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LCM, HCF & Prime Factors
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
43 views19 pagesOUP New Syllabus Mathematics Updated 7th Edition - Chapter-01
LCM, HCF & Prime Factors
Uploaded by
Hussain AbbasCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 19
Highest Common Factors,
vest Common Multiples
gh cat cat rubs and passwort,
oer torte ha ob encrypted,
rom using sophisticated safer to
In 1978, Al Shun and Leora Adlon
srvounecad onto the SA pbc kay
xpi cot tls encrypt cata so secu ha
{al okeeven pms sokancodcaras many
‘erst rac hed makes we of «complete
thooram wating alYpe of rumbrs cal pene rumba
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
[ALtho ond of is chapter you shou be able:
ine
factors of rumors wp 08 igs
imtoo rue up tis
+ pmefactstrimbarsu da ae eres en minx aon
Inindenetation er ice vera
+ rocogis ae cleat squares rubs upto 2s
‘find HOF and UCM of2 or tee nub uo eis using
“fain tctosaton
+ se rc worl and poblans rvling HOF ard LOM a 1 1 Prime Nu
Factors
In primary schoo, we have learnt about facts. For eample
x6
2.6 and i
Tero, the factors of 18 are
Notice dat 18 is cvs by al ts factors, ie. 18 vided by each of its
facors, thee wil ot be any remainder.
Hence factors ofa number are defined as aumber that vide the ovina number
enact
Worked {Al possible actos oa number
Fin al the posible factors ofthe following numbers
Example ox ws Gams
x28
3075
(138 8, 1 and 38 ate cts of 38.
241938, 2and 19 ae factors of 38
BEBEE
‘Therefore, facts of38ne 1, 2.19, and 38. x45
Less 225
523 sa prime number, theeire thas only wo 225 = 15 «15
tate ond 3 Tere cf 25 ae 1.35.9, 15,
/ wigs
24Multiples
Aut of rombers the rit ofthe uber and sae er nae
2 Hoe 3 he
For expe, when we maliply by 4, we get 32, 8
rmuliple of and 4. Considers four mali of 17.
Theyre T1217 W3=S1
Wee 1d 268
Classifying Whole Numbers
In pinary scl, we hve ut tat we can clay whole nanbers ino
to grou zw,
2 Taen umber are woe uta vile by 2.00,2.8,6 8,
“Odd numbers ave whole numbers that are not divisible by 2,€1,3,5,, target whemmbor
5 Brees
Now, we wil eam another way lo clasify whole numbers based onthe number
tf actos they have
oxrone Tamera Caper Q— Investigation
(Classification of Whole Numbers
1. i the facts of he mumbers Table
[Number ‘Working Facto.
is vse by 1 only 1
2a 1x2
2
4 [4teantne
6
1
165 = 1x 652 3x55=5%01 35.1116
I 21x (R= 2x86=4x43 2.4.46,
We 1x 18=2x9=3%6 12.3,6.9 18
ms [5-125
x7S=5x4
2. Clasiy the numbers in Table 11 ino 3 gyoups
Group A contains number with exactly factor
{Group 8 contains numbers with exactly 2 diferent factors
Group C contains numbers with more than 2 erent factors:
3. 150 dusible by 1222326 How many factors does have?
Prime Numbers and Composite Numbers
The numbers in Group Bin the investigation ate known as prime numbers fr primes) and the numbers in
{Group C ae called composite numbers. Composite numbers are compose, of makeup, of he produto
atleast two primes, eg. 6=23 and 18= 253% 3. The number in Group A does not ave a name Infact,
1 aswell 80, her prime nor composite
[A prime number fa whole number that has each 2 directors, and set
Acompasite number i whole number that has moe than 2 diferent facts,
Thin
EF ates
[Explain why 0 and 1 arenither prime numbers nor composite number.
2. Maaz says that if whole numb isnot prime hen it mst be compost,
Do you agre? Explain your answer.
© cee Fines es omen Fc and Lovet on gxtone In Table 1.1 inthe investigation, we have found all he prime nubs less than oe equal to 20 by Finding a
the factors ofthe numbers from | 10 20. How do we fd al the prime numbers le than or equal to 1002
Let us use another method called the Sieve of Eratosthenes,
Investigation
Sieve of Eratosthenes
1. In this part the numbars which wl be circle! are prime numbers and the numbers which willbe crossed cut
re na prime umber
{@) Gossaut1
0) Gicle2
ios otal he other multiples of 2
0) Gitte the next number that as not been crossed ou, Le 3
Cros tall the other multiples of 3.
(@ Gitcle the next number that as not been crossed ou, Le since 4 has been crossed ou
rons out al the ther multiples of 5
(6) Repeat ths process unt all the numbers have ether been circled or eased ot
es eg ete eerie seat ea
eon See ee eee oe
1 om Hm % 6 mM me mM wm
oe ed eee
402 6 4 4 6 7 & 4% 0
ee es ee ee
6 2 6 Bt 65 Ts
1 oR Bh 6 % 6 TB Mw
noe 8 8 & & 7 & Mw
STs sees
2, Answer the following questions.
(a) Whatisthe sales prime number
(by Whats the largest prime number les than or equal to 1002
{How many prime numbers ave les than oe el to 1002
(@) tsevery odd number a prime number? Explain your answer
(©) Isevery even number a compart number Explain your answer.
{1 For prime number eae than 5, what can the lst dig bet Explain your answer,
Journ:
Writis
Cane prec of to pine utes be
Genesee este eee eel
ours i, ape a To tani Worked Tes for Prime Numbers)
Determine whee acho he fllowing is a rine or 3
Example dat cinposte number nae
ww wa
Solution:
(a) 347 is a od umber, sits na visible by 2.
Since the sum ofthe digits of 387 is 3-6 4 7= 18 whichis divisible by 3,
therefore 27 sve by 3 (visite foe 3
387 fsa compesite nue,
(0) 47's amevdd number, 011 no divisible by
Since the sum ofthe digs of 47 is 447 ‘which i ne divisible
by 3, then 4 is nti by
‘The ast git 47 fsnether 0 nor 5, 0 47 not divisible bys.
‘calculator may be ied to est whether 47s vse by prime numbers move
than,
Since 47 is not divisible by any prime numbers less than 47, then 47 is a
prime number
1 Are 537 an! 59 prime surberso composite numbers?
2. inthis gum, a policeman i chasing 3 thie. The policeman can only step on
tiles with prime numbers. Shade the eso wace the route that he can take
to catch the he
1s
=>
ovat
oxtone Worked ben imohiga ine Nant . Ay
ROE OE nireshg tr eennrorenes a ;
Solution: focal ps Name iat
Since 13 sa prime number, then {and 13 at is only two facts, {Liters wih re
Ikdoes not mater whether por s Lar 13a we only want to findthe value ofp 4,
Ip and 4 are whole numbers such that» 4
Esplin your anew.
2. Wn isa whole mumber such that m x (n-+28) is a prime number, find the
prime nb. Explain your answer
fd the valve of p+ 4
3:4 Interesting Facts and Real-
of Prime Numbers
ife Applications
Investigation
Interesting Facts about Prime Numbers
There are infinitely many primes,
“To make sense ofthe above statement, search the ltr fr Fis | Million Primes.
‘Whats the 1000 000" prime number?
Since there areinfitely may primes, there sno lest prime number, However, the
Larges now prime number at the ime of pining) was found by Dr Cuts Coopee
‘907 fan 2016 ait contains 2338618 gts. The size ofthe text fle containing this
Prime ipure text only) 22 MB. View this prime number by searching for ‘argest
Known Prime’ onthe Internet, What its ast digit
Formany centuries mathematicians uid prime numbers in abranchafmathemates
called Number Theory out of nest. Rel ie applications of prime numbers came
upon the invention of computes when there was 2 nee ta encrypt semitve data
tramamitel ver the Internet,
‘As explained inthe chapter opener, RSA publickey cryptography makes use of
4 complicated theorem involving prime numbers to encode data securely. I the
rime numbers chosen are large, wil ake even the ost sophisticated computers
‘many yeasto zack the coe
\What would have happened if mathematicians did no say prime numbers cut
ofintres Index Notation
‘We have let in primary schoo! Hh posible nis for area an volume are
‘ew and en espectively, For example, the area of a square with sds 5 em
Sem x 5 em = 25 em, and the volume of a cube with edges 5 em is
Semx SomxSem= 125 em
5%: can alo be watn as ead as square.
Similarly, $3 x5-=5? read as 'S cubed,
What happens if we have 5x 5 55 We can write i as 5* ead a5 ‘Sto
the power of 47, where 4 is called the index (plural indices), 5" i called
the index notation of «5% 5 x5.
Write 3435 3339 3533633 in nde ovation
Prime Factorisation
Consider a composite number, eg. 270, We can express 2704 as a product of
Prime factors, factors which ate pee number.
2708 #2242424 13413
=me1e
We say that 2 and 13 are the prime factors of 270,
‘The proces of expressing 2701 as a product of ts prime factors is called the
prime factrsation of 2704
‘Bo nt canfuse the prime actorisation of 270 wih fining he factors of 2708
[Notice that hese ators of 2704 age 1,2, 4,8, 18, 16,26, 14, 109,208, 2704,
ot necessatly is prime factors.
Worked (Prime Faconsaton)
Fd he rie freien afl leoeing yur ae in
Example Pettit
Co nas
&~»
Sri
‘icp he eno Solution:
Method Method 2:
‘Divide 6 bythe smallest prime factor and
comtowe the process until we obtain
sanwith—» 2 |
divide 60 by
smallest a 0
mine cee —3—[-qy~ 283
ss
sve ni
Ve bia
(= 2e243%5
Peaxs
1. Find the prime factoisation of 126, leaving your answer in inex notation
2, pres $39 a producto is prime actos.
1
Squares
A potet sure cn be expres the producto to ings of eu
woke
Perfect Squares
For example,
+ 49s a perfect square,
+ 49s the square of
CObsewe the following ables ofthe fist 11 perc squares
eed eye en
aad ax
roar) ax
aoe ae
fae bx 68)
6 6 ox 66)
oe ax om
bes cae 68)
9% 9 (9) 9)
oxo 10) 10)
extone “in igh Common Foca ato Gonmntonae Capest Look at the formation ofthese square numbers.
21 21 ( 44) gives a umber with unit digi
4238 «438 (= 191844) goes a number with unt digi 4
1025 » 1025 = 1050625) gives a number with unit digit 5
I the number is a pesect square, then the unite ofthe eriginal number
will ne ofthese numbets 0, 1,4, 5, 7, oF 9 and no other.
Worked ‘(The square of a proper fraction is less than itself)
Example) Finttesqureot 3
Solution:
Square of 2 = 3x 3-2
Now, compare 3 and 2
Making the denominators same, we gt
Worked gf shesqureot
Example Q) nttesqureotos
Solution:
Square of 06 = 06 x 06 = 0.36
Now compare 0 and 0.36
0.36 < 0.6 (03 i smaller than 06)
Hence square of 86 is ess than 0.6
In Worked Example 2, we have found that 47 isa prime number because
its not divisible by any prime numbers less than 47. Now, what happens
‘we want to determine whether a big number, such as 997, isa primo?
Do we have to test whether 997i vile by all he pe nurs es than
991 fs, there are 167 prime numbers (Le. 2 3,5, 7 991 for ust test Since VF
‘visible by 2.3.5.7,
have est al the 167 prime numbers. Why?
This method of determining whether a number isa prime by dividing
the number by all the prime numbers less than or eal to the sare ro
ofisel is called al dvson,
Worked
Example
Solution:
15997 a prime number?
37 = 31.6 to 1 dp so the largest prime less than or equal to 997 is 31,
Since 97 snot divisible by any ofthe pine numbers, 2,3,
prime number
‘Ae the years 2013 and 2017 prime numbers?
Exercise
1A
1. Determine whether each ofthe following isa prime
‘ora composite number an find thew al possible
factors,
@ a ws
on @o
2. Findthe firs ve mui ofthe following numbers
@is (by 28 3
wo os ou
5. Find the prime factorisation of each ofthe following
ruber, leaving your answer index notation
@'n ois
(036 (6
44. Find the square ofthe following numbers:
ae
oo
st
@ 6
oe
on
31600 1 dp, the largest prime less than or equa 10
31. To determine whether 997i «pine i ena 4 tes whether 957i
‘oF 31 (nly 1 prime numbes to test. We do not
50F is
=~»
1 3, then 997
z
sirens
Slee ean
5. Thesumotthesqanesof wo positive wholenumbes
1579.1 one of the numters 613, find the othe.
Find he diferenceofhe square of 6 andthe pare
of,
7. Estimate the value of ea ofthe allowing.
a) :
fo vine vrs
Use a caleuatro valet each ofthe following
leaving your answer corect to 4 decimal places
where necessary. asi
ay Pevasres? wt
7-361 os
0 as 9, Check whether 90 perfect square or no 12, Wand are whole numbers such tha pg=37,
find the vale of +4. Exphin your answer
10, the length of side ofa square sheets 15cm. Find
the aren ofthe set, 13, thn is a whole number suc that wx (+ 42)
pie nay, the prime number. Explain your
11, Determine which of the fllowing is a perfect ner
square.
(a) 2309 © uss
(mi 1681
Highest Common
Factor and Lowest
ommon M p
Highest Common Factor (HCF)
Inpimary schoo, we have leat abou facors and common acters. Fo example,
xa 502130
x 25
x6 210
mores 00.8? wn"
‘The common factors of 1 and 30a 1,2, 3and 6
The highest common factor (HCF) of 18 and 306. ww
This method of finding HCF is ale the isting method.
What i the HOF of 04 and S85 504 has 24 factors while 588 has 18 facto. Te com tof
‘1 and S88 have 12 common facts. To use the listing meth to fin the HC
(ofS and 588 troublesome because t involves many factors, Hence there
isa nee for nore ecient method to find the HCF of two oF mote numbers
Let us use two new methods to ind the HCF of smaller numbers such as 18
se 30 fist
Worked HHCF of 0 Numbers
po Fal the highest common facto of 12nd 30.
Solution:
Method 1
Sep 1: Expres 18 ad 30 as products of thir prime factors,
Step 2: Etractthe common prime Facts. Step 3: The HCF of 18 and 390i the product of the common pine factors.
‘common prime facies common pie factor
wfheiles or tns2hd
aaixs) xs sosahds es
HEF of and s0=3 x3 Back common factor i 5, 1
=6 thoowe the power of 3
‘vith the sar index
Method 2:
‘Wecan ako obsan he common prime fac bydvson
‘common prime —>{2] | 18, 30 -+dvide 18 an 30 by 2 get 9 and 15
factors
==] | 9,15 +tlvide9 and 15 by 40 get and 5
3, 5) + stop diving when there ae no
ommn prime factors
HEF of Band 90=2 5
1. Fath hig corn acof ad Bsn beth tds
ie laren holo wusr witch fcr ofboth ae 7 zp
3 The numbers $4 and 34 writer 2 the proc of het rine 8209, gear emacs
res 22 3x7 and 58822327 Hence dhe ete whole ues “Sb he ere
tht il vie Doth 38 and 8 eat oie om
Worked {ACF of Thre Numbers)
Find the HCP 0, 6a 10
Example
Solution:
Med
common factors are 2° and 5,
ie" choose the power of each 0!
the common prime factors wil
common prime factors the smallest index
or a -l}x 3x5}
too =
xd
Paine, gest Common Fac ad west Connon Maio Chapter QD) 100 «vie 4,60 ant 100 by 2 to ge 20,30 and 50
A | a,
prime fi 20, 30,50
[]|4, 6+ dlvide 4 and 6y 20 get and 3
prime FE 3}-— so dng whe thre are common pine cos
pine ving when rine
Lem ottand6ete2 ts
2
eng
Worked Lomotr
Find the lowest common mile of 30 and.
Example
Solution: chose the poe each fh conan
preface 2 and) with higher
common prin acs Ina tera factor. 3)
g
2 apes | ao
county dada
Sie0
Metbod 2
conmom —» [5] | 30, 36+ divide 30 and 36 by 20g 5 and 18
fe
Rico + [3) | 5, 18+ divide 18 and 18 by 310 get Sand 6
6] sp dividing when there are
o'common prime factors
LCM of 0 and 36= 253506
= 180
1. Find the lowest common multiple of 24 and 9 using both methods
2. The numbers 120 and 126, written a5 the products of their prime factors,
re 120-= 2°33 x5 and 126= 2% 3% 7, Hence, find the smallest whole
number thats visible by both 120 and 126.
2 Fin the smallest vale such that the UCM of mand 6 24.
‘ering factors
oxtone ines, ies one Facer al owes Connon ie Capt? QD) Worked J tn its
Solution:
Method t: chose the power ofeach othe common
rime factors (ie. 2 and 3) withthe highest
Indes apa the remaining factor (ie. 2)
‘common prime factors
«att
OMof 2 ands6a baad SF Pade
Method 2
thse 3 numbers he n common
sacwibtesmaen—> AL |12, 18, se Bilson, bts and thine
Simnpiwtoces ELT a gaa sccm ee tor
Sisacammn pine acurat—» BLL 3,
Sd ie TSF] «so dng wen he eno
oy canon ie cue
Syme numbers
LCM of 12, 18nd
Find the LCM of 9,30 and 108
ax tea
50 ening factors
{#4 Real-Life Applications of HCF and LCM
(ne af the apoliaions of prime numbers within mathematics it Sd
the HET and LCM ef fo of moe numbers nti section, we al solve
some rea ife robles iveling HC and Leh
Worked J) scion
high ie gh Rah a erick
Example “The fs ight lashes evry 18 seconds, the second every
20 scons nd the id every 4 seconds. The ce
lige ogee 10.0 pn. Aha te wl hy
ext hoger?
@ srevers Prine, est Canmon Fac and Lowest Coranon ale oxrene Solution:
LOM of 1, 30a = 2385
30
360 second
The tee lights will est flash together at 1.06 p.m.
Thyce bells ol at regular intervals of 1S minutes, 16 minutes and 36 minutes
respectively. Given that they oll together at 2.00 pam, at what time will
they next tol together?
2. Farhan has te pieces of rope wih lengths of 140 em, 168 em and 210 em
He wishes to cut all the three pieces of ropes into smaller pcs of equal
length such that hee is eioer rope
(Whats the greatest posible length of each af the smaller pieces of rope?
Gb How many smaller pieces of rope can he wt altogether
Exercise
1B
1 Find the highest common factor of each of
the falling st of numbers
(@) 12and 30 by 84 and 136
(6 15,6hand 75 77,91 and 143
2. Find the lowest common multiple of each of
{he following sts numbers
(3) 24 and 30 hy 42 and ae
(0/12, 18 and 81 (63,80 and 102
‘3. Find the largest whole number which sa factor
of bath 42 anal 98
4. The numbers 792 an! 90, writen a8 the products
of theie prime factors, ate 792 = 2" 3° x 11
and 990 = 2395 11, Hence, find the
preatest whole number that will divide both
72 and 990 exactly
Te numbers 175 and 42, writen asthe prods
oftheir prime factors, ate 176 = 24> 11 and
‘M2-= 253319, Henes find the smallest whole
umber ha ivi by both 176 and 42
Find the smallest value of such that the LCM
fof mand 1564
Anusha needs to pack (71 pens, 6 pencil and
27 erasers into identical git hogs so that each
items equally dstibutedamong.the gta. Find
4) thlargest rue ofgtbagsthatcanbe packed,
(the rumba ofeach tem ina git bo,
a) 8 Two.ace cas, Car Xandl Ca¥ re atthe stating
Point of 2m tack atthe same tine. Car X and
Car ¥ make one lap every 60 s and every 80 5
respectively
(@ How long in seconds, wil it take for both
cats toe back atthe starting point a the
(How long, in minutes, wil i ake forthe
faster ear to be 5 laps ahead ofthe slower cart,
9, termine whether ach of thefallowing ate
str o fale it is te, explain your reasoning
Wiis ae, gvea counterexample.
{@) 1 6 63 factor of number, then 2 and 3 are
also factos of that number.
(6) 162 and 3 are actos of a number, then 6 is
aka afactrof that umber.
(0.102 and 4 are factors of number, then 8 5
ako a factor ofthat number.
(0176 8 factor fm, then is alo a factor
on /
(Ih isthe HOF ofp and 9, then both p and g
ave divisible by
10, The LOM of 9,12 and w i 252 If 6 od find
al the possible values of
11, Determine whether eachofthe following statements
{ste o fale it iste, explain your reasoning,
Wits se, give a counterexample
(a) 683 muliple of number, then 12s also a
‘multiple ofthat number.
(0) 112.2 mulpe ofa number, then 6s aso a
‘multiple ofthat numbee
(9 118isamutipleofa umber, then 18s disible
by that number.
(@) i mis the LOM ofp and g, then m is disible
by bath p and g
12, Kiran wishes o cut some squares rom a vanguo
sheet with a length of 64 om al breath of
“4m, she likes the squares tobe asbigas possible
dnd she does ot want any letover vanguard sheet
(© Whats the length ofeach square?
{How many squares can she cut altogether?
@ iiecters Fins aes Commer
13, A class has between 30040 stants, Each boy
inthe cles rings 5 chocolate bars fora clsspanty
to celebrate Teachers Day. “he chocolate bars are
shared equally among the 20 gil ofthe class and
thei form teacher with no Fetes,
(How many students ar therein the cass?
(@) How many chocolate bars does their teacher
14, Maar is an at elective pregame student who
‘is working ona assed. He plans to cover a
rectangular sheet of pape of dimensions 126cm by
{08 em wih identical square patie
(What isthe least numer of square patens
that coud be formed onthe sheet of paper?
(i) How do you determine what other shapes
‘an the pate ef they are oi the sheet of
paper perfectly? Explain your answer,
15, Maaz, the art elective programme student,
is working on another asiment. He designs a
rectangular pater measuring 45 mm by 42 mm.
Heisrequied ouse inca rectangular patent
foun a squat. The maxirum area ofthe square
allowed is La
(@ How many patterns does he need to for the
smallest square?
(What ate the dimensions ofthe laget spare
that he can form? a
‘Whole Numbers 0,1, 2.3.4...)
ole
either Prime nor Prime Numbers Composie Numbers
‘Composite has exactly 2 diferent factors has more than ferent facts
and) 55,71, 14,689, 10,
The proces of expressing a composite number a a produc ofits prime atria as prime acorn,
Index notation ia meth of expressing 2 ube, that as been mullipied by ikea number of nes
The Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two oF more numbers isthe largest factor thal common to all
the numbers,
‘he Lowest Common Multiple (LCM) oft or mare numbers isthe smallest mutiple thats common
toallthe number
Review,
ercise
The LCM of 6,12 ai 640. Find all he possible vas of
Sarah needs to pack 108 stalks of roses, stalls of ies and 54 stalks of
‘orchids int ential ashes so that each type of fewer is equally tbe
‘mong the baskets Find
Gy the angst rub of baskets that can be packed,
{the umber ofeach ype of lowers ina basket,
ALSAS p.m, faza, Husain and Bina ae atthe stating point ofa km ecu
pt, Falza lakes 18 minutes 10 wall one ound, Hossain aces 360 seconds (0
Fun {ound and Bina eyeles 2 nds in minutes. Fi he time when al tec
of hem wil ext meet,
"Naa and Amich workin diferent companies. Nada has a day of every 4 days
while Amira has. day of every 6 days. Nadi’ ast day of was 0029 Apa wile
Arras as on 1 May
(0 When wil hey nest have the same dy ff
Subsequent, how ote wil hey have the same day of? 1. (Find he HF and LOM of 120 a 126.
{Show thatthe product of the HF and LCM of 120 ane 126 is equa othe
rorlct of 20 snd 126 By looking at thee prime actoisation explain why
this iss0
(6) Can you generale the esl in or any two numbers?
plain your answer,
GyyCan you generalise he result n (fr any thre numbers
[explain your answer
2 The diagonal of a 6-by-4 rectangle passes through 8 squares as shown in
the igre Finda frl forthe numberof squares passed tough by a agonal
ofa moby econ
3G) Find theless umber of cuts required to cut 12 identical sausages so tha
they canbe shared equally among 18 people.
{Find the least number of cuts, i terms of m and», Fequited 10 cut
iderical sausages so that they can be shaved equally among people.
@ Pivors es Connon Fok sd Lea ome ongone
