ef tqiatffl (Jdil) Eastern & North Eastern Region Indian Association of Structural Engineers

West Bengal State Centre EuttmRegioll

Mechanical Engineering Division

MULTIPLE FACETS OF CABLE SUPPORTED INFRASTRUCTURE

An Event in Memory of Mahendra Raj - Doyen of Engineering
Friday, December 15, 2023
PROGRAMME
REGISTRATION (14:30-15:00)
Welcome Address Er Sandip Kumar Deb, Council Member & Chairman, ARDB, IEI
About IAStructE • Er Anirban Sengupta, Vice President, Eastern Region, IAStructE
About CEAI Er Sourav Daspatnaik, Chairman, Eastem & North Eastern
Region, CEAI
Tribute to Er Mahendra Raj & About The : Er Amitabha Ghoshal, Past President, CEAI
Theme
SESSION-1 (15:25-17:30) Moderator- Er Amitabha Ghoshal, Past President, CEAI
Cable Supported Bridges
Design & Engineering • Er Anirban Sengupta, Vice President, Eastern Region, IAStructE
Construdion & Rehabilitation : Ms Meghana Dayananda, Manager, Business Development,
Freyssinet
Sustainability & Inspection -· ·, Dr Nirjhar Dhang, Professor, Civil Engineering, IIT, KGP
Material Er Partha Dutta, Sr General Manager, Usha Martin Ltd
Stay Cable System & Installation (Online) : Er Ragounadin Datchanamoorty, General Manager (Technical) /
Er Sivakumar Balachandran, Technical Manager, VSL India Pvt
Ltd
Interactive Session

TEA BREAK (17:30 -17:45)

SESSION - 2 (17:45 -18:45) Moderator - Er Syama Prasad Datta, Treasurer, Eastern & North
Cable Supported Infrastructure Eastern Region, CEAI
Monitoring & Instrumentation Er Arko Dasgupta, Mageba Bridge Products Pvt Ltd
Boundary Elements • Er Pratik Sen, Key Account Manager, Mageba Bridge Produds
Pvt Ltd
Cable Car & Ropeway Er Shekhar Chakraborty, Managing Director, Conveyor &
Ropeway Services Pvt Ltd
Interactive Session
CLOSING SESSION (18:45-19:00)
Er Amitabha Ghoshal, Past President, CEAI
Dr Nirmal Das, Chairman, WBSC, IEI
: Er Syama Prasad Datta, Treasurer, Eastern & North Eastern
Region, CEAI
Er Santanu Sengupta, Co-Chairman, MCED, WBSC, IEI
: Er Chandrachudha Bhattacharyya, Secretary, Eastern & North
Eastern Region, CEAI
Er Anirban Datta, Joint Honorary Secretary, WBSC, IEI
VOTE OF THANKS Prof (Or) Raju Basak, Honorary Secretary, WBSC, IEI

REFRESHMENTS
Minutes of Seminar “MULTIPLE FACETS OF CABLE SUPPORTED INFRASTRUCTURE” on 15-12-2023 –
prepared by Sukalyan Sarkar

Session 1: Design & Engineering of Cable Supported Bridges

By Er Anirban Sengupta, Vice President, Eastern Region, IAStructE

In preliminary dimensioning of cable stayed bridges, 3 parameters should be decided viz. approach
span, girder depth and pylon height. Cable stayed bridges are used for spans greater than 275 m. Back
span should be 0.4 #mes the main span. Span to depth ra#o may vary from 50 to 250. In cable stayed
bridges, fa#gue range is higher and as a result the cable size or anchorage size is higher. So, cost is
higher. In case of extradosed bridges, height of pylon can be between span / 8 to span / 10. Side span
can be in range of 0.5 to 0.6 #mes the main span. Span to depth ra#o can vary from 25 to 50. Fla,er
cable arrangement can be made. In extradosed bridges, we get lower fa#gue range.

Girder bridge BMD Cable stayed bridge BMD

In cable stayed bridges, girder BM is reduced and as a result girder size reduces.

Elonga#on in cables occur due to stressing. Creep, shrinkage and temperature effect also need to be
taken into account.

Top cable for can#lever construc#on eccentricity is increased due to cable above deck

Axial force

BM in deck is reduced.
Sag in cable keep changing due to stressing which give rise to secondary stresses. If cable length
increases, the secondary stress also increases. In cable stayed bridges, cables can be stressed up to
0.45 UTS. In extradosed bridges, cables can be stressed up to 0.6 UTS. Due to transverse flexure, we
some#mes require 3 lines of pylons. A frame pylon provides be,er stability. In harp arrangement
cables are parallel to each other and so lower eccentricity is obtained in the cables. As a result, harp
system is less efficient. Fan system is more efficient as all cables have same eccentricity. In semi harp
fan system, in top zone, fan system is present whereas in bo,om zone harp system is present.

Box girders need to be s#ffened to take the force from pylon.

This is the most popular deck arrangement.

In design, stagewise stressing sequence and long-term stresses should be considered. Maximum cable
stress will be 45% of GUTS and angular rota#on will be 0.6°. For extradosed bridge, Maximum cable
stress will be 65% of GUTS and angular rota#on will be lower than 0.6°. Nowadays, galvanized cables
with wax filling in HDPE duct is used. Internal elastomeric dampers are used in cable stayed bridges
only. An#-vandalism system is also used in the cables. Live anchorage system can be on pylon or on
deck. Anchorage system consists of wedge and bearing plate. Other end will be dead end anchorage.
Anchorage is designed in steel. Saddle is provided for replaceability of strand. Stands should have
barrier against corrosion and fracture due to fa#gue. In back span, upliA force can come. So, back spans
are made in concrete. Some#mes 2 / 3 lines of stressing is done in pylon. Ver#cal prestressing is done
at end. Deck prestressing in transverse direc#on may be required. Box beam can be provided at
expansion joints. 10 m panels are constructed and then one stressing is done. Deflec#on check is done
at each stage to maintain the profile of the road. Change of cable stress occurs at each stage and so
restressing of cable is also done. Another significant problem in construc#on is the matching of closure
segment. Cable anchorages at deck are flexible supports.

Session 1: Construc2on & Rehabilita2on of Cable Supported Bridges

By Ms Meghana Dayananda, Manager, Business Development, Freyssinet

Case study: Cables generally have UTS of 1860 Mpa. High rigidity suspension system. Main span is
increased from 1275 m to 1408 m. Cable length was as long as 597 m. Back span length was 378 m.
Deck width was 59 m. Structural deforma#on was huge. Hangers are present. LL / DL ra#o was not
maintained. Saddle is present over pylon. Special strength HT strands are used having UTS of 1960
Mpa.
Large sag varia#on is observed from 39° to 45°. Diameter of the tube was 1100 mm but space was 600
mm. Dampers are provided close to the deck. External hydraulic dampers are provided at the top.
Stressing of cables was allowed up to 10 to 23% of GUTS. Anchorage blocks are provided at the end
spans. In midspan steel deck is used. Wind flu,er was taken into account.

Session 1: Sustainability & Inspec2on of Cable Supported Bridges

By Dr Nirjhar Dhang, Professor, Civil Engineering, IIT KGP

In 2nd Hooghly bridge, anchorage was done in concrete. In Nivedita bridge, anchorage was done in
steel. Three types of cables are used viz. locked coil, parallel strand and parallel wire. In 2nd Hooghly
bridge, parallel wires are used as cables. Total 152 stay cables are used. Cables should sustain
corrosion, fa#gue and extreme events such as earthquake and fire. The important components are
stay cables, holding down cables, bearings, pylon, deck anchorage, tower component, damping
system, dust / rain accumulator and main suspender cable. Various tests carried out are Magne#c flux
leakage, Ultrasonic tes#ng of anchorage of stay cables, Sonometer test for vibra#on etc. From cable
s#ffness, effec#ve axial rigidity can be obtained.

fi = i/2L √ (s/m)

Reliability index = (μR – μQ) / √(σR2 + σQ2)

Maintenance of bridges is an invert solu#on. Cables are always in tension. Force in stay cables is
obtained from their natural frequency.

Session 1: Material of Cable Supported Bridges

By Er Partha Du8a, Sr General Manager, Usha Mar2n Ltd

Arch bridge with suspenders is used. Codes for cable specifica#on are IS 9282 and EN 12385. Locked
coil has high MOE value and good flexibility. But spiral strand has greater MOE. Full lock cable has
be,er breaking load. At manufacture, cable strength is 103 GPa but aAer prestressing, cable strength
becomes 131 GPa. Two layers of locking protect the round shape wires. PE coated bonded LRPC strands
are used. Refer FIB bulle#n. Bond strength test is done. Prestressing in cables is required for a,aining
MOE. Fa#gue test is done with anchorage and cables.

Session 1: Stay Cable System & Installa2on of Cable Supported Bridges

By Er Ragounadin Datchanamoorty, General Manager (Technical) / Er Sivakumar Balachandran,

Technical Manager, VSL India Pvt Ltd

Free length is provided in the live end of the cable. Damper is provided at the free length.

Session 1: Interac2ve Session of Cable Supported Bridges

SoAwares for analysis of cable stayed bridge are Midas, Lusas, Sofis#k, Abacus, SAP 2000 etc. Non
linear analysis is required in cable stayed bridge which cannot be done in STAAD. Stress analysis is
required which is not possible in STAAD. Elonga#on of cable is not taken care in STAAD. External HDPE
duct controls the vibra#on of cables. For long cables as per PTI, we have to use length breakers. In
extradosed bridge, no dampers is required. Seismic analysis is required only in service condi#on. For
cable stayed bridge, response spectrum analysis is done. In seismic analysis of cable stayed bridge, a
greater number of modes are required for a,aining significant mass par#cipa#on since torsional mode
will be obtained at a later stage. Here torsional mode is more dangerous. Fa#gue occurs due to
rota#on. Deck rigidity should be considered in the analysis. Rigid connec#on is considered with deck
and tower. There is no limit of deflec#on in a cable stayed bridge since camber is given. Codes for cable
stayed bridges are IRC SP 136 and IRC SP 137. Dampers reduce wind vibra#on. An# vandalism system
is provided in cables.

Session 2: Monitoring & Instrumenta2on of Cable Supported Infrastructure

By Er Arko Dasgupta, Mageba Bridge Products Pvt Ltd

Accelerometer is installed in the stay cable. It is used for vibra#on monitoring to es#mate force in
cables. Strain gauge is installed in the bridge deck. Sensors send analog signal which are fed in E to D
converter to obtain digital data. Wireless data transfer system is not used in cables due to its lower
frequency. Load sensors work on electromagne#c principal. We measure the change in frequency of
the structure. In superstructure, strain gauges are installed. Deflec#on is measured by GPS, laser
sensor and inclinometer in series. Laser sensors need reflec#ng plates. GPS sensors give accuracy of
+/- 3 mm. Concrete corrosion sensors are also used.

Session 2: Boundary Elements of Cable Supported Infrastructure

By Er Pra2k Sen, Key Account Manager, Mageba Bridge Products Pvt Ltd

Boundary elements include expansion joint and bearing. Smart bearings and expansion joints are used.
In cylindrical railway bearing, sensors used are inclinometer, pressure sensor and stress sensor. At
expansion joint, displacement monitoring sensor is used. Anemometer is used to measure wind speed,
wind direc#on and temperature. Bearings experience compression, tension, movement and frequent
load reversals. Pylon can have bearing or can be monolithic. Restrainers are there in pylon. Expansion
bearings include pot, spherical, disc and elastomer. UpliA bearings include spherical, disc, elastomer
and hybrid. Rocker bearing include pendulum rocker, STU and fluid viscous. Ver#cal restrainer bearing
include elastomer and disc. We segregate bearings based on frequency of upliA. For rare upliA,
external clamps are used. For frequent upliA or service stage upliA, internal arrangement for upliA
protec#on is provided. No external clamp is used due to eccentricity. Spherical bearing are used with
external anchors. We have to design the bearings for fa#gue and so prestressing anchors are required.
It is used in Anji Khad Railway Bridge. It has persistent upliA of 35 Ton. Tension anchors are 500 to 600
mm deep. Hybrid free upliA restraining system can take about 900 Ton upliA. Guided + spherical
bearing is used. Other types of bearings are pendulum rocker bearing and link shoe bearing. Different
types of expansion joints are modular expansion joint, finger type expansion joint and slab seal
expansion joint.

In the 3-gap system expansion joint, each gap can expand from 0 to 80 mm. So, the expansion joint
can expand from 0 to 240 mm. If any of the link fail, joint will s#ll be supported. As per IRC SP 114, we
have to design expansion joint so that no structural failure occurs to increase damage tolerance of
structure. Refer Cl 3.4.3 and Cl 8.5.5. As per Cl 8.5.5, expansion joint should be designed for seismic.
Also refer IRC SP 69. Fuse mechanism is used in expansion joints for seismic ac#on. Two module
modular expansion joint is also used. Due to seismic closing, fuse mechanism pops up which can later
be pushed down. To cater for ULS movement, 13 module modular expansion joint may be required. 8
module modular expansion joint with fuse box can be used instead of 13 module modular expansion
joint.

Session 2: Cable Car & Ropeway as Cable Supported Infrastructure

By Er Shekhar Chakraborty, Managing Director, Conveyor & Ropeway Services Pvt Ltd

Keeping in mind increased rate of road accidents, ropeway transporta#on can be a good op#on.

Session 2: Interac2ve Session of Cable Supported Infrastructure

No interac#on