, and mobile
services.
• Organizations need faster
connections to support IP phones,
video conferencing and data
center storage.
• Business-class interconnections
are usually provided by service
providers (SP) and may include:
business DSL, leased lines, and
Metro Ethernet.

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Internet Connections
Home and Small Office Internet Connections
Connection Description

Cable high bandwidth, always on, internet offered by

cable television service providers.

DSL high bandwidth, always on, internet connection

that runs over a telephone line.

Cellular uses a cell phone network to connect to the

internet.

Satellite major benefit to rural areas without Internet

Service Providers.

Dial-up an inexpensive, low bandwidth option using a

telephone modem.

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Internet Connections
Businesses Internet Connections
Type of Description
Corporate business connections may Connection
require:
Dedicated These are reserved circuits within the service
• higher bandwidth Leased Line provider’s network that connect distant offices
with private voice and/or data networking.
• dedicated connections
• managed services
Ethernet WAN This extends LAN access technology into the
WAN.

DSL Business DSL is available in various formats

including Symmetric Digital Subscriber Lines
(SDSL).

Satellite This can provide a connection when a wired

solution is not available.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
Internet Connections
The Converging Network

Before converged networks, an

organization would have been
separately cabled for telephone, video,
and data. Each of these networks
would use different technologies to
carry the signal.
Each of these technologies would use
a different set of rules and standards.

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Internet Connections
The Converging Network (Cont.)
Converged data networks carry
multiple services on one link
including:
• data
• voice
• video
Converged networks can deliver
data, voice, and video over the same
network infrastructure. The network
infrastructure uses the same set of
rules and standards.

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Internet Connections
Video – Download and Install Packet Tracer

This video will demonstrate the download and install

process of Packet Tracer.

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Internet Connections
Video – Getting Started in Cisco Packet Tracer

This video will cover the following:

• Navigate the Packet Tracer interface
• Customize the Packet Tracer Interface

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Internet Connections
Packet Tracer – Network Representation

In this Packet tracer you will do the following:

• The network model in this activity incorporates many of the technologies that you will
master in your CCNA studies.

Note: It is not important that you understand everything you see and do in this activity.

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1.6 Reliable Networks

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Reliable Network
Network Architecture
Network Architecture refers to the
technologies that support the
infrastructure that moves data across the
network.

There are four basic characteristics that

the underlying architectures need to
address to meet user expectations:
• Fault Tolerance
• Scalability
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• Security

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
Reliable Network
Fault Tolerance
A fault tolerant network limits the impact of
a failure by limiting the number of affected
devices. Multiple paths are required for
fault tolerance.
Reliable networks provide redundancy by
implementing a packet switched network:
• Packet switching splits traffic into
packets that are routed over a
network.
• Each packet could theoretically take a
different path to the destination.
This is not possible with circuit-switched
networks which establish dedicated
circuits.

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Reliable Network
Scalability

A scalable network can expand

quickly and easily to support
new users and applications
without impacting the
performance of services to
existing users.
Network designers follow
accepted standards and
protocols in order to make the
networks scalable.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 45
Reliable Network
Quality of Service
Voice and live video transmissions
require higher expectations for those
services being delivered.

Have you ever watched a live video with

constant breaks and pauses? This is
caused when there is a higher demand
for bandwidth than available – and QoS
isn’t configured.

• Quality of Service (QoS) is the primary

mechanism used to ensure reliable
delivery of content for all users.

• With a QoS policy in place, the router

can more easily manage the flow of
data and voice traffic.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 46
Reliable Network There are two main types of network
Network Security security that must be addressed:
• Network infrastructure security
• Physical security of network devices
• Preventing unauthorized access to
the devices
• Information Security
• Protection of the information or data
transmitted over the network
Three goals of network security:
• Confidentiality – only intended
recipients can read the data
• Integrity – assurance that the data
has not be altered with during
transmission
• Availability – assurance of timely and
reliable access to data for authorized
users

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1.7 Network Trends

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Network Trends
Recent Trends
The role of the network must adjust
and continually transform in order to
be able to keep up with new
technologies and end user devices
as they constantly come to the
market.

Several new networking trends that

effect organizations and consumers:
• Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
• Online collaboration
• Video communications
• Cloud computing

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 49
Network Trends
Bring Your Own Device (BYOD)
Bring Your Own Device allows users to use their own devices
giving them more opportunities and
greater flexibility.

BYOD allows end users to have the

freedom to use personal tools to
access information and communicate
using their:
• Laptops
• Netbooks
• Tablets
• Smartphones
• E-readers
BYOD means any device, with any
ownership, used anywhere.

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Network Trends
Online Collaboration
§ Collaborate and work with others
over the network on joint projects.

§ Collaboration tools including Cisco

WebEx (shown in the figure) gives
users a way to instantly connect
and interact.

§ Collaboration is a very high priority

for businesses and in education.

§ Cisco Webex Teams is a

multifunctional collaboration tool.
• send instant messages
• post images
• post videos and links

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Network Trends
Video Communication
• Video calls are made to anyone, regardless of where they are located.

• Video conferencing is a powerful tool for communicating with others.

• Video is becoming a critical requirement for effective collaboration.

• Cisco TelePresence powers is one way of working where everyone,

everywhere.

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Network Trends
Video – Cisco WebEx for Huddles

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Network Trends
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing allows us to store personal files or backup our data on servers over the internet.
• Applications can also be accessed using the Cloud.
• Allows businesses to deliver to any device anywhere in the world.

Cloud computing is made possible by data centers.

• Smaller companies that can’t afford their own data centers, lease server and storage services from
larger data center organizations in the Cloud.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 54
Network Trends
Cloud Computing (Cont.)
Four types of Clouds:
• Public Clouds
• Available to the general public through a pay-per-use model or for free.
• Private Clouds
• Intended for a specific organization or entity such as the government.
• Hybrid Clouds
• Made up of two or more Cloud types – for example, part custom and part public.
• Each part remains a distinctive object but both are connected using the same
architecture.
• Custom Clouds
• Built to meet the needs of a specific industry, such as healthcare or media.
• Can be private or public.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 55
Network Trends
Technology Trends in the Home
• Smart home technology is a
growing trend that allows
technology to be integrated into
every-day appliances which
allows them to interconnect with
other devices.
• Ovens might know what time to
cook a meal for you by
communicating with your
calendar on what time you are
scheduled to be home.
• Smart home technology is
currently being developed for all
rooms within a house.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 56
Network Trends • Powerline networking can
Powerline Networking allow devices to connect to
a LAN where data network
cables or wireless
communications are not a
viable option.
• Using a standard powerline
adapter, devices can
connect to the LAN
wherever there is an
electrical outlet by sending
data on certain frequencies.
• Powerline networking is
especially useful when
wireless access points
cannot reach all the devices
in the home.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 57
Network Trends
Wireless Broadband
In addition to DSL and cable, wireless is
another option used to connect homes
and small businesses to the internet.
• More commonly found in rural
environments, a Wireless Internet Service
Provider (WISP) is an ISP that connects
subscribers to designated access points
or hotspots.
• Wireless broadband is another solution for
the home and small businesses.
• Uses the same cellular technology used by a
smart phone.
• An antenna is installed outside the house
providing wireless or wired connectivity for
devices in the home.

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1.8 Network Security

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Network Security
Security Threats • Network security is an integral
part of networking regardless of
the size of the network.
• The network security that is
implemented must take into
account the environment while
securing the data, but still
allowing for quality of service
that is expected of the network.
• Securing a network involves
many protocols, technologies,
devices, tools, and techniques in
order to secure data and
mitigate threats.
• Threat vectors might be external
or internal.

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Network Security
External Threats:
Security Threats (Cont.)
• Viruses, worms, and Trojan
horses
• Spyware and adware
• Zero-day attacks
• Threat Actor attacks
• Denial of service attacks
• Data interception and theft
• Identity theft

Internal Threats:
• lost or stolen devices
• accidental misuse by
employees
• malicious employees

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 61
Network Security
Security Solutions
Security must be implemented in multiple
layers using more than one security solution.
Network security components for home or
small office network:
• Antivirus and antispyware software
should be installed on end devices.
• Firewall filtering used to block
unauthorized access to the network.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 62
Network Security
Security Solutions
(Cont.)
Larger networks have additional security
requirements:
• Dedicated firewall system
• Access control lists (ACL)
• Intrusion prevention systems (IPS)
• Virtual private networks (VPN)
The study of network security starts with a
clear understanding of the underlying switching
and routing infrastructure.

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1.9 The IT Professional

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The IT Professional
The Cisco Certified Network Associate
CCNA (CCNA) certification:
• demonstrates that you have a knowledge
of foundational technologies
• ensures you stay relevant with skills
needed for the adoption of next-generation
technologies.
The new CCNA focus:
• IP foundation and security topics
• Wireless, virtualization, automation, and
network programmability.
New DevNet certifications at the
associate, specialist and professional
levels, to validate your software
development skills.
Specialist certification validate your
skills in line with your job role and
interests.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 65
The IT Professional
Networking Jobs

At www.netacad.com you can click the

Careers menu and then select Employment
opportunities.
• Find employment opportunities by
using the Talent Bridge Matching
Engine.
• Search for jobs with Cisco, Cisco
partners and distributors seeking
Cisco Networking Academy students
and alumni.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 66
The IT Professional
Lab – Researching IT and Networking Job Opportunities

In this lab, you will complete the following objectives:

• Research Job Opportunities
• Reflect on Research

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1.10 Module Practice and
Quiz

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Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• Through the use of networks, we are connected like never before.
• All computers that are connected to a network and participate directly in network
communication are classified as hosts.
• Diagrams of networks often use symbols to represent the different devices and
connections that make up a network.
• A diagram provides an easy way to understand how devices connect in a large network.
• The two types of network infrastructures are Local Area Networks (LANs), and Wide Area
Networks (WANs).
• SOHO internet connections include cable, DSL, Cellular, Satellite, and Dial-up telephone.
• Business internet connections include Dedicated Leased Line, Metro Ethernet, Business
DSL, and Satellite.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 69
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module? (Cont.)
• Network architecture refers to the technologies that support the infrastructure and the
programmed services and rules, or protocols, that move data across the network.
• There are four basic characteristics of network architecture: Fault Tolerance, Scalability,
Quality of Service (QoS), and Security.
• Recent networking trends that affect organizations and consumers: Bring Your Own Device
(BYOD), online collaboration, video communications, and cloud computing.
• There are several common external and internal threats to networks.
• Larger networks and corporate networks use antivirus, antispyware, and firewall filtering, but
they also have other security requirements: Dedicated firewall systems, Access control lists
(ACL), Intrusion prevention systems (IPS), and Virtual private networks (VPN)
• The Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA) certification demonstrates your knowledge
of foundational technologies.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 70