PUMPS & TURBINES
Remember : flow occurs only from high energy area to
low energy area
PUMP
⚫ Pump is device used to lift fluids from a low level region to a high
level region
High level
region
W
Pu
Low level
wat mp
region
er
⚫ A pump is a device that moves fluids by mechanical action after
consuming energy
❑ Applications of Mechanical pumps
⚫ pumping water from wells,
⚫ aquarium filtering,
⚫ pond filtering and aeration,
⚫ in the car industry for water-cooling and fuel injection,
⚫ in the energy industry for pumping oil and natural gas
⚫ etc.
Classification of pumps
1)Positive displacement pumps
Reciprocating pump, gear pump , screw pump ,vane pump
etc.
2)Rotodynamic pumps
Centrifugal pump , propeller pump etc.
❑ Reciprocating Pump Cylin
Piston rod Pisto der
n
Delivery
pipe
Delivery
Cra valve
nk
Connecting Suction
rod valve
Suction
pipe
⚫ In a Reciprocating pump certain volume of liquid is collected in an
enclosed volume and is discharged using pressure to the required
application
1. Suction Pipe
⚫ Suction pipe connects the source of liquid to the cylinder of the
reciprocating pump.
⚫ The liquid is sucked by this pipe from the source to the cylinder.
2. Suction Valve
⚫ Suction valve is non-return valve which means only one directional flow is
possible in this type of valve.
⚫ This is placed between suction pipe inlet and cylinder.
⚫ During suction of liquid it is opened and during discharge it is closed.
3. Delivery Pipe
⚫ Delivery pipe connects cylinder of pump to the outlet source.
⚫ The liquid is delivered to desired outlet location through this pipe.
4. Delivery Valve
⚫ Delivery valve also non-return valve placed between cylinder and delivery
pipe outlet.
⚫ It is in closed position during suction and in opened position during
discharging of liquid.
5. Cylinder
⚫ A hollow member made of steel alloy or cast iron.
⚫ Arrangement of piston and piston rod is inside this cylinder.
⚫ Suction and release of liquid is takes place in this
⚫ So, both suction and delivery pipes along with valves are connected to this
cylinder.
6. Piston and Piston Rod
⚫ Piston is a solid type cylindrical part which moves backward and forward
inside the hollow cylinder to perform suction and deliverance of liquid.
⚫ Piston rod helps the piston to its linear motion.
7. Crank and Connecting Rod
⚫ Crank is a solid circular disc which is connected to power source like motor,
engine etc. for its rotation.
⚫ Connecting rod connects the crank to the piston as a result the rotational
motion of crank gets converted into linear motion of the piston.
Casi Delivery
Centrifugal pump Impell ng pipe
Eye er
of
⚫ Centrifugal pumps are devices
Impell
er
which are used to transfer fluids
Suction
with the help of rotational kinetic pipe
energy.
⚫ When a certain mass of liquid is
made to rotate by an external force ,
it is thrown away from the axis of
rotation and a centrifugal head is
impressed which enables the liquid
to rise to a higher level.
⚫ They convert rotational KE into
centrifugal action of the fluid,
Impeller
⚫ It is the Rotating part of the CP
⚫ Consists of series of curved vanes
⚫ It is Mounted on a shaft
Casing
⚫ It is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller
⚫ It is designed in such a way that KE of water discharged at outlet of
impeller is converted into PE
⚫ The casing is of spiral shape and it terminates in a delivery pipe
Foot valve
⚫ It is a non-return valve, is fitted at the lower end of the suction pipe above
the strainer.
⚫ It opens only in the upward direction.
⚫ It serves to fill the pump with liquid before it is started, and prevents back
flow when the pump is stopped.
Centrifugal pump –Working principle
⚫ A er priming ,the impeller is rotated by means of an electric
motor.
⚫ The rotation of the impeller in the casing full of liquid produces
a forced vortex which imparts a centrifugal head to the liquid.
This results in an increase of pressure of liquid.
⚫ When the delivery valve is opened the liquid within the
impeller flows in an outward direction, thereby leaving the
vanes of the impeller at the outer circumference with high
velocity and pressure.
⚫ The vacuum created at the eye of the impeller causes the liquid
from the sump to rush through the suction pipe ,replacing the
liquid which is being discharged from the impeller.
⚫ While the liquid flows through the rotating impeller it receives
energy from the vanes which results in an increase of both
⚫ Hydraulic turbines are Machines which convert hydraulic energy in to
mechanical energy.
⚫ It uses the potential energy and kinetic energy of water and rotate the rotor
by dynamic action of water.
Hydraulic Turbines - classifications
⚫ The direction of flow of water
⚫ Available head
⚫ Specific speed
⚫ Action of water
Classifications -The direction of flow of
water
⚫ Axial Flow
water flows parallel to the axis of the turbine – Kaplan Turbine
⚫ Radial Flow
water strikes the blades of the runner radially and coming out
axially called as Radial flow - Francis turbine
⚫ Tangential Flow
water strikes the blades of the runner tangential to the path of
rotation called Tangential flow - Pelton wheel turbine
⚫ Mixed Flow
It uses a combination of axial and radial flow – modern
Francis turbine
Classifications -Available head
⚫High head:
head:
The turbine capable of working under the high potential
head of water above 300m - Pelton wheel turbine
⚫Medium head:
head:
The turbine is capable of working under a medium range of
potential head about 60m to 300m - Francis turbine
⚫Low head:
head:
The turbine is capable of working under a low range of
potential head less than 60m
Specific speed of a turbine
⚫
Classifications -Specific
-Specific speed
⚫Low Specific Speed:
Turbine works in the range of 10-50 - Pelton wheel turbine
⚫Medium Specific Speed:
Turbine works in the range of 50-350 - Francis turbine
⚫High Specific Speed:
Turbine works in the range of 250-850 - Kaplan turbine
Classifications -Action
-Action of water
⚫ Impulse:
The impulse force of a jet of water striking the blades of the
rotor is used to create a torque. There is no pressure drop on the
runner or rotor.
example, Pelton wheel turbine.
⚫ Reaction:
Use the reaction force of water flowing through the turbine
blades. There is a loss of Kinetic Energy as well as pressure
energy on the runners of the blade.
example, Francis turbine
Pelton turbine
Francis turbine
Kaplan turbine
Impulse
Impul turbine
Mass
se &
K
Velocity
E
Turbi
High energy ne
water
Pelton turbine
Francis turbine
Reaction
Kaplan turbine Turbine
Difference Reaction
in PE Force
High Low
KE+ PE PE
PE
Turbi
High energy ne
water
Pelton Wheel
⚫ It is an impulse turbine
⚫ It is driven by high velocity jets of water from a nozzle
⚫ Here kinetic energy from the fluid flow is converted into ME by
rotating the wheel.
❑ Francis Turbine
⚫ It is a reaction turbine
⚫ the penstock pipe feeds water to a row of fixed blades through casing.
⚫ These fixed blades convert a part of the pressure energy into kinetic energy before water
enters the runner.
⚫ The water entering the runner of a reaction turbine has both pressure energy and kinetic
energy.
⚫ When water flows through the vanes a low pressure
is created at one side and high pressure is created at the
other side due to which a lift force is created.
⚫ Hence, the rotation of runner occurs partly due to
impulse action and partly due to change in pressure
over the runner blades
Francis turbine
❑ Runner
⚫ It is a circular wheel on which
series of radial curved vanes are
fixed
Francis turbine
Kaplan turbine
⚫ It is a reaction turbine
⚫ Here the water flows parallel to the axis of the rotation of the shaft
⚫ So it is also called axial flow turbine.
⚫ Here the shaft of the turbine is vertical.
⚫ The lower end of the shaft is made larger which is known as hub.
⚫ Vanes are attached on hub
Ax
is
Kaplan turbine
Kaplan turbine
Numerical Problems on Pumps &
Turbines
❑ Overall efficiency of Turbines
Turbi Sha
Inp ne Outp
Flow of ut
ut water
Mechanical = Sha Power
Power (SP)
• We know, efficiency or overall efficiency (ηo)=
Output/
• Then inputefficiency (η ) becomes = Shaft Power/ Power
overall o
• given
So weby water
can define overall efficiency (ηo) as the ratio of power obtained
from the turbine to the power given to turbine.
⚫ Now what is the power given by water (WP)
WP = ρ*Q*g*H
Where
ρ = density of water, unit is kg/m3
Q = discharge = Amount of water flowing into turbine in unit time, unit is m3/
sec
g = acceleration due to gravity, unit is m/sec2
H = potential head on the turbine, unit is m of water
❖ Consider a turbine is operating under a head of 380 m of water. If the
discharge of water is 3.6 m3/sec. find out the overall efficiency of turbine, if
the shaft power of the turbine is 12000 kW.
give
n Potential head of water (H) =
380 m
Discharge (Q) = 3.6 m3/
sec
Shaft Power (SP) = 12000 = 12000 * 1000 = 12000000
kW W W
overall efficiency (ηo)
=?
We know overall efficiency (ηo) = Shaft Power/ Power
given by water
Power given by water (WP) = ρ*Q*g*H
Where
ρ = density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Q = discharge = 3.6 m3/sec
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
H = potential head on the turbine = 380 m
So Power given by water (WP) becomes = ρ*Q*g*H = 1000*3.6*9.81*380
= 13420080 W
Then overall efficiency (ηo) =
SP/WP =
12000000/1342008
=
0
0.89
η o=
89%
❑ Overall efficiency of Pumpswat pow
er er
Outp
Pu
Inp mp ut
ut = Sha Power
(SP)
Mechanical
Power
Sha
• We know, efficiency or overall efficiency (ηo)=
Output/ input
• Then overall efficiency (ηo) becomes = Power given to water/
Shaft Power
• So we can define overall efficiency (ηo) as the ratio of power output of
the pump to the power input to the pump.
⚫ Now what is the power given by water (WP)
WP = ρ*Q*g*H
Where
ρ = density of water, unit is kg/m3
Q = discharge = Amount of water flowing through pump in unit time, unit is
m3/sec
g = acceleration due to gravity, unit is m/sec2
H = Head developed, unit is m of water
❖ Consider a pump is delivering water at a rate of 0.04 m3/sec. if the overall
efficiency of the pump is 61%. Find out the head developed in the pump
when a power of 17 kW is required to operate the pump.
give
n Discharge from pump (Q) = 0.04
m3/sec
Overall efficiency of pump (ηo) = =
61% 0.61
Head developed (H)
=?
Shaft Power (SP) = 17 = 17 * 1000 = 17000
kW W W
We know overall efficiency (ηo) = Power given to water/
Shaft Power
Power given to water (WP) = ρ*Q*g*H
Where
ρ = density of water = 1000 kg/m3
Q = discharge = 0.04 m3/sec
g = acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
H = potential head on the turbine = ?
So Power given to water (WP) becomes = ρ*Q*g*H = 1000*0.04*9.81*H
= 392.4H Watts
Then overall efficiency (ηo) =
WP/SP
ηo= WP/
SP
0.61=
392.4H/17000
392.4H= 17000
*0.61
H= (17000
*0.61)/392.4
H= 26.43 m of
water
Efficiencies of Turbines
⚫ Hydraulic efficiency
⚫ It is defined as the ratio of power developed by the runner
to the power supplied by the jet at entrance to the turbine.
⚫ Mathematically,
Mechanical efficiency (ηm)
⚫ It is defined as the ratio of the power obtained from the
sha of the turbine to the power developed by the runner.
These two powers differ by the amount of mechanical
losses, viz.,bearing friction, etc.
⚫ Values of mechanical efficiency for a Pelton wheel usually
lie between 97 to 99 percent depending on size and
capacity of the unit.
Volumetric efficiency (ηv)
⚫ The volumetric efficiency is the ratio of the volume of
water actually striking the runner to the volume of water
supplied by the jet to the turbine. That is,
Overall efficiency (ηo)
⚫ It is defined as the ratio of power available at the turbine
sha to the power supplied by the water jet. That is:
⚫ The values of overall efficiency for a Pelton wheel lie
between 0.85 to
