IBA

ENGLISH BOOK-2
GRAMMAR
ERROR IDENTIFICATION
SENTENCE IMPROVEMENT
CLOZE PASSAGES

CLASS MATERIAL

IBA / SAT / LCAT

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Grammar Book
01 Chapter 1: The Parts of
Speech
86 PUNCTUATION

23 Article
103 Passage Grammar Set # 1

27 Preposition
113 Passage Grammar Set # 2

32 126
Error Identification + Sentence
Connectives Improvement Questions with
Explanatory Answers

47 Mood and Voice

143 Error Identification SET # 1

51 Modifiers—Adjectives, Adjective
Phrases, and Clauses 146 Sentence Improvement SET # 1

57 151
Modifiers (Continued)—
Adverbs, Adverbial Phrases, Sentence Improvement Set # 2
and Clauses

69 PARALLELISM and
Faulty COMPARISON 158 Sentence Improvement Set # 3

78 Subject-­Verb
Relationship 168 Sentence Improvement Set # 4
 Chapter 1: The Parts of Speech*

1a Noun
A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea.

Persons Places Things Ideas

nurse forest banana love
Henry Miami shoe democracy
uncle house tele­vi­sion hunger
Chicano airport notebook cooperation
A noun that is made up of more than one word is called a compound noun.
Persons Places Things Ideas
Martin Luther King high school telephone book energy crisis
cab driver Puerto Rico car key arms race
movie star dining room park bench light year
federal judge Middle East pork chop market value

1b Pronoun
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

Buy a newspaper and bring it home.

(The pronoun it stands for the noun newspaper.)
Marlene went to the party, but she didn’t stay long.
(The pronoun she stands for the noun Marlene.)
A pronoun may be used in place of a noun or a group of nouns.
Pedro wanted to see the polar bears, camels, and tropical birds, which ­were at the zoo.
(The pronoun which stands for the nouns polar bears, camels, and tropical birds.)

When Mark, Steven, Teresa, and Barbara became eighteen, they registered to vote.
(The pronoun they stands for the nouns Mark, Steven, Teresa, and Barbara.)

The noun that the pronoun replaces is called the antecedent of the pronoun.

The plates broke when they fell.

(The noun “plates” is the antecedent of the pronoun “they.”)

Avoid confusion by repeating the noun instead of using a pronoun if more than one noun
might be considered to be the antecedent.
The lamp hit the table when the lamp was knocked over.
(Not: The lamp hit the table when it was knocked over.)
1c Verb
A verb is a word or group of words that expresses action or being.

The plane crashed in Chicago. (action)

Soccer is a pop­ul­ar sport. (being)

*An index to this entire Grammar Refresher section begins on page 79.

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16 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

1d Adjective
An adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun.
Note: In grammar, to modify a noun means to describe, talk about, explain, limit, specify,
or change the character of a noun.
Susan brought us red flowers.
(The adjective red describes the noun flowers.)

Everyone at the party looked beautiful.

(The adjective “beautiful” describes the pronoun everyone.)

Several people watched the parade.

(The adjective several does not actually describe the noun people; it limits or talks
about how many people watched the parade.)

Those shoes are her favorite ones.

(The adjective favorite defines or specifies which ones.)

They have two children.

(The adjective two limits or specifies how many children.)
1e Adverb
An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb.

The librarian spoke softly.

(The adverb softly describes or explains how the librarian spoke.)

Jackie Onassis was extremely rich.

(The adverb extremely talks about or specifies how rich Jackie Onassis was.)

The job is ver y nearly completed.

(The adverb very limits or specifies how nearly the job is completed.)
1f Preposition
A preposition is a word that connects a noun or pronoun to another word in the
sentence.

The mayor campaigned throughout the city.

(The preposition throughout connects the noun city to the verb campaigned.)
A preposition connects a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence to show a
relationship.
The wife of the oil executive was kidnapped.
A friend of mine is a good lawyer.
The strainer for the sink is broken.
The floor under the sink is wet.
David wants to work in the city.
The accident occurred about eight o’clock.

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 grammar and usage refresher • 17

1g Conjunction
A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, or clauses.
Alan’s father and mother are divorced. (two words joined)
phrase phrase




Is your favorite song at the end or in the middle of the record? (two phrases joined)
You may swim in the pool, but don’t stay long. (two clauses joined)
(See Chapter 12 for a discussion of how prepositions and conjunctions act as connectives.)

1h Interjection
An interjection is a word (or group of words) that expresses surprise, anger, plea­
sure, or some other ­emotion.
Aha! I’ve caught you.
Oh no! What have you done now?
An interjection has no grammatical relation to another word.
Ouch! I’ve hurt myself.
1i A word may belong to more than one part of speech, depending on its meaning.

Example 1
Everyone but Sam was invited to the wedding. (preposition)
The Orioles won the pennant, but the Angels came close to winning. (conjunction)
Harry has but ten dollars left in his bank account. (adverb)

Example 2
He lives up the street. (preposition)
It’s time to get up. (adverb)
The sun is up. (adjective)
Every life has its ups and downs. (noun)
I’ll up you five dollars. (verb)
Note: Just for fun—what is the part of speech of the word behind in this sentence?
Attempting to save Annie, the fireman ran for the door, dragging her behind.
Our answer is an adverb, meaning “at the rear.” If your answer was a noun—oh my!
The noun means a certain part of the human body. We won’t tell you which part.

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ADJECTIVE

Drill # 1
1. The ______ cat refused to come down from the tree.

(A) frighten
(B) frightening
(C) fright
(D) frightened

2. After running two rounds, the trainees felt ______.

(A) breathless
(B) breathtaking
(C) breathing
(D) breathlessness

3. The old man has few friends because he is very ______.

(A) arrogant
(B) arrogantly
(C) arrogance
(D) --

4. It is ______ to note that most Singaporeans are very caring.

(A) heartless
(B) heartfelt
(C) heartily
(D) heartening

5. Many spectators walked out before time because the match was very ______.

(A) bored
(B) boring
(C) boredom
(D) bore

6. The living conditions of the poor are rather ______ to look at.

(A) scenic
(B) patriotic
(C) pathetic
(D) apathy

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7. From the summit, you will have a ______ view of the city below.

(A) majestic
(B) mysterious
(C) majesty
(D) mystic

8. Being the best player in the world, the professional is given an ______ salary.

(A) astrological
(B) astonished
(C) astronomical
(D) astronomy

9. The salesman was so ______ that Aida decided to buy the gadget.

(A) persuasively
(B) persuasive
(C) persuaded
(D) persuasion

10. How can you be so ______ as to let the cat go hungry the whole day ?

(A) heartening
(B) disheartening
(C) heart-broken
(D) heartless
Drill # 2
1. After a whole afternoon of hard work, my car was finally very ______ and polished.

(A) cleaner
(B) cleanest
(C) clean
(D) as clean as

2. I promise to get the cake to you, at the very ______, by Monday morning.

(A) as late as
(B) later
(C) late
(D) latest

3. It was such a ______ morning that I arrived at the office drenched and holding a
broken umbrella.

(A) wetter
(B) wet

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(C) as wet as
(D) wettest

4. I have never met a man who is ______ than that doctor who is a parttime magician.

(A) extraordinary
(B) as extraordinary as
(C) more extraordinary
(D) most extraordinary

5. My neighbors are ______ and noisy people but whenever you need them, they will
gladly help you.

(A) as loud as
(B) louder
(C) loudest
(D) loud

6. Do you understand my instructions ? Yes, they were crystal ______.

(A) clear
(B) clearer
(C) clearest
(D) as clear as

7. "I dare you to cut your hair to be ______ mine," Freddie challenged his sister.

(A) short
(B) shorter
(C) shortest
(D) as short as

8. My second roommate was ______ than my first one so by the third year, I decided to
not have a roommate at all.

(A) annoying
(B) as annoying as
(C) most annoying
(D) more annoying

9. You are the ______ student I have ever taught. I want to talk to your parents.

(A) rudest
(B) as rude as
(C) ruder
(D) rude

10. That is the ______ thing anyone has ever told me. Thank you, teacher.

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(A) most encouraging

(B) more encouraging
(C) as encouraging as
(D) encouraging

Drill # 3
1. When we heard about Mr. Brown's heart attack, nobody look ______ than his new
wife.

(A) as sad as
(B) saddest
(C) sadder
(D) sad

2. It has been a terrible week of surprising news but none was ______ than our dean's
resignation.

(A) shocking
(B) more shocking
(C) as shocking as
(D) most shocking

3. "I have never met a doctor who is ______ you," said the old patient.

(A) as determined as
(B) more determined
(C) most determined
(D) determined

4. We are looking at the ______ year in the past 17 years.

(A) drier
(B) as dry as
(C) driest
(D) dry

5. "You look ______, honey," said the tycoon to his latest wife.

(A) most gorgeous

(B) more gorgeous
(C) as gorgeous as
(D) gorgeous

6. That shirt is so ______. Can you put on a cleaner shirt ?

(A) as dirty as
(B) dirtiest
(C) dirty

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(D) dirtier

7. I love that dress. It's just so ______ and lively.

(A) as colorful as
(B) most colorful
(C) more colorful
(D) colorful

8. That was the ______ trip I have ever been on but it was a lot of fun because I went
with my family.

(A) longest
(B) as long as
(C) longer
(D) long

9. That was the ______ movie I have ever seen.

(A) most horrible

(B) as horrible as
(C) more horrible
(D) horrible

10. If you need my help to find your friend, you need to give me ______ details than just a
red-haired petite girl.

(A) specific
(B) more specific
(C) most specific
(D) as specific as

ADVERB
Drill # 1
1. During Christmas, the carollers sang ______ a they went from house to house.

(A) graciously
(B) humbly
(C) merrily
(D) mercifully

2. Benny ______ offered to do his sister's chores for her.

(A) kindly
(B) foolishly

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(C) fiercely
(D) truly

3. Jillian tried to speak ______ to the rude boy.

(A) sweetly
(B) gracefully
(C) pleasantly
(D) sincerely

4. The kid sat ______ in one corner and began to cry.

(A) softly
(B) dully
(C) politely
(D) quietly

5. Benny's experiment went ______ wrong and he was injured.

(A) extremely
(B) magically
(C) horribly
(D) magnificently

6. Sarah was reprimanded for speaking ______ to her older sister.

(A) politely
(B) humbly
(C) vainly
(D) rudely

7. Little Didi spun around ______ in her new dress.

(A) gleefully
(B) gladly
(C) neatly
(D) madly

8. "Who's on the line ?" asked Tray ______, while rubbing his eyes.

(A) joyfully
(B) sleepily
(C) sadly
(D) quietly

Drill # 2
1. Since it was only an informal gathering, Rosemary ______ dressed for it.

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(A) incidentally
(B) casually
(C) irregularly
(D) unexpectedly

2. That businessman intends to send his children ______ for tertiary education.

(A) abroad
(B) ashore
(C) outdoors
(D) outside

3. The couple held hands and walked ______, neither of them saying a word for a
while.

(A) apart
(B) by
(C) alongside
(D) side by side

4. As the examination drew nearer, the students began to revise their lessons
______.

(A) meticulously
(B) completely
(C) efficiently
(D) thoroughly

5. Which is the correct sentence ?

(A) She tightly pulled the belt round her waist.

(B) She pulled tightly the belt round her waist.
(C) She pulled the belt tightly round her waist.
(D) Tightly, she pulled the belt round her waist.

6. At only six months of age, the baby was already able to walk rather ______.

(A) securely
(B) steadily
(C) consistently
(D) firmly

7. "Are you going ______ over the long weekend ?"

Yes, I might go to Nansha Island if I can get the train tickets."

(A) somewhere
(B) anywhere
(C) everywhere

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(D) nowhere

8. Adam is thrilled with the parcel he received from his Italian pen-friend ______.

(A) sometime
(B) presently
(C) now
(D) today

9. Which is the correct sentence ?

(A) Upon hearing her cry for help, he instantly rushed to her aid.
(B) Upon hearing her cry for help, he rushed instantly to her aid.
(C) Upon hearing her cry for help, instantly he rushed to her aid.
(D) Instantly upon hearing her cry for help, he rushed to her aid.

10. The Miss Universe beauty pageant with be televised ______ from Los Angeles,
California.

(A) nationally
(B) generally
(C) worldwide
(D) widely

11. While the expectant lady was in the delivery room, her family waited
anxiously ______.

(A) halfway
(B) somewhere
(C) outside
(D) outdoors

12. Patsy turned up late again for our appointment ______.

(A) yesterday
(B) previously
(C) subsequently
(D) just at this moment
Drill # 3
1. She wrote the address ______ on the envelope before sticking the stamp on the
corner.

(A) carelessly
(B) abruptly
(C) neatly
(D) securely

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2. I would ______ help you bake cookies if you promise to give me a batch to take
home.

(A) sadly
(B) currently
(C) gladly
(D) terribly

3. The teenagers waited ______ for their idol to turn up at the departure hall.

(A) cruelly
(B) successfully
(C) noisily
(D) patiently

4. We do not ______ get to see a disaster like this happen as it unfolds.

(A) often
(B) seldom
(C) rarely
(D) never

5. The lion roared ______ at the hunter.

(A) loudly
(B) kindly
(C) surprisingly
(D) timidly

6. "You ______ see a full T-rex fossil like this. We're going to be famous !" said the
team leader of the archaeological expedition.

(A) sometimes
(B) rarely
(C) frequently
(D) usually

7. She blushed ______ when her husband came into her office holding a lovely
bouquet of flowers.

(A) strongly
(B) tremendously
(C) hugely
(D) slightly

8. I ______ believed them when they said that you were involved in the break-in.

(A) often
(B) seldom

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(C) sometimes
(D) never

9. I _____ think that I am being watched, especially when I am home alone at night.

(A) sometimes
(B) hugely
(C) strongly
(D) quietly

10. The celebrity ______ signs autographs for her fans but today she was ignoring
everyone as she was escorted to her car.

(A) never
(B) rarely
(C) usually
(D) barely

NOUN

Drill # 1
1. Uncle Lim has two nephews but no ______.

(A) spinsters
(B) nieces
(C) widows
(D) brides

2. The ______ at the church listened attentively to the preacher.

(A) congregation
(B) gang
(C) spectators
(D) bevy

3. The board of ______ met to discuss the business plan.

(A) singers
(B) directors
(C) laborers
(D) typists

4. When their ______ is away, the servants idle around.

(A) hostess

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(B) host
(C) master
(D) stewardess

5. The ______ asked his staff to complete the proposal before leaving the office.

(A) emperor
(B) master
(C) manager
(D) tailor

6. They called a ______ to help them carry their heavy luggage.

(A) potter
(B) porter
(C) peddler
(D) poet

7. One of the crew members discovered the ______ in a container.

(A) hideaway
(B) stowaway
(C) castaway
(D) navigator

8. The ______ was locked up in a cell.

(A) braggart
(B) criminal
(C) bankrupt
(D) cripple

9. The ______ did not want to pay a cent for the service.

(A) mute
(B) spendthrift
(C) spinster
(D) miser

10. He lives the life of a ______ and refuses to meet anyone.

(A) hermit
(B) hooligan
(C) hunter
(D) host

Drill # 2
1. The ______ supported her family after her husband's death.

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(A) vandal
(B) widow
(C) widower
(D) volunteer

2. The ______ warned the players not to play rough.

(A) judge
(B) referee
(C) admiral
(D) bodyguard

3. The ______ of natives he encountered were cannibals.

(A) staff
(B) party
(C) troupe
(D) tribe

4. My father has called the ______ to come by and fix the leaking pipe.

(A) plumber
(B) pharmacist
(C) peddler
(D) vendor

5. On the plane, the ______ makes sure that all the passengers fasten their seatbelts.

(A) stewardess
(B) pilot
(C) umpire
(D) waitress

6. The ______ can ride and balance a unicycle on a tightrope.

(A) admiral
(B) acrobat
(C) artiste
(D) astronomer

7. You should take your dog to the ______ for treatment.

(A) dentist
(B) doctor
(C) surgeon
(D) veterinarian

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8. The ______ carved the figure from wood

(A) sculptor
(B) plumber
(C) welder
(D) spotter

9. Cisse is a ______. He has been asked to be an interpreter at the international

conference.

(A) tourist
(B) linguist
(C) artiste
(D) florist

10. You can ask the ______ for professional advice on whether the drug is suitable.

(A) pharmacist
(B) grocer
(C) philanthropist
(D) philosopher
Drill # 3
1. The ______ was blunt and he could not shave cleanly.

(A) knife
(B) razor
(C) dagger
(D) stapler

2. The loud ______ from a passing ambulance woke me up in the middle of the night.

(A) alarm
(B) siren
(C) microphone
(D) projector

3. A/An ______ is arranged in alphabetical order.

(A) index
(B) blurb
(C) table of contents
(D) prescription

4. The crew lifted the ______ and the ship started on their journey to South Africa.

(A) bridge
(B) bow
(C) helm

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(D) anchor

5. He did not apply the ______ in time and his car bumped into the pole.

(A) accelerator
(B) bumper
(C) bonnet
(D) brakes

6. On Mother's Day, Silvia gave a ______ of flowers to her mother.

(A) bunch
(B) cluster
(C) bouquet
(D) clump

7. That ______ of steps leads to the attic.

(A) flight
(B) set
(C) suite
(D) suit

8. This ______ of storybooks is very popular among children.

(A) serial
(B) series
(C) suit
(D) stack

9. We were on a day tour that took us on a scenic drive through that ______ of
mountains.

(A) cluster
(B) group
(C) range
(D) heap

10. What are they planning to do with that ______ of land ?

(A) plot
(B) bale
(C) heap
(D) stack

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VERB

Drill # 1
1. The jury ( consists / consist ) of twelve men and women and ( is / are ) chosen from
names on the electoral role.
2. The class ( was / were ) listening attentively as ( its / their ) teacher explained the
experiment to them.
3. The committee ( meets / meet ) every month.
4. The procession ( was / were ) slowly making ( its / their ) way to the center of town.
5. The mob ( was / were ) running here and there waving ( its/ their ) posters and
shouting loudly.
6. The firm of solicitors ( was / were ) well-known for ( its / their ) dependability and
respectability.
7. A swarm of bees flew angrily from ( its / their ) hive. ( It / They ) attacked a small boy
who had upset ( it / them ).
8. The police ( is / are ) often called upon to perform extremely dangerous duties.
9. The Board of Directors ( was / were ) dissatisfied with the Chairman's decision.
10. Country folk ( is / are ) said to be more friendly than ( its/ their ) city counterparts.
11. A bunch of keys ( has / have ) been found in the car park.
12. The company ( has / have ) moved to ( its / their ) new premises in Jakarta.
13. The crew of the spaceship ( was / were ) examined by a panel of doctors to ascertain
how the time in outer space had affected ( it / them ).
14. The government ( was / were ) elected with an increased majority.
15. A herd of cows ( was / were ) scattered over the three fields, quietly eating the grass
and flicking the flies with ( its / their ) tails.
Answer sheet

1. The jury consists of twelve men and women and is chosen from names on the
electoral role.
2. The class were listening attentively as their teacher explained the experiment to
them.
3. The committee meets every month.
4. The procession was slowly making its way to the center of town.
5. The mob were running here and there waving their posters and shouting loudly.
6. The firm of solicitors was well-known for its dependability and respectability.
7. A swarm of bees flew angrily from their hive. They attacked a small boy who had
upset them.
8. The police are often called upon to perform extremely dangerous duties.
9. The Board of Directors was dissatisfied with the Chairman's decision.
10. Country folk are said to be more friendly than their city counterparts.
11. A bunch of keys has been found in the car park.
12. The company has moved to its new premises in Jakarta.
13. The crew of the spaceship were examined by a panel of doctors to ascertain how the
time in outer space had affected them.
14. The government was elected with an increased majority.

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15. A herd of cows were scattered over the three fields, quietly eating the grass and
flicking the flies with their tails.
Drill # 2
1. Various grievances ______ been aired by the workers.

(A) has
(B) have
(C) is
(D) are

2. The examination dates and the holidays ______ not coincide.

(A) does
(B) is
(C) have
(D) do

3. The students, as well as their Science teacher, ______ gone to the Science Exhibition.

(A) have
(B) has
(C) is
(D) are

4. The team of athletes ______ to train individually.

(A) is
(B) are
(C) do
(D) does

5. Only the wealthy ______ such places.

(A) patronize
(B) patronizes
(C) has patronized
(D) is patronizing

6. Anyone who ______ the question may give us his interpretation.

(A) understand
(B) have understood
(C) understands
(D) is understanding

7. The information that he gave ______ accurate.

(A) were

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(B) are
(C) is
(D) has

8. Don't you think that $80,000 ______ a large sum ?

(A) are
(B) were
(C) is
(D) was

9. Both Amy and Anne, like their brother, ______ artistic.

(A) is
(B) are
(C) have
(D) has

10. The rise and fall of the tide ______ due to the lunar influence.

(A) is
(B) are
(C) has
(D) have

11. Three quarters of the books ______ mine.

(A) has
(B) have
(C) is
(D) are

12. Many a man ______ died in trying to accomplish that feat.

(A) has
(B) have
(C) is
(D) are

13. Most of the water in the villages ______ obtained from wells.

(A) is
(B) are
(C) has
(D) have

14. Wisdom ______ not obtained from mere studying.

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(A) is
(B) are
(C) has
(D) have

15. All this equipment ______ old-fashioned and unsuitable.

(A) are
(B) has
(C) have
(D) is
Drill # 3

It is not unusual for all sorts of insects to ___1___ ( call ) bugs. However, in reality, this
name should only ___2___ ( give ) to a particular group of insects called Hemipetra.

These insects have tube-like beaks which they use to ___3___ ( suck ) sap from the plants on
which they ___4___ ( live ). Others prey upon other insects by ___5___ ( inject ) poison into
them.

These insects are brightly ___6___ ( colour ) and come in all sizes and shapes.

A nymph, or a young bug, has no wings and cannot ___7___ ( fly ). Adult bugs, however,
___8___ ( have ) two pairs of wings. When not in use, the hind pair of wings ___9___ ( lie )
folded and ___10___ ( hide ) behind the front pair.
Answer

1. be called 2. be given 3. suck 4. live 5. injecting 6. coloured 7. fly 8. have 9.

lies 10. hidden

Drill # 4
The world's most famous clock, Big Ben, ___1___ ( stand ) next to the Houses of Parliament
in London.Big Ben is the name of the bell which ___2___ ( chime ) every hour. The bell ___3___ (
name ) after Sir Benjamin Hall, the man who ___4___ ( give ) the task of ___5___ ( haul ) the bell up
the clock tower.

The clock has four faces and ___6___ ( keep ) accurate time. It can ___7___ ( adjust ) by the removal
or addition of coins on a tray ___8___ ( attach ) to the clock's pendulum.

One interesting thing about the clock is that when the light ___9___ ( shine ) above the belfry at
night, it ___10___ ( mean ) that the House of Commons is still in session.

Answer

1. stands 2. chimes 3. was named 4. was given 5. hauling 6. keeps 7. be adjusted 8.

attached 9. shines 10. means

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LUMIBA PREPS IBA KARACHI

Page 22
LUMIBA Perps IBA R-2 Session 2022

ARTICLES
Drill # 1
1. It had been a very busy day and by ( -/a/an/the ) noon everyone was exhausted.

2.He said he would be at ( -/a/an/the ) home tomorrow morning.

3.They gave the VIP a guided tour of ( -/a/an/the ) prison when he came.

4. Sham and I went to ( -/a/an/the ) hospital to visit a friend.

5. I prefer to go to ( -/a/an/the ) bed well before ( -/a/an/the ) midnight if I can.

6. At ( -/a/an/the ) night everyone was quiet but during ( -/a/an/the ) daytime they are very noisy.

7. I usually leave ( -/a/an/the ) home at six-thirty and arrive at ( -/a/an/the ) work at eight.

8. We work hard all day long so we like to relax in ( -/a/an/the ) evening.

9. He was sent to ( -/a/an/the ) prison for eighteen months.

10. They all stop work at ( -/a/an/the ) midday and prepare for their lunch.

Drill # 2

A company rewarded its employees by giving them ___1___ day off to shop and enjoy
themselves at ___2___ Complex Bukit Jambul. The 3000-odd employees need not pay for
___3___ food or use of ___4___ facilities in the complex. They were allowed to shop by
using ___5___ coupons and were treated to ___6___ gala performance by ___7___ group of
professional dancers. At ___8___ time when many companies are affected by ___9___
economic slowdown, ___10___ reward given by the company concerned is very
commendable. ___11___ company now has two manufacturing plants, one in Penang and one
in __12___ Butterworth, with ___13___ total of 2800 employees and another packaging plant
in ___ ___ Jitra with 200 employees. Its Penang plant achieved ___15___ award for last
year's overall performance.

Drill # 3
1. A : What ______ exciting game ! Now let's celebrate.
B : Right, let's go to ______ cafeteria down the road.

(A) an, the

(B) the, a
(C) a, --
(D) an, a

2. How about traveling to ______ European country during ______ long holidays ?

(A) a, --
(B) a, the
(C) a, an

Page 23
LUMIBA Perps IBA R-2 Session 2022

(D) an, the

3. There is ______ fight between ______ husband and ______ wife next door.
Please do not interfere.

(A) the, a, --
(B) a, a, a
(C) a, the, the
(D) --, a, the

4. ______ traffic policeman is good at his job. Look, all ______ traffic is moving
smoothly.

(A) A, --
(B) The, --
(C) An, the
(D) --, the

5. In ______ former days he would have been executed by ______ guillotine.

(A) --, the

(B) the, --
(C) a, a
(D) --, an

6. ______ gum tree is ______ eucalyptus tree.

(A) A, the
(B) A, a
(C) A, an
(D) The, an

7. If you breach ______ agreement or a promise that means you break it.

(A) a
(B) --
(C) the
(D) an

8. Jane : Here is ______ friend of mine. He's ______ nice guy.

Mary : Very well. What is his name ? Shall we ask him for ______ lift ?

(A) the, a, --
(B) a, a, --
(C) a, a, a
(D) a, an, the

Page 24
LUMIBA Perps IBA R-2 Session 2022

9. ______ entire country was covered in ______ snow for the past two days. ______
three centimetres of snow fell on Berlin two days ago.

(A) The, a, --
(B) An, the, --
(C) An, --, the
(D) The, --, --

10. ______ entourage consists of ______ ministers, journalists, ______

photographers and policemen.

(A) The, --, --

(B) An, --, --
(C) A, the, --
(D) An, the, the

Drill # 4

1. Pass me ______ newspaper. I want to read ______ article about the

kidnapping.

(A) a ... the

(B) the ... the
(C) the ... a
(D) a ... an

2. My brother has ______ headache. ______ headache is making him feel very ill.

(A) the ... The

(B) a ... A
(C) a ... The
(D) the ... A

3. During the weekend, we spent the day at ______ Changi beach.

(A) a
(B) an
(C) the
(D) --

4. The wildlife expert is exploring ______ Amazon River.

(A) a
(B) the
(C) an
(D) --

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LUMIBA Perps IBA R-2 Session 2022

5. ______ bicycle at the back of my house belongs to my brother. It is ______ old

bicycle.

(A) A ... the

(B) The ... the
(C) A ... an
(D) The ... an

6. ______ rain is quite heavy. Why don't you bring ______ umbrella with you ?

(A) The ... the

(B) The ... a
(C) The ... an
(D) -- ... a

7. That woman is wearing ______ kimono.

(A) the
(B) a
(C) an
(D) --

8. Jill is studying in ______ university in America.

(A) a
(B) an
(C) the
(D) --

Page 26
LUMIBA PREPS.

Preposition
(D) by

1.Someone forgot to switch ______ the fan 6.The latest Mister Scary book is ______ sale
when they left the room. now at the bookshops.

(A) of (A) for

(B) off (B) at

(C) by (C) by

(D) for (D) on

2.Please be home ______ three o'clock, not 7.The farmer ran ______ the boys who stole
later than that. fruits from his orchard.

(A) since (A) for

(B) by (B) through

(C) at (C) after

(D) for (D) along

3.We had to run ______ the sides of the field

four times before starting our football 8.Whenever I walk ______ Mr Tan's house, his
practice. dog will bark at me.

(A) through (A) along

(B) across (B) across

(C) along (C) through

(D) over (D) by

4. Aminah has been absent ______ the last

two days.
9. The staff had their lunch ______ noon
(A) for every day.
(B) since
(A)at
(C) by (B) during
(C) for
(D) during (D)over
5.Andrew went to the cinema ______ his new
friend, Danny. 10. The boy jumped ______ the wall into
the garden next door.
(A) with
(A)onto
(B) for
(B) on
(C) of (C) up

Page 27
LUMIBA PREPS.

(D)over 17. The store was burned

down ______ a huge fire
11. Although Jill comes ______ a wealthy that started from a bad
family, she is not proud. circuit board in the
storeroom.
(A)with
(B) from (A)in
(C) by (B) for
(D)for (C) up
(D)of
12. Let's talk about the problem ______ a
cup of tea. 18. She made fun ______ my
hair and that was when I
(A)with got really upset and cried.
(B) over
(C) by (A)as
(D)during (B) of
(C) by
13. The mango tree ______ the house is (D)on
bearing fruit.
19. Are you interested
(A)on ______ getting a credit
(B) at card ?
(C) behind
(D)over (A)up
(B) of
14. Walking ______ the park makes me (C) off
feel very relaxed. (D)in

(A)over 20. The bag tore apart and her

(B) along groceries fell all ______
(C) through the floor.
(D)towards
(A)from
15. Books can be borrowed ______ a (B) in
maximum of three weeks. (C) over
(D)out
(A)for
(B) with 21. Elaine did not speak to
(C) by me ______ days because
(D)at she was still upset over
what I had said.
16. A long applause was heard ______ the
end of the play. (A)at
(B) by
(A)at (C) on
(B) by (D)for
(C) for
(D)With

Page 28
LUMIBA PREPS.

22. ______ Thursdays, she (A)with

has violin practice with (B) along
Miss Alicia. (C) as
(D)after
(A)Off
(B) For 28. I will stash all these photo
(C) Out albums ______ in the
(D)On attic.

23. He could not stop shaking (A)up

when they pulled him (B) at
______ from under the (C) from
ice. (D)of

(A)of 29. This trail of food leads

(B) up straight ______ this trap
(C) out which will capture the rat
(D)over that has been terrorizing
the students in the hostel.
24. Can I walk you ______
your car ? (A)to
(B) through
(A)from (C) up
(B) to (D)with
(C) as
(D)off 30. This came in ______ the
mail this morning.
25. ______ group chairman I
would like to call this (A)on
meeting to order. (B) as
(C) along
(A)As (D)through
(B) By
(C) At 31. She went ______ to see
(D)From the headmaster half an
hour ago. What could be
26. I'm not used ______ so serious ?
being ordered around like
this. (A)from
(B) on
(A)over (C) in
(B) on (D)after
(C) to
(D)out 32. Mrs. Lam has been in the
dentist's office ______
27. We are going to the two hours.
supermarket. You can
come ______ if you like. (A)off
(B) for

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LUMIBA PREPS.

(C) out (D)with

(D)at
38. Based on the trail, the victim had
33. He got kicked ______ the walked ______ this path before he was
team because he was not attacked.
in top form.
(A)along
(A)of (B) in
(B) up (C) through
(C) in (D)against
(D)off
39. "Where did you run ______ ? You
34. She was still at the party scared the lights out of me !" said
at 11 o'clock, well ______ Veranda's mother.
her curfew.
(A)with
(A)from (B) for
(B) to (C) to
(C) after (D)after
(D)off
40. He struck the match then lit ______ all
35. Alissa was chosen ______ the candles on the cake.
the class monitor by Ms.
Molly because she is a (A)up
very responsible girl. (B) over
(C) out
(A)as (D)for
(B) by
(C) at 41. She came ______ of her room with her
(D)from hair all over the place. She must have
just woken up.
36. She dropped down
______ her knees and (A)from
begged for a second (B) out
chance. (C) along
(D)on
(A)over
(B) on 42. She was angry ______ me for
(C) to forgetting her birthday.
(D)out
(A)at
(B) to
37. I would like to have some chocolate
(C) over
sprinkles mixed in ______ my vanilla
(D)through
ice cream.
43. Where's Cecilia ? She's wading ______
(A)out
the pool over there.
(B) from
(C) as
(A)from

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LUMIBA PREPS.

(B) above
(C) in
(D)for

44. The guards chased ______ the

shoplifters but lost them once they hit
the streets.

(A)after
(B) with
(C) along
(D)as

45. "Miss Becky, I am hoping that you can

help me ______ my algebra," said
Virginia.

(A)with
(B) out
(C) in
(D)from

46. He went ______ his girlfriend who had

stormed off angrily because he had
forgotten their anniversary.

(A)over
(B) after
(C) at
(D)off

Page 31
 Chapter 12: Connectives

12a   A connective joins one part of a sentence to another part.

Phillip and Dennis are giving a concert to­night.
(The connective and joins the two parts of the compound subject.)
Did you go out, or did you stay home last night?
(The connective or joins the two in­de­pen­dent clauses.)
The banks are closed because today is a holiday.
(The connective because joins the main clause to the subordinate clause.)
The investigation of the robbery has been completed.
(The connective of joins the noun robbery to the noun investigation.)

12b   A connective may be a preposition, a conjunction, an adverb, or a pronoun.

Josie left her scarf on the bus. (preposition)
Mr. Fernandez campaigned for the presidency, but he lost. (conjunction)
Kevin looked back because someone was shouting. (conjunction)
Ernie left his home an hour ago; therefore, he should be ­here any minute.
(adverb)
The letter that was mailed this morning should arrive tomorrow. (pronoun)

12c   Prepositions as connectives

A preposition may be a word or a compound. A compound consists of two or more

words that function as one word.
Come over ­here. (word)
Women live longer than men, according to statistics. (compound)

12d   A preposition joins a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence.

prep.

One of the windows is broken. (noun)

prep.

Josh is worried about his health. (noun)

prep.

These bags have nothing in them. (pronoun)

Choosing the correct preposition is often based on idiomatic usage—that is, the
way En­glish is used, whether or not it contradicts strict grammatical rules.

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68 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

12e   Some commonly used prepositional idioms are the following:

absolve from [blame]
abstain from [drinking]
accede to [a request]
accommodate to [a situation]
accompanied by [a lady (a person)]
accompanied with [applause (a thing)]
account for [one’s actions]
account to [one’s superior]
acquit of [a crime]
adapted to [his requirements]
adapted from [a novel]
adept in [selling a product]
adequate to [the demand]
adequate for [her needs]
agree to [a proposal (an idea)]
agree with [the teacher (a person)]
amenable to [an offer]
angry with [my cousin (a person)]
angry at [a remark (a thing)]
annoyed by [the noise (a thing)]
annoyed with [the child (a person)]
appreciative of [their efforts]
averse to [hard work (an idea)]
basis for [agreement]
capable of [getting high marks]
concur with [the mayor (a person)]
concur in [the decision (an idea)]
confer with [someone (a person)]
confer about [something (a thing)]
conform to [the rules]
correspond to [what I said (a thing)]
correspond with [his lawyer (a person)]
differs from [her sister (a person)]
differs with [what was done (a thing)]
disappointed in [you (a person)]
disappointed with [the result (a thing)]
enter into [an agreement]
enter upon [a career]
excepted from [further responsibility]
exempt from [taxes]
expect from [your investment (a thing)]
expect of [his assistant (a person)]
familiar to [me (a person)]
familiar with [the proceedings (a thing)]
free of [his wife (a person)]
free from [her nagging (a thing)]
identical with [something ­else]
ignorant of [his rights]
incompatible with [fellow workers]
in­de­pen­dent of [his relative]
infer from [a statement]
involved in [a project (a thing)]
involved with [a friend (a person)]
liable to [damages (a thing)]
necessity for [food (a thing)]
necessity of [avoiding trouble (doing something)]
proficient in [a skill]

Page 33
 grammar and usage refresher • 69

profit by [knowledge]
responsible to [the own­er (a person)]
responsible for [paying a debt (a thing)]
talk to [the group (one person talks)]
talk with [my friends (all talk)]
variance with [another]
wait at [the church (a place)]
wait for [your uncle (a person)]
worthy of [consideration]

12f   Prepositions should not be used needlessly.

Where is your brother?
(Not: Where is your brother at?)
Where are you going?
(Not: Where are you going to?)
Pete started on another project.
(Not: Pete started in on another project.)
We agreed to divide the ­house­work.
(Not: We agreed to divide up the ­house­work.)

Prepositions are sometimes left out by mistake.

Irene talked to me about her new job and about why she left her old one.
(Not: Irene talked to me about her new job and why.…)
Dr. Rosen was puzzled by and concerned about Ellen’s nightmares.
(Not: Dr. Rosen was puzzled and concerned about.…)
Note: Two different prepositions are needed for this last sentence.

12g   Conjunctions as connectives

A conjunction is a word that joins words, phrases, clauses, or sentences.
Nixon and Agnew ended their po­liti­cal careers by resigning. (words joined)
The mouse ran out of the kitchen and into the living room. (phrases joined)
Casino gambling in Atlantic City has helped some, but it has hurt others. (clauses
joined)
Sally has the ability to do the job; however, she has too many personal problems.
(sentences joined)

12h   Conjunctions are coordinate, correlative, or subordinate.

A coordinate conjunction and a correlative conjunction connect grammatical ele-
ments of equal rank. A subordinate conjunction connects grammatical elements of
unequal rank.

12i  Coordinate conjunctions connect two equal elements. They include the
following words.
and, but, or, nor, so, yet
On our vacation, we will go to Boston or to Cape Cod. (two phrases)
My two favorite colors are blue and green. (two words)
I told Stanley that I couldn’t leave my ­house, so he should come over to­night. (two
subordinate clauses)
Phil was eager to try the new restaurant, but he moved away before trying it. (two
in­de­pen­dent clauses)
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70 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

12j  Correlative conjunctions include the following word pairs. Correlative conjunctions
connect two equal elements.
either… or, neither… nor, not only… but also, both… and, if… then, since… there-
fore
Take either the dark meat or the light meat. (two words)
Not only has Rick quit school, but he has also left town. (two in­de­pen­dent
clauses)
Both the Baltimore Orioles and the Pittsburgh Pirates won the pennant in 1979.
(two noun phrases)
I have seen her neither in the movies nor on tele­vi­sion. (two phrases)

Note: The correlative conjunctions “neither… nor” should never be written

“neither… or.”

Each member of the pair of correlative conjunctions must be followed by the same gram-
matical construction.
same construction



Woody Allen is not only a good comedian but also a good film director.
different construction


(Not: Woody Allen not only is a good comedian but also a good film director.)
same construction



Either we should spend the night ­here or we should leave right now.

different construction


(Not: Either we should spend the night ­here or leave right now.)

12k   Conjunctive adverbs

A conjunctive adverb may be considered a type of coordinate conjunction.

Conjunctive adverbs include the following words, which serve to connect two equal
elements.
therefore, however, consequently, accordingly, furthermore, besides, moreover,
nevertheless, still

Although the clause introduced by a conjunctive adverb is grammatically in­de­pen­dent,

it is logically dependent on the preceding clause for complete meaning.
A storm knocked down our electric wires; therefore, we had to eat by candlelight.
A bad traffic accident ahead of us caused us to be delayed; nevertheless, we made
the party on time.
You have not paid your rent for six months; accordingly, I am going to see a lawyer.

In­de­pen­dent clauses joined by a conjunctive adverb should be separated by a

semicolon (;) or a period.
Frank and Marty delayed their vacation one week; consequently, I was able to
join them.

Page 35
 grammar and usage refresher • 71

The judge awarded custody of the child to its mother. Moreover, the judge set
strict guidelines for visiting privileges.

Certain phrases may act as conjunctive adverbs.

Eunice wanted to buy a fur coat; on the other hand, she was trying to save money
for a car.
We saw many interesting towns and cities on our tour. In addition, we met several
nice people.

12l  Join only the same parts of speech with coordinate conjunctions or with correlative
conjunctions. Faulty parallelism will result if different parts of speech are
combined.
Correct: Jim’s day consisted of waking up early, working all day, and going back
to bed. (three gerund phrases)
Faulty: Jim’s day consisted of waking up early, working all day, and then to go
back to bed. (two gerund phrases combined with an infinitive phrase)
Correct: The president’s plan was a disappointment not only to the leaders of big
business, but also to the leaders of organized labor. (two prepositional
phrases)
Faulty: The president’s plan was a disappointment not only to the leaders of
big business, but also the leaders of organized labor. (one prepositional
phrase and one noun)

12m Connecting elements of unequal rank

A less important idea should be put into a subordinate clause; the more important idea
should be expressed in the main or in­de­pen­dent clause.

main idea subordinate idea




Bill is going to work for his father, although he was offered other jobs.

12n  Subordination may be introduced by a subordinate conjunction, by a rela-

tive pronoun, or by a relative adverb.
Eva will want to go straight to bed after she comes back from her exercise class.
(subordinate conjunction)
I bought the sneakers that you wanted. (relative pronoun)
We saw the ­house where they filmed Gone with the Wind. (relative adverb)

A subordinate conjunction introduces an adverbial clause.

My mother can knit a sweater while she watches tele­vi­sion. (adverbial clause tells
when)
Tell me what he looks like so that I’ll recognize him. (adverbial clause tells why)

12o   Some relative pronouns introduce adjective clauses.

Everyone wants a job that he likes.
The woman who walked across the United States has written a book about her
experience.
Bobby gave Connie a new tennis racket, which she needed.

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72 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

Other relative pronouns introduce noun clauses.

Tell me what you did.
This book has what­ever you want to know about scuba diving.
Invite whomever you like.

12p   A relative adverb introduces an adjective clause.

Do you remember the night when we locked ourselves out of the ­house?
Chris will be at the place where we met him last time.

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Lumiba Preps.

Conjunction
6. Selena would have called home
______ something had happened to
1. She still wants to try out bungee her.
jumping ______ being fearful of
heights. (A)because
(B) despite
(A)and (C) unless
(B) as (D)but
(C) even though
(D)despite 7. She switched off the TV ______
nothing good was on.
2. I don't want to be rude ______ please
move aside so I can get to the door. (A)if
(B) so that
(A)in order to (C) despite
(B) if (D)because
(C) but
(D)although 8. You have to go down this path ______
to reach the cabin.
3. Keep clicking "Next" ______ the
program has been installed. (A)unless
(B) in order to
(A)since
(C) although
(B) until (D)as
(C) because
(D)despite 9. I like eating mangoes ______ oranges.
4. Can we make an appointment for next
(A)and
week ______ I can keep track of your
(B) despite
progress ?
(C) or else
(D)since
(A)so that
(B) or else
10. You are not leaving this room ______
(C) and
you tell me exactly what you did.
(D)unless
(A)until
5. You should take a bath now ______
(B) but
you won't get to do so when the water
(C) so that
supply gets interrupted.
(D)in order to
11. They postponed the visit to the
(A)despite
bread factory ______ it was closed for
(B) although
the holidays.
(C) until
(D)or else
(A) and
(B) as
(C) even though

Page 38
Lumiba Preps.

(D) despite (D) Until

12. We should eat our vegetables 18. I will not cheat in the test ______ get a good
_______ grow tall and strong. grade.

(A) in order to (A) unless

(B) if (B) in order to
(C) but (C) although
(D) although (D) as

13. We had to wait ______ Tuesday 19. We would have won the race ______ Max had
to pick up our dog Dicken from the not dropped the baton.
vet.
(A) even though
(A) since (B) despite
(B) until (C) if
(C) because (D) since
(D) despite
20. He could not see Imelda ______ she came out
14. I was not given any pain killers ______ had to relyof
onthe
mydeparture
sheer willhall.
to bear with the
pain.
(A) until
(A) so that (B) but
(B) or else (C) so that
(C) and (D) in order to
(D) unless 21. I understand your problem, ______ I'm sorry
I cannot help you in anyway.
15. He is still not sleepy ______ staying
up the whole night. (A) and
(B) yet
(A) despite (C) but
(B) although (D) for
(C) until
(D) or else 22. He is ______ forgetful ______ he just
doesn't bother to complete the work.
16. We are going to wait at the bus
stop ______ the rain stops. (A) neither ... nor
(B) both ... and
(A) because (C) either ... or
(B) despite (D) not only ... but also
(C) unless
(D) until 23. ______ Bent was preparing for her O level
examination, her sister was studying for her
17. ______ the tickets are too expensive, A level examination.
Peggy and I won't be able to attend it.
(A) While
(A) Unless (B) Yet
(B) So that (C) Consequently
(C) Since (D) As a result

Page 39
Lumiba Preps.

30. They didn't do their homework ______ did

24. Laila read a magazine ______ doing they read their books.
her homework.
(A) either
(A) or (B) neither
(B) instead of (C) and
(C) nor (D) but
(D) and 31. He is a good student. ______ he is also a good
athlete.
25. ______ Aileen ______ Nancy were
elected as prefects in their school. (A) In addition
(B) As a result
(A) Either ... or (C) Consequently
(B) Not only ... but also (D) But
(C) Neither ... nor
(D) Both ... and 32. "Would you marry a man who has ______
fame ______ money ?"
26. He did not do any exercise at
all. ______ he grew fat. (A) either ... or
(B) neither ... nor
(A) Consequently (C) either ... nor
(B) In my opinion (D) neither ... or
(C) Unless
(D) But 33. The young boy exclaimed, "My father's car is
exactly ______ yours".
27. They didn't read "Gulliver's Travel"
______ did they read "Treasure Island". (A) and
(B) as
(A) or (C) as if
(B) either (D) like
(C) and
(D) nor 34. The Ferrari F50 is as fast ______ a Porsche
911 Carrera.
28. ______ Ferdinand doesn't want to act
in the play, Ellen will replace him. (A) as
(B) and
(A) For (C) like
(B) Although (D) but
(C) Since
(D) While 35. ______ he cannot turn up for the meeting
tomorrow, he will send his personal secretary.
29. ______ Helen ______ Susan was
caught in the traffic jam last night. (A) For
(B) While
(A) Neither ... or (C) As
(B) Not only ... but also (D) When
(C) Neither ... nor
(D) Either ... nor

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Lumiba Preps.

(D) since
36. ______ Karen lived alone, she was 42. _____ you refuse to pay the ransom, the
not afraid. kidnappers might hurt the child.
(A)Since (A) Lest
(B) And (B) Unless
(C) So (C) If
(D)Although (D) Or else
37. Tom ______ Linda both wanted to go 43. _____ he was about to fall asleep the telephone
out ______ were prevented by bad rang.
weather.
(A) As
(A)and ... but
(B) Since
(B) either ... or
(C) Unless
(C) and ... although
(D) So that
(D)nor ... but
44. _____ the couple goes, their children follow
38. You should insure your bicycle them.
______ stolen.
(A) When
(A)in case it will be
(B) Where
(B) if it will be
(C) If
(C) in case it is
(D) Wherever
(D)if it is
45. Father locked the garage door _____ no one
39. Angela has been married a long time. could tamper with the car.
She got married ______ she was 23
years old.
(A) because
(B) so that
(A)when
(C) for
(B) as
(D) lest
(C) so
(D)until
46. It was only when I reread his poems recently _____
40. ______, you've got a chance, you
beauty.
might as well make full use of it.
(A) until
(A) Now that
(B) that
(B) After
(C) then
(C) Although
(D) so
(D) As soon as
47. They were angry ______ they remained silent.
41. She has not spoken to us _____ we
had the argument.
(A) but
(B) while
(A) as
(C) if
(B) so
(D) or
(C) while

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Lumiba Preps.

48. They decided that it would be ______ correct (B) before

______ proper to boo at the singer who sang badly.
(C) later
(D)until
(A) either ... or
(B) not only ... but also 5. The manager was having a meeting this
(C) quite ... and morning so he could not meet us until
(D) neither ... nor ______, when he was not so occupied.

(A)aid.
49. She shouted for help ______ no one came to her then
(B) later
(A) so (C) next
(B) yet (D)until
(C) while
(D) for 6. "Always look right, look left, then right
again ______ you cross the road," the
Connector kindergarten teacher reminded her
young children.
1. ______ the grapes have been picked,
(A)after
they are sent to the wine-press.
(B) until
(C) before
(A)Later
(D)then
(B) Then
(C) Until
7. First the boys found a nice spot under a
(D)After
tree. ______ they threw in their fishing
lines.
2. ______ the cook added some seasoning
to the dish. Then he tasted it to see if it
(A)After
required more seasoning.
(B) Then
(C) Before
(A)First
(D)Finally
(B) Before
8. "We had a class re-union last Saturday. ______
(C) Until
we met at the Plaza Hotel lobby. Then we all
(D)Next
went for high tea," Eva said, smilingly.
3. At seven thirty, they were still quite full
(A) First
so they did not have dinner ______ it
(B) Next
was quite late.
(C) Before
(D) After
(A)until
(B) next
9. ______ the house had been renovated, it was
(C) then
re-painted. It looks magnificent now !
(D)later
(A) Before
4. They had gone to bed so late the night
(B) First
before that they did not wake up
(C) After
______ it was nearly lunch time the
(D) Then
next day.
10. ______ giving the answer to the
(A)after

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Lumiba Preps.

mathematical problem, the students (C) Subsequently

worked it out carefully first. (D) Finally
16. Howard had scored eight distinctions in the
(A) After examination. ______, he was presented the
(B) Finally "Best Student of the Year" award.
(C) Next
(D) Before (A) In addition
(B) As a result
11. The housewife cut the chicken into (C) Besides
smaller pieces and marinated them. ______ (D) Similarly
she fried them until they were crisp and
brown. 17. At the police check-point, the passengers in the
car in front of us were asked to produce their
(A) Until identity cards. ______, we were asked to show
(B) Later proof of our identity.
(C) Secondly
(D) After (A) Similarly
(B) Besides
12. The shopkeeper officer waited ______ (C) Consequently
everyone had left before he locked (D) As a result
up the shop for the night.
18. He had neglected to pay his telephone bills.
(A) later ______, his telephone line was disconnected.
(B) until
(C) then (A) As a result
(D) next (B) In addition
(C) However
13. Dr Wong injected the patient's gums (D) Similarly
______ he proceeded to extract a tooth.
19. We thought the girl looked familiar, so we waved
(A) before at her. ______, she gave us a blank look an
(B) after walked on.
(C) next
(D) until (A) Therefore
(B) As a result
14. We went for the midnight show. ______ (C) However
we had supper at a roadside stall. (D) Besides

(A) Finally 20. Jason isn't free to play squash with us. ______,
(B) Until he is not feeling well.
(C) After
(D) Later (A) Similarly
(B) In addition
15. The impatient motorist was stopped (C) Consequently
for speeding. ______ he was fined (D) However
$500.
21. The victim could not see the man's face clearly
(A) After as the alley was very dark. ______, the man was
(B) Before wearing a mask.

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Lumiba Preps.

27. "Mother advised me not to overspend while

(A) However shopping. _____, she told my sister to spend
(B) Similarly only when necessary," Yomuri said.
(C) Therefore
(D) Besides (A) Consequently
(B) Similarly
22. The students followed the teacher's (C) Besides
instructions strictly. ______, the experiment (D) However
turned out well.
28. All the tickets were sold out. ______, we
(A) Besides returned home feeling very disappointed.
(B) In addition
(C) Therefore (A) Therefore
(D) Similarly (B) However
23. Rajeswari was the fastest runner in her (C) Besides
school. ______ she was chosen to (D) In addition
represent her school at the inter-school sports meet.
29. That girl is not very popular. She boasts too
(A) In addition much; ______, she looks down on others.
(B) As a result
(C) Similarly (A) therefore
(D) However (B) as a result
(C) however
24. John slept very late last night. ______ (D) besides
he managed to stay awake through
the whole meeting. 30. The annual sale at the shopping center boasted
of discounts up to eighty percent. ______, not
(A) Therefore many people turned up on the first day of
(B) Besides the sale.
(C) However
(D) Similarly (A) Similarly
(B) Consequently
25. This house has been renovated twice. (C) However
______ it looks beautiful now. (D) In addition
31. Darren waited ______ his mother came home
(A) However before he went to bed.
(B) In addition
(C) Similarly (A) for
(D) Consequently (B) until
(C) although
26. Suraya woke up early. She washed the (D) while
clothes. ______, she managed to cook
breakfast for everyone. 32. He fell ______ climbing the steep hill behind
his house.
(A) In addition
(B) Similarly (A) as
(C) Therefore (B) after
(D) However (C) when
(D) while

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Lumiba Preps.

39. We have not heard from Henry ______

33. Nadine worked hard ______ save money he left for London.
for a trip to Paris.
(A)until
(A) so that (B) because
(B) To (C) before
(C) for (D)since
(D) as
40. He was never caught ______ we knew
34. Together, Ali ______ Ahmad will compete he had cheated a few times.
in the race.
(A)since
(A) but (B) for
(B) with (C) because
(C) and (D)although
(D) yet
41. Mr. Lim was one of the richest men in
35. Africa experienced drought ______ there the world ______ he was not happy.
Was no rain for the past three months.
(A)since
(A) until (B) because
(B) before (C) and
(C) yet (D)yet
(D) because
42. We have to wait another 15 minutes
36. ______ you do anything else, clear up this ______ the next bus arrives.
mess first.
(A)since
(A) Before (B) and
(B) After (C) after
(C) While (D)before
(D) Unless
43. Dinah went to school yesterday
37. Lions like to eat meat ______ they are ______ she was feeling unwell.
carnivores.
(A)although
(A) although (B) because
(B) yet (C) since
(C) unless (D)as
(D) since
44. Henry will not be able to finish the
38. Mother will not allow you to play ______ project on time ______ he gets some
you finish your chores first. help.

(A) if (A)since
(B) because (B) although
(C) since (C) unless
(D) unless (D)if

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Lumiba Preps.

45. It hasn't rained ______ so we can still

stay outdoors.

(A)because
(B) however
(C) since
(D)yet

46. Jill wanted to donate some money to

the beggar ______ she had no money.

(A)as
(B) but
(C) when
(D)until

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 Chapter 9: Mood and Voice

9a Mood

The three moods that a verb may express textindicative,

Your are here 1 imperative, and subjunctive.

9b The indicative mood indicates that the action or state is something believed
to be true.
I am the greatest.
She sings beautifully.

The indicative mood is used in asking a question.

Are you Mr. Feldman?
Does Tom want to watch “Saturday Night Live?”

9c The imperative mood expresses a command or a request or a suggestion.

Answer the telephone. (command)
Give me a napkin, please. (request)
Try turning the handle the other way. (suggestion)

The imperative mood is not only more emphatic than the indicative mood—it is more
quickly and easily understood.
Give me that letter. (imperative)
I would appreciate it if you would give me that letter. (indicative)

9d The subjunctive mood is often used to express a wish or a condition that is

not real—that is, contrary to fact.
I wish the weather ­were nicer.
If this paint ­were dry, we could sit on the bench.
Debbie suggested that Carol stay at her apartment.
Carl asked that Stan agree to pay for the damage.

The subjunctive mood is also used to express purpose or intention.

Connie said that she would visit her mother at Easter.
(Not: Connie said that she will visit her mother at Easter.)
We made box lunches so that we would have food for the trip.
(Not: We made box lunches so that we had food for the trip.)

The subjunctive mood is mainly indicated by two forms of the verb “to be.” The forms
are “be” and “­were.”
Be good.
If I ­were president, I’d nationalize the oil industry.

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54 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

The present subjunctive uses “be” for all three persons, both singular and plural.
I be, you be, he be, we be, they be
I have one wish—that I be president some day.
Mrs. Diggs insists that you be given a bonus.
I asked that the child not be punished.
The judge ordered that the tenants be allowed to stay.

The more common form of the subjunctive is the past subjunctive form “­were”

HH
for all three persons, both singular and plural.
I
you
If he ­were ­here, everything would be all right.
we
they
The subjunctive mood for verbs other than “to be” is formed by using the present
tense first person singular form for all persons.
Mary suggested that Ronald keep an extra pair of eyeglasses.
The umpire insisted that the manager leave the field.

9e Choosing between the subjunctive and indicative mood

One should show how he sees a situation: contrary to fact or within the realm of pos-
sibility. He does this by choosing either the subjunctive mood or the indicative mood.
If his statement be true, this is a case of fraud. (subjunctive)
(The writer thinks it is highly improbable that the statement is true.)
If his statement is true, this may be a case of fraud. (indicative)
(The writer indicates that it is quite possible that the statement may be true.)
If he ­were at the meeting, he would… (subjunctive)
(The speaker tells the listener that the man is not at the meeting.)
If he was at the meeting, he would have been able to speak to the point. (indicative)
(Perhaps the man was at the meeting; one doesn’t know.)
Had the first payment been made in April, the second would be due in September.
(subjunctive)
(The speaker indicates that the payment was not made in April.)
If the first payment was made in April, the second will be due in September. (indicative)
(Perhaps it was made; perhaps not—the speaker doesn’t know.)

Do not use “would have” instead of “had” in “if ” clauses to express the past
perfect tense of the subjunctive.
If he had worked harder, he would have a better job.
(Not: If he would have worked harder…)

9f Voice

A verb is either in the active voice or in the passive voice.

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 grammar and usage refresher • 55

9g A verb in the active voice indicates that the subject performs an action.
Maggie reads every night before going to sleep.
The fire burned the entire ­house.

A verb in the active voice stresses the subject or actor rather than the action.

9h A verb in the passive voice indicates that something is being done to the subject.
The children ­were given lunches to take to school.
The tele­vi­sion was turned off by my dad.

A verb in the passive voice stresses the action rather than the actor.

9i All transitive verbs—verbs whose action affects something or someone—can be

used in the passive voice.
Johnny Bench caught the ball. (active)
The ball was caught by Johnny Bench. (passive)

9j To form the passive, the object of the transitive verb in the active voice is moved
ahead of the verb, thus becoming the subject. A form of “to be” is added to the main
verb. The subject of the active sentence is either left out or expressed in a preposi-
tional phrase.
active direct
subject verb object

The tow truck pulled the car out of the ditch. (active voice)
passive prepositional
subject verb phrase


The car was pulled out of the ditch by the tow truck. (passive voice)

9k If the active sentence has an indirect object as well as a direct object, either the
indirect object or the direct object may be the subject of the passive sentence.
active indirect direct
verb object object

Tom gave his sister a kitten. (active)

passive
subject verb

A kitten was given by Tom to his sister. (passive)

passive
subject verb

Tom’s sister was given a kitten by Tom. (passive)

9l The passive voice is appropriate to express an action when the actor is unknown.
The door had been locked before we arrived.

Note: In general, avoid the passive voice for clearer, more forceful sentences.

Page 49
Page 50
Chapter 10: Modifiers—Adjectives,
Adjective Phrases, and Clauses

10a   Modifiers

A modifier adds information to another word in the sentence.

Blue flowers ­were growing in the field.
(The adjective blue adds color to the noun flowers.)
Vera paints beautifully.
(The adverb beautifully tells how Vera paints.)

10b   Modifiers may be a word, a phrase, or a clause.

Billy put on a clean shirt. (word)
The wristband of her watch was broken. (phrase)
Andy liked the painting that was done by his friend. (clause)

There are various types of modifiers.

Jill brought us fresh fruit. (adjective as modifier)
Bob’s friends greeted him warmly. (adverb as modifier)
Rudy enjoyed the ride from Birmingham to Atlanta. (adjective phrase as
modifier)
The rent will increase after this month. (adverb phrase as modifier)
Louise holds two jobs because she supports her sons in college. (subordinate
clause as adverbial ­modifier)
The ­houses where American presidents ­were born are museums. (subordinate
clause as adjectival modifier)

10c   Adjectives modify nouns.

The six kinds of adjectives are the following:

Limiting: Many children are bused to school.
Numerical: Four days have passed since I saw her.
Descriptive: Striped wallpaper hung in the hall.
Proper: American and Russian flags lined the parade route.
Pronoun: My book has a torn cover.
Article: A letter has arrived.

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58 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

10d   Articles

The articles a and an (indefinite articles) indicate that the noun they modify is an
example of a general type.
A dove symbolizes peace. (any dove)
A doctor saves lives. (any doctor)
An ambulance brings people to hospitals. (any ambulance)

Note: Do not use the articles a or an after “kind of,” “type of,” or “sort of.”
A mango is a kind of fruit.
(Not:… a kind of a fruit.)
The Citation is a new type of car.
(Not:… a new type of a car.)
That sound gives me a sort of weird feeling.
(Not:… a sort of a weird feeling.)

The article the (definite article) indicates that the noun it modifies is a par­tic­
u­lar noun.
The winner received ten thousand dollars. (specific person)
The lamp over there is sold. (specific thing)

10e   Single adjectives and compound adjectives

A single adjective usually comes immediately before the word it modifies.

Help me carry this heavy package.

A compound adjective consists of two or more words serving as a single adjective.

The drought made the earth bone dry.
My dictionary is up to date.

When a compound adjective comes before a noun, the words are joined by a hyphen.
Woody Allen was my ­next-­door neighbor.
A ­large-­scale map is hanging on the wall.

When the modifying words follow a noun, they are not hyphenated, unless they are
normally hyphenated compounds.
This book is well written.
My new watch is self-­winding. (normally hyphenated)

When two or more adjectives come before a noun but do not act jointly, they are not
hyphenated.
Jim was wearing a white silk shirt.
I’ve had a long, hard day.

Note: If the word and can be inserted between two adjectives that come before a noun
without destroying the meaning of the sentence, put a comma in between the two adjec-
tives; otherwise, do not.
Miss Cameron is a kind, generous person. (kind and generous)
Show us your new suit.
(Not:… your, new suit.)
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 grammar and usage refresher • 59

10f  Two or more adjectives may follow the word they modify to make the sen-
tence read more smoothly.
The children, tired and hungry, ­were difficult to control.

10g  Most adjectives may show greater or lesser degrees of their characteristic
quality.
Today was cold. (characteristic quality)
Tomorrow will be colder than today. (greater)
The day after will be the coldest. (still greater)
Yesterday was less cold than today. (lesser)
The day before was the least cold this week. (lesser still)

Some adjectives do not show comparison.

Jennifer is pregnant.
(She cannot be more pregnant or less pregnant.)
This salad dressing is perfect.
(Not:… is more perfect or less perfect.)

10h   The three degrees of comparison are positive, comparative, and superlative.
Tania is happy. (positive degree)
Lenny is happier than Frank. (comparative degree)
Wayne is the happiest of all. (superlative degree)

The positive degree simply names the quality expressed by an adjective.

I like spicy food.

The comparative degree indicates that the quality described by an adjective exists in
one person to a greater or lesser degree than in another person or thing.
Susan looks older than Liz. (greater)
Marlo was more excited than her brother. (greater)
This street is less clean than the one where I live. (lesser)

The greater form of the comparative degree is formed by adding -er to the positive
degree or by inserting “more” before the positive form.
rich 1 er 5 richer
rich 1 more 5 more rich

The lesser form of the comparative degree is formed by inserting “less” before the
positive form.
rich 1 less 5 less rich

Note: Use the comparative degree when comparing only two things.

The superlative degree indicates that the quality described by an adjective exists in the
greatest or least degree in one person or thing.
Rufus is the friendliest dog I know. (greatest)
Florence seems the least ner­vous of us all. (least)
Note: Use the superlative degree when comparing more than two things.

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60 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

10i  Some adjectives do not follow the regular methods of forming their compar-
ative and superlative degrees.
Positive degree Comparative degree Superlative degree
good better best
bad worse worst
little less, lesser least
(A dictionary will provide the irregular comparisons of such adjectives.)

Most adjectives of three syllables or more are compared by the use of “more” and
“most,” rather than by the endings -er and -est.
Tim is more capable of managing a business than Jon.
Alma is the most wonderful girl I know.

10j  Avoid double comparisons, which are formed by adding both “more” or
“most” and -er or -est.
Alan is the brightest little boy.
(Not:… the most brightest…)
Eric is a better eater than his brother.
(Not:… a more better eater…)

10k   When two things are compared, both things should be clearly accounted for.
These clothes look cleaner than those (clothes).
George looks older than he used to.

An ellipsis is the leaving out of one or more words that are grammatically important but
that are understood by the reader.
Harvey plays soccer better than I (do).
While (he was) waiting for the pitch, Al Bumbry clenched the bat tightly.

Incomplete subordinate clauses that cause confusion, similar to the confusion caused by
dangling modifiers, may be corrected by supplying the missing words.
Margaret’s dress was torn while she was climbing over the fence.
(Not: Margaret’s dress was torn while climbing over the fence.)

Use the word other or else to separate the thing being compared from the rest of the
group of which the word is a part.
This car gets better mileage than all the other cars.
Mary Beth is more beautiful than anyone ­else around.

10l  Infinitives, infinitive phrases, participles, and participial phrases may act as
adjectives.

Mr. Garcia is the man to know if you want a bank loan. (infinitive as adjective)

This is a day to remember always. (infinitive phrase as adjective)

Screaming, Nancy woke up from her nightmare. (present participle as adjective)

Covering his face, the defendant walked past the reporters. (participial phrase as
adjective)

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 grammar and usage refresher • 61

10m Infinitive and participial phrases that begin a sentence must be able to
refer, both logically and grammatically, to the subject of the main clause.
To qualify for the job, you need a high school diploma.
(Not: To qualify for the job, a high school diploma is needed. A “high school
diploma” cannot apply for the job.)
Rushing to finish, Tina made some errors.
(Not: Rushing to finish, some errors ­were made by Tina. “Errors” cannot rush
to finish.)

10n  Infinitive and participial phrases are called dangling modifiers if they cannot
logically and grammatically attach to the subject of the main clause.
To apply for a credit card, an application form must be filled out. (infinitive phrase
as dangling modifier)
Being an only child, my parents spoiled me. (participial phrase as dangling modifier)

Sentences with dangling modifiers may be corrected either by supplying the subject
that the phrase can sensibly modify or by changing the phrase to an introductory adver-
bial clause.
To apply for a credit card, one must fill out an application. (Or: When one applies
for a credit card, an application form must be filled out.)
Being an only child, I was spoiled by my parents. (Or. Because I am an only child,
I was spoiled by my parents.)

10o   A prepositional phrase may act as an adjective.

The violent storm damaged the roof of our ­house.
Her leaving without saying a word irritated me.
(also considered a gerund phrase)

10p   A subordinate clause may act as an adjective.

Thanks for the present that you gave me.
The woman who can help you is not at her desk.
This ring, which belonged to my grandmother, is valuable.
The building where they used to live is being torn down.
There is never a time when Ed isn’t busy.

Subordinate clauses that act as adjectives may state essential information or nonessen-
tial information.
The train that you need to take is leaving from Track 12. (information essential
to describe which train)
Peter loves his car, which he hasn’t finished paying for. (information that is
nonessential to describe which car)

10q   Restrictive and nonrestrictive clauses

Restrictive clauses, which contain essential information, are not set apart by
commas.
The secondhand radio that I bought for five dollars works beautifully. (restrictive
clause)

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62 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

Nonrestrictive clauses, which contain secondary information that is not essen-

tial to the sentence, are set off by commas.
My friend Dina, whom I’ve known for years, wants me to visit her. (nonrestrictive
clause)

10r  “Whose” is the possessive form for the relative pronouns “who,” “which,”
and “that.”
The boy whose father died had to get a job.
The dog whose leg was broken runs well now.
Mr. Temple, whose wife is a ballerina, teaches French.
The book whose cover is damaged is half price.

10s  A word, phrase, or clause should be placed as close as possible to the word it modifies.
Give me a glass of cold beer.
(Not: Give me a cold glass…)
We need someone with experience to cook breakfast.
(Not: We need someone to cook breakfast with experience.)
Grant wore a felt hat that was obviously too small on his head.
(Not: Grant wore a felt hat on his head that was obviously too small.)

10t  A misplaced modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that is misplaced in the
sentence so that it modifies the wrong word.
Wrong: Mrs. Kent was injured while preparing her husband’s dinner in a
horrible manner.
Right: Mrs. Kent was injured in a horrible manner while preparing her
husband’s dinner.
Wrong: The old farmer went to the barn to milk the cow with a cane.
Right: The old farmer with the cane went to the barn to milk the cow.
Wrong: The flames ­were extinguished before any damage was done by the Fire
Department.
Right: The flames ­were extinguished by the Fire Department before any dam-
age was done.

10u  Squinting modifiers are modifiers that are misplaced so that the reader cannot tell
if the word, phrase, or clause modifies the words immediately before the modifier or
immediately after.
Wrong: Henry said today he would wash his car.
Right: Today Henry said he would wash his car. (Or: Henry said he would wash
his car today.)
Wrong: The dentist told him frequently to use dental floss.
Right: The dentist frequently told him to use dental floss. (Or: The dentist told
him to use dental floss frequently.)

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 Chapter 11: Modifiers
(Continued)—Adverbs, Adverbial
Phrases, and Clauses

11a   Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.

Don runs slowly. (modifies verb)
Emily is an extremely gifted pianist. (modifies adjective)
Eric Heiden skates incredibly well. (modifies adverb)

11b   The five kinds of adverbs are classified by the questions they answer.

How? Adverbs of manner.

She sings well. He speaks clearly.

Where? Adverbs of place or direction.

Take me home. She was just here. He went out.

When? Adverbs of time.

Bring it immediately. I’ll see you tomorrow.

How much? Adverbs of degree or mea­sure.

That’s enough. A little more, please.

Why? Adverbs of cause, reason, or purpose.

He left because he was afraid.
I have ten dollars, so we can go out.

11c  The following words can be either adjectives or adverbs, depending on their
use.

above fast only

better first slow
cheap hard well
deep long
early much

The sign said to drive slow. (adverb)

Slow drivers can be dangerous. (adjective)
Mark Spitz can swim better than I can. (adverb)
Lucy feels better now. (adjective)

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64 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

11d  Distinguish carefully when an adverb should follow a linking verb and when a
predicate adjective should be used to follow the linking verb.
Sharon looks bad. (predicate adjective meaning that Sharon doesn’t look healthy)
Miguel looks badly. (adverb meaning that Miguel is doing a poor job looking for
something)
Carmen smells sweet. (predicate adjective meaning that Carmen has a sweet scent)
Roses smell sweetly. (adverb incorrectly meaning that roses sniff the air sweetly!)

11e  While speaking, one may incorrectly drop the -ly ending from common adverbs.
I’m real glad you called.
(Correct: I’m really glad you called.)
He sure is lucky.
(Correct: He surely is lucky.)

Do not drop the -ly ending unless a shorter form is correct.

I bought it cheaply. (Or: I bought it cheap.)
Come quickly! (Or: Come quick!)

The adverbs hardly, scarcely, only, and barely should not be used with a negative
verb construction.
Ernie has hardly any free time.
(Not: Ernie hasn’t hardly any free time.)
­Rose and I have scarcely worked this week.
(Not: ­Rose and I haven’t scarcely worked this week.)

11f   An adverb may show greater or lesser degrees of its characteristic quality.
Peter arrived early.
Adam came earlier than Peter.
Amy came earliest of all.

The positive degree simply names the quality expressed by an adverb.

Stephanie runs quickly.

The comparative degree indicates that the quality described by an adverb exists for
one person or thing to a greater or lesser degree than for another person or thing.
New air conditioners run more efficiently than old ones.
Nat draws less well than Monica.

The comparative degree of adverbs is formed by inserting “more” or “less” before

the positive degree form, unless there is an irregular form for the comparative
degree.
Charles works more diligently than Mark.
Barbara gets angry less often than Steven.
This stereo sounds better than mine. (irregular form)

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 grammar and usage refresher • 65

The superlative degree indicates the quality described by the adverb exists in the
greatest or least degree for one person or thing.
Ben works most carefully when someone is watching.
Elaine explained the problem the most clearly.
His was the least carefully written report.

The superlative degree of adverbs is formed by inserting “most” or “least” before

the positive degree form.
Who was voted “most likely to succeed”?
Tracy Austin played least skillfully during the first set.

When two persons or things are being compared, the comparison should be clear.
I love chocolate more than Umberto does.
(Not: I love chocolate more than Umberto. Such an incomplete comparison
might be interpreted to mean “I love chocolate more than I love Umberto.”)

11g   An infinitive or an infinitive phrase may be used as an adverb.

Robert was willing to go. (infinitive used as adverb)
I am writing to explain my behavior last night. (infinitive phrase used as adverb)

11h   A prepositional phrase may be used as an adverb.

We left for the weekend.
The old man sat on the park bench.
The coach supported his team in every way.

11i   A subordinate clause may be used as an adverb.

Mrs. Maurillo forgot her umbrella when she left.
Because they cooperated with him, the president thanked several members of
Congress.

11j  An adverb or an adverbial phrase should be placed as close as possible to

the word it modifies.
Joanne worked without complaining while her husband went to school.
(Not: Joanne worked while her husband went to school without complaining.)

Note how an adverbial misplacement may change the meaning of a sentence.

The room can be painted only by me.
(not by anyone ­else)
The room can only be painted by me.
(not wallpapered)
Only the room can be painted by me.
(not the outside of the ­house)

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66 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

11k  An adverbial clause may be placed either at the beginning of a sentence or,
in its natural order, after the main clause.
After you have read this letter, you will understand my reasons.
You will understand my reasons after you have read this letter.

Note: An adverbial clause is followed by a comma when it is used to introduce a

sentence.

11l  Adverbial phrases and clauses should be placed so that only one meaning is
possible.
After the movie we all agreed to go for some ice cream. (Or: We all agreed to go
for some ice cream after the movie.)
(Not: We all agreed after the movie to go for some ice cream.)
Ask Kay to call me when she gets in. (Or: When she gets in, ask Kay to call me.)
(Not: Ask Kay when she gets in to call me.)

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 Chapter 12: Connectives

12a   A connective joins one part of a sentence to another part.

Phillip and Dennis are giving a concert to­night.
(The connective and joins the two parts of the compound subject.)
Did you go out, or did you stay home last night?
(The connective or joins the two in­de­pen­dent clauses.)
The banks are closed because today is a holiday.
(The connective because joins the main clause to the subordinate clause.)
The investigation of the robbery has been completed.
(The connective of joins the noun robbery to the noun investigation.)

12b   A connective may be a preposition, a conjunction, an adverb, or a pronoun.

Josie left her scarf on the bus. (preposition)
Mr. Fernandez campaigned for the presidency, but he lost. (conjunction)
Kevin looked back because someone was shouting. (conjunction)
Ernie left his home an hour ago; therefore, he should be ­here any minute.
(adverb)
The letter that was mailed this morning should arrive tomorrow. (pronoun)

12c   Prepositions as connectives

A preposition may be a word or a compound. A compound consists of two or more

words that function as one word.
Come over ­here. (word)
Women live longer than men, according to statistics. (compound)

12d   A preposition joins a noun or pronoun to the rest of the sentence.

prep.

One of the windows is broken. (noun)

prep.

Josh is worried about his health. (noun)

prep.

These bags have nothing in them. (pronoun)

Choosing the correct preposition is often based on idiomatic usage—that is, the
way En­glish is used, whether or not it contradicts strict grammatical rules.

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 Modifier

1.Although covered in about 11 inches of snow, aviation officials said that conditions on the
runway at the time of the emergency landing was acceptable.

A. aviation officials said that conditions on the runway at the time of the emergency landing was
acceptable
B. the runway conditions during the emergency landing were acceptable according to aviation
officials
C. according to aviation officials, the runway was in acceptable condition during the time of the
emergency landing
D. the runway was in acceptable condition during the emergency landing, according to aviation
officials
E. aviation officials said that conditions on the runway at the time of the emergency landing Were
acceptable

REASON: (D) CORRECT. The modifying phrase "although covered in about 11 inches of snow" is
correctly followed by the noun the modifier refers to, "the runway." Additionally, the phrase
"according to aviation officials" is placed at the end of the sentence, unambiguously referring to the
main clause ("the runway was in acceptable condition").

2. Discouraged by new data that show increases in toxic emissions from domestic factories,
searches for alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the
nation's leading manufacturing companies.

A. searches for alternative investment opportunities are being conducted by shareholders of the
nation's leading manufacturing companies
B. searches are being conducted by shareholders of the nation's leading manufacturing companies
who are looking for alternative investment opportunities
C. shareholders of the nation's leading manufacturing companies had begun searching for
investment opportunities outside of the manufacturing industry
D. the nation's leading manufacturing companies are searching for alternative investment
opportunities for its shareholders
E. shareholders of the nation's leading manufacturing companies are searching for Alternative
investment opportunities

REASON: (E) CORRECT. The misplaced modifier issue is corrected by placing "shareholders" adjacent
to the modifying phrase. It is clear that the "shareholders" are "searching," and not the companies.
The active voice "are searching" replaces the wordy passive construction "searches... are being
conducted by." Finally, the phrase "alternative investment opportunities" is clear and concise.

3.Found in the wild only in Australia and New Guinea, powerful back legs with long feet
distinguish kangaroos from other large mammals.

A. powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other large mammals
B. powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from other mammals that are large
C. powerful back legs with long feet distinguish kangaroos from those of other mammals that Are
large
D. kangaroos are distinguished from other large mammals by powerful legs with long feet

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E. kangaroos are being distinguished from other mammals that are large by powerful legs with long
feet

REASON: (D) CORRECT. This answer choice correctly places the appropriate noun "kangaroos"
immediately after the modifier "Found in the wild only in Australia and New Guinea." In addition, this
answer choice is clear, concise, and free of the redundancies present in other answers.

4. Responding to growing demand for high-end vehicles, the interiors of the newest models are so
luxurious that they sell for nearly twice the price of last year's models.

A. the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that they sell
B. the interiors of the newest models are so luxurious that the cars are sold
C. auto makers have installed interiors in the newest models that are so luxurious that they sell
D. the interior of the newest models are so luxurious that they are sold
E. auto makers have installed such luxurious interiors in the newest models that these cars sell

REASON: (E) CORRECT. This choice correctly introduces "auto makers" as the subject of the sentence
and also corrects the pronoun error by replacing "they" with "these cars." Note that the use of the
synonym "cars" avoids both the awkward repetition of "models" and the ambiguity of the pronoun
"they."

5. Given its authoritative coverage of other science topics, the textbook's chapter on genetics Is
surprisingly tentative, which leads one to doubt the author's scholarship in that particular area.

A. the textbook's chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative, which leads

B. the chapter of the textbook on genetics is surprisingly tentative, leading
C. the textbook contains a surprising and tentative chapter on genetics, which leads
D. the textbook's chapter on genetics is surprisingly tentative and leads
E. the textbook is surprisingly tentative in its chapter on genetics, leading

6.Hailed as a key discovery in the science of evolution, the fossils of a large scaly. Creature
resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence of a possible link in the evolutionary
chain from water-based to land-based organisms.

A. the fossils of a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provide evidence of
B. a large scaly creature resembling both a fish and a land-animal provides fossils that are evidence
C. a large scaly creature, whose fossils resemble both a fish and a land-animal, provides evidence of
D. the fossils of a large scaly creature, which resembles both a fish and a land-animal, provides
evidence of
E. the fossils of a large scaly creature resemble both a fish and a land-animal and provide evidence of

7. Hoping to alleviate some of the financial burdens of a growing population, property taxes last
year were raised by an eleven percent increase by the county government.

A. property taxes last year were raised by an eleven percent increase by the county government
B. property taxes were raised by eleven percent last year by the county government
C. the county government raised property taxes by an eleven percent increase last year
D. the county government last year raised by eleven. percent property taxes
E. the county government raised property taxes by eleven percent last year

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8. In order to properly evaluate a patient's state of mind and gain informed consent prior to
surgery, a substantial period of time must be spent with the operating physician by the patient to
become fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing a surgical procedure.

A. a substantial period of time must be spent with the operating physician by the patient to become
fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing a surgical procedure
B. the operating physician and the patient must spend a substantial amount of time together, thus
ensuring full awareness of the pros and cons of undergoing the surgical procedure
C. the patient must spend a substantial amount of time with his or her operating physician, Thus
ensuring that he or she has been made fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing The surgical
procedure
D. the operating physician must spend a substantial amount of time with the patient, thus ensuring
that the patient is fully aware of the pros and cons of undergoing a surgical procedure
E. the operating physician must ensure that he or she is fully aware of the pros and cons of
undergoing a surgical procedure by spending a substantial amount of time with the patient

9. Many daring vacationers who participate in guided boat tours on the Tarcoles River encounter
native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses are peaking out from the surface
of the murky water.

A. encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses are peaking out
B. encountered native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses peak out
C. had encountered native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, whose eyes and noses peak out
D. encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, with eyes and noses peaking out
E. encounter native crocodiles lurking in the shallows, with eyes and noses that are peaking out

10.Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish
power only after a long struggle by the native people.

A. Before its independence in 1947, Britain ruled India as a colony and they would relinquish power
B. Before independence in 1947, Britain had ruled India as a colony and relinquished power
C. Before its independence in 1947, India was ruled by Britain as a colony and they relinquished
power
D. Before independence in 1947, India had been ruled as a colony by Britain, which relinquished
power
E. Before independence in 1947, India had been a colony of the British, who relinquished power

11.Used until the end of the Second World War, the German army employed the U-boat to attack
both military or civilian watercraft.

A. the German army employed the U-boat to attack both military or

B. the U-boat was employed by the German army to attack both military and
C. the U-boat employed the German army to attack both military or
D. the German army had employed the U-Boat to attack both military and the
E. the U-boat has been employed by the German army to attack both military and also

12.Though most people take it for granted now, the nationwide admission of students to college
sand universities based on academic merit is a relatively recent phenomenon, beginning only after
World War II.

A. Though most people take it for granted now, the nationwide admission of students to college
sand universities based on academic merit

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B. Though it is now taken for granted by most people, the admission of nationwide students To
colleges and universities based on academic merit
C. Now taken for granted by most people, colleges and universities admitting students based on
their academic merit
D. Most take them for granted now, but the admission of nationwide students to colleges And
universities based on their academic merit
E. Most people now take for granted that colleges and universities admit students nationally based
on academic merit, and it

13. According to Italy's top anti-Mafia prosecutor, the ailing mobster came to take refuge in
Corleone, a town famous because of the "The Godfather" and near to those he most trusted.

A. the ailing mobster came to take refuge in Corleone, a town famous because of "The Godfather"
and near to those he most trusted
B. famous because of "The Godfather," the ailing mobster came to take refuge in Corleone, atown
near to those he most trusted
C. the ailing mobster, famous because of "The Godfather," came to take refuge in Corleone, A town
near to those he most trusted
D. near to those he most trusted, the ailing mobster came to take refuge in Corleone, a town famous
because of "The Godfather"
E. Corleone, famous because of "The Godfather," was the town that the ailing mobster came totake
refuge in because it was near to those he most trusted

14.The author Herman Melville and the poet Walt Whitman are icons of American literature,
greatly beloved by generations past and present.

A. The author Herman Melville and the poet Walt Whitman are icons
B. Herman Melville the author and Walt Whitman the poet are icons
C. The author named Herman Melville and the poet named Walt Whitman are great icons
D. The author, Herman Melville, and the poet, Walt Whitman, are icons
E. Herman Melville, the author, and Walt Whitman, the poet, had been icons

15. Jean-Jacques Rousseau contended that man is good only when in "the state of nature" but is
corrupted by society, that compels man to compare himself to others.

A. man is good only when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted by society, that
B. only man is good when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted by society, that
C. man is good when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted only by society, that
D. only man is good when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted by society, which
E. man is good only when in "the state of nature" but is corrupted by society, which

16.Though the language of Beowulf is practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers,

careful linguistic analysis reveals a multitude of similarities to modern English.

A. Though the language of Beowulf is practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers, careful

linguistic analysis reveals a multitude of similarities to modern English.
B. Despite that it is practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers, careful linguistic analysis
reveals that the language of Beowulf has a multitude of similarities to modern English.
C. Though being practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers, the language of Beowulf
reveals through careful linguistic analysis a multitude of similarities to modern English.
D. Though Beowulf has a language that is practically incomprehensible to contemporary readers, a

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multitude of similarities are revealed to modern English through careful linguistic analysis.
E. Despite having practically incomprehensible language to contemporary readers, Beowulf reveals
through careful linguistic analysis a multitude of similarities to modern English.

17.Fusion, the process through which the sun produces heat and light, has been studied by
scientists, some of whom have attempted to mimic the process in their laboratories by blasting
container of liquid solvent with strong ultrasonic vibrations.

A. Fusion, the process through which the sun produces heat and light, has been studied By scientists,
B. Fusion, the heat and light produced by the sun, has been studied by scientists,
C. Fusion, the process through which heat and light are produced by the sun, has been studied by
scientists,
D. Scientists have studied fusion, the process the sun uses to produce heat and light,
E. Scientists have studied fusion, the process the sun uses to produce heat and light, and

18.Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until it was revived
by Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound
despite its relative obscurity.

A. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until it was revived by
Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound
despite its relative obscurity.
B. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor played often in concert halls until it was revived by
Andres Segovia in the mid-twentieth century, having been won over by the instrument's sound
despite its relative obscurity.
C. Classical guitar was not prestigious and was not often played in concert halls until Andres Segovia
revived it in the mid-twentieth century, after he was won over by the sound despite the instrument's
relative obscurity.
D. Classical guitar did not have prestige nor was it performed often in concert halls until its revival by
Andres Segovia, who in the mid-twentieth century was won over by the instrument's sound despite
its relative obscurity.
E. Classical guitar was neither prestigious nor was often played in concert halls until Andres Segovia
revived it in the mid-twentieth century, when he was won over by the sound of the relatively
obscure instrument.

19. The fastest processor from Intel, Itanium's multi core architecture handles data compression
on a PC as efficiently as the Porsche's perfectly. balanced engine handles curves on the road.

A. The fastest processor from Intel, Itanium's multi- core architecture handles data compression on a
PC as efficiently as the Porsche's perfectly balanced engine handles curves on the road.
B. The fastest processor from Intel, Itanium has a multi-core architecture that handles data
compression on a PC as efficiently as the perfectly balanced engine of the Porsche handles curves on
the road.
C. Itanium's multi-core architecture, the fastest processor from Intel, handles data compression on a
PC as efficiently as the Porsche's perfectly balanced engine handles curves on the road.
D. The multicore architecture of Itanium, the fastest processor from Intel, handles data compression
on a PC as efficiently as the Porsche, the perfectly balanced engine, handles curves on the road.
E. The fastest processor from Intel, Itanium has a multi-core architecture that handles data
compression on a PC as efficiently as the handling of curves on the road by the perfectly balanced
engine of the Porsche.

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20.When their eggs rejected by the host birds, certain cuckoos and cowbirds, in the name of
parenting, resorting to bullying and destruction of host parents' eggs, forcing_many_birds to
adopt the unwelcome alien eggs in their nest.

A. When their eggs rejected by the host birds, certain cuckoos and cowbirds, in the name of
parenting, resorting to bullying and destruction of host parents' eggs, forcing many birds
B. When their eggs are rejected by the host birds, certain cuckoos and cowbirds, in the name of
parenting, resort to bullying and destruction of host parents' eggs, forcing many birds
C. When their eggs are rejected by the host birds, certain cuckoos and cowbirds resort to bullying
and destruction of host parents' eggs, forcing many birds, in the name of parenting,
D. In the name of parenting, certain cuckoos and cowbirds resort to bullying and destruction of host
parents' eggs, forcing many birds, when their eggs are rejected by the host birds,
E. In the name of parenting when host birds rejected their eggs, certain cuckoos and cowbirds resort
to bullying and destruction of host parents' eggs, forcing many birds.

21.Sociologists who focus on social recognition report that many people from minority groups join
the workforce with enthusiasm and hope to participate in the capitalist culture for potential
success for everyone, only to find themselves alienated from their colleagues and subjected to
prejudice.

A. only to find themselves alienated from their colleagues and subjected

B. finding themselves alienated from their colleagues and subjected
C. and they find themselves alienated from their colleagues and subjected
D. finding themselves alienated from their colleagues, and subjected them
E. where they find themselves alienated from their colleagues and subjected

22.Surrounded by smaller spiral-shaped 'satellite' galaxies such as the Triangulum galaxy,

astronomers who observe it speculate that the Andromeda galaxy will collide with the Milky Way
in a few billion years.

A. Surrounded by smaller spiral-shaped 'satellite' galaxies such as the Triangulum galaxy,

astronomers who observe it speculate that the Andromeda galaxy
B. Astronomers observe the Andromeda galaxy, speculating that it is surrounded by smaller spiral-
shaped 'satellite' galaxies and that it
C. Astronomers observing the Andromeda galaxy, which is surrounded by smaller spiral-shaped
'satellite' galaxies such as the Triangulum galaxy, speculate that it
D. Astronomers who observe it speculate that the Andromeda galaxy, which is surrounded by
smaller spiral-shaped satellite galaxies such as the Triangulum galaxy and which
E. Observing the Andromeda galaxy and surrounded. by smaller spiral-shaped satellite galaxies such
as the Triangulum galaxy, astronomers speculate that it

23.Recently, some astronomers spotted a gap in the extended outer atmosphere of the Sun, a
discovery suggesting that a gigantic number of particles escaped into space as geomagnetic storms
that at times cause damage to the Earth's satellites and power grids.

A. Sun, a discovery suggesting that a gigantic number of particles escaped

B. Sun, a discovery that suggested the escape of a gigantic amount of particles
C. Sun suggesting that a gigantic number of particles escaped
D. Sun that suggests a gigantic number of particles that escaped
E. Sun, a discovery suggesting a gigantic amount of particles escaping

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8

24. Robert H. Goddard, recognized as one of the founding fathers of rocketry, holds the patents for
the discovery of liquid-fueled and multi-stage rockets, but rarely acknowledged until the dawn of
the space

A. but rarely
B. was rarely
C. but had rarely been
D. which had rarely been
E. but he was rarely

25.The Ashoka Pillars inscribed with edicts by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka, relics of the remorse
he had felt after observing the destruction of Kalinga during one of his quests, a series of columns
spread out in the north Indian region.

A. Ashoka, relics of the remorse he had felt after observing the destruction of Kalinga during one of
his quests,
B. Ashoka are relics of the remorse he felt after observing the destruction of Kalinga during one of
his quests,
C. Ashoka, relics of the remorse he felt after observing the destruction of Kalinga during one of his
quests, are
D. Ashoka are relics of the remorse he felt after observing the destruction of Kalinga during one of
his quests, which are
E. Ashoka that are relics of the remorse he felt after observing the destruction of Kalinga during one
of his quests and are

26.After the Second World War, the city of Cologne started the repair of the historical Cathedral, a
project, taking almost a decade to finish; the Bild, the largest daily, described as the most
expensive repair undertaken ever.

A. the repair of the historical Cathedral, a project, taking almost a decade to finish;
B. repairing the historical Cathedral, a project that took almost a decade to finish;
C. repairing the historical Cathedral, a project that had taken almost a decade to finish and
D. the repair of the historical Cathedral, a project that took almost a decade to finish and
E. the repair of the historical Cathedral, a project that took almost a decade to finish and that

Page 68
LUMIBA Preps IBA Karachi

PARALLELISM and Faulty COMPARISON

TEST YOURSELF - PARALLELISM

1. The average citizen today is surprisingly knowledgeable about landmark court decisions
concerning such questions as affirmative action reproductive rights, and whether students can pray
in school.

A) rights, and whether students can pray in school

B) rights, and whether students could pray in school
C) rights, or whether students can pray in school
D) rights, and the issue of praying in school rights, and school prayer23.

2. Fans of Donald Trump's reality television show. Apprentice have described it as simultaneously
infuriating because of Trump's arrogance but Trump's shrewdness still has a fascination.

A) but Trump's shrewdness still has a fascination

B) and Trump's shrewdness still is fascinating
C) and Trump's is fascinatingly shrewd and fascinating because of Trump's shrewdness
E) while Trump is so shrewd that be fascinates the

3. Into her shopping basket she placed her favorite vegetables, an assortment of fresh fruit, and she
included a loaf of French bread.

A) and she included a loaf of French

B) and a loaf of French bread
C) and she also included a loaf of French bread
D) a loaf of French bread as well
E) and she includes a loaf of French bread

4. A popular lecturer who spoke as eloquently on Christianity as literature. Lewis combined faith and
fiction in his allegorical tales of Narnia.
A) as eloquently on Christianity as literature
B) with eloquence on Christianity and literature also
C) eloquently on Christianity so much as on literature
D) so eloquently on Christianity plus literature
E) as eloquentiy on Christianity as on literature

5. Many Europeans consider Americans overweight, wasteful, and they don't understand
international politics.

(A) Americans overweight, wasteful, and they don't understand

(B) Americans overweight, wasteful; and they don't understand
(C) Americans to be overweight, wasteful, and they don't understand
(D) Americans being overweight, wasteful, and ignorant of
(E) Americans overweight, wasteful, and ignorant of

6. Anonymous Four's concert "American Angel" includes none of the group's trademark medieval
songs, but one that does provide insight into the roots of Anglo-American spiritual vocal music.

(A) but one that does provide

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LUMIBA Preps IBA Karachi

(B) but it does provide

(C) but provide
(D) however providing
(E) however that does provide

7. Breakfast cereal is no more known as the product of a health craze than people think of Coca-Cola
as a rust-remover.

(A) than people think of Coca-Cola

(B) as Coca-Cola is not thought of
(C) than Coca-Cola is thought of
(D) as similarly people do not think of Coca-Cola
(E) any more than Coca-Cola is thought of

8. The proprietors saw the Elvis Is Alive Museum as a lucrative tourist attraction, but for other
residents they saw in it an embarrassment to the Missouri town.

(A) attraction, but for other residents they saw in it

(B) attraction; residents seeing in it
(C) attraction, to residents as
(D) attraction; residents saw it as
(E) attraction, while it was seen by others as being

9. Major risk factors for cardiovascular disease include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol,
smoking,and to be physically inactive.

(A) include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive
(B) include high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and physical inactivity
(C) include high blood pressure, blood cholesterol, smoking, and being physically inactive
(D) includes high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and to be physically inactive
(E) includes high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, smoking, and being physically inactive

10. Research has indicated that, with diabetes on the rise, incorporation of buckwheat into the diet
could help provide a safe, easier, and inexpensive way to lower glucose levels and reducing the risk
of complications associated with the disease.

(A) a safe, easier, and inexpensive way to lower glucose levels and reducing the risk of
(B) a safe, easy, and inexpensive way to lower glucose levels and reducing the risk of
(C) a safer, easier, and inexpensive way to lowering glucose levels and reduce the risk of
(D) a safer, easier, and less expensive way to lower glucose levels and reducing the risk of
(E) a safe, easy, and inexpensive way to lower glucose levels and reduce the risk of

11. The ENIAC, one of the earliest computers, contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, covered 1,800 square
feet of floor space, weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power, and, when turned
on, had caused the city of Philadelphia to experience brownouts.

(A) had caused

(B) was causing
(C) did cause
(D) caused
(E) had been causing

12. Having read many of both authors' novels, I prefer those of Ernest Hemingway to Victor Hugo.

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LUMIBA Preps IBA Karachi

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. those of Victor Hugo
C. Victor Hugo's writing
D. what Victor Hugo wrote

13. Teeth-grinding, fidgeting, and excessive energy are a few negative side effects of
overconsumption of energy drinks.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. to have excess energy
C. to be overly-energetic
D. more than enough energy

14. Hibernation, the act of resting and conserving energy when food is scarce, is a behavior more
common to bears than most other mammals.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. more like bears than
C. more common to bears than to
D. more common to bears than to the behavior of

15. There are many famous architects who began as furniture designers, interior decorators, or
worked in construction.worked in construction.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. in construction.
C. construction workers.
D. who worked in construction.

16. Human infants, unlike the young of other species, are born without yet knowing the basic
instincts that are necessary for their survival.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. with
C. that of
D. [DELETE the underlined portion]

17. The length of this completed essay, almost eighteen pages long, is far more impressive than that
poorly-researched rough draft.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. a
C. this
D. the length of that

18. For our feature on your achievements, would you like to be interviewed online, in the
newspaper, or captured on video?

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. on video

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LUMIBA Preps IBA Karachi

C. a video interview
D. interviewed on video

19. Strict vegans monitor more than just their eating habits; they refuse to use any animal products
for clothing or to decorate.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. decoration
C. decorate with them
D. use them for decoration

20. More citizens of New York City (with its affordable subway network) utilize public transportation
than those of any other city.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. any
C. that of any
D. the public transportation of any

21. One minor tragedy of life is that you must choose to follow only a single path rather than going
down all possible roads.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. down
C. go down
D. following down

22. If you are planning a solo wilderness adventure, some important necessities are a compass, a
map, a supply of water, and to tell people where you are going.a compass, a map, a supply of water,
and to tell people where you are going.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. a compass, a map, water, and to tell people where you are going.
C. having: a compass, a map, a supply of water, and telling people where you are going.
D. to tell people where you are going and to bring a compass, a map, and a supply of water.

23. The newest models of seismographs, which are scientific devices designed to measure the
movements of tectonic plates, are now more sophisticated than previous eras.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. it used to be
C. eras once were
D. the seismographs of previous eras

24. Ear-piercing has many social functions; it not only is a sign of rebellion, but also is an indicator of
fashion sense or demonstrates belonging.

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. belonging
C. demonstrated belonging
D. to demonstrate belonging

25. The nighthawk is a bird that eats primarily insects, much like the diet of many other birds around
the world.

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LUMIBA Preps IBA Karachi

A. [NO CHANGE]
B. as do many other birds around the world
C. much like the diet of many other birds around the world
D. much like what many other birds around the world eat

26. Today, among twentieth-century artists, Salvador Dali's renown is probably exceeded only by
Picasso.

A) artists. Salvador Dali's renown is probably exceeded only by Picasso

B) artists. Salvador Dali's is probably exceeded in renown only by Picasso's
C) artists. Salvador Dali's renown is probably exceeded only by Picasso's
D) artists. Salvador Dali is only exceeded in renown probably by only Picasso
E) artists. Salvador Dali's renown is only probably exceeded by Picasso's

27. Opinion polls show the public has about as dim a view of pharmaceutical companies as tobacco
companies.

A) has about as dim a view of pharmaceutical companies as tobacco companies

B) have about as dim a view of pharmaceutical companies as tobacco companies
C) has about as dim a view of pharmaceutical companies as it does of tobacco companies
D) has almost so dim a view of pharmaceutical companies as of tobacco companies
E) has approximately as dim a view of pharmaceutical companies as tobacco companies

28. If we compare the number of station wagons on the road with the minivan, we see that the
minivan is currently in the ascendant with the minivan, we see that the

A) If we compare the number of station wagons on the road with the minivan is, we see that the
minivan is
B) To compare the station wagons on the road with minivans is to show that the minivan is
C) In comparison with the station wagons on the road, the number of minivans is
D) A comparison of the numbers of station wagons and minivans on the road indicates that minivans
are
E) Comparing the numbers of station wagons and minivans on the road, it can be seen that the
minivan is

29. Kate was disappointed by the judge's decision, because she knew her pumpkin pie tasted better
than her competitors.

(A) Kate was disappointed by the judge's decision, because she knew her pumpkin pie tasted better
than her competitors.
(B) Kate was disappointed by the judge's decision, being that her pumpkin pie tasted better than her
competitors.
(C) Kate was disappointed by the judges decision, because she knew her pumpkin pie tasted better
than her competitors pie.
(D) Disappointed by the judges decision, Kate, knowing the taste of her pumpkin pie was better than
her competitor's pie.
(E) Kate was disappointed by the judge's decision, because she knew her pumpkin pie tasted better
than her competitor's pic.

30. The "spoken stories" of two- and three-year-olds, often more colorfully imagined and worded
than elementary school children, have been studied by scientist Brian Sutton-Smith and recorded in
his book The Folkstories of Children.

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LUMIBA Preps IBA Karachi

(A) The "spoken stories" of two- and three-year olds, often more colorfully imagined and worded
than elementary school children.
(B) The "spoken stories" of two- and three-year-olds, which are often more colorfully imagined and
worded than elementary school children,
(C) Two- and three-year-olds" "spoken stories," often more colorfully imagined and worded than
that of elementary school children,
(D) The "spoken stories" of two- and three-year olds, often more colorfully imagined and worded
than those of elementary school children,
(E) Often being more colorfully imagined and worded than elementary school children, the "spoken
stories" of two- and three-year-olds

31. Pisarev's progressive ideas had the same effect upon Ivan Pavlov's career as I. M. Sechenov did:
Pavlov gave up his education in theology to pursue medicine.

(A) as I. M. Sechenov did

(B) as I. M. Sechenov's did
(C) as I. M. Sechenov likewise did
(D) like I. M. Sechenov did
(E) like I. M. Sechenov's did

32. Even though the citizens of Westerville habitually complain about high taxes, they pay a lesser
amount of taxes than citizens of other towns.

(A) they pay a lesser amount of taxes than

(B) their are the least amor
(C) they were paying fewer taxes than
(D) the amount of taxes they have to pay is the least of
(E) they pay fewer taxes than

33. The dome of the Texas Capitol Building in Austin stands seven feet higher than the nation's
Capitol in Washington, D.C.

(A) than the nation's Capitol

(B) than does that of the nation's Capitol
(C) than does the nation's Capitol
(D) then the nation's Capitol stands
(E) then the dome of the nation's Capitol

34. The tomatoes at this fruit stand are much more plump. fresh and tasty than the fruit stand
located in the lobby of the building in which I work.

(A) much more plump, fresh and tasty than the fruit stand located in the lobby of the building
(B) much more plump, fresh, and tasty than those sold at the fruit stand located in the lobby of the
building
(C) much more plump, fresh and tasty than in the lobby of the building
(D) much plumper, fresher and tastier than the fruit stand located in the lobby of the building
(E) much more plump, fresher, and tastier than the tomatoes in the building Excellence in Education

35. After experiencing the exhilaration of her first stage performance and watching her co star John's
lackluster effort, Diane realized that she loved acting more than John.

(A) she loved acting more than John

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LUMIBA Preps IBA Karachi

(B) she loved acting more than John's love of acting

(C) she did love acting more than John
(D) John did not love acting more than her
(E) she loved acting more than John did

36. In 1999, shopkeepers sold more widgets than 1998.

(A) than
(B) than did
(C) than shopkeepers in
(D) than with shopkeepers in
(E) than did shopkeepers in

37 Students in the literature course will explore ways A in which Medieval authors B represented
themes of their time, and C will have read Augustine's Confessions, Boccaccio's Decameron, D and
Heloise and Abelard's Letters. E No error

38. A Like every other sociological system, the B commune has a way of functioning that may C be
easily upset, either slightly D or extreme. E No error

39. The jury A had to decide B between impeaching the mayor, C whose record up to the point of
the alleged crime D had been flawless, or to declare a mistrial. E No error

40. A None of the tasks was harder than B that which occupied his attention during the first three
weeks C of his administration; it proved neither D an easy task nor simple to understand. E No error

41. The goals of the scientists A whose training had B afforded them extensive experience with
cutting-edge methodologies, were to change geocentric components of the virus and C setting up a
new set of criteria D for analyzing the results. E No error

42. A foreign-born population A is defined as B persons born outside a country in which they are
residing C whose parents are neither citizens of that country nor D beginning the process of
naturalization. E No error

43. Navajo pottery, which consists of many types of functional vessels and is regarded as a highly
developed art form, is more brightly colored than other tribes. No error

44. While some pundits assert that the total amount of money the US spends on foreign aid A is
excessive, B another argues that C compared to other economically powerful countries, the US D
contributes an insignificant fraction of its budget for this cause. E No error

45. Students in the literature course will explore ways A in which medieval authors B represented
themes of their time, and C will be reading Augustine's Confessions, Boccaccio's Decameran and D
Heloise and Abelard's Letters. E No error

46. Several fundamental A principles B lay behind the development of the Constitution: first, the
idea that citizens have unassailable rights; second, C citizens having the right D to disagree with the
government. E No error

47. A In many respects, California's Tevis Cup race and Australia's Quilty Cup are very similar
equestrian events, B but the Tevis Cup C poses the D greatest challenge to both horses and riders. E
No error

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LUMIBA Preps IBA Karachi

48. A Like Fyodor Dostoyevsky whose books B are populated by characters who are uniquely
Russian,

the works of Mark Twain C reflect a D singularly national viewpoint. E No error

49. Historians liken the reign of A Russia's Tsar Ivan the Terrible, who is B famous for C his brutal
repression, D to Joseph Stalin. E No error

50. Compared to freshly squeezed juice, A which some claim tastes B like sunshine in a cup. C the
flavor of reconstituted juice can seem D disappointingly artificial. E No error

51. Michael, who is A versed in many B types of music, C prefers the music of Bach to D Mozart. E No
error

52. Unlike A a cassette, the sound quality of a compact disc is crisp and clear, B offering today's
music fan a listening experience C that a consumer in the 1950's could only D have imagined. E No
error

53. Like A many singers of the 1960's, Mick Jagger's voice B had a rough quality C that imbued every
lyric he sang D with a raw sincerity. E No error

54. A Quite different B from the Yellowstone River, the canyons of the Colorado River C are famous
for D their soaring, majestic walls of burnt, red rock. E No error

55. We now A know that Archimedes, one of the fore most mathematicians of ancient Greece,
devised a method for computing volumes that was very B similar to Newton, C who D developed
calculus. E No error

56. Carlotta,A a seasoned business traveler, prefers the speed and convenience of air travel B to
trains because she always C has deadlines D to meet. E No error

57. The writings of Edward Abbey, especially Desert Solitaire, A which recounts a season that B
Abbey spent mostly alone in the deserts of Southern Utah, C echo the same tradition of rugged
individualism D as did Henry David Thoreau. E No error

58. While the style of the clay figurines produced by the pre-Columbian Jalisco culture A is less
sophisticated B than the Colima culture, Jalisco pieces are C nonetheless highly prized D by
collectors. E No error

59. The taste of carob is so similar to chocolate that even an expert might have trouble

telling the difference. No error

60. Just as the work of John Steinbeck described ordinary people whose lives were uprooted by
circumstances beyond their control, so too did Mikhail Sholokhov describe the disrupted lives of
several ordinary Don Cossacks. No error

61. Unlike the rules of the U.S. House of Representatives, which limit the amount of time that
members can speak, the Senate allows members to filibuster, meaning to speak for an unlimited
amount of time. No error

62. The programs comprising President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society were like President Franklin
Roosevelt's New Deal in that both extended the scope of government social programs. No error

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LUMIBA Preps IBA Karachi

Page 77
 Chapter 6: Subject-­Verb
Relationship

6a A verb must agree with its subject in number and in person.

Dr. Shu has office hours from 8 until 4.
(The third person singular form of “to have” agrees with the subject “Dr. Shu.”)
Robin and I play squash every Tuesday.
(The first person plural form of “to play” agrees with the compound subject “Robin
and I.”)

6b Collective nouns are followed by singular or plural verbs according to the

sense of the sentence.
The jury has asked for more time.
(The third person singular is used because the jury is considered to be a unified
body.)
The jury are unable to agree.
(The third person plural is used because the jury is considered to be a group of
twelve persons.)

To summarize, a collective noun is singular when it refers to a group as a single unit.

A minority in Congress is delaying passage of the bill.

A collective noun is plural when it refers to the individual members of the group.
A minority of Congressmen want to defeat the bill.

6c Some indefinite pronouns are always singular in meaning.

Each of the candidates wants an opportunity to discuss his beliefs.
Anyone is allowed to use the public beach.
Any one of us is willing to help.

Some indefinite pronouns are always plural in meaning.

Many of the drawings ­were beautiful.
A few of the windows ­were broken.
Several of Joe’s friends are sorry that he left.

6d A verb should be singular if its subject has “every” or “many a” just before it.
Many a woman feels entitled to more in life than just ­house­work.
Every man, woman, and child wants to be happy.

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42 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

Some indefinite pronouns may be singular or plural, depending on the meaning of

the sentence.
Some of the books have been lost.
Some of the work was completed.
All of the ice cream is gone.
All of the men have left.
Most of the talk was about football.
Most of the people ­were dissatisfied.

6e When singular subjects are joined by “or” or “nor,” the subject is considered
to be singular.
Neither the mother nor her daughter was ever seen again.
One or the other of us has to buy the tickets.

6f When one singular and one plural subject are joined by “or” or “nor,” the
subject closer to the verb determines the number of the verb.
Neither the plumber nor the paint­ers have finished.
Either the branch offices or the main office closes at 4.

6g When the subjects joined by “or” or “nor” are of different persons, the subject
nearer the verb determines the person.
She or you are responsible.
You or she is responsible.

To avoid such awkward sentences, place a verb next to each subject.

Either she is responsible or you are.
Either you are responsible or she is.

6h Even if the verb comes before the subject, the verb agrees with the true subject
in number and person.
Are the cat and the dog fighting? (The cat and the dog are…)
Coming at us from the left was an ambulance. (An ambulance was…)
There are two things you can do.* (Two things are…)
There is only one bottle left.* (Only one bottle is…)

*In this sentence, there is an expletive. An expletive is a word that gets a sentence started, but it is not a subject.
Another expletive is it.

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 grammar and usage refresher • 43

6i Interrogative pronouns and the adverbs where, here, and there do not affect the
number or person of the verb when they introduce a sentence.
subject

What is the name of your friend?

subject

What are the addresses of some good restaurants?

subject

Who is the man standing over there?

subject

Who are those people?

subject

Here comes my friend.

subject

Here come my parents.

6j When a predicate noun (following a linking verb) differs in number from the
subject, the verb must agree with the subject.
Our biggest problem is angry customers.
More gas guzzlers aren’t what this country needs.

6k Parenthetical phrases or other modifiers that come between the subject and verb
do not change the number or person of the true subject—which the verb
agrees with.
The amount shown, plus interest, is due on Friday.
The president, together with his advisers, is at Camp David.

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 Subject Verb Agreement
1.Two kilos of tea _________ 600 rupees. b. was

a. cost c. has

b. costs d. have

c. costed 7.The people of India ____________________

concerned about their spiritual welfare.
d. is costing
a. is
2.Bread and butter __________________ my
favourite breakfast. b. are

a. is c. have

b. was d. had

c. are 8.A herd of cattle _________ grazing in the

field.
d. were
a. are
3. Curry and rice ______ my favourite food.
b. were
a. were
c. is
b. was
d. has
c. is
9.Stationary _______________ sold in this
d. are
shop.
4.Gopal and his sister _________ come.
a. is
a. has
b. are
b. is
c. was
c. was
d. were
d. have
10.Two plus two ______________ four.
5. The jury __________________ divided in
a. make
their opinion.
b. makes
a. is
c. will make
b. was
d. made
c. were
11.All the furnitures in the room
d. has
________________ repairing.
6.The jury ____________ selected it’s
a. need
chairman.
b. needed
a. is
c. needs

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d. will need d. have been

12.None of the students ______ arrived yet. 18.Bad news _______ fast.

a. is a. travel

b. are b. will travel

c. has c. traveled

d. have d. travels

13.One of my friends _________ very helpful. 19.A crowd of people _______ shouting
slogans.
a. are
a. were
b. have been
b. was
c. were
c. is
d. is
d. has
14.My friend, philosopher and guide
______________ dead. 20.A number of children ___________ playing
together
a. is
a. is
b. are
b. are
c. has
c. was
d. have
d. have
15.Two thirds of the acid _____ evaporated.
21.No information__________________
a. has
available.
b. have
a. was
c. has been
b. were
d. have been
c. is
16.One third of the apple ______ rotten.
d. are
a. are
22.That she is alive _________________ good
b. is news.

c. has a. are

d. have b. were

17.A group of smugglers __________ c. is

yesterday.
d. was
a. had
23.The number of students in our class
b. were _______________ increasing day by day.

c. was a. are

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b. is d. were

c. have been 29.A pair of shoes __________________ lying

in the corner.
d. were
a. is
24.What he said _______________ concern
me. b. are

a. doesn’t c. was

b. don’t d. were

c. hasn’t 30. Four fives ___________ twenty.

d. isn’t a. make

25.The boy or his friends b. makes

___________________ to repair the broken
c. made
window.
d. is making
a. has
31.The country side _________________ are
b. have
very beautiful in spring.
c. are
a. looking
d. were
b. look
26.The United States _____ a rich and
c. will look
powerful country.
d. looks
a. is
32. Which one of these books ___________
b. are
yours.
c. was
a. is
d. were
b. are
27. The blind ___________________ escorts
c. has
to cross road.
d. have
a. need
33.Either of the boys _________________ a
b. needs
won medal.
c. needed
a. has
d. needing
b. have
28.It’s you who ____________ to blame for
c. had
this.
d. were
a. is
34.Neither of those officers ___________
b. are
efficient.
c. have
a. are

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b. is 40. Anything __________better than going to
another friend tonight.
c. were
a. are
d. had
b. is
35.One of his friends _________ able to speak
English fluently. c. were

a. are d. had

b. is 41. Skating________ becoming more popular

every day.
c. were
a. are
d. had
b. is
36.Some honey________________ left on the
pot. c. were

a. have been d. had

b. has been 42. A number of reporters _________ at the

conference yesterday.
b. were
a. are
c. have
b. is
37.The number of scholarships
______________ increased this year. c. were

a. has d. had

b. had 43.Everybody who _____ a fever must go

home immediately.
c. have
a. are
d. were
b. is
38.He and his brother ________________
absent. c. have

a. is d. has

b. were 44. Your glasses ______ on the bureau last

night.
c. have
a. is
d. has
b. was
39. Neither Bashir nor Alam ________going to
the school today. c. were

a. are d. had

b. is 45. There________ some people at the

meeting last night.
c. were
a. are
d. had

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b. is c. were

c. were d. had

d. had 51. A pack of wild dogs _________frightened

all the ducks away.
46. The committee ______ already reached a
decision. a. are

a. are b. has

b. is c. have

c. have d. had

d. has 52. The jury _______ trying to reach a

decision.
47. A pair of jeans ______ in the washing
machine this morning. a. are

a. are b. is

b. was c. were

c. were d. had

d. had 53. The army ______eliminated this section of

the training test.
48. Either Musharraf or his brother_______
breakfast each morning. a. are

a. making b. have

b. makes c. has

c. made d. had

d. make

49. After she had perused the material, the

secretary decided that everything ______in
order.

a. are

b. is

c. were

d. was

50. The crowd at the basketball game

_______wild with excitement.

a. are

b. was

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LUMIBA PREPS IBA Karachi

PUNCTUATION

1. Period
The period is also called full stop in England. A period declares the end of a sentence. It also
indicates the separation of sentences so that the readers cannot mix up different sentences. A
period is used at the end of a sentence which is complete and not a question or an exclamatory
sentence.

Alex was a little boy when he first saw a person dying. He was so shocked and panicked that he could
not sleep for several days. He still fears the sight of someone's death.

The period is also used in abbreviations

Example:

Saint = St.
Exempli gratia = e.g.
Nota bene = N.B.

Note of Interrogation (Question Mark) (?)

The note of interrogation is used to complete sentences that form a direct question. Indirect
questions are regarded as statements, and they take periods, not question marks,

Example:

Have you had your breakfast?

Where are you going?

I don't know where he is going. (A statement, not a direct question)

Did you know he was watching TV all day long while I was cleaning the house for the party that we
want to throw on this weekend? (It's a long sentence, yet it is a direct question.)

Did you once think about your family? Your career? Your future? Your life? (Series of questions using
the same subject and verb)

Note:

What? - So? - Right? (Single word questions are used only in informal writing )

2. Note of Exclamation (Exclamation mark/point) (!)

The note of exclamation indicates excitement, either positive or negative. It can also be used for
giving additional emphasis to sentences, phrases, or single words, and especially to commands and
interjections.

Example:

Wait! Don't take another step!

I can't believe she could say that!
What a gorgeous house!

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LUMIBA PREPS IBA Karachi

Note: It is best to avoid using a note of exclamation whenever the excitement can be described in
words.You should be meticulous in using this punctuation in any form of writing.

3. Comma ( , )
The comma is the most useful and common punctuation mark in English. It has many important
roles in making a written form of English easy to read. Commas usually add breathing scope for the
readers in sentences, so that their thoughts cannot get all jumbled up. A comma has many uses.

i. Comma between Independent Clauses

Usually, a comma separates two independent clauses when they are connected by certain
coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, or for). However, if the clauses are very short, no
comma is needed.

Example:

• They finished dinner in pin-drop silence, but Alex knew that he would have to apologize. I wanted
to watch a movie after dinner, but I could not tell her as I was confused about her reactions.

We had dinner and then I watched a movie. (No comma is needed between these clauses)

ii. Comma after Introductory Clauses, Phrases, and Expression

Commas are used not only between independent clauses but also after introductory clauses and
phrases. Some expressions and connectors which are placed at the beginning of a sentence also
require a comma after them.

Example:

• If you take off your jacket, you'll catch a cold. (If the subordinators are used at the beginning
of the sentences, the comma marks the separation of the two clauses)
• Being insulted, the piper went to the hill. (Participial phrases are always separated from the
clauses by commas.)
• Before start riding it, you should read the instructions.
• When you came here, Alex was the general manager.
• Well, I cannot play in the next match.
• However, Alex will play in the next match.
• In winter we usually stay at home most of the time. (Short phrases like "in winter" don't
need commas.)

Note: A good way to clear the confusion about commas is to read the sentence aloud to make sure
whether there is enough pause taken or not for using a comma.

iii. Series Comma

Commas are used to separate multiple items of the same category in a series. These items can be a
series of words, phrases, or clauses.

Example:

We brought pizzas, burgers, chocolate, and a chocolate cake on tour.

• The batsman set up his pads, put on his helmet, and played a good knock. (verb phrase
• He is a player, a singer, an actor, and a director.

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LUMIBA PREPS IBA Karachi

iv. Comma before Tag Question

Commas are used before a tag question which is usually a reassuring statement of a sentence's
overall idea,

• They're ready to go, aren't they?

• They'll never do it, will they?
• He loves you, doesn't he?

v. Comma in Direct Address

Commas are used in vocative uses. Calling someone by name or directly referri to them requires

separation by commas.

Example:

• Hey, Joe, what are you doing?

• Listen, Lee, you have to bowl well today.
• You know, kid, when I was your age, I used to go out a lot.

vi. Comma for Adding Nonessential Ideas and Nonrestrictive Clauses

Commas can be used to add nonessential ideas or facts in the form of words, phrases, or clauses into
a sentence. Usually removing these ideas from sentences does not affect the grammatical accuracy
of the sentences.

Example:

• There's a palace in London, just across the river, where I visited last week.
• The new player, you know him, scored a brilliant century.
• I suggest if that's okay, that you let him go.

vii. Commas in Names and Dates

Commas are used to separate names of places and dates.

Example:

• Jefferson City, Missouri, is one of the biggest cities in the world.

• Brisbane, Queensland, is a big city.
• He was born June 24, 1993, in London.

viii. Commas in Dialog

Commas are used in the dialog to set off the indirect speech from the direct speech.

Example:

I told him, “Don't go there!"

• "When we were going there," she said, "we saw thousands of palm trees."
• “Please, give me that ball", said the boy.

Common Mistakes with Commas

1. Commas do not separate two verbs or verb phrases joined by a coordinator.

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Incorrect: I cleaned, and painted the box.

Correct: I cleaned and painted the box.

2. Commas do not separate two nouns, noun phrases, or noun clauses which are joined by a
conjunction.

Incorrect: My coach, and our board president both sent letters.

Correct: My coach and our board president both sent letters.

3. they are joined by a conjunction between them.

Incorrect: I'll be late if you don't let me go now.

Correct: 111 be late if you don't let me go now. (If you don't let me go now, I'll be late.)

4. Colon (:)
Colons are the least used punctuation mark. The usage of colons is limited. Yet, if you know how to
use them, you will be able to use them in your writing. Colons are used in the salutations of formal
letters.

Example:

• Dear Sir:
• To whom it may concern:
• To all members:

ii. Colons sometimes introduce a series/list to describe some new information after a complete
sentence.

Incorrect: The fruit seller had: bananas, apples, and oranges.

Correct: The fruit seller had three kinds of fruit: bananas, apples, and oranges.

A colon is also used to connect two independent clauses where the first one explains the second
clause or logically follows it The first word after a colon usually is not capitalized unless the colon
introduces a series of new sentences or independent clauses.

1. He was just thinking only one thing: what was his dog doing then?
2. I knew the clue: you just had to read it in the mirror.

A Colons are used for expressing TIME in figures.

Example:

1. 1:30 AM (Not o'clock)

2. 7:35 PM
3. 6:30 in the morning

5. Semicolon (;)
Semicolons are almost like periods, but they connect two independent clauses or sentences together
instead of using a coordinating conjunction. Semicolons between the two clauses or sentences
indicate that the clauses are closely related. Semicolons can be replaced by the coordinating
conjunctions.

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Example: We do not need a car now, we want to sell it. (This semicolon could be replaced by ‘and'.
Common transitional expressions such as therefore, for instance, namely, indeed, additionally,
further, moreover, likewise, and finally are used after a semicolon to start a new clause.

1. We used to love hunting; however, it is not legal.

2. He does not like me; likewise, I do not like him.
3. It's too cold out here; indeed, it's winter.

6. Hyphen (-)
Hyphens combine words together to make Compound Nouns/Adjectives. Hyphens are also used
with some suffixes and prefixes, such as-like, -wise, anti-, and post-to make new adjectives.

Example:

1. Anti-violent
2. Dog-like
3. Ability-wise
4. Decision-making
5. City-owned

Compound numbers and continuous numbers require hyphen in them. A hyphen is used with
compound numbers from 21 to 99 in words and with fractions which work as adjectives in the
sentence. Fractions which are nouns don't need hyphens.

Example:

1. Sixty-five
2. Twenty-five
3. Their age is 23-25.
4. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
5. Three-fifths full a glass

7. Dash (-)
A dash hints a brief break in thought or helps to add information to a sentence. A dash has no space
before rising or after it.

Example:

The man was running around the building-I couldn't see his face and disappeared down the alley.
This house-and every house on the street-will be connected by this wire.
Russel Crow-you know him, I think-is coming to our locality.
A dash can replace the conjunctions such as namely, that is, or in other words to add new
information or explanation.

Example:

• I was thinking about another road-the one through New York.

• There's only one way not to lose-don't even participate in the game.

8. Apostrophe (')
An apostrophe indicates possession and the exclusion of letters in contractions.

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Example:

1. They're going to Canada.

2. I'm not going
3. Robert's watch
4. Someone's glasses
5. Trees' leaves (If there is an 's' before the apostrophe, no's' is needed for it)

9. Quotation Marks ('...'/”... ... ...")

Quotation marks are used for enclosing direct quotations of written or spoken words of others, or
dialog said by characters in fiction. They are also called quote marks or just quotes for short. The first
of the pair is the opening or open quote. It curves to the right:“. The second one is the closing or
close quote. It curves to the left:'".

Example:

1. Have you seen the music video for the song "Despacito"?
2. "Play with aggression shouted the coach.
3. Your exact words were "get out of my room."
4. “I'd never dreamed that I'd lose somebody like you"-this line from the song 'Wicked Games'
always makes me sad.

Notes:

Commas and periods must always be placed inside the quotation marks, according to most citation

systems. Colons, as well as, semicolons, on the other hand, should be placed outside the quotation
marks. Note of interrogation and note of exclamation should be placed inside the quotation marks
when they are part of the quoted elements. Seemingly, when the note of interrogation and
exclamation are not a part of the quoted materials, they are not placed outside the quotation marks.

10. Parentheses - ()
Parentheses block off materials that interrupt the text to add information. common

Example:

1. The parks (in Boston) are always crowded.

2. We provide a lot of services.
3. We provide a lot of services.

Brackets

Brackets enclose the additional things in the quoted material. These additions are used for
clarifications of the words or phrases of the quoted materials.

Example:

1. "It (the river) taught me all I ever knew about life."

2. "Yeats used to love her [Maude Gonne), and he wrote many poems about her.”
3. “Every man[sic) must die one day."
4. "I told (Spielberg] I wouldn't do the movie."

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1. All of the people at the school, including the teachers and _______________ were glad when
summer break came.

a. students: b. students,
c. students; d. students

2. Sit up straight _____

a. ; b. ? c. . d. :

3. They asked what time the department store would open _____

a. ? b. . c. , d. ;

4. Who do you think will win the contest _____

a. . b. ! c. ? d. ,

5. Choose the sentence below with the correct punctuation.

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a. Ted and Janice, who had been friends for years, went on vacation together every summer.
b. Ted and Janice, who had been friends for years, went on vacation together, every summer.
c. Ted, and Janice who had been friends for years, went on vacation together every summer.
d. Ted and Janice who had been friends for years went on vacation together every summer.

6. To _______________, Anne was on time for her math class.

a. everybody’s surprise
b. every body’s surprise
c. everybodys surprise
d. everybodys’ surprise

7. In Edgar Allen Poe’s _______________________ Edgar Allen Poe describes a man with a guilty
conscience.

a. short story, “The Tell-Tale Heart,”

b. short story The Tell-Tale Heart,
c. short story, The Tell-Tale Heart
d. short story. “the Tell-Tale Heart,”

8. Billboards are considered an important part of advertising for big business, ________________ by
their critics.

a. but, an eyesore;
b. but, “ an eyesore,”
c. but an eyesore
d. but-an eyesore

9. I can never remember how to use those two common words, “sell,” meaning to trade a product
for money, or _____________________ meaning an event where products are traded for less
money than usual.

a. sale. b. “sale,”
c. “sale d. “to sale,”

10. The class just finished reading ________________________ a short story by Carl Stephenson
about a plantation owner’s battle with army ants.

a. -”Leinengen versus the Ants”,

b. Leinengen versus the Ants,
c. “Leinengen versus the Ants,”
d. Leinengen versus the Ants

11. This is absolutely incredible _____

a. ! b. .
c. : d. ;

12. Watch out for the broken glass _____

a. . b. ?
c. , d. !

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13. Alina bought three new pairs of shoes even though she had put herself on a tight budget just last
week

a. shoes, even though, she

b. shoes, even though she
c. shoes. Even though she
d. shoes, even though she

14. Most residents of the building have air conditioners however I've always found that a ceiling fan
is sufficient.

a. air conditioners however: I've

b. air conditioners, however, I've

c. air conditioners however, I've
d. air conditioners; however, I've

15. "Are you OK," asked Rayan, "Are you sure you don't want to sit down and rest for a while?"

a. OK?" asked Timothy. "Are

b. OK?" asked Timothy, "Are
c. OK," asked Timothy? "Are
d. OK?" asked Timothy? "Are

16. The owners of the restaurant maintain that only organic ingredients are used in their kitchen.

a. maintain that only

b. maintain that, only
c. maintain: that only
d. maintain--that only

17. Before the student could be hired by the company, the students adviser had to provide a letter
of recommendation.

a. company the students

b. company, the student's
c. company, the students'
d. company the students'

18. The employees asked whether the company would be offering tuition reimbursement within the
next three years?

a. reimbursement within the next three years!

b. reimbursement, within the next three years.
c. reimbursement within the next three years.
d. reimbursement, within the next three years?

19. This is the new restaurant you've been talking about, isn't it?

a. about isn't it?

b. about, is 'nt it?
c. about, isn't it.
d. about, isn't it?

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20. Turnips a root vegetable can be mashed, roasted, or used in casseroles.

a. Turnips, a root vegetable,

b. Turnips, a root vegetable
c. Turnips, a root vegetable—
d. Turnips a root vegetable

21. Rose and jean were ready to perform, they had rehearsed their piano recital for weeks.

(A) Rose and jean were ready to perform, they had rehearsed
(B) Rose and jean were ready to perform; they had rehearsed
(C) Their rehearsing had make them ready for
(D) They had rehearsed and Rose and jean were ready for
(E) Rose and jean were ready to perform; they rehearsed

22. In the 1950's, integration was an anathema to most Americans now, however, most Americans
accept it as desirable.

(A) to most Americans; now, however, most Americans accept it as desirable.

(B) to most Americans, now, however, most Americans accept it.
(C) to most Americans; now, however, most Americans are desirable of it.
(D) to most Americans; now, however, most Americans accepted it as desirable.
(E) to most Americans. Now, however, most Americans will accept it as desirable.

23. We doctors must be honest furthermore, we must set an

(a) We doctors must be honest; furthermore, we.

(b) We doctors must be honest, furthermore, we.
(c) We doctors must be honest: furthermore, we.
(d) We doctors must be honest. furthermore, we.

24. Rose and jean were ready to perform, they had rehearsed their piano recital for weeks.

(A) Rose and jean were ready to perform, they had rehearsed
(B) Rose and jean were ready to perform; they had rehearsed
(C) Their rehearsing had make them ready for
(D) They had rehearsed and Rose and jean were ready for
(E) Rose and jean were ready to perform; they rehearsed

25. Band members spend a great deal of time marching they also must practice playing their
instruments on their own times.

(A) marching they also must practice playing

(B) marching; they also must practice playing
(C) marching, they also must practice playing
(D) marching: they also must practice
(E) marching and they also must practice

26. Baseball players, especially those of an earlier day, are superstitious; even now some players
make sure that they never have bats that by crossed near the bat rack.

(A) Baseball players, especially those of an earlier day, are superstitious;

(B) Baseball players, especially those of an earlier day, are superstitious,
(C) Baseball players are superstitious, especially those of an earlier day;

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(D) Baseball players especially those of an earlier day are superstitious;

(E) Baseball players, especially those of an earlier day, are superstitious and

27. Although my parents were every well intentioned, the advice that they gave me was not well
received by me: I argued with turn.

(A) the advice that they gave me was not well received by me; I argued with them at every turn.
(B)the advice that they gave me was not well received by me; l argued with them at every turning.
(C) the advice that they gave me was not well received; I argued with them at every turn.
(D) the advice that they gave me was not well received; I was arguing with them at every turn.
(E) the advice that they gave me was not well received, and I argued with them at every turn.

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 Improving Paragraphs
Practice Tests

Directions: A paragraph with superscript numerals to indicate the order of each sentence in the
paragraph, is presented. You are to answer the questions which follow the paragraph.

Test 1
1It would be easier to defend capital punishment if at least it were applied consistently—if
the rich or notable went to the chair. 2But that rarely happens. 3Drifters, even those who get
religion, get fried; former county officials, “filled with remorse,” get short terms. 4One reason
is that all its faces are hooded. 5There is a division of labor and no person or agency—be it
prosecutor or jury or judge or governor or state or nation or hangman—need accept respon-
sibility. 6And from all this diversity of laws, juries, and defendants emerges a pattern of who
among guilty murderers is condemned. 7They are all poor.

1.   In sentence 5, be it prosecutor or jury or judge or (C)  after sentence 5

governor or state or nation or hangman would be (D)  after sentence 6
best if (E)  not included in the passage at all
(A)  it were left as is
3.   In sentence 4, all its faces are hooded means
(B)  it were changed to be it prosecutor as well as
jury as well as judge as well as governor as (A)  if the rich or notable went to the chair
well as state as well as nation as well as hang- (B)  all this diversity of laws, juries, and defendants
man (C)  they are all poor
(C)  it were changed to be it prosecutor and jury (D)  that all criminals are anonymous
and judge and governor and state and nation (E)  that all those involved with passing the death
and hangman. sentence are anonymous
(D)  it were changed to be it prosecutor, jury,
judge, governor, state, nation or hangman. 4.   To combine sentences 6 and 7, the words con-
(E)  it were omitted demned. They are all poor should be changed to
(A)  condemned because they are all poor.
2.   “Why is there not more remorse about this system
(B)   condemned: they are all poor.
of capital punishment?” Where should this sen-
(C)  condemned except the poor.
tence be placed in the passage?
(D)  condemned and they are all poor.
(A)  after sentence 3 (E)  condemned which is they are all poor.
(B)  after sentence 4

Explanatory Answers 2.   (A) A question needs an answer. The best answer
to this question begins with sentence 4; there-
1.   (D) The best sentence is one that is as clear as fore, Choice A is correct. Choices B, C, and D
possible, with as few extra words as possible: Left are wrong. Sentences 5, 6, and 7 are part of the
as is, sentence 5 is unnecessarily long with all the answer but they do not begin the answer and
or’s. Choice A, therefore, is wrong. Choices B and cannot be separated by a question. This question
C repeat the same error. Each is unnecessarily should be included to make clear why one reason
long. Choice D is clear and as short as possible so (sentence 4) is necessary. Therefore Choice E
it is correct. The details included in the phrase are is wrong.
too important to omit so Choice E is wrong.

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122 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

3.   (E) Hooded means covered by a hood. A hooded murderers are poor; hence, Choice A is incor-
face would be anonymous. The correct choice rect. Choice B is correct; it sets off and names
must refer to this definition of hooded. Choices the pattern. Choice C changes the meaning of
A, B, and C do not. Choice D names the wrong the sentence and is, therefore, wrong. Choice D
people as anonymous. Sentence 5 names the right changes the meaning intended: “…a pattern of
hooded faces. Choice E is correct, as it names the who among the guilty murderers is condemned—
same people that sentence 5 names. namely, the poor.” Choice E is both awkward
and ungrammatical.
4.   (B) The subject of sentence 6 is a pattern. The
pattern does not emerge because condemned

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 the sat writing test • 123

Test 2
1Hypertension, or high blood pressure as it is commonly known, is the “silent killer” that

affects the lives of more than tens of millions of Americans each year. 2A famous doctor, whose
work has done much to uncover an understanding of high blood pressure, says that hyper-
tension means that there is too much pressure in the bloodstream. 3It is like a garden hose
with a too-tight nozzle. 4Either the nozzle or the hose bursts, which is exactly what happen s
to blood vessels when the pressure is too great. 5If it is in the brain, you have a stroke. 6If the
vessel bursts in the heart, you have a heart attack. 7Preventing these problems is easier than
curing them.

1.   What should be done with sentence 6? 3.   Sentence 7 should

(A)  It should follow sentence 4 (A)  introduce the selection

(B)  It should follow sentence 1 (B)  remain as it is
(C)  It should be joined to sentence 5 with and (C)  be omitted
(D)  It should follow sentence 3 (D)  be joined to sentence 2 with and
(E)  It should remain as it is (E)  follow sentence 1

2.   Sentence 4 should begin 4.   In sentence 2, uncover should be

(A)  with Once (A)  changed to accrue

(B)  with Eventually (B)  left as it is
(C)  with Someday (C)  changed to determine
(D)  as it does now (D)  changed to pioneer
(E)  with Without a doubt (E)  changed to refute

Explanatory Answers tense of the verb bursts. Choice D is incorrect

because the sentence requires an introductory
1.   (A) Choice A is correct. Sentence 6, which is word or phrase for smoothness and clarity. Choice
closely allied to sentence 5 in meaning and struc- E is incorrect because it is an inappropriate
ture, should go before sentence 5 because sen- expression, which also calls for the future tense.
tence 6 contains the antecedent idea referred to in
sentence 5. Choice B is incorrect because sentence 3.   (C) Choice A is incorrect because sentence 7 is
6 would be out of order so early in the selection. clearly not an introductory sentence. The phrase
Choices C and E are incorrect because sentence these problems refers to ideas expressed in
6 should precede sentence 5, not follow it, even preceding sentences. Choices B, D, and E are
in a compound sentence. Choice D is incorrect incorrect because sentence 7 introduces the new
because placing sentence 6 after sentence 3 would concept of prevention and does not belong in a
interrupt the process of logical development from paragraph which defines high blood pressure.
sentence 3 to sentence 4. Choice C is correct.

2.   (B) Choice A is incorrect. The conjunction once 4.   (D) Choices A, B, C, and E are incorrect because
introduces a dependent clause. The other two we are looking for a word which means to make
clauses, beginning with which and when, are also fresh inroads or to increase our knowledge.
dependent. Thus there is an incomplete sentence Choice D, pioneer, conveys that meaning. Choice
containing three dependent clauses and no main A, accrue, means to gather; Choice B, uncover,
clause. Choice B is correct. Eventually is an appro- means to reveal or find, as a hidden secret ; Choice
priate transitional adverb. Choice C is incorrect C, determine, means to make a decision; Choice E,
because the adverbial phrase Some day requires refute, means to deny.
the future tense and thus conflicts with the present

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 the sat writing test • 125

Test 3
1Tomorrow will be more than just a routine day for Samuel Byrnes, Jr. 2He is a 42-year-

old inmate serving a 28-to-30 year sentence for armed robbery and a life term for murder at
Trenton State Prison in New Jersey. 3Byrnes will take off his prison garb and don academic cap
and gown to receive, at Rutgers University, a master’s degree in, yes, criminal justice. 4Then
he’ll head back to his cell. 5He shares a cell with two other inmates. 6It was after he received his
bachelor’s degree in criminal science there that he was able to sign up for the Rutgers program
five years ago. 7The convict completed high school in prison, then took college courses until he
was able to get officials to trust him enough to let him out to study at Trenton State College.

1.   Sentence 5 should 3.   Sentence 6 should

(A)  be placed before sentence 2 (A)  be placed after sentence 7

(B)  be placed at the end of the passage (B)  be placed after sentence 2
(C)  be left as it is (C)  be omitted
(D)  be omitted (D)  be left as it is
(E)  be placed before sentence 7 (E)  be divided into two sentences with the first
sentence ending after there
2.   The word yes in sentence 3 should
4.   In sentence 7, then should be
(A)  be changed to nevertheless
(B)  be changed to moreover (A)  changed to than
(C)  be changed to get this (B)  changed to he then
(D)  be left as it is (C)  changed to then again
(E)  be omitted (D)  omitted
(E)  left as it is

Explanatory Answers 3.   (A) Choice A is correct. Sentences 6 and 7 are

not in logical order. Byrnes’ high school and col-
1.   (D) Choice D is correct: Sentence 5 is irrelevant lege education should be mentioned prior to his
to the passage which is devoted solely to Byrnes’ acceptance in graduate school. In addition, sen-
education while he is a prisoner. Accordingly, tence 6 contains the adverb there without an ant
Choices A, B, C, and E are incorrect. ecedent. By placing sentence 7 before sentence 6,
the pronoun would have an antecedent: Trenton
2.   (D) Choices A and B are both grammatically and State College. Choice B is incorrect: Separating
logically incorrect. Moreover and nevertheless sentence 3 from sentences 1 and 2 would inter-
are conjunctive adverbs. When used in the middle rupt the flow of the writer’s presentation. Choice
of sentences they link two main clauses. In addi- C is incorrect: Sentence 6 contains important
tion, their meanings are not appropriate in this information about Byrnes’ education and should
context. Choice C is incorrect. “Get this” is a slang not be omitted. Choice D is incorrect because, as
term which, in spite of the fact that it conveys the explained above, the sentence is not in logical or
situation’s irony, is not acceptable in standard grammatical order as it is now. Choice E is incor-
written English. Choice D is correct. The function rect. The new second sentence beginning with
of the word yes is (parenthetically) to emphasize That would be an incomplete sentence.
the irony of the situation. A criminal’s earning
an advanced degree is ironic; the fact that the 4.   (E) Choice A is incorrect: The word than is used
degree is in criminal justice intensifies the irony. for comparative purposes, and is not appropriate in
Choice E is incorrect because, as discussed above, this context. Choice E is correct : The word then
the word yes serves to emphasize the irony in really means after which time and is properly used
this sentence. in the sentence. Choice B is incorrect because it
creates a run-on sentence. Choice C is incorrect
because Byrnes is not repeating a college course.
Choice D is incorrect because it also would create
a run-on sentence.

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 the sat writing test • 127

Test 4
1Charlie and Josephine were so devoted that they had been inseparable for nearly ten

years. 2Then one midwinter day, in a senseless act of violence so typical of our times, Charlie
was fatally shot. 3Fifteen minutes later, she, too, died. 4Josephine saw it all and, horror-stricken,
sank to her knees beside Charlie’s still body, placing her head at the site of his mortal wound,
5Charlie and Josephine were llamas. 6They lived at the Lollipop Farm Zoo. 7Josephine, who had

been healthy until Charlie’s sudden death, apparently died of a cracked heart, a phenomenon
well known in poetry and folklore, but rarely acknowledged by modern medicine.

1.   Sentence 4 is best placed 3.   If this passage were divided into two paragraphs,
the new paragraph would best begin with which of
(A)  where it is now
the following?
(B)  before sentence 2
(C)  before sentence 3 (A)  sentence 1
(D)  after sentence 5 (B)  sentence 2
(E)  after sentence 6 (C)  sentence 3
(D)  sentence 4
2.   To combine sentences 5 and 6, llamas. They lived (E)  sentence 5
should be changed to
4.   In sentence 7, cracked is best replaced with
(A)   llamas because they lived
(B)  llamas who lived (A)   split
(C)  llamas when they lived (B)   cut
(D)  llamas but lived (C)  fractured
(E)  llamas since they lived (D)  broken
(E)   flawed

Explanatory Answers of animal when they lived elsewhere. Choice D is

wrong since it indicates with the word but that it is
1.   (C) Choices A and B are wrong because they would exceptional to find llamas in a zoo.
put Josephine saw it all before anything had hap-
pened for her to see. Choice C is correct. Choices 3.   (E) Sentences 1, 2, 3, and 4 all describe the
D and E are incorrect because they would move circumstances that led to the deaths of the lla-
sentence 4 which describes Josephine’s reaction mas. These sentences should not be separated;
to Charlie’s death, too far away from sentence 2, accordingly, Choices A, B, C, and D are incorrect.
the description of the senseless act of violence. Choice E is correct. A new paragraph would best
begin with sentence 5 which switches from the
2.   (B) Choices A and E are incorrect because they storytelling quality of the opening sentence s to a
indicate, incorrectly, that the reason Josephine more factual account.
and Charlie are llamas is they live in a zoo. Choice
B is correct since who is the correct subject of the 4.   (D) The best choice is Choice D which expresses
subordinate clause: who lived at the Lollipop Farm the unhappiness of someone who has lost a
Zoo. Choice C is wrong, making the ridiculous beloved. The other four choices, A, B, C, and E,
statement that the pair were llamas when they bring to mind a physical break rather than an
lived at the zoo, as if they could be another sort emotional one.

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Test 5
1It now appears that pollution seeping into the earth itself has gone largely unnoticed.
2In some cases it may be dangerous as a direct cause of cancer and other severe illnesses.
3In recent years a great national concern has arisen over air and water pollution. 4Each year,

several hundred new chemical compounds are added to the 70,000 that already exist in
America. 5The wastes are often toxic from their production. 6Nearly 92 billion pounds a year
of wastes are produced. 7Many of these wastes are placed in makeshift underground stor-
age sites. 8Federal officials now suspect that more than 800 such sites have the potential of
becoming dangerous.

1.   In sentence 1, largely unnoticed should be (C)  sentence 8

(D)  sentence 6
(A)  changed to somewhat unnoticed
(E)  sentence 7
(B)  changed to completely unnoticed
(C)  changed to dangerously unnoticed
4.   Sentences 5 and 6 should e combined to read
(D)  changed to hardly unnoticed
(E)  left as it is (A)  The wastes from their production are often
toxic, nearly 92 billion pounds a year.
2.   Sentence 3 should be (B)  Nearly 92 billion pounds of toxic waste a year
are produced.
(A)  placed at the beginning of the passage
(C)  Nearly 92 billion pounds of waste produced a
(B)  placed at the end of the passage
year are toxic.
(C)  placed after sentence 1
(D)  The waste, nearly 92 billion pounds a year,
(D)  left where it is
are often toxic from their production.
(E)  omitted
(E)  The wastes from their production, nearly 92
billion pounds a year, are often toxic.
3.  If the passage were to be divided into two para-
graphs, the second should begin with
(A)  sentence 5
(B)  sentence 4

Explanatory Answers 3.  (B) Sentences 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8are all related.

They give information about the wastes that are
1.  (E) Choices A, B, C, and D are incorrect because produced, what is done with these wastes, etc.
they change the meaning intended. Choice E is cor- Sentences 1, 2, and 3 are about air, water, and
rect because the sentence is correct as it stands. earth pollution in general. Since sentence 4 begins
the specific discussion of earth pollution, it is the
2.  (A) Choice A is correct: The passage is telling logical sentence to begin a second paragraph.
us that air and water pollution has been noticed, Therefore, Choice 2 is correct and all other
but that pollution of the earth itself has not been choices are incorrect.
noticed; therefore the sentence about air and water
pollution should be placed before sentences about 4.  (E) Choice A is incorrect because the second
earth pollution. Choice B is incorrect: It would phrase (nearly 92 billion pounds a year) is incom-
not make sense to introduce the subject of air and plete; also, it is unclear whether 92 billion pounds
water pollution at the end of the passage. Choice are produced in total or 92 billion pounds are toxic.
C is incorrect because placing the sentence after Choice B is wrong because it states that 92 billion
sentence 1 would interrupt the discussion of earth pounds are toxic, whereas the original sentence 6
pollution; furthermore, the word it in sentence 2 states that 92 billion pounds are produced. (This
would no longer refer to earth pollution but to air does not mean that all 92 billion pounds are toxic.)
and water pollution. Choice D is wrong because Choice C is wrong for the same reason. Choice D
sentence 3 interrupts the passage in its present is incorrect: The word their refers to The wastes,
position, and therefore should not be left where it and so the sentence seems to say that the wastes
is. Since the beginning of the passage is the best are toxic from their own production. Choice E is
place for sentence 3, it should not be omitted, and correct: Here the word their refers back to chemi-
so Choice E is wrong. cal compounds in the previous sentence. Choice E
also makes it clear that 92 billion pounds of waste
are produced and that these are often toxic.
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Passage Grammar Set # 1

Passage # 1
Whey to Go

Greek yogurt—a strained form of cultured yogurt—has grown enormously in popularity in the
United States since it was first introduced in the country in the late 1980s. From 2011 to 2012 alone,
sales of Greek yogurt in the US increased by 50 percent. The resulting increase in Greek yogurt
production has forced those involved in the business to address the detrimental effects that the
yogurt-making process may be having on the environment. Fortunately, farmers and others in the
Greek yogurt business have found many methods of controlling and eliminating most environmental
threats. Given these solutions as well as the many health benefits of the food, the advantages of
Greek yogurt (1) outdo the potential drawbacks of its production.

[1] The main environmental problem caused by the production of Greek yogurt is the creation of
acid whey as a by-product. [2] Because it requires up to four times more milk to make than
conventional yogurt does, Greek yogurt produces larger amounts of acid whey, which is difficult to
dispose of. [3] To address the problem of disposal, farmers have found a number of uses for acid
whey. [4] They can add it to livestock feed as a protein (2)supplement, and people can make their
own Greek-style yogurt at home by straining regular yogurt. [5] If it is improperly introduced into
the environment, acid-whey runoff (3) can pollute waterways, depleting the oxygen content of
streams and rivers as it decomposes. [6] Yogurt manufacturers, food (4) scientists; and government
officials are also working together to develop additional solutions for reusing whey.

(5) Though these conservation methods can be costly and time-consuming, they are well worth
the effort. Nutritionists consider Greek yogurt to be a healthy food: it is an excellent source of
calcium and protein, serves (6) to be a digestive aid, and (7) it contains few calories in its
unsweetened low- and non-fat forms. Greek yogurt is slightly lower in sugar and carbohydrates than
conventional yogurt is. (8) Also, because it is more concentrated, Greek yogurt contains slightly
more protein per serving, thereby helping people stay (9) satiated for longer periods of time. These
health benefits have prompted Greek yogurt’s recent surge in popularity. In fact, Greek yogurt can
be found in an increasing number of products such as snack food and frozen desserts. Because
consumers reap the nutritional benefits of Greek yogurt and support those who make and sell (10)
it, therefore farmers and businesses should continue finding safe and effective methods of
producing the food.

1.

A) NO CHANGE

B) defeat

C) outperform

D) outweigh

2.

Which choice provides the most relevant detail?

A) NO CHANGE

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B) supplement and convert it into gas to use as fuel in electricity production.

C) supplement, while sweet whey is more desirable as a food additive for humans.

D) supplement, which provides an important element of their diet.

A) NO CHANGE

B) can pollute waterway s,

C) could have polluted waterways,

D) has polluted waterway’s,

A) NO CHANGE

B) scientists: and

C) scientists, and

D) scientists, and,

5.

The writer is considering deleting the underlined

sentence. Should the writer do this?

A) Yes, because it does not provide a transition

from the previous paragraph.

B) Yes, because it fails to support the main

argument of the passage as introduced in the

first paragraph.

C) No, because it continues the explanation of how

acid whey can be disposed of safely.

D) No, because it sets up the argument in the

paragraph for the benefits of Greek yogurt.

A) NO CHANGE

B) as

C) like

D) for

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A) NO CHANGE

B) containing

C) contains

D) will contain

A) NO CHANGE

B) In other words,

C) Therefore,

D) For instance,

A) NO CHANGE

B) fulfilled

C) complacent

D) sufficient

10

A) NO CHANGE

B) it, farmers

C) it, so farmers

D) it: farmers

Passage # 2
The Consolations of Philosophy

Long viewed by many as the stereotypical useless major, philosophy is now being seen by many
students and prospective employers as in fact a very useful and practical major, offering students a
host of transferable skills with relevance to the modern workplace. (1) In broad terms, philosophy is
the study of meaning and the values underlying thought and behavior. But(2) more pragmatically,
the discipline encourages students to analyze complex material, question conventional beliefs, and
express thoughts in a concise manner. Because philosophy (3) teaching students not what to think
but how to think, the age-old discipline offers consistently useful tools for academic and professional
achievement. A 1994 survey concluded that only 18 percent of American colleges required at least
one philosophy course. (4) Therefore, between 1992 and 1996, more than 400 independent
philosophy departments were eliminated from institutions.

More recently, colleges have recognized the practicality and increasing popularity of studying
philosophy and have markedly increased the number of philosophy programs offered. By 2008 there
were 817 programs, up from 765 a decade before. In addition, the number of four-year graduates in
philosophy has grown 46 percent in a decade. Also, studies have found that those students who
major in philosophy often do better than students from other majors in both verbal reasoning and

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analytical (5) writing. These results can be measured by standardized test scores. On the Graduate
Record Examination (GRE), for example, students intending to study philosophy in graduate school
(6) has scored higher than students in all but four other majors. These days, many (7) student’s
majoring in philosophy have no intention of becoming philosophers; instead they plan to apply
those skills to other disciplines. Law and business specifically benefit from the complicated
theoretical issues raised in the study of philosophy, but philosophy can be just as useful in
engineering or any field requiring complex analytic skills. 42 That these skills are transferable across
professions (8) which makes them especially beneficial to twenty-first-century students. Because
today’s students can expect to hold multiple jobs—some of which may not even exist yet—during (9)
our lifetime, studying philosophy allows them to be flexible and adaptable. High demand, advanced
exam scores, and varied professional skills all argue for maintaining and enhancing philosophy
courses and majors within academic institutions.

A) NO CHANGE

B) For example,

C) In contrast,

D) Nevertheless,

A) NO CHANGE

B) speaking in a more pragmatic way,

C) speaking in a way more pragmatically,

D) in a more pragmatic-speaking way,

A) NO CHANGE

B) teaches

C) to teach

D) and teaching

A) NO CHANGE

B) Thus,

C) Moreover,

D) However,

Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

A) writing as

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LUMIBA Preps

B) writing, and these results can be

C) writing, which can also be

D) writing when the results are

A) NO CHANGE

B) have scored

C) scores

D) scoring

A) NO CHANGE

B) students majoring

C) students major

D) student’s majors

A) NO CHANGE

B) that

C) and

D) DELETE the underlined portion.

A) NO CHANGE

B) one’s

C) his or her

D) their

Passage # 3
Transforming the American West Through Food and Hospitality

Just as travelers taking road trips today may need to take a break for food at a rest area along the
highway, settlers traversing the American West by train in the mid-1800s often found (1) themselves
in need of refreshment. However, food available on rail lines was generally of terrible quality. (2)
Despite having worked for railroad companies, Fred Harvey, an English-born (3) entrepreneur. He
decided to open his own restaurant business to serve rail customers. Beginning in the 1870s, he
opened dozens of restaurants in rail stations and dining cars. These Harvey Houses, which
constituted the first restaurant chain in the United States, (4) was unique for its high standards of
service and quality. The menu was modeled after those of fine restaurants, so the food was leagues
beyond the (5) sinister fare travelers were accustomed to receiving in transit.

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His restaurants were immediately successful, but Harvey was not content to follow conventional
business practices. Although women did not traditionally work in restaurants in the nineteenth
century, Harvey decided to try employing women as waitstaff. In 1883, he placed an advertisement
seeking educated, well-mannered, articulate young women between the ages of 18 and 30. (6)
Response to the advertisement was overwhelming, even tremendous, and Harvey soon replaced
the male servers at his restaurants with women. Those who were hired as “Harvey Girls” joined an
elite group of workers, who were expected to complete a 30-day training program and follow a strict
code of rules for conduct and curfews. In the workplace, the women donned identical black-and-
white uniforms and carried out their duties with precision. Not only were such regulations meant to
ensure the efficiency of the business and the safety of the workers, (7) but also helped to raise
people’s generally low opinion of the restaurant industry.

In return for the servers’ work, the position paid quite well for the time: $17.50 a month, plus tips,
meals, room and board, laundry service, and travel expenses. For as long as Harvey Houses served
rail travelers through the mid-twentieth century, working there was a steady and lucrative position
for women. Living independently and demonstrating an intense work (8) ethic; the Harvey Girls
became known as a transformative force in the American West. Advancing the roles of women in the
restaurant industry and the American workforce as a whole, the Harvey Girls raised the standards
for restaurants and blazed a trail in the fast-changing landscape of the western territories.

A) NO CHANGE

B) himself or herself

C) their selves

D) oneself

Which choice provides the most logical introduction to the sentence?

A) NO CHANGE

B) He had lived in New York and New Orleans, so

C) To capitalize on the demand for good food,

D) DELETE the underlined portion.

A) NO CHANGE

B) entrepreneur:

C) entrepreneur; he

D) entrepreneur,

A) NO CHANGE

B) were unique for their

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LUMIBA Preps

C) was unique for their

D) were unique for its

Which choice best maintains the tone established in

the passage?

A) NO CHANGE

B) surly

C) abysmal

D) icky

A) NO CHANGE

B) Response to the advertisement was overwhelming,

C) Overwhelming, even tremendous, was the response to the advertisement,

D) There was an overwhelming, even tremendous, response to the advertisement,

A) NO CHANGE

B) but also helping

C) also helping

D) but they also helped

A) NO CHANGE

B) ethic:

C) ethic, and

D) ethic,

Passage # 4
Ghost Mural

In 1932 the well-known Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros was commissioned to paint a mural
on the second-story exterior wall of a historic building in downtown Los Angeles. Siqueiros was
asked to celebrate tropical America in his work, (1) he accordingly titled it “América Tropical.” He
painted the mural’s first two sections, featuring images of a tropical rainforest and a Maya pyramid,
during the day. (2) Also, to avoid scrutiny, Siqueiros painted the final section of the mural the (3
)centerpiece at night.

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The reason for Siqueiros’s secrecy became clear when the mural was (4) confided. The
centerpiece of the work was dominated by images of native people being oppressed and (6)
including an eagle symbolizing the United States. Siqueiros’s political message did not please the
wealthy citizens who had commissioned his work. They eventually ordered the mural to be literally
whitewashed, or painted over with white paint. However, by the 1970s, the white paint had begun
to fade, and the bright colors of the mural were beginning to show through. At the same time, a
social and civil rights movement for Mexican Americans was working to raise awareness of Mexican
American cultural identity. Artists associated with (6) this began to rediscover and promote the work
of the Mexican muralists, particularly Siqueiros. To them, “América Tropical” was an example of how
art in public spaces could be used to celebrate Mexican American heritage while at the same time
making a political statement. Inspired by Siqueiros and the other muralists, this new generation of
artists strove to emulate the old mural masters.

The result was an explosion of mural painting that spread throughout California and the
southwestern United States in the 1970s. It was the Chicano mural movement. Hundreds of large,
colorful new murals depicting elements of Mexican American life and history appeared during this
period, some in designated cultural locations but many more in abandoned lots, on unused
buildings, or (7) painted on infrastructure such as highways and bridges. Many of these murals can
still be seen today, although some have not been well maintained.

Fortunately, a new group of artists has discovered the murals, and efforts are underway to clean,
restore, and repaint them. Once again, Siqueiros’s “América Tropical” is (8 )leading the way. After a
lengthy and complex restoration process, this powerful work is now a tourist attraction, complete
with a visitor center and a rooftop viewing platform. Advocates hope that Siqueiros’s mural will once
more serve as an inspiration, this time inspiring viewers to save and restore an important cultural
and artistic legacy

A) NO CHANGE

B) which he accordingly titled

C) accordingly he titled it

D) it was titled accordingly

A) NO CHANGE

B) However,

C) Although,

D) Moreover,

A) NO CHANGE

B) centerpiece,

C) centerpiece;

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D) centerpiece—

A) NO CHANGE

B) promulgated.

C) imparted.

D) unveiled.

A) NO CHANGE

B) included

C) includes

D) had included

A) NO CHANGE

B) it

C) them

D) this movement
7

A) NO CHANGE

B) they were painted on

C) on

D) DELETE the underlined portion.

Which choice most effectively sets up the

information that follows?

A) NO CHANGE

B) being cleaned and restored.

C) at risk of destruction.

D) awaiting its moment of appreciation

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Passage Grammar Set # 2

Passage # 1
In a 1954 Life magazine article, author John Hersey expressed concern that children in the United
States were disengaged from learning how to read. Among other problems, Hersey noted, the
reading material available to grade-schoolers had a hard time competing with television, radio, 1
and other media for children’s attention. One solution he proposed was to make

A) NO CHANGE
B) and with
C) and also
D) and competing with

children’s books more interesting, since “an individual’s sense of wholeness... follows, and cannot
precede, a sense of accomplishment.” The story of The Cat in the Hat’s publication began when
William 2 Spaulding, the director of the education division at the publishing company Houghton
Mifflin, read Hersey’s article and had an idea. Spaulding agreed that there was a need for appealing
books for beginning 3 readers. He thought he knew who should write one. He arranged to have
dinner with Theodor Geisel, who wrote and illustrated children’s books under the name “Dr. Seuss,”
and issued him a challenge: “Write me a story that first graders can’t put down!”

A) NO CHANGE
B) Spaulding the director
C) Spaulding, the director,
D) Spaulding—the director

3 Which choice most effectively combines the sentences at the underlined portion?

A) readers, and he
B) readers—namely, he
C) readers; and Spaulding
D) readers, and meanwhile he

Having known Spaulding for many years and having maintained a professional relationship with
him, Geisel was an experienced writer and illustrator. 4 However, this new project presented him
with an obstacle. Spaulding told Geisel to write his entire book using a restricted vocabulary from an
elementary school list of 348 words. Geisel started two stories, only to abandon them when he
found that he needed to use words that were not on the list. On the verge of giving up, 5 Geisel’s
story finally hit upon an image that became its basis: a cat wearing a battered stovepipe hat. His
main character established, Geisel commenced the difficult task of writing a book with a limited
vocabulary. 6 At the end of a duration nine months long, The Cat in the Hat was complete.

A) NO CHANGE
B) For example,

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C) Furthermore,
D) At any rate,

A) NO CHANGE
B) an image that Geisel finally hit upon became the basis of his story:
C) Geisel finally hit upon the image that became the basis for his story:
D) the story was finally based on an image that Geisel hit upon:

A) NO CHANGE
B) After thirty-six weeks—or nine months—had passed,
C) After a length of nine months had elapsed,
D) Nine months later,

The book was a hit. Children were entertained by its plot about the antics of a mischievous cat and 7
is captivated by its eye-catching illustrations and memorable rhythms and rhymes. Its sales inspired
another publishing company, Random House, to establish a series for early readers called Beginner
Books, which featured works by Geisel and other writers, and other publishers quickly followed suit.
In the years that 8 followed. Many talented writers and illustrators of children’s books imitated
Geisel’s formula of restricted vocabulary and whimsical artwork. But perhaps the best proof of The
Cat in the Hat’s success is not its influence on other books but its limited vocabulary and appealing
word choices.

A) NO CHANGE
B) was
C) has been
D) DELETE the underlined portion.

A) NO CHANGE
B) followed; many
C) followed, many
D) followed—many

Passage # 2
A growing number of public schools in the United States require students to complete community
service hours to graduate. Such volunteering, be it helping at a local animal shelter, 1 when they
pick up litter, or working at a health-care facility, has obvious benefits for the community it serves
and teaches students important life skills. But critics say that making volunteerism compulsory
misses the point of the act. 2 By its very definition, volunteer work is done willingly. By requiring
students to do community service in order to graduate, school 3 officials’ are taking away students’
choice to give up their time for nonprofit activities, making volunteerism less meaningful and
pleasurable. According to a psychological concept called the reactance theory, the loss of freedom in
choosing an activity can cause a negative reaction. For instance, instead of focusing on the good they
are doing, students may become resentful of the demands that compulsory volunteering places on
their schedules.

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LUMIBA PREPS

A) NO CHANGE
B) to pick up litter,
C) litter collection,
D) picking up litter,

The writer wants a transition from the previous paragraph that highlights the criticism of compulsory
volunteering mentioned in the previous paragraph. Which choice best accomplishes this goal?

A) NO CHANGE
B) Whatever the work may be,
C) For many students,
D) Fortunately for communities in need,

A) NO CHANGE
B) officials are taking away students
C) officials are taking away student’s
D) officials are taking away students’

Proponents of compulsory 4 volunteering who are in favor of it point out that it allows young
people to garner the benefits that volunteering offers. Students who volunteer report increased self-
esteem, better relationship-building skills, and 5 increasingly busy schedules. Some studies have
also found that students who do community service are more likely to volunteer as adults, and thus
6 effect society positively over the course of many years.

A) NO CHANGE
B) volunteering, advocating it,
C) volunteering
D) volunteering and its advocates

Which choice provides a supporting example that is most similar to the examples already in the
sentence?

A) NO CHANGE
B) a closer connection with their community.
C) less time spent engaging in social activities.
D) little increase in academic achievement.

A) NO CHANGE
B) affect
C) effecting
D) affects

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LUMIBA PREPS

However, most research looks at students who volunteer in general, not making a distinction
between students who are required to volunteer by their schools and those who volunteer willingly.
One recent study by Sara E. Helms, assistant professor of economics at Samford University in
Birmingham, Alabama, did focus specifically on 7 mandatory volunteering. She found that students
who were required to volunteer rushed to complete their service hours in early high 8 school, they
then did significantly less regular volunteer work in the twelfth grade 9 than the service hours of
those not required to volunteer. Helms concluded that compulsory volunteering does not
necessarily create lifelong volunteers.

A) NO CHANGE
B) coercive
C) forcible
D) imperative

A) NO CHANGE
B) school; they then,
C) school. They, then
D) school; they then

A) NO CHANGE
B) than did students who were
C) than hours worked by students
D) compared with students

Passage # 3
The Economist Explains What Countries Want from Their Diasporas June 25, 2015 Not so long ago,
countries mostly ignored their diasporas. But, rather like alumni relations offices, diaspora ministries
and departments (1) are now popping up around the world. (2) In 2009, Ireland struggled, it
convened an expat conference aimed at convincing the well-to-do Irish diaspora to help the country
get back on its feet. What do countries want from their expats?

First, soft power (3) Government believes its citizens living abroad can improve the country's
reputation, increasing tourism, consumption of exports and more. They can also (4) lobby their
lived-in countries to pursue their interests. (5) Mexican-Americans, for example: strongly oppose
tightening immigration controls in America. But this doesn't always (6) work, in some cases
emigrants left their home countries in the first place because they were unhappy there.

Second, diasporas can benefit their home countries financially. Most obviously, emigrants send
remittances to their families back home. (7) $70bn was received a year by India, and they make up
half of Tajikistan's GDP. This money flows steadily, even through recessions. And remittances are
particularly useful because they are a form of foreign exchange and (8) can so help improve the
credit rating of a country. They are vulnerable to exchange-rate fluctuations though: when the
rouble dropped in 2014, remittances sent to surrounding countries were hit hard in dollar terms.
Now countries want their diasporas to do more. (9) Countries like Israel; which claim all Jews as its

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diaspora; sell infrastructure bonds overseas, hoping expats will invest in the home country. They
also count on business tips that could help create more jobs at home.

Finally, countries want their diasporas to help them develop. (10) By bringing back skills, culture and
new ideas acquired abroad, they can lead the way in modernisation. In China, professors living
abroad are offered (11) vastly higher salary than their local counterparts to convince them to
return. Unfortunately, expats are much more likely to return to home countries that are rich and
developed, meaning the countries that need this assistance most don't get it - one study found that
scientists are five times more likely to return to Taiwan than to China. The answer to this may be
further incentives, such as those already being rolled out these include visa support, voting rights
and tax breaks.

A. will now pop up

B. is now popping up

C. are popping up now

D. no correction

A When Ireland was struggling in 2009,

B. Even though Ireland was struggling in 2009,

C Ireland have been struggling in 2009,

D. no correction

A Governments believe their citizens living abroad

B Governments believe their abroad-living citizens

C Governments believed that their citizens living abroad

D No correction needed

A lobby the country they live

B lobby the country they live in

C lobby the countries they live in

D. no correction

A Mexican Americans, for example,

B Mexican-Americans, for example,

C Mexican Americans for example

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D, no correction

A work; in some cases,

B work, in some cases,

C works; in some cases

D no correction

A India receive $70bn a year,

B $70bn a year was received by India,

C India receives $70bn a year,

D no correction

A so can helped improve country credit rating

B so can help improve a country’s credit rating

C so can help improve a country credit rating

D no correction

A Countries like Israel, which claims all Jews as its diaspora,

B A country like Israel, that claims as its diaspora all Jews

C Countries like Israel which claims as its diaspora all Jews

D No correction needed

10

A By bringing back skill, culture and new idea acquired abroad

B To bring back skill culture, and new idea abroad acquired

C To bring back skills, culture and ideas newly acquired abroad,

D No correction needed

11

A vastly higher salaries then their local counterparts

B vast high salary than their local counterpart

C vastly higher salaries than their local counterparts

D No correction needed

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Passage # 4
Throughout history, philosophy has shaped culture in pivotal ways. From the ancients to the post
mederns great philosophers have spoken powerfully within (1) there respective contexts. For
modern Western culture, one philosopher's formative impact surpassed his contemporaries France's
René Descartes. Called "the father of modern philosophy, Descartes crucially influenced Western
perspectives on knowledge and rationality. This 17th century philosopher ushered Western thought
through an era of great public doubt and upheaval and into the age of self- reliant rationalism
Political and religious tradition and authority the (2) obvious premodern sources of truth and
knowledge were being questioned and rejected as new ideas identified potential inconsistencies. (3)
Because foundations of truth seemed to be crumbling, Descartes's writings proposed an
alternative foundation: Individual reason.

(4) An expert in many fields, Descartes's work would on many levels serve to establish foundations
for modern culture and science. This emphasis on reason, as opposed to traditional or authoritative
bases for certainty, would become the modern mechanism for determining truth and knowledge.
Modern culture would come to cherish this as an intellectual ideal. In his most famous project,
Descartes sought certainty by mentally stripping away every layer of knowledge that was remotely
possible to doubt. Descartes arrived at his memorable (5) conclusion, "I think, therefore I am." he
could only be certain of the fact that he was thinking. Building from there, he could work toward
rational certainty in other areas of knowledge. Emphasizing the importance of building knowledge
on certain evidence, Descartes modelled a reversal of the reigning scientific processes (which
typically worked backward from observation to explanation). Descartes founded the modern
scientific method, in which research and study could be reliably conducted based on certain
evidence. Scientific method, and the emphasis

on human reason, would become standard elements of modern thought. Though reimagined by
ensuing culture and philosophy, (6) these changes propelled by Descartes's initial contributions to
that conversation. (7) Some people may argue that it is impossible to separate what Descartes
accomplished from the things his contemporaries did. Certainly, most scientists and philosophers
influence and build from each other's work. But Descartes was the crucial voice in early modern
dialogue. His expertise drew trusted readership, and his well-read ideas pointed culture down the
road to modern understanding-a road paved with reason, modernism's great intellectual virtue.
Shifts (11) begun by Descartes's work would influence the very structure of ideas and systems in the
modern world, from research methods to public processes like government and health systems.

A) no change

B) their

C) its

D) its’s

2.

A) NO CHANGE

B) makeshift

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LUMIBA PREPS

C) innovative

D) reigning

3.

A) NO CHANGE

B) In a time when foundations of truth seemed to be crumbling, Descartes's writings proposed an

alternative foundation: individual reason.

C) Despite the fact that foundations of truth seemed to be crumbling, Descartes's

writings proposed an alternative foundation: individual reason.

D) Although foundations of truth seemed to be crumbling, Descartes's writings proposed an

alternative foundation: individual reason.

4.

A) NO CHANGE

B) Expertise in many fields, Descartes created work that

C) An expert in many fields, Descartes would create work that

D) With his expertise in many fields, or Descartes's work

5.

A) NO CHANGE

B) conclusion "I think, therefore I am" he could only be certain of the fact that he was thinking

C) conclusion, "I think, therefore I am" he could only be certain of the fact that he was thinking.

D) conclusion, "I think, therefore I am." He could only be certain of the fact that he was thinking.

6.

A) NO CHANGE

B) these changes being propelled by

C) these changes having been propelled by

D) these changes were propelled by

7.

A) NO CHANGE
B) Some may argue that it is impossible to separate Descartes's accomplishments from those of his
contemporaries.
C) Some people may argue that it is impossible to separate Descartes from his contemporaries.
D) Some may argue that what Descartes accomplished is no different from what his contemporaries
did.

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LUMIBA PREPS

Passage # 5
Art is never (1) immovable, nor is it meant to be. A poem written today looks and sounds vastly
different from a poem by Shakespeare, and a modern symphony no longer resembles one by
Beethoven. So it is with the novel, that still relatively young member of the literary family (many
consider Don Quixote, published in 1605 to be the first). The novel is evolving to reflect (2)the
changing world; for better or for worse. The novel, while well regarded, would never match the
poem as the ideal form for conveying the struggles of humanity. A few quotations from acclaimed
novelists of the past illustrate how (3) loftily the form was once regarded. G. K. Chesterton said, "A
good novel tells us the truth about its hero; but a bad novel tells us the truth about its author."
English writer Ford Madox Ford believed the novelist played an important role as a recorder of
history. (4) Ford said of his friend Joseph Conrad, "We agreed that the novel is absolutely the only
vehicle for the thought of our day?" It's not that over centuries writers of novels have shed these
ambitions; novels today still address complexities and intricate social dynamics. (5) However, in
recent decades, popular novels and their film adaptations have driven the novel market in a broader
direction. (6) Novels are considered just another entertainment medium, which are now available
on digital devices, one that ought to enthrall its passive reader and relieve him or her of the stress
and tedium of life. The difficulties, challenges, and triumphs of real life are (7) less often the subject
of popular novels; instead, escapist tales of fantastical lands and escapades are more popular. It is
rare today for a novelist to attempt to ask, "What does it mean?" Instead,(8) we strive to prvide the
reader with an answer to the question, "What happens next?" "Publishers, readers, booksellers,
even critics," critic James Woods wrote, "acclaim the novel that one can deliciously sink into, forget
oneself in, the novel that returns us to the innocence of childhood or the dream of the cartoon, the
novel of a thousand confections and no unwanted significance. What becomes harder to find, and
lonelier to defend, is the idea of (9) the novel as-in Ford Madox Ford's words-a 'medium of
profoundly serious investigation into the human case.

A) NO CHANGE

B) sluggish

C) static

D) stationary

2.

A) NO CHANGE

B) changing world-for better

C) changing world: for better

D) changing world for better.

3.

A) NO CHANGE

B) broadly

C) haughtily

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LUMIBA PREPS

D) pretentiously

4. Which choice best improves the sentence?

A) Ford said of his friend, the novelist Joseph Conrad,

B) Ford said of his great friend, Joseph Conrad,

C) Ford said of Joseph Conrad,

D) Ford said of his friend, Joseph Conrad, a Pole who moved to Britain,

5.

A) NO CHANGE

B) However: in recent decades,

C) However in recent decades,

D) In recent decades however;

6.

A) NO CHANGE

B) Novels, which are now available on digital devices, are considered just another entertainment
medium,

C) Novels are considered just another entertainment medium, now available on devices,

D) Novels, just another entertainment medium which are now available on digital devices

7.

A) NO CHANGE

B) less often the subject of popular novels instead, escapist tales of fantastical lands and escapades
are more popular.

C) less often the subject of popular novels, instead, escapist tales of fantastical lands and escapades
are more popular.

D) less often the subject of popular novels: instead, escapist tales of fantastical lands and escapades,
are more popular.

8.

A) NO CHANGE

B) they strive

C) it strives

D) he or she strives

9.

A) NO CHANGE

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LUMIBA PREPS

B) the novel as, in Ford Madox Ford's words-a 'medium of profoundly serious investigation into the
human case."

C) the novel as, in Ford Madox Ford's words: a 'medium of profoundly serious investigation into the
human case."

D) the novel as, in Ford Madox Ford's words; a 'medium of profoundly serious investigation into the
human case."

Passage # 6
It can be hard to break into your desired field, 23. whether that's advertising, medicine, or
technology New graduates usually have to start at entry-level positions, where salaries are low.
Meanwhile, the cost of rent can be (1) high, and if you live with your parents to save 24 on rent,
perhaps in the suburbs, then you might have a costly commute.

It may be tempting to take a position that promises 2: high income for working at home. But don't
be tempted. Many of these advertised "work-from-home" positions are outright scams. Of the 8,192
(2) compliants filed with Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 2010 involving work-at- home business
opportunities, the FTC estimates that only 1 in every 55 cases involved any business.

The scams come in many forms, but one thing they have in common is the promise of thousands of
dollars per week, with no skills, experience, or degree required. That sounds too good to be true-
precisely because it is. The other thing (3) it has in common is that they require a fee for the
materials to get you started, everything from lists of phone numbers to registration with bogus
agencies.

Victims often find the paperwork difficult to complete. The (4) certification fee is supposed to get
you marketing materials, software, and a training session. But once the company has your money,
the training sessions are postponed indefinitely, and the materials never arrive. You don't earn a
cent. (5) Stuffing envelopes, assembling crafts, and entering data are all schemes that promise easy
dollars for performing simple work. In each case, the company collects your setup fee and never
provides any work. There is no service (6) department (with which to lodge complaints), and there
are no refunds. The lure of money is very powerful, but people entering the job market for the first
time need to understand that earning a substantial income is something that comes from skill,
education, and hard work. (7) They're are no shortcuts in life or in business, and anyone who thrills
at the thought of getting something for nothing, or who loves the idea of working in distortion.
pajamas, should learn that fast tracks to wealth are (8) a distortion.

Besides, you'll get more satisfaction out of perform you would stuffing real work that uses real skills
thaning envelopes. (9) Starting in a career field, building your experience and skills will earn you
bigger dividends in the future. That's a guarantee that no work-from-home scam can match.

1.

A) no change

B) high

C) high:

D) high-

2.

Page 123
LUMIBA PREPS

A) NO CHANGE

B) complaints

C) compliments

D) complements

4.

A) NO CHANGE

B) they have

C) one has

D) it has

6.

A) NO CHANGE

B) registration

C) conclusion

D) termination

7.

A) NO CHANGE

B) Envelope stuffing, assembling crafts, and data entry

C) Envelope stuffing, craft assembly, and entering data

D) Stuffing envelopes, craft assembly, and entering data

8.

A) NO CHANGE

B) department-with which to lodge complaints,

C) department with which to lodge complaints,

D) department, with which to lodge complaints,

9.

A) NO CHANGE

B) They

C) Their

D) There

10.

A) NO CHANGE

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LUMIBA PREPS

B) an impression

C) an illusion

D) an apparition

11.

A) NO CHANGE

B) Just starting in a career field, building experience

C) If starting in a career field, building your experience

D) When starting in a career field, building your experience

Page 125
 More Questions with
Explanatory Answers

Take these tests and see how you do. Refer to Explanatory Answers for questions you missed.

Identifying Errors

Directions:  The following sentences test your knowledge of grammar, usage, diction

(choice of words), and idiom.
Some sentences are correct.
No sentence contains more than one error.
You will find that the error, if there is one, is underlined and lettered. Elements of
the sentence that are not underlined will not be changed. In choosing answers, follow
the requirements of standard written English.

­on
If there is an error, select the } e}}
}} un d}
}}e}r}li}}
n}e}
d}p
}a
}}r}t that must be changed to make the
sentence correct and fill in the corresponding oval on your answer sheet.
If there is no error, fill in answer oval E.

EXAMPLE: SAMPLE ANSWER

A C D E
T h}
e}}
o}th e}r delegates and } ­hi}m
} }­im m}e}
di}}
a}t}
e}ly}
}} }} }}
A B C
accepted the resolution ­d }}}}}}}}}} the
rafte d by
D
neutral states. } ­N}
o}}
e}r}r}
o}r
E

1. The Chairman of the Board of Directors made it clear at the meeting that he will not step
A B C
down from his position as chairman. No error.
D E

2. Although Hank was the captain of our high school track team, and was hailed as the
A
fastest man on the team, I have no doubt about my being able to run faster than him
B C D
today. No error.
E

3. These kind of people who have little education, who have no desire for cultural pursuits,
A
and whose sole purpose is acquiring wealth, are not the type I wish to associate with.
B C D
No error.
E

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150 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

4. Whether the sales campaign succeeds will probably not be known for at least a year, but
A B C
it is clear now that the stakes are high. No error.
D E

5. Neither Sam Atkins nor Henry Miller, sales representatives for the company, presented
A
their summaries of sales before the deadline for doing so. No error.
B C D E

6. A recent poll has indicated that Harold, who is a senior at South Palmetto High School, is
A
considered brighter than any student in the senior class at that school. No error.
B C D E

7. When one leaves his car to be repaired, he assumes that the mechanic will repair the car
A B C
good. No error.
D E

8. Bob could easily have gotten a higher score on his college entrance test if he
A B
would have read more in his school career. No error.
C D E

9. Any modern novelist would be thrilled to have his stories compared with Dickens.
A B C D
No error.
E

10. When my Uncle Pancho’s plane arrives at the airport in San Diego, I shall have already left
A B C D
San Diego for Mexico City. No error.
E

11. Many people in the United States don’t scarcely know about the terrible hardships that
A B
the Vietnamese are experiencing in their war-ravaged country. No error.
C D E

12. Cesar Chavez, president of the United Farm Workers Union, called for a Congressional
A
investigation of certain California lettuce growers, whom, he said, were giving bribes to a
B C
rival union. No error.
D E

13. The automobile industry is experimenting with a new type of a motor that will consume
A B
less gasoline and cause much less pollution. No error.
C D E

14. The girl who won the beauty contest is nowhere near as beautiful as my mother was
A B C
when she was a bride. No error.
D E

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 the sat writing test • 151

15. Sitting opposite my sister and me in the subway were them same men who walked
A B C
alongside us and tried to pinch us on Fifth Avenue. No error.
D E

16. Even if Detroit could provide nonpolluting cars by the original deadline to meet
A B
prescribed federal standards for clean air, the effect in big cities would be slight because
C
only new cars would be properly equipped. No error.
D E

17. None of the crew members who flew with me over Hanoi is happy today about the
A B C
destruction caused in that bombing mission. No error.
D E

18. It was our neighbor’s opinion that if Kennedy was alive today, the country would have
A B C
fewer problems than it has now. No error.
D E

19. We, as parents who are interested in the welfare of our son, are strongly opposed to him
A B C
associating with individuals who do not seem to have moral scruples. No error.
D E

20. If anyone in the audience has anything to add to what the speaker has already said, let
A B C
them speak up. No error.
D E

21. It was very nice of the Rodriguezes to invite my husband, my mother, and I to their New
A B C
Year’s Eve party. No error.
D E

22. Neither rain nor snow nor sleet keep the postman from delivering our letters, which we
A B C
so much look forward to receiving. No error.
D E

23. Namath played a real fine game in spite of the fact that the Jets lost by a touchdown
A B C
which the opposing team scored in the last minute of play. No error.
D E

24. You may not realize it but the weather in Barbados during Christmas is like New York in
A B C D
June. No error.
E

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152 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

improving sentences

Directions: The following sentences test correctness and effectiveness of

expression. In choosing answers, follow the requirements of standard written
En­glish; that is, pay attention to grammar, choice of words, sentence construc-
tion, and punctuation.

In each of the following sentences, part of the sentence or the entire sentence
is underlined. Beneath each sentence you will find five ways of phrasing the
underlined part. Choice A repeats the original; the other four are different.

Choose the answer that best expresses the meaning of the original sentence.
If you think the original is better than any of the alternatives, choose it; other-
wise choose one of the others. Your choice should produce the most effective
sentence—clear and precise, without awkwardness or ambiguity.

EXAMPLE: SAMPLE ANSWER

A C D E
Laura Ingalls Wilder published her first book
a
}}n}
d}s
}}h}
e}w
}a
}}s}s
}i}}
x}ty}-}}f}ive}}y}
}} ea}}rs ol}}
}}} d}}th
}}e}
n.
(A) and she was sixty-five years old then
(B) when she was sixty-five
(C) being age sixty-five years old
(D) upon the reaching of sixty-five years
(E) at the time when she was sixty-five

25. There is great disagreement today about the need for vitamin supplements, many doctors
being on one side as opposed to nutritionists.

(A) many doctors being on one side as opposed to nutritionists

(B) which finds many doctors on one side with nutritionists on the other
(C) putting many doctors on one side and nutritionists on the other
(D) with many doctors on one side and nutritionists on the other
(E) what with many doctors on one side and nutritionists on the other

26. Because of the size and weight of the stones that constitute Stonehenge, some people are
convinced how it was erected by extraterrestrial beings.

(A) how it was erected

(B) that it was erected
(C) that they were erected
(D) that it was done
(E) that it has been erected

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27. Even in apparently peaceful neighborhoods, one often finds conflict between parents and
school officials over such issues as wanting smaller classes, curriculum, and the impor-
tance of nonacademic subjects like art, music, and physical education.

(A) wanting smaller classes, curriculum, and the importance of nonacademic subjects
(B) class size, curriculum, and that nonacademic subjects are not important
(C) class size, curriculum, and the importance of nonacademic subjects
(D) how many children are in a class, what they read, and the importance of nonacademic
subjects
(E) class size, curriculum, and nonacademic subjects

28. The presentation of Edwardian England as a period of romance lets the viewer forget the
poverty and squalor in which the majority lived and inspire him to laugh at the foolish
mores of the rich and fashionable.

(A) and inspire

(B) and inspires
(C) which inspires
(D) inspiring
(E) and this inspires

29. Deciding whether Shakespeare’s plays or his sonnets are better poetry, that is a task only
for those prepared to examine the texts closely and able to distinguish subtle differences
in the use of poetic devices.

(A) Deciding whether Shakespeare’s plays or his sonnets are better poetry, that is a task
(B) In deciding whether Shakespeare’s plays or his sonnets are better poetry is a task
(C) In order to decide whether Shakespeare’s plays or his sonnets are better poetry is a
task
(D) Deciding whether Shakespeare’s plays or his sonnets are the best poetry is a task
(E) Deciding whether Shakespeare’s plays or his sonnets are better poetry is a task

30. While Cézanne, Seurat, and Gauguin were primarily concerned with objective or formal
principles, other Post-Impressionists, like van Gogh, were exploring more subjective
means of artistic expression.

(A) were exploring

(B) was exploring
(C) exploring
(D) who were exploring
(E) who was exploring

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31. Unlike “The Tell-Tale Heart” and “The Black Cat,” verisimilitude is achieved in “The Cask
of Amontillado” by a clearly defined setting and time and by characters who are given
names and realistic dialogue.

(A) verisimilitude is achieved in “The Cask of Amontillado” by a clearly defined setting and
time and by characters who are given names and realistic dialogue
(B) “The Cask of Amontillado” achieves verisimilitude by a clearly defined setting and time
and by characters who are given names and realistic dialogue
(C) a clearly defined setting and time and characters who have names and realistic dia-
logue give “The Cask of Amontillado” verisimilitude
(D) in “The Cask of Amontillado” verisimilitude is achieved by a clearly defined setting and
time and characters who are given names and realistic dialogue
(E) verisimilitude is achieved by a clearly defined setting and time and by characters who
are given names and realistic dialogue in “The Cask of Amontillado”

32. The poets of the 1920s tended to be difficult, introverted, and experimental; the poets of
the 1930s, reacting to the urgent demands of the political situation, and to a large extent
having rejected such an approach in favor of a more literal, realistic statement.

(A) and to a large extent having rejected

(B) and to a large extent rejecting
(3) to a large extent rejected
(D) and to a large extent rejected
(E) they rejected to a large extent

33. One often hears the claim that communism, despite its opposition to traditional forms of
organized religion and professed atheism, is itself religious.

(A) despite its opposition to traditional forms of organized religion and professed atheism,
is itself religious
(B) despite its opposition to traditional forms of organized religion and its professed
atheism, is itself religious
(C) despite its opposition to traditional forms of organized religion and its professed
atheism, are themselves religious
(D) despite its opposition to traditional forms of organized religion and professed atheism,
is itself a religion
(E) despite its opposition to traditional forms of organized religion and its professed
atheism, is itself a religion

34. Laws are made and enforced by human beings; as long as there are imperfect lawmakers,
imperfect laws are going to be a natural consequence.

(A) imperfect laws are going to be a natural consequence

(B) they will be imperfect laws
(C) imperfect laws are to be expected
(D) there will be imperfect laws
(E) it will mean imperfect laws

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35. With their noise and bad manners, the children angered the receptionist, which made her
ask their mother to take them outside to wait for the doctor.

(A) With their noise and bad manners, the children angered the receptionist, which made
her ask
(B) The children were noisy and ill-mannered, which made the receptionist so angry that
she asked
(C) The children were noisy and ill-mannered, thus angering the receptionist so that she
asked
(D) The noisy and ill-mannered children so angered the receptionist that she asked
(E) Noisy and ill-mannered, the children made the receptionist so angry as to ask

36. If the problem of pollution—air, water, noise, etc.—is important, indeed vital, to every
American is a fact that we all know but that many of us are choosing to ignore.

(A) If the problem of pollution

(B) That the problem of pollution
(C) How the problem of pollution
(D) When the problem of pollution
(E) Because the problem of pollution

37. He has waited for her and been disappointed by her so often that he was astonished when
she arrived right on time.

(A) has waited for her and been disappointed by her

(B) had waited and been disappointed by her
(C) has waited and been disappointed by her
(D) had waited for her and been disappointed by her
(E) had waited, only to be disappointed, for her

38. The main problem is to determine the feasibility of becoming, other considerations not-
withstanding, “energy-independent” within this century.

(A) The main problem is to determine the feasibility of becoming, other considerations
notwithstanding, “energy-independent”
(B) The main problem is to determine, other considerations notwithstanding, the feasibil-
ity to become “energy-independent”
(C) To determine the feasibility, other considerations notwithstanding, of becoming
“energy-independent” is the main problem
(D) Other considerations notwithstanding, the problem of determining the feasibility of
becoming “energy-independent” is the main one
(E) The main problem, other considerations notwithstanding, is to determine the feasibil-
ity of becoming “energy-independent”

39. After the debate, it was voted by the spectators to be in favor of the resolution.

(A) it was voted by the spectators to be

(B) the spectators voted
(C) in a vote by the spectators they were
(D) the spectators by vote, turned out to be
(E) in their vote, the spectators were

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40. It is difficult to say whether Newton or Einstein was the most brilliant, because each made
great strides forward in his field of scientific inquiry.

(A) was the most brilliant, because each made great strides forward in his field
(B) was the most brilliant, because each made great strides forward in their fields
(C) were the more brilliant, because each made great strides forward in their fields
(D) was the more brilliant, because each made great strides forward in his field
(E) were the more brilliant, because each made great strides forward in his field

41. Russia’s most celebrated composer, Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky, once described himself as
“Russian to the core” and a devotee of the Russian spirit.

(A) a devotee of
(B) that he was devoted to
(C) devoted to
(D) devoting himself to
(E) devoted himself to

42. Although James Fenimore Cooper was a recognized talent in Europe, they did not read his
works in the United States and looked down on him as a frontier writer.

(A) they did not read his works in the United States and looked down on him
(B) he was unread in the United States and was looked down on
(C) they did not read him in the United States, looking down on him
(D) in the United States he was unread because they looked down on him
(E) in the United States they not only did not read his works but also looked down on him

43. Bill Bradley was not only athletic enough to be a basketball star but also intelligent enough
to be a Rhodes scholar.

(A) but also intelligent enough

(B) but he was sufficiently intelligent
(C) but he also had the intelligence
(D) but that he was also intelligent enough
(E) but because of his intelligence he was also

44. When reading Iris Murdoch’s novels, one often wonders does she want the reader to
believe that these or those characters are moral and virtuous.

(A) does she want the reader to believe that these or those characters are moral and virtuous
(B) which characters does she want the reader to believe are moral and virtuous
(C) whether she wants us to see these or those characters as moral and virtuous
(D) which characters she wants the reader to believe are moral and virtuous
(E) which characters she wants for the reader to believe moral and virtuous

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45. With Degas, a small drawing or monotype can reveal as much or sometimes more than a
full-blown composition.

(A) as much or sometimes more than

(B) as much as or sometimes more than
(C) so much as or sometimes more than
(D) as much as or preferably more than
(E) as much or more than

46. Having inherited great wealth, his pursuit of a literary career would not be hampered by
worries about earning a living.

(A) his pursuit of a literary career would not be hampered by worries

(B) a literary career was open to him without having to worry
(C) his desire to pursue a literary career could be satisfied without worrying
(D) he was free to pursue a literary career without worrying
(E) the opportunity to pursue a literary career would be unimpeded by worries

47. Great devastation was experienced by the town, which was caused by the tornado.

(A) Great devastation was experienced by the town, which was caused by the tornado.
(B) Great devastation, caused by the tornado, was visited upon the town.
(C) The town was devastated by the tornado.
(D) The tornado brought great devastation to the town.
(E) The tornado’s devastation destroyed the town.

48. At the end of the game, everybody rushed out of the stadium, running to their cars, and
then sat, waiting for the traffic to move.

(A) running to their cars, and then sat

(B) ran to their cars, and then sat
(C) running to his car, and then sat
(D) ran to his car, and then sat
(E) running to his car, and then sitting

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52. The it in sentences 7 and 8 refers to

Directions: The following passage is an early
draft of an essay. Some parts of the passage need (A) the same noun that the it in sentence 3 refers to
to be rewritten. (B) the “stock” car
(C) the hopped-up, modified, or customized car
Read the passage and select the best answers
(D) the boy’s own car
for the questions that follow. Some questions are
(E) the car the boy would like to own
about par­tic­u­lar sentences or parts of sentences
and ask you to improve sentence structure or
word choice. Other questions ask you to con-
Questions 53–56 refer to the following passage.
sider or­gan­iz­ation and development. In choosing
answers, follow the requirements of standard 1A loss of tradition has had devastating effects on American
written En­glish. Indian communities.   2“When we ceased to have a relationship
with the world around us through our religion, we went ber-
serk,” says Victoria Santana, a lawyer with the American Indian
Law Center in Albuquerque.   3“Look at the studies of alcohol-
Questions 49–52 refer to the following passage. ism and crime among Indians.”   4There is now some evidence
1There is no escaping it: dating and cars are inextricably linked that the once-dying Indian religions are being revived.   5Forty
up together.   2In the suburbs of Los Angeles in 1950, a high years ago, Indians would deny their religion.   6They didn’t
school boy couldn’t conduct his dating life without a car.   3It want to be persecuted.   7Crow Indian grandparents are teach-
was the fundamental tool of the courtship ritual.   4Of course, ing their grandchildren the old ways.   8Young Sioux in South
you could borrow the family car to go on a date.   5This was Dakota are performing the once-forbidden Sun Dance, a vigor-
deeply humiliating.   6It was “stock”—that is, not hopped-up, ous four-day ritual in which the skin and muscle layers are
modified, or customized.   7It bore no mark of personality.   crippled with bone slivers.
8It had no identity.
53. Sentence 6 could be joined to sentence 5 with the
49. In sentence 4, you would be better if it were word(s)

(A) left as is (A) unless

(B) changed to one (B) so that
(C) changed to a high school student (C) while
(D) changed to he (D) because
(E) changed to someone (E) except that

50. Sentence 6 would be best if 54. The word crippled in sentence 8 would best be

(A) it were left as is (A) left as is

(B) it were made into two sentences, the new one (B) changed to pierced
beginning with that is (C) changed to scratched
(C) it were shortened to It was “stock” (D) changed to beset
(D) it were joined to sentence 7 with because (E) changed to beaten
(E) it were rewritten without quotation marks
around stock
55. Sentence 7 would be best if it began with

51. Sentence 5 should begin with (A) However, while

(B) In the past, since
(A) So (C) But,
(B) Since (D) Yes,
(C) Unless (E) But today,
(D) Because
(E) But

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 the sat writing test • 159

56. Sentence 8 would be best if it were 60. Sentences 10 and 11 should

(A) made into two sentences, the new one begin- (A) be combined to form one sentence with a semi-
ning with A colon after mirror
(B) made into two sentences, the new one begin- (B) be combined to form one sentence by using the
ning with In conjunction and
(C) joined to sentence 7 with the word and (C) be combined to form one sentence, adding
(D) left as is although you should after mirror
(E) moved to follow sentence 2 (D) be combined to form one sentence beginning
with After you
(E) be left as they are
Questions 57–60 refer to the following passage.
1At some moment in our lives most of us are called upon to
make a speech—at a town meeting or community function, a
graduation, or even a family gathering.   2Yet, few of us do it
well.   3Either we talk unprepared, stumbling over words, or
we overtalk, and we bore our audience.   4Actually, however,
the basics of effective speechmaking are simple.   5Know
your audience.   6Get a theme.   7Research it.   8Make notes
if you must.   9But do it using key words that will bring entire
sentences to mind.   10Practice before a mirror.   11Make the
speech before your family or friends, and ask for their criti-
cism.   12Finally, when you’re speaking in public remember:
Have humor, be sincere, be brief, be seated.

57. In sentence 3, the phrase and we bore our audience

should

(A) be changed to boring our audience

(B) remain as it is
(C) be omitted entirely
(D) be changed to boring our audience with our
longwindedness
(E) be shortened to and bore our audience

58. Were the passage to be divided into two paragraphs,

the second paragraph should begin with

(A) sentence 2
(B) sentence 3
(C) sentence 4
(D) sentence 5
(E) sentence 12

59. Sentence 2 should

(A) remain as it is
(B) be omitted
(C) begin with Although instead of Yet
(D) begin with Therefore instead of Yet
(E) begin with While instead of Yet

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160 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

ANSWER KEY FOR WRITING SKILLS TEST

1. C 21. C 41. C

2. D 22. B 42. B

3. A 23. A 43. A

4. E 24. D 44. D

5. B 25. D 45. B

6. C 26. B 46. D

7. D 27. C 47. C

8. C 28. B 48. D

9. D 29. E 49. D

10. E 30. A 50. A

11. A 31. B 51. E

12. B 32. C 52. B

13. B 33. E 53. D

14. B 34. D 54. B

15. C 35. D 55. E

16. E 36. B 56. D

17. E 37. D 57. A

18. B 38. E 58. C

19. C 39. B 59. A

20. D 40. D 60. E

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 the sat writing test • 161

EXPLANATORY ANSWERS FOR

WRITING SKILLS TEST

Identifying Errors

1. (C) “…that he would not step down…”

Since the verb of the main clause (made) 10. (E) All underlined parts are correct.
is in the past tense, the verb of the sub-
ordinate clause must also be in the past 11. (A) “Many people in the United States
tense (would speak). Incidentally, would scarcely know…” Omit the word don’t.
speak is a past subjunctive. The word scarcely is sufficiently nega-
tive to express the meaning intended.
2. (D) “…no doubt about my being able to
run faster than he today.” The nomina- 12. (B) “…who, he said, were giving bribes…”
tive case (he—not him) must be used The subject of the dependent clause
after the conjunction than when the must have a nominative case form (who)
pronoun is the subject of an elliptical not an objective case form (whom)
clause (“than he can run today”).
13. (B) “…with a new type of motor…” Do
3. (A) “These kinds of people…” A plu- not use the article a or an after kind of,
ral pronoun-adjective (These—not this) type of, sort of, etc.
must be used to modify a plural noun
(kinds). 14. (B) “…is not nearly as beautiful…” Do
not use the expression nowhere near for
4. (E) All underlined parts are correct. not nearly.

5. (B) “…presented his summaries of 15. (C) “…were those same men…” The
sales…” Singular antecedents (Atkins demonstrative pronoun-adjective form
and Miller) which are joined by or or (those)—not the personal pronoun form
nor are referred to by singular pro- (them)—must be used to modify the
nouns (his, in this case—not their). noun men.

6. (C) “…brighter than any other student…” 16. (E) All underlined parts are correct.
As the original sentence stands, Harold
is brighter than himself. In a com- 17. (E) All underlined parts are correct.
parative construction, we must be sure
that, if A and B are compared, A is not 18. (B) “…that if Kennedy were alive today…”
included as part of B. The verb in a condition contrary to fact
is were for all persons—never was.
7. (D) “…will repair the car well.” The adverb
(well)—not the adjective (good)—is 19. (C) “…are strongly opposed to his
used to modify the verb (will repair). associating with…” A pronoun in the
possessive case (his) not in the objec-
8. (C) “…if he had read more…” The “if” tive case (him)—should be used to
clause of a contrary-to-fact past tense modify a gerund (associating) when
requires the verb had read—not would that pronoun indicates the person who
have read. is performing the action of the gerund.

9. (D) “…to have his stories compared with 20. (D) “…let him speak up.” An indefinite
those of Dickens.” We have an improper antecedent (anyone) must be referred to
ellipsis in the original sentence. by a singular pronoun (him—not them).
The additional words (those of) are
necessary to complete the meaning of 21. (C) “…to invite my husband, my
the sentence. mother and me…” All of the words of a

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compound object must be in the objec- 23. (A) “Namath played a really fine
tive case. Note that the words husband, game…” An adverb (really)—not an
mother, and me are all direct object s of adjective (real)—is used to modify the
the infinitive to invite. adjective fine.

22. (B) “Neither rain nor snow nor sleet 24. (D) “…is like that of New York in June.”
keeps the postman…” When subjects We have an improper ellipsis here. We
are connected by neither…nor, the verb must include the words that of, meaning
must agree with the subject which is the weather of.
closest to the verb—sleet is the closest
subject to the verb (keeps) in the sen-
tence. Since sleet is singular, the verb
(keeps) must be singular.

Improving Sentences

25. (D) Choice A is incorrect because it 29. (E) Choice A is incorrect because “that”
omits “on the other” after “nutrition- is redundant: “deciding” is the subject
ists,” thus leaving the thought incom- and “that” merely repeats it. Choices B
plete. Choice B is incorrect because and C are incorrect because they have
“which” has no definite antecedent. no subject. Prepositional phrases cannot
Choice C is incorrect because it is awk- act as subjects of sentences. Choice D
ward. Choice E is incorrect because is incorrect because only two items are
“what with” is too informal. being compared, so the comparative
(“better”), not the superlative (“best”),
26. (B) Choice A is incorrect because “how” is needed. Choice E is correct because
is substituted for “that.” Choice C is a gerund (“deciding”) can act as the
incorrect because “they” could refer subject of a sentence.
to either “people” or “stones.” Choice
D is incorrect because “done” is an 30. (A) The subject of the verb is “other Post-
inexact word in this sentence. Choice E Impressionists,” which is plural; there-
is incorrect because the present perfect fore, Choice A is correct and Choice B
tense (“has been”) indicates action that is incorrect. Choices C, D, and E deprive
began in the past and continues in the the sentence of a main clause verb,
present; in this case, the present perfect Choice C by supplying only a participle,
tense is illogical. Choices D and E by making a subordi-
nate clause out of the main verb.
27. (C) Choices A, B, and D lack parallel con-
struction and are therefore incorrect. 31. (B) In Choices A, C, D, and E, faulty
Choice E is incorrect because “non- comparisons are made. Only the story,
academic subjects” are not an issue— “The Cask of Amontillado,” can logically
“the importance” of them is the issue. be compared to the two stories in the
introductory phrase.
28. (B) The subject of the sentence is “pres-
entation,” which is singular. Choice A is 32. (C) Choices A and B are incorrect because
incorrect and Choice B correct because they deprive the second clause of the
the singular verb is correct (“inspires”). sentence of a main verb; a participle
Choice C is incorrect because “which” (“having rejected,” “rejecting,”) cannot
has no logical antecedent. Choice D is serve as the main verb of an independent
incorrect because “inspiring,” a partici- clause. Choice D is incorrect because
ple, does not modify anything. Choice E “and,” which is a coordinating conjunc-
is incorrect because there is no logical tion, is used to join a participle (“react-
antecedent for “this.” ing”) and a main verb (“rejected”). A

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 the sat writing test • 163

coordinating conjunction is used to con- incorrect because “by” after “disap-

nect only equal grammatical elements. pointed” is needed; “disappointed for
Choice E is incorrect because “they” her” does not make sense.
is redundant; “poets” is the subject and
“they” simply repeats it. 38. (E) “Other considerations notwithstand-
ing” logically should be close to “the
33. (E) Choices A, B, and C are incor- main problem,” so Choices A, B, and C
rect because communism, a system of are incorrect. Choice B is also incorrect
beliefs, cannot be “religious.” Choice because “feasibility to become” is unidi-
A is further incorrect because “its” omatic. Choice D is incorrect because “is
before “professed atheism” is omitted; the main one” sounds awkward here.
this omission makes the sentence say
that communism is opposed to pro- 39. (B) Choices A, C, D, and E are too
fessed atheism. Choice C is further roundabout. Choices A and C use the
incorrect because “themselves” has no passive voice unnecessarily and, there-
antecedent, and “are” should be the fore, in a weak manner. Choices C and
singular “is” (the subject is “commu- E use prepositional phrases in a way that
nism”). Choice D is incorrect because it makes the sentence verbose—“the spec-
omits “its” before “professed atheism.” tators they,” in Choice C, and “their vote,
the spectators,” in Choice E. Choice D
34. (D) Choices A and C are awkward. is awkward.
Choice B is incorrect because “they”
refers to “lawmakers.” Choice E is incor- 40. (D) One problem in this sentence is
rect because “it” has no specific anteced- agreement—subject-verb agreement
ent and because the choice is awkward. and pronoun-antecedent agreement. A
second problem is the use of “most” or
35. (D) Choice D is the most straightfor- “more” when two items are being com-
ward of the choices and is correct. pared. “More” is used when only two
Choices A and B are incorrect because items are being compared (the compar-
there is no antecedent for “which” in ative degree), and “most” is used when
either sentence. Choice C is incorrect three or more items are being compared
because “thus” is unidiomatic here. (the superlative degree). Since only two
Choice E is incorrect because “as to items are being compared here, “more”
ask” should be “that she asked.” is correct and Choices A and B are
incorrect. Choices B and C are incorrect
36. (B) Choices A, D, and E are incorrect because “their” should be “his,” agreeing
because “if,” “when,” and “because,” with “each,” which is singular. Choices
do not introduce noun clauses. A noun C and E are incorrect because “were”
clause is needed as the subject of the should be “was.” When a compound
sentence since the verb is “is.” “How subject is joined by “or,” the verb agrees
the problem of pollution is important” in number with that element that is
does not make sense, so Choice C is closer to the verb—i.e., “Einstein,” which
incorrect. Choice B is correct because is singular.
“that” does introduce noun clauses .
41. (C) Choices A, B, D, and E all lack needed
37. (D) Choices A and C are incorrect parallelism. “Russian to the core” is an
because “has waited” should be “had adjectival phrase, so the phrase after
waited,” the past perfect, not the “and” should also be adjectival. Choice A
present perfect. The past perfect tense gives a noun. Choice B gives a depend-
indicates action that preceded another ent clause, Choice D gives a participial
action in the past; since the second phrase with an object (himself), and
clause contains the past tense (“was Choice E gives a verb and its object.
astonished”), the past perfect is logi- Choice C gives a participle (acting as an
cal. Choices B and C are incorrect adjective) without an object.
because they omit “for” after “waited”;
“for” is needed because “waited by 42. (B) Choices A, C, D, and E are all incor-
her” does not make sense. Choice E is rect because “they” has no antecedent.

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164 • Gruber’s Complete SAT Writing Workbook

The passive voice is preferable to an C is incorrect because the correlative

imprecise “they.” “so… as” is used only in a negative state-
ment. Choices D and E are incorrect
43. (A) Choices B, C, D, and E are incor- because they change the meaning of the
rect because they are not in parallel original sentence.
construction with the first part of the
sentence. “Not only” and “but also” 46. (D) Choices A, B, C, and E create a dan-
should be followed by the same gram- gling participial phrase; “having inher-
matical construction. In Choice A, “not ited” modifies “he,” so “he” must be the
only” is followed by an adjective (“ath- subject of the sentence.
letic”), as is “but also” (“intelligent”).
Choice B deviates from the previous 47. (C) Choices A and B are incorrect
“athletic enough” construction by plac- because the passive voice is used in
ing the adverb “sufficiently” in front of a round about manner. In addition,
the adjective “intelligent.” In Choice C, in Choice A “which” has no definite
“but also” is followed by the verb “had.” antecedent, and in Choice B “was vis-
In Choice D, “not only” is followed by a ited” is pompous. In Choice C, “which”
“that” clause. In Choice E, “not only” is is correct; the passive voice is used to
followed by a prepositional phrase. good advantage by making “the town”
the subject of the sentence. Choice D is
44. (D) Choices A and B are incorrect incorrect because “brought great devas-
because they turn the entire sentence tation to” is wordy; “devastated” could
into a direct question—though awk- correctly replace the four words. Choice
wardly. Choice C is incorrect because E is incorrect because it is redundant:
“one” (the subject of the sentence) is “devastation” is destruction.
the third person singular, while “us” is
third person plural; “us” has no ante- 48. (D) Choices A, C, and E are incorrect
cedent. Choice E is incorrect because because “running” should be “ran,” one
“wants for” is poor diction and because of the three main verbs, “rushed,” “ran,”
“to believe moral and virtuous” omits and “sat.” Choice E is further incor-
the necessary verb to be. rect because it gives “sitting” instead
of “sat.” Choices A and B are incorrect
45. (B) “As much as” and “more than” because “their” should be “his”; “every-
are complete expressions; neither one body” is singular and therefore takes a
should have any of its parts left out. singular pronoun.
Choice A omits the second “as.” Choice

Improving Paragraphs

49. (D) Choices A, B, and E all provide 51. (E) Choices A, B, and D are wrong
incorrect pronouns for the noun phrase, because they all state that the boy bor-
a high school boy. Choice C is wrong rows the family car because to do so
because it is repetitive. The best choice is deeply humiliating. The following
is Choice D. sentences make clear that this isn’t
true. Choice C is wrong because it says
50. (A) Choice A is right. Choice B is wrong that he can borrow the car unless it is
because there is no need to divide the humiliating. This would suggest that,
sentence. Choice C is wrong because sometimes, to borrow the family car
it eliminates the essential details that is not humiliating. The remainder of
define “stock.” Choice D is incorrect the passage indicates that it is always
because it would create a meaning- humiliating. Choice E is correct. The
less sentence. Choice E is wrong; the boy could borrow the family car but
quotation marks around stock indicate he doesn’t want to because it is deeply
that the author is using this word in a humiliating.
unique way.

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 the sat writing test • 165

52. (B) Choice A is incorrect because the words are unnecessary: the idea of long-
“it” in sentence 3 refers to cars in gen- windedness has already been expressed
eral, while the “it” in sentences 7, 8, in overtalk.
and 9 refers to the “stock” or family car.
Therefore, Choice B is correct, while 58. (C) Choices A and B are incorrect
Choices C, D, and E are incorrect. because they are clearly part of the intro-
ductory generalizations about speech-
53. (D) Sentence 6 explains why American making. Choice C is correct because
Indians used to deny their religion. To it begins a new topic—the basics of
join sentence 5, sentence 6 must begin effective speechmaking. Choice D is
with a word that indicates explanation. incorrect because sentence 5 clarifies
Accordingly, Choice D is correct. the statement made in sentence 4 and
therefore must follow sentence 4 in the
54. (B) Choices A, C, D, and E are incorrect same paragraph. Choice E is incorrect
because they are not fitting descrip- because it is obviously the concluding
tions of the effect a bone splinter would sentence of the passage.
have.Choice B is the best choice since
it is the most vivid and precise. 59. (A) Choice A is correct because sentence
2 establishes the relationship between
55. (E) Sentence 7 begins a description of a sentences 1 and 3. Choice B is incor-
change in the American Indian commu- rect because without sentence 2 there
nity. It should begin with a word or with would be no transition from sentence
words that indicate a shift from the past 1 to sentence 3. Choices C and E are
to the future, from one idea to a new incorrect because they would result
one. Only Choice E achieves this. in incomplete sentences. Choice D is
incorrect because Therefore errone-
56. (D) Choices A and B are incorrect ously implies a cause/effect relation-
because the new sentences they cre- ship between sentences 1 and 2.
ate are incomplete. Choice C is wrong
because it would create an unnecessar- 60. (E) Choices A and D, while grammati-
ily long compound complex sentence. cally correct, alter the style of the para-
Choice D is correct. Choice E is incor- graph, in which the author mainly uses
rect. It would break up a quotation that short, forceful, declarative sentences.
must remain connected. Choice B results in a loose, rambling
sentence, which lessens the impact of
57. (A) Choice A is correct because it the separate statements. Choice C is
balances the structure of the clauses incorrect because the use of the con-
following either and or. Choices B, junction although results in an illogical
C, and E are incorrect because they relationship between the two sentences.
destroy this parallel structure. Choice Choice E is correct because it is faithful
D is incorrect because the additional to the author’s style.

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LUMIBA PREPS

Error Identification SET # 1

1. (A) The best thing to do is to have (B) an honest study of words (C) and
memorizing those (D) given in previous examinations.

2. The educational systems of the two countries (A) is so different (B) as to provide
almost (C) no basis for comparison (D) between them.

3. (A) Such juvenile delinquents are (B) too poor that they have (C) no choice
but become (D) school dropouts.

4. Your method of teaching seems (A) as odd to us (B) as (C) ours (D) do to you.

5. Lennon (A) is such a helpful person (B) that (C) we are hard (D) not to respect him.

6. (A) Ways and means (B) must be found in order to prevent (C) the number of juvenile
delinquents (D) to increase every year.

7. (A) The Wang's way of (B) child rearing is too lenient, (C) while the Chens and
Yangs (D) tend to be too strict.

8. (A) So far in our (B) teaching of languages, we (C) have given enough emphasis to
some common errors, but we have not (D) stressed on complicated problems.
9. According to (A) a recent survey, (B) all knows the value of English, (C) especially in
commerce and industry, but not all are doing their best (D) to study English.

10. David, (A) the hero in the novel, (B) he grew into a brave man and (C) won the
friendship of all the people (D) in the neighborhood.

11. Some people know (A) how to save money, but (B) others don't. (C) As for me, I
have saved a little. I spend most of my savings (D) for books.

12. (A) While they are watching TV, the thief came quietly in. He (B) held up everybody,
(C) ransacked the house, and (D) left with valuables.

13. Fillip, (A) an experienced hunter, and (B) his companions killed a tiger (C) in the
jungle. (D) However, they were rewarded.
14. (A) It is generally realized that patriotism is "(B) a must" for every citizen. (C) As a
result, it is everybody's duty (D) to defend our country.

15. A few men pulled the tree (A) with a ten-feet rope. They were (B) not strong
enough (C) to pull it down at once, so they (D) sat down for a short rest.

16. (A) I went downtown today and bought (B) some bread for refreshments (C) before
going home. (D) Have you bought some bread also ?

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LUMIBA PREPS

17. Although he is lazy, (A) but he is intelligent. Everybody spent a few days (B) going
over the old notes, but he did it (C) in two days or so, and (D) the result was
marvellous.

18. There are five thousand students (A) or so (B) over here. However, in the school
(C) over there, there are (D) only two thousands students.

19. Did (A) anyone else see the petty thief (B) ran to the (C) stolen car last night ? The
public should help the police (D) in this matter.

20. Your father (A) wants you become somebody, but you (B) take no notice of (C) what
has been said. (D) How stubborn you are !

21. (A) Loyalty to a country is a virtue (B) worthy of special mention. When soldiers
(C) fight and die for their country, the whole nation (D) regards them as their hero.

22. Our basketball team (A) tried hard but was defeated (B) in the long run. Nobody
could say anything. "All that can be done (D) have been done," (D) said the coach.

23. Mother bought (A) a big watermelon and divided it (B) in four parts for all of us.
(C) Each took a piece and (D) enjoyed eating it.
24. (A) Hurrying across the playground, her books (B) fell in the mud. She then
(C) picked them up, but they were (D) muddy.

25. Although there is an English test tomorrow, Tom wants to go (A) to the pictures this
evening. (B) Knowing this, his mother said. "(C) You'd better not to go but stay at
home and (D) study."

26. I bought the book you recommended (A) the other day. (B) I was disappointed. It is
not the book (C) which I expected to be. Besides, it was (D) far too expensive.
27. The cattle (A) grazing in the field (B) belongs to the farmer who works hard (C) day
and night in order to (D) raise them fast.

28. Some workers do not (A) pay attention for (B) the manager's instructions. This is
wrong. I hope they will listen (C) attentively (D) from now on.

29. The word silence may be sued both as a noun (A) as well as a verb. (B) Such being
the case, it is always (C) safe to determine the meaning of a word from a sentence, not
from the (D) individual word itself.

30. She is expected to (A) mind his own business, not to bother about (B) others' work.
Unfortunately, there are (C) lots of people who are very interested in (D) other
people's activities.

31. (A) While Mother (B) is preparing dinner, I will do my homework (C) for the
examination (D) may be held any time next week.

32. In spite of (A) stricter rules and regulations, road accidents are (B) on the increase.
When you hear of such tings, (C) we will be surprised, (D) if not disheartened.

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LUMIBA PREPS

33. The school has organized some new language courses (A) with a view to promote the
language ability of the learners. (B) As a result, those (C) who took the courses are
able to study (D) more efficiently.

34. I went to the United States (A) in 1969. But I did not stay (B) there long. I
(C) return soon after to (D) resume duties in Singapore.

35. (A) We know full well that Andrew is going to (B) marry with Lucy. However,
nobody knows (C) when the wedding is or (D) where it will take place.
36. (A) The musical concert last night was (B) a great success. The news was published
(C) on the newspaper this morning. (D) It was well-written.

37. The teacher let us paint (A) with our pencils. But he did not allow us to do exercises
(B) in the same way. (C) Instead, he wanted us (D) to write with ink.

38. Last week, (A) an unemployed man killed himself by jumping down (B) from the roof
of a flat. (C) He was stupid. He must (D) faced to realities.

39. Feeling bored (A) after a day's work, (B) I and my friend decided to (C) go for a film
show (D) at the Cathay that night.
40. Some committee members (A) disagreed with the chairman. (B) They attacked on his
illogical thinking. But the majority of them (C) were not against him. (D) Instead,
they backed him up.

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LUMIBA PREPS

Sentence Improvement SET # 1

1. The workers are hell bent at getting what is due to them.

A. hell bent on getting

B. hell bent for getting
C. hell bent upon getting
D. No improvement

2. When it was feared that the serfs might go too far and gain their freedom from serfdom, the
protestant leaders joined the princes at crushing them.

A. into crushing
B. in crushing
C. without crushing
D. No improvement

3. If the room had been brighter, I would have been able to read for a while before bed time.

A. If the room was brighter

B. If the room are brighter
C. Had the room been brighter
D. No improvement

4. The record for the biggest tiger hunt has not been met since 1911 when Lord Hardinge. then
Viceroy of India, shot a tiger than measured 11 feet and 6 inches.

A. improved
B. broken
C. bettered
D. No improvement

5. his powerful desire brought about his downfall.

A. His intense desire

B. His desire for power
C. His fatal desire
D. No improvement

6. Will you kindly open the knot?

A. untie
B. break
C. loose
D. No improvement

7. He sent a word to me that he would be coming late.

A. sent word
B. had sent a word
C. sent words
D. No improvement

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LUMIBA PREPS

8. John had told me that he hasn't done it yet.

A. told
B. tells
C. was telling
D. No improvement

9. If he had time he will call you.

A. would have
B. would have had
C. has
D. No improvement

10. Will you lend me few rupees in this hour of need?

A. lend me any rupees
B. borrow me a few rupees
C. lend me a few rupees
D. No improvement

11. During his long discourse, he did not touch that point.

A. touch upon
B. touch on
C. touch of
D. No improvement

12. He found a wooden broken chair in the room.

A. wooden and broken chair

B. broken wooden chair
C. broken and wooden chair
D. No improvement

13. He could not look anything in the dark room.

A. look at
B. see
C. see through
D. No improvement

14. The greatest thing in style is to have a use of metaphor.

A. knowledge
B. command
C. need
D. No improvement

15. While crossing the highway a five year old child was knocked out by a passing car.

A. away
B. up
C. down
D. No improvement

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LUMIBA PREPS

16. hoping not to be disturbed, I sat down in my easy chair to read the book. I won as a prize.

A. I had won as a prize

B. I have won as prize
C. I had to win as a prize
D. No improvement

17. More than one person was killed in accident.

A. were killed
B. are killed
C. have been killed
D. No improvement

18. No one could explain how a calm and balanced person like him could penetrate such a mindless
act on his friends.

A. perpetuate
B. perpetrate
C. precipitate
D. No improvement

19. Five years ago today, I am sitting in a small Japanese car, driving across Poland towards Berlin.

A. was sitting
B. sat
C. have been sitting
D. No improvement
20. I took the cycle which he bought yesterday.

A. that he bought yesterday

B. that which he had bought yesterday
C. that he had bought yesterday
D. No improvement

21. Please make it a point to send you letter at my address.

A. on my address
B. to my address
C. in my address
D. No improvement

22.The more they earn, more they spend.

A. More they earn, more they spend
B. More they earn, the more they spend
C. The more they earn, the more they spend
D. No improvement

23. 20 kms are not a great distance in these days of fast moving vehicles.

A. is not a great distance

B. is no distance
C. aren't a great distance
D. No improvement

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24. They are social insects, living in communities, regulated by definite laws, each member of society
bearing well-defined and separate part in the work of a colony.

A. who are living in communities

B. living among a community
C. who lives with a community
D. No improvement

25. Whenever my students come across new words, I ask them to look for them in the dictionary.
A. to look it up
B. to look them up
C. to look at them
D. No improvement

26. No sooner he had returned home then his mother felt happy.
A. had he returned home when
B. he had returned home than
C. did he return home than
D. No improvement

27. He should move on to the next point, and not harp one sting only.

A. harp on string only

B. harp only one string
C. harp upon one string only
D. No improvement

28. His father won't be able to leave for Varnasi until they have arrived.

A. until they arrive

B. until they will have arrived
C. until they will arrive
D. No improvement

29. I will not go to school, if it shall rain tomorrow.

A. it would rain tomorrow

B. it will rain tomorrow
C. it rains tomorrow
D. No improvement

30. He has not and can never be in the good books of his employer because he lacks honesty.

A. has not and cannot be

B. has not and can never been
C. has not been and can never be
D. No improvement

31. The logic of Berlin wall already had been undermined but when the news came through that the
wall itself had been opened I jumped into a car.

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A. had been undetermined already

B. had already been undetermined
C. had been already undetermined
D. No improvement

32. I want you to clearly understand that excuses won't do

A. you clearly to understand

B. you to understand clearly
C. to clearly understand you
D. No improvement

33. The reason why he wrote the letter was because he could not contact him over the phone.

A. why he wrote the letter was since

B. for which he wrote the letter because
C. why he wrote the letter was that
D. No improvement

34. All, but her, had made an attempt.

A. All, but she,

B. All, but herself,
C. All, but her,
D. No improvement

35. He died in the year 1960 at 11pm on 14 July.

A. on 14 July in the year 1960 at 11pm

B. in the year 1960 on 14 July at 11pm
C. at 11pm on 14 July in the year 1960
D. No improvement

36. Due to these reason we are all in favour of universal compulsory education.

A. Out of these reasons

B. For these reasons
C. By these reasons
D. No improvement

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 Sentence Improvement Set # 2

GROUP # A
1. The food industry has introduced many low carbohydrate foods; although many believe this is just
one more of many such type of diet fads.

A.; although many believe this is just one more of many such type of diet fads.
B., although many believe this is just one more of many diet fads.
C.; although many diet fads are being tried by many people.
D., many diet fads, however, are being explored by many people.
E.; however, many believe this is just one more diet fad.

2. I thought I heard a soft footstep behind me walking my dog.

A. I thought I heard a soft footstep behind me walking my dog.

B. Walking my dog behind me I heard I soft footstep.
C. While walking my dog, I thought I heard a soft footstep behind me.
D. Hearing a soft footstep behind me, I thought I would walk my dog.
E. Thinking I would walk my dog, I heard a soft footstep behind me.

3. In the past, many women made their own clothing, a practice that is fast being lost.

A. a practice that is fast being lost.

B. in as much as this showed attention to individual detail, it is being lost.
C. this makes their own clothing being lost.
D. a practice that is fast being lost in making their own clothing.
E. homemade clothing is a practice that is fast being lost.

4. We were appalled by what we found when we opened the door. The room reeking with a foul
odor, graffiti sprayed on the walls and the room vandalized beyond recognition.

A. The room reeking with a foul odor, graffiti sprayed on the walls and the room vandalized beyond
recognition.
B. Reeking with a foul odor, walls sprayed with graffiti and vandalizing the room beyond recognition.
C. The room reeked with a foul odor; graffiti was sprayed on the walls, and the room was vandalized
beyond recognition.
D. The room was vandalized beyond recognition, smelling badly, with graffiti spraying on the walls
and vandalizing the room.
E. The room vandalized the foul odor, the walls graffiti covered and unrecognizable.

5. For sale: several vintage hats from great aunt who has passed on with feathers.

A. several vintage hats from great aunt who has passed on with feathers.
B. great aunt who has passed on with several vintage hats having feathers.
C. several vintage hats with feathers from great aunt who has passed on.
D. several feathers from great aunt who has passed on with vintage hats.
E. hats with feathers from several great aunts who has passed on in vintage.

6. The university, once known for its outstanding football team, is now struggling to find just the
right coach to bring it back into the limelight.

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A. The university, once known for its outstanding football team,
B. The university was once known for having an outstanding football team,
C. The university, that once was known for an outstanding football team,
D. The university, because it once had an outstanding football team,
E. The university had once an outstanding football team,

7. Many socially prominent citizens are reluctant to find themselves in the media limelight, less
prominent citizens are more anxious to be recognized.

A., less prominent citizens are more anxious to be recognized.

B. ;but less prominent citizens are more anxious to be recognized.
C.; prominent citizens are more or less anxious to be recognized.
D.; however, less prominent citizens are more anxious to be recognized.
E.; recognition is anxiously desired by less prominent citizens.

8. Henry Ford an innovative thinker who developed many things is better known as the originator of
the assembly line.

A. Ford an innovative thinker who developed many things is better known as

B. Ford, an innovative thinker, who developed many things, is better known as
C. Ford, is an innovative thinker who developed many things, is best known as
D. Ford as an innovative thinker who developed, many things, especially
E. Ford, an innovative thinker who developed many things, is best known as

9. James Joyce absorbed the sights and sounds of Dublin, his native city, and, despite his personal
protestations to the contrary, these are impressions that are included in his best-known

A. these are impressions that are included writing.

B. the inclusion of these impressions is
C. these impressions are included
D. his inclusion of these impressions
E. included these impressions

10. Not unlike the experience Nida had suffered in her homeland; the violence she viewed in the
hallways of her high school was not as upsetting to her as it was to others.

A. Not unlike the experience Nida had suffered in her homeland;

B. Unlike other experiences Nida had experienced earlier;
C. Other experiences not unlike this one Nida had suffered so
D. The homeland where Nida had suffered is like
E. Because Nida had witnessed daily violence in her homeland,

11. Running around madly, not knowing anything about team strategy, the pee-wee soccer team
with hopes of winning their game.

A. with hopes of winning their game.

B. winning their game being their hope.
C. their game was not as important as their hope of winning.
D. hoped to win their game.
E. hoped to, maybe, if there was a chance, to perhaps win their game

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12. Behind most successful high schools stand a strong administration, a good staff and, of course, a
outstanding student body that is proud of its school and willing to do what it takes to make it the
best.

A. and, of course, a outstanding student body that is proud

B. and, of course, a proud student body that is outstanding
C. and, of course, an outstanding student body that is proud
D. and of course a outstanding and proud student body
E. and of course, an outstandingly proud student body

GROUP # B
1. The book is filled with black and white photographs that offer vivid reminders both to the
shrinking WWII veteran population, as well as historians and the general public, of the horrors of
World War II.

A. photographs that offer vivid reminders both to the shrinking WWII veteran population, as
historians

B. photographs, which offers vivid reminders to both the shrinking WWII veteran population as well
as historians

C. photographs, which offer both vivid reminder to shrinking veterans as well as historians

D. photographs; the pictures offer vivid reminders to both WWII veterans, whose numbers are
shrinking, as well as to historians

E. photographs; this offering vivid reminders both to WWII veterans and to historians

2. In his efforts to make a realistic movie, the director studied the language of the Irish, and the
dialogue was made to sound authentic.

A. Irish, and the dialogue was made to sound authentic.

B. Irish and making the dialogue sound authentic
C. Irish and made the dialogue sound authentic
D. Irish, with the result being that the dialogue is authentic-sounding
E. Irish in where the dialogue sounds authentic

3. The detective chose not to arrest the suspect at the pawnshop that morning, but instead he
arrested him at the airport before he is boarding a flight to LA.

A. him at the airport before he is boarding a flight to LA.

B. him at the airport before he boarded a flight to LA.
C. him before boarding a flight to LA at the airport.
D. him before he was caught boarding a flight to LA.
E. him as he attempted boarding a flight to LA at the airport.

4. Although it appears cold and forbidding at first, the state of Alaska, which boasts the largest
national park in the U.S., teems with adventure and promise.

A.,which boasts the largest national park in the U.S.,

B.,that boasts the largest national park in the U.S.,
C.,where the largest national park in the U.S. resides

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D. whose national park is the largest in the U.S.,
E.,who's national park is the largest in the U.S.,

5. Already more runners than usual are expected registering for the city-wide Susan Komen Breast
Cancer Run for the Cure than for the local 10-K, which has not been as heavily advertised.

A. are expected registering for the city-wide.

B. will register for the city-wide

D. will have registered for the city-wide
E. are city-wide registered for the

6. After practicing for months, the auditions went much more smoothly for the young protégé.

A. After practicing for months, the auditions went much more smoothly for the young protégé.
B. Auditions, after practicing for months, went much more smoothly for the young protégé.
C. The young protégé having practiced for auditions for months, the auditions went much more
smoothly for her.
D. The young protégé presenting auditions after months of practice, they went much more
smoothly.
E. The young protégé presented auditions much more smoothly after practicing for months.

7. To ensure that a movie will sell well, it must be in touch with popular tastes.
A. it must be in touch with popular tastes.
B. a movie should be in touch with popular tastes.
C. a producer should be in touch with popular tastes.
D. popular tastes should be appealed to.
E. popular tastes should be appealing.

8. Hoping to receive a positive recommendation from his teacher, instead the teacher informed the
college that the student would not be a good candidate for their college.

A. instead the teacher informed the college that the student would not be a good candidate for their
college.
B. the information having been received from the teacher, instead, informing the college about the
student.
C. the student instead received information from the college that he was not recommended by the
teacher.
D. the student, instead, not being a good candidate for the college, would not be recommended by
the teacher.

E. recommendation for the student instead would not be forthcoming from the teacher.

9. Most students would probably receive better grades if reading were done by them.

A. reading were done by them.

B. if they studied reading.
C. reading were being done by them.
D. they would read more.
E. they were to have read more.

10. Gymnastics for younger children helps to strengthen concentration, to tone muscles and to
provide an opportunity for camaraderie.

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A. and to provide an opportunity for camaraderie.
B. thereby providing an opportunity for camaraderie.
C. and to provide camaraderie.
D. and attempts to provide that which we refer to as camaraderie.
E. so that a sense of camaraderie is provided.

11. In their haste to complete the school in time for the new school year, contractors disregarded
some safety codes, thereby they endangered the lives of all the students, faculty and staff in the
building.

A. codes, thereby they endangered the lives of all the students, faculty and staff in the building.
B. codes they have endangered the lives of all the students, faculty and staff in the building.
C. codes and so endangered the lives of all the students, faculty and staff in the building.
D. codes, thus the lives of all the students, faculty and staff in the building were endangered.
E. codes, thereby endangering the lives of all the students, faculty and staff in the building.

12. However, I myself believe that playing sports enhances students' academic performance.

A. However, I myself believe that playing sports enhances

B. Playing sports, however, I believe enhances
C. However I personally believe that playing sports enhances
D. I believe, however, that playing sports enhances
E. However, it is my opinion that to play sports is to enhance

GROUP # C

1. I really enjoyed ballet, just no one thought I had any talent at all.

A. I really enjoyed ballet, just no one thought I had any talent at all.
B. Even though I really enjoyed ballet, just no one thought I had any talent at all.
C. Although I really enjoyed ballet, no one thought I had any talent at all.
D. I really enjoyed ballet, and therefore no one thought I had any talent at all.
E. Ballet was enjoyable to me, however no one thought I had any talent at all.

2. Older TV shows such as Laugh-In and Mork and Mindy took months or even years to build a large
viewing audience; most shows today, however, never have that opportunity.

A. Older TV shows such as Laugh-In and Mork and Mindy took

B. Although older TV shows such as Laugh-In and Mork and Mindy took
C. With older TV shows such as Laugh-In and Mork and Mindy taking
D. Such older TV shows as Laugh-In and Mork and Mindy took
E. When older TV shows such as Laugh-In and Mork and Mindy took

3. In the stained glass studio, the cat perched on the counter staring at four artisans quietly clanking,
cutting and soldering pieces of coloring glass into just the right place of a puzzle that was slowly
becoming one fabulous custom-made window.

A. four artisans quietly clanking, cutting and soldering pieces of coloring glass
B. four clanking, cutting artisans quietly soldering pieces of coloring glass
C. four artisans quietly clanking, cutting and soldering pieces of colored glass

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D. four quietly clanking and cutting artisans who were soldering pieces of colored glass
E. colored glass being soldered by four quietly clanking and cutting artisans

4. In the decorating world, handmade door designs ranging from intricate, curvy Victorian to Arts
and Crafts to modern or styles reminiscent of Frank Lloyd Wright.

A. In the decorating world, handmade door designs ranging from intricate,

B. In the decorating world, handmade door designs can range from intricate,
C. Handmade door designs, in the decorating world, can range from intricate,
D. Door designs of the handmade variety in the decorating world can range from intricate,
E. In the decorating world, doors that are made by hand can range from intricate,

5. On our vacation at Clearwater Beach, our family rented snorkeling gear, parasailing for hours and
even a bit of deep sea fishing.

A. rented snorkeling gear, parasailing for hours and even a bit of deep sea fishing.
B. renting snorkeling gear, parasailing for hours and even a bit of deep sea fishing.
C. rented snorkeling gear; parasailed for hours and even a bit of deep sea fishing.
D. rented snorkeling gear, went parasailing for hours, and even did a bit of deep sea fishing.
E. rented snorkeling gear, parasailing for hours and even did a bit of deep sea fishing.

6. Although Barbara claimed she really liked sweets and never worried about calories or her sugar
intake, she ate hardly none of the fruit tarts or brownies that was placed before her..

A. ate hardly none of the fruit tarts or brownies that was

B. hadn't eaten none of the fruit tarts nor brownies that were
C. had eaten not of the fruit tarts nor brownies that was
D. had eaten not any of the fruit tarts or hardly no brownies that were.
E. had eaten hardly any of the fruit tarts nor brownies that were

7. Either my brother Jason or Levan wanted to be a pro baseball player when they grew up.

A. wanted to be a pro baseball player when they grew up.

B. wants to be a pro baseball player when he grows up.
C. wanted to be a pro baseball player when they will grow up.
D. wanted when they grew up to be a pro baseball player.
E. wants to be a pro baseball player when they will grow up.

8. That many people to believe the incumbent governor be the most competent and best-informed
candidate for the position.

A. That many people to believe the incumbent governor to be

B. That many people believe the governor is
C. Many people believe the incumbent governor to be
D. Because many people believe the incumbent governor to be
E. Many people, believing the incumbent governor to be

9. A program was cancelled by the producer of the local station that was considered too sensational
by members of the community.

A. A program was cancelled by the producer of the local station that was considered too sensational
by members of the community.
B. The producer of the local station cancelled a program that was considered too sensational by

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members of the community.
C. Members of the community, considered too sensational, had a local station producer cancel the
program.
D. A program by members of the community was cancelled by the producer of the local station for
being too sensational.
E. A program was cancelled by the local station producer considered too sensational by the
community.

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Sentence Improvement Set # 3

Group-A
1. Created in October, 1972, the Consumer Product Safety Commission, which enacted a host of
regulations affecting a wide range of goods, from overly flammable attresses to unhealthy aerosol
sprays to fireworks.

A. the Consumer Product Safety Commission, which enacted a host of regulations affecting a wide
range of goods
B. the Consumer Product Safety Commission enacted a host of regulations affecting a wide range of
goods
C. a host of regulations affecting a wide range of goods enacted by the Consumer Product Safety
Commission
D. a host of regulations enacted by the Consumer Product Safety Commission, which affected a wide
range of goods
E. when a host of regulations affecting a wide range of goods was enacted by the Consumer Product
Safety Commission

2. The radiation emanating from the Sun has been very nearly constant for millions of years, but the
amount of heat that falls on Earth's surface depends on both the length of the period of daylight as
well as on the angle of incidence of incoming sunlight.

A. depends on both the length of the period of daylight as well as on

B. depends both on the length of the period of daylight as well as
C. depends both on the length of the period of daylight and on
D. both depends on the length of the period of daylight and
E. both depends on the length of the period of daylight and on

3. Because you simultaneously focus two eyes on an object, employing a sophisticated method of
determining distance and perceiving depth, we call our vision binocular.

A. you simultaneously focus two eyes on an object

B. you simultaneously focus on an object by two eyes
C. of our simultaneous focus on an object with two eyes
D. of our simultaneously focusing on an object by two eyes
E. we simultaneously focus two eyes on an object

4. A gale-force solar storm that hit the Earth on March 13, 1989, sent electrons arcing across power
lines, railroad tracks, and expanses of iron-bearing rock in eastern Canada, where alarmed engineers
tried but failed to keep the Hydro-Quebec power grid operating.

A. tried but failed to keep

B. tried but failed in their keeping
C. had tried but were failing in keeping
D. were trying but having failed to keep
E. were trying but they had failed in keeping

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5. The body heat of reptiles and amphibians is not regulated by internal thermostats, therefore, they
raise or lower their own temperature in that they seek or flee warmth, sometimes merely by moving
into or out of direct sunlight.

A. thermostats, therefore, they raise or lower their own temperature in that they seek or flee
B. thermostats, therefore raising or lowering their own temperature by seeking or fleeing
C. thermostats, therefore, in raising or lowering their own temperature by seeking or fleeing
D. thermostats; therefore, they raise or lower their own temperature by seeking or fleeing
E. thermostats; therefore, they raise or lower their own temperature in that they seek or flee

6. Until about 10,000 years ago, humans had lived almost exclusively as hunters and gatherers,
harvesting wild plants and animals, then, people had begun to cultivate domesticated plants, and to
grow food.

A. animals, then, people had begun

B. animals, people then began
C. animals, so that then, people had begun
D. animals; so that then, people began
E. animals; then, people began

7. In 1777, when news reached Colonel Ludington that the town of Danbury, Connecticut, was being
looted and burned by British troops, his daughter Sybil rode forty miles through the night so that the
soldiers of her father's regiment had been alerted to the danger.

A. so that the soldiers of her father's regiment had been alerted

B. so that the soldiers of her father's regiment may be alerted
C. alerting the soldiers of her father's regiment
D. and alerting the soldiers of her father's regiment
E. for alerting the soldiers of her father's regiment

8. Two hundred million years ago, during the Jurassic period, all of the land area on Earth, found in
one large continent called Pangea, which eventually broke apart through a process now known as
continental drift.

A. all of the land area on Earth, found in one large continent called Pangea, which
B. one large continent, in which all of the land area on Earth was found, called Pangea, and it
C. one large continent called Pangea, in which all of the land area on Earth was found, which
D. one large continent was called Pangea, in which all of the land area on Earth was found and
E. all of the land area on Earth was found in one large continent called Pangea, which

9. In 1990, the Fish and Wildlife Service has placed the northern spotted owl on the threatened
species list, a native of Pacific Northwest forests.

A. the Fish and Wildlife Service has placed the northern spotted owl on the threatened species list, a
native of Pacific Northwest forests
B. the Fish and Wildlife Service placed the northern spotted owl, a native of Pacific Northwest
forests, on the threatened species list
C. a native of Pacific Northwest forests, the Fish and Wildlife Service placed the northern spotted owl
on the threatened species list
D. the northern spotted owl has been placed on the threatened species list by the Fish and Wildlife
Service, which is a native of Pacific Northwest forests

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E. the northern spotted owl, a native of pacific Northwest forests, placed on the threatened species
list by the Fish and Wildlife Service

10. In the United States at the end of the nineteenth century, public places such as theaters,
restaurants, shops, and banks had installed electric lighting, but electricity was in fewer than one
percent of homes and lighting still provided mainly by candles or gas.

A. electricity was in fewer than one percent of homes and lighting still
B. electricity was in fewer than one percent of homes, where lighting was still
C. fewer than one percent of homes that had electricity, where lighting was still being
D. fewer than one percent of homes with electricity, having lighting that was still
E. fewer than one percent of homes had electricity, where lighting had still been

11. Mainly through the efforts of Jane Goodall, apes were revealed to be not blundering, primitive
automatons, but beings with as complex and subtle social lives like us.

A. as complex and subtle social lives like us

B. complex and subtle social lives just like us
C. as complex and subtle social lives as us
D. social lives complex and subtle just as ours
E. social lives as complex and subtle as ours

12. In the sixteenth century, the forests were destroyed in Britain, which meant not only a shortage
of the most important building material of the time, but also a fuel shortage.

A. the forests were destroyed in Britain, which meant not only a shortage
B. the forests in Britain were destroyed, which meant a shortage not only
C. the forests were destroyed in Britain, meaning a shortage not only
D. destruction of the forests in Britain meant not only a shortage
E. destruction of the forests in Britain meant a shortage not only

Group-B
1. Britain's first Ice Age cave art—faint engravings of birds, ibexes, and a wild ox—were a recent
discovery for a team of archaeologists in a cave at Creswell Crags in central England.

A. were a recent discovery for

B. were recently discovered by
C. was a recent discovery that
D. was recently discovered by
E. recently discovered by

2. Throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, many businesses remained open on
Christmas, and so many people doing their Christmas shopping on Christmas Day that commercial
streets in New York City and Philadelphia often were nearly impassable.

A. Christmas, and so many people doing

B. Christmas, and many people doing
C. Christmas, with many people doing
D. Christmas; many people did
E. Christmas; so many people did

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3. Before the advent of industrial fishing, some regions of the ocean were too distant or too deep for
fishers to reach, with the fish living there to remain untouched.

A. with the fish living there to remain

B. so the fish living there remained
C. so the fish that lived there remaining
D. and so the fish that lived there remaining
E. and so with the fish that lived there remaining

4. Because she believed strongly that education was important for women as for men, Abigail Adams
was unhappy that she had not been allowed to receive the classical education accorded to the males
of her time.

A. Because she believed strongly that education was

B. Because of believing strongly in education as
C. Believing strongly that education was as
D. In believing strongly in education as
E. While she believed strongly that education was

5. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A. D. 79 sent a column of tephra—dust, smoke, and pumice—
nearly seventeen miles into the air so that it covered the city of Pompeii with over eight feet of
pumice.

A. so that it
B. and so
C. and
D. and they
E. so that they

6. To survive, the people now known as Paleo-Indians had to be resourceful and resilient, able to
survive only if they develop hunting and gathering techniques suited to their changing
environments.

A. able to survive only if they develop

B. able to survive only by developing
C. their ability to survive only by developing
D. that they are able to survive only by developing
E. that they were able to survive only if they develop

7. Around 230 million years ago, the west coast of what is now Europe and the bulge of
northwestern Africa began to collide slowly with the east coast of North America, the coming
together of the landmasses to form the supercontinent Pangea.

A. the coming together of the landmasses to form the supercontinent Pangea

B. the landmasses coming together to form the supercontinent Pangea
C. and with the landmasses coming together to form the supercontinent Pangea
D. the supercontinent Pangea to be formed from the coming together of the landmasses
E. forming the supercontinent Pangea by the landmasses coming together

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8. As executives of the newspaper seek to make the paper more competitive and to broaden an
advertising base heavily dependent on business-related advertising, they are exploring the addition
of a Saturday edition to its weekday schedule.

A. As executives of the newspaper seek to

B. As executives of the newspaper, seeking that they
C. As executives of the newspaper, seeking to
D. With executives of the newspaper seeking to
E. With executives of the newspaper seeking that they

9. Between 1790 and 1860, the United States grew from a small nation of four million people, mostly
farmers, and will become one of the world's leading economic powers, with a population of 31
million.

A. and will become

B. and would become
C. so that it will become
D. to become
E. to becoming

10. For tens of millions of years, a wide array of rhinoceros species, from small hippo-like forms and
towering giants larger than elephants, existed in forests and grasslands across most of the
landmasses of the world.

A. and towering giants larger than elephants, existed

B. and towering giants as large or larger than elephants, existing
C. to towering giants larger than elephants, existing
D. to towering giants larger than elephants, existed
E. to towering giants as large or larger than elephants, existing

11. Beginning in 1285, various commissions were set up in London for addressing the problem of
coal smoke, of which complainants said had "infected and corrupted" the air.

A. for addressing the problem of coal smoke, of

B. by addressing the coal smoke problem,
C. to address the problem of coal smoke,
D. to address the problem of coal smoke, of
E. to address the coal smoke problem,

12. Over the years, Cahokia people built more than one hundred earthen mounds of various sizes
and functions around six open plazas, some of which remains can still be seen after five hundred
years of erosion.

A. some of which remains can still

B. some of the remains of which still to
C. the remains of some, which can still
D. the remains of some of which still to
E. the remains of some of which can still

Group-C
1. The company announced that it would close all 53 of their commercial banking branches and they
are to lay off 850 people.

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A. their commercial banking branches and they are to lay

B. their commercial banking branches and laying
C. its commercial banking branches and laying
D. its commercial branches and to lay
E. its commercial banking branches and lay

2. Banjo Peterson celebrated shearers, drovers, and life in the outback with poetry, it still defines
how Australians see themselves—and how the world sees Australia.

A. poetry, it still defines

B. poetry, still defining
C. poetry, still it defines
D. poetry that still defines
E. poetry and still defining

3. Because North America is the only landmass in the world both with a wide base in the subarctic
and mountain ranges running in a north-south direction, the continent is a place of climatic
extremes.

A. both with a wide base in the subarctic and

B. both having a wide base in the subarctic and with
C. having both a wide base in the subarctic and with
D. with both a wide base in the subarctic and
E. with both a wide base in the subarctic and with

4. Last year, the average salary of a first-time teacher was $29,564 annually, increasing 3.2 percent
over the previous year.

A. teacher was $29,564 annually, increasing 3.2 percent over

B. teacher was $29, 564 annually, an increase of 3.2 percent over that of
C. teacher was $29,564, an increase of 3.2 percent from
D. teacher, $29,564, was an increase of 3.2 percent for
E. teacher, $29,564, increasing 3.2 percent from that of

5. With 12 national forests, Idaho is at the center of the battle between those who want to profit
from federal timberlands or the ones wanting them to be saved.

A. or the ones wanting them to be saved

B. and the ones wanting that they are saved
C. and those who want to save them
D. as well as others, wanting to save them
E. as well as those who want that it be saved

6. A year after the country's biggest blackout, watchdog groups are still voicing concern over the fact
that there are rules to govern the reliability of electric service, and are still voluntary.

A. the fact that there are rules to govern the reliability of electric service, and
B. the fact that rules governing the reliability of electric service
C. the fact of rules that govern the reliability of electric service, and
D. the rules to govern the reliability of electric service, they
E. the rules governing the reliability of electric service, that they

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7. A technique known as silicon nanosurgery, routinely used at computer chip factories around the
world, have transformed the way they develop modern computer chips.

A. have transformed the way they develop modern computer chips

B. having transformed their development of modern computer chips
C. it has transformed the way to develop modern computer chips
D. has transformed the way modern computer chips are developed
E. has been to transform the way modern computer chips are developed

8. In 1970, the United States government identified as major pollutants carbon monoxide, ozone,
and lead, and it had set goals for limiting those pollutants based on a scientific determination of the
risk that each pollutant posed to human health.

A. lead, and it had set

B. lead, and which set
C. lead, and to set
D. lead, and set
E. lead and setting

9. The program, and they consider it a model of health care that can be improved, so far involves
patients with two diseases: diabetes and congestive heart failure.

A. and they consider it a model of health care that

B. considered by them to be a model for health care, which
C. which, considered as a model of health care and how it
D. which is considered a model for how health care
E. which they consider a model for health care, it

10. The state is spending $8.6 billion to renovate, build additions, and for upgrading many of its
educational facilities.

A. build additions, and for upgrading

B. build additions to, and upgrade
C. build additions, and for an upgrade to
D. building additions to, and upgrading the
E. building additions, and to upgrade

11. A new deep-sea research vessel will be able to carry people to 99 percent of the ocean floor, it
dives deeper than any such vessel has previously been able to.

A. floor, it dives
B. floor, which dives
C. floor, diving
D. floor, and they can dive
E. floor, where it can dive

12. Foot races of varying distances were the first and, for many years beginning in 776 B.C.E., as the
only Olympic event.

A. as the only Olympic event

B. it was the only Olympic event
C. only they were Olympic events

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D. only Olympic event

E. the only Olympic events

Group-D
1. William Faulkner, being that he was a Southern writer, used Mississippi as a setting for most of his
novels.

A. being that he was a Southern writer

B. a Southern writer
C. while a writer from the South
D. in origin a writer of the South
E. because of him being a writer from the South

2. Tadpoles hatch and metamorphose into small replicas of adult frogs although remaining in their
aquatic birthplace.

A. although remaining
B. while remaining
C. in spite of it remaining
D. due to their remaining
E. in the course of which they remain

3. You cannot expect to treat your friends badly and no one notices.

A. and no one notices

B. and have no one notice
C. without notice by someone
D. without notice by no one
E. without the result of somebody noticing

4. The memoirs of President Clinton begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate in his rise to
the presidency.

A. begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate

B. that begin with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate
C. have begun with his childhood in Arkansas and culminate
D. have begun with his childhood in Arkansas and culminating
E. began with his childhood in Arkansas and are culminated

5. Because of ignoring its potential, biofeedback is a medical therapy most physicians reject.

A. Because of ignoring its potential, biofeedback is a medical therapy most physicians reject.
B. Biofeedback is rejected by most physicians because of their ignoring its potential.
C. Most physicians, because of ignoring the potential of biofeedback, and rejecting it.
D. Most physicians reject biofeedback because they ignore its potential.
E. A medical therapy rejected by most physicians, caused by ignoring its potential, is biofeedback.

6. In Death of a Salesman Willy Loman mistakenly believes that his sons have no flaws, believing
which leads to many problems for the entire family.

A. believing which leads

B. a belief that leads
C. and which is to lead

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D. the belief of which leads

E. his believing this leads

7. Clara Barton, an American nurse, whose influence as a reformer in the field of health care almost
equals that of Florence Nightingale.

A. Clara Barton, an American nurse, whose influence as a reformer

B. Clara Barton, who was an American nurse and whose influence as a reformer
C. An American with influence as a nursing reformer, Clara Barton
D. Clara Barton was an American nurse whose influence as a reformer
E. An American, Clara Barton who was a nursing reformer and whose influence

8. During the summer months, several thousand people a day visit the park, which is known for its
waterfalls and rock formations.

A. During the summer months, several thousand people a day visit the park, which is known for its
waterfalls and rock formations.
B. Known for its waterfalls and rock formations, several thousand people a day visit the park during
the summer months.
C. Several thousand people a day visit the park during the summer months known for its waterfalls
and rock formations.
D. Several thousand people had visited the park a day, which is known for its waterfalls and rock
formations during the summer months.
E. During the summer months, knowing its waterfalls and rock formations, several thousand people
a day visit the park.

9. Although the candidate promised both to cut taxes and improve services, he failed to keep either
of them after the election.

A. Although the candidate promised both to cut taxes and improve services, he
B. The candidate, having promised both to cut taxes and improve services,
C. Although the candidate made promises both to cut taxes and improve services, he
D. Having promised, first, to cut taxes and, second, to improve services, the candidate
E. The candidate's promises were both to cut taxes and improve services, he

10. The students found fieldwork in the state forest more exciting and dangerous than any of them
had anticipated, having to be rescued by helicopter during a fire.

A. anticipated, having to be
B. anticipated; when they had to be
C. anticipated: they had to be
D. anticipated: among which was their
E. anticipated, and so they had been

11. Chinese watercolors have become more popular than American and European artists who are
their contemporaries.

A. American and European artists who are their contemporaries

B. contemporary American and European artists
C. those by contemporary American and European artists of the period
D. those of American and European pictures of the same period
E. those by contemporary American and European artists

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12. In their zeal to make beachfront living widely available, developers have overbuilt, thereby they
endanger fragile coastlines.

A. overbuilt, thereby they endanger fragile coastlines

B. overbuilt they endanger fragile coastlines as a result
C. overbuilt and thereby have endangered fragile coastlines
D. overbuilt; fragile coastlines endangered thereby
E. overbuilt, the fragile coastlines are endangered by this

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Sentence Improvement Set # 4

Group-A
1. A flurry of do-it-yourself books on the market today are inspiring homeowners to do their own
repairs.

A. are inspiring homeowners to do their own repairs

B. are inspiring to homeowners about their own repairs
C. is inspiring homeowners into doing their own repairing
D. is inspiring homeowners to do their own repairs
E. inspiring homeowners to repair their own homes

2. A stranger, the students were surprised to see him enter the classroom carrying a bowling ball.

A. A stranger, the students were surprised to see him enter the classroom carrying a bowling ball.
B. A stranger carrying a bowling ball, the students were surprised to see him entering the classroom.
C. The students were surprised to see a stranger enter the classroom, and he carried a bowling ball.
D. The students were surprised to see a stranger carrying a bowling ball enter the classroom.
E. The students, who were surprised to see a stranger enter the classroom carrying a bowling ball.

3. Several of Frank Stella's paintings were inspired by the shapes of waves and whales, titled after
chapter headings from Moby-Dick.

A. paintings were inspired by the shapes of waves and whales, titled

B. paintings had their inspiration from the shapes of waves and whales with titles
C. paintings, inspired by the shapes of waves and whales, are titled
D. paintings, which were inspired by the shapes of waves and whales and which are titled
E. paintings, being inspired by the shapes of waves and whales, titled

4. The mayor claimed that a majority of the property owners would have favored her proposal if put
to the vote.

A. would have favored her proposal if put

B. would have favored her proposal if it had been put
C. favored her proposal if it would have been put
D. favored her proposal if put
E. favored her proposal if they were put

5. The psychologist states that most people want the same things: interesting and meaningful work,
respect, and to have them be loved for themselves alone.

A. interesting and meaningful work, respect, and to have them be loved for themselves alone
B. to have interesting and meaningful work, respect, and loved for themselves alone
C. work that has interest and is meaningful, to have respect, and to be beloved for themselves alone
D. interesting and meaningful work, respect, and their own love
E. to have interesting and meaningful work, to be respected, and to be loved for themselves alone

6. By employing exotic harmonies and making unusual use of instruments, Mahler was a pathfinder
from romanticism to modern music.

A. Mahler was a pathfinder

B. a path was created by Mahler

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C. Mahler created a path

D. Mahler was the creator of a path
E. was how Mahler created a path

7. In the past, many famous painters meticulously ground their own colors, an attention to detail
that is noteworthy.

A. an attention to detail that is noteworthy

B. inasmuch as they showed attention to detail, it is noteworthy
C. this makes it noteworthy in showing their attention to detail
D. an idea that is noteworthy in showing their attention to detail
E. which is noteworthy and it shows an attention to detail

8. By including pieces of cloth, newspaper, wallpaper, and other materials in his work, Picasso's
innovation had an important influence on twentieth-century art.

A. Picasso's innovation had an important influence on

B. this innovation of Picasso's was important in its influence over
C. Picasso's important innovative influence was on
D. Picasso was influential, with his innovation, over
E. the innovative Picasso was an important influence on

9. Once American films looked slick and commercial compared to European imports; now, almost
the reverse is true.

A. now, almost the reverse is true

B. now they are almost the reverse
C. instead, there is almost a reversal now
D. now it is almost the reverse that is true
E. it has now been almost reversed

10. Although known primarily as a poet, the paintings of Lawrence Ferlinghetti have recently been
receiving public attention.

A. Although known primarily as a poet, the paintings of Lawrence Ferlinghetti

B. Although known primarily for his poetry, Lawrence Ferlinghetti's paintings
C. Although his poetry is primarily what he is known for, Lawrence Ferlinghetti's paintings
D. Although Lawrence Ferlinghetti is known primarily as a poet and his paintings
E. Although Lawrence Ferlinghetti is known primarily for his poetry, his paintings

11. For many a brilliant architect, being free to innovate is more important than being well paid.

A. being free to innovate is more important than

B. having freedom of innovation is more important than
C. there is more importance in the freedom to innovate than
D. freedom to innovate has more importance than
E. to have the freedom to innovate is more important than

12. What was not achieved in last year's county voter registration drive was more than compensated
for by this year, which registered over three thousand new voters.
A. by this year, which registered over three thousand new voters
B. by this year, having over three thousand new voters registered
C. by this year's drive, which registered over three thousand new voters

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D. when they registered three thousand new voters this year

E. this year, when they registered over three thousand new voters

#2

1. The amount of garbage produced in the United States could be reduced by recycling trash,
minimizing packaging, and developing new technology for incinerators and landfills.

A. and developing new technology

B. and if they develop new technology
C. and also by developing new technology
D. and new technology being developed
E. and if there was new technology

2. Tickets are available at the box office they can be picked up one hour before the performance.

A. at the box office they can be picked up one hour before the performance
B. at the box office; they can be picked up one hour before the performance
C. one hour before the performance, they can be picked up at the box office
D. and that can be picked up at the box office one hour before the performance
E. at the box office, one hour before the performance is when they can be picked up

3. Medical research now emphasizes that the best treatment for many diseases is the body's own
defenses being stimulated.

A. the best treatment for many diseases is the body's own defenses being stimulated
B. the best treatment for many diseases is stimulation of the body's own defenses
C. there should be stimulation of the body's own defenses for the best treatment for many diseases
D. there should be a stimulation of the body's own defenses to achieve the best treatment for many
diseases
E. the body's own defenses should have stimulation for the best treatment for many diseases

4. Some political scientists are convinced that the major conflict toward democracy and communism
is moral.

A. toward democracy and communism is moral

B. is a moral one between democracy and communism
C. between democracy, compared to communism, is a moral one
D. is a moral one for democracy, compared to communism
E. between democracy and communism is a moral one

5. Until just recently many students would take lengthy trips during spring break rather than
temporary jobs like now.

A. break rather than temporary jobs like now

B. break instead of temporary jobs like now
C. break; now they take temporary jobs
D. break; instead, students are taking temporary jobs
E. break, but now it is temporary jobs

6. To meet the college's requirement of service to her community, 40 hours of her time to Habitat
for Humanity were volunteered by Laurie.

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A. 40 hours of her time to Habitat for Humanity were volunteered by Laurie

B. Laurie volunteered 40 hours of her time to Habitat for Humanity
C. 40 hours of her time to Habitat for Humanity was what Laurie volunteered
D. through 40 hours of volunteering by Laurie to Habitat for Humanity
E. Laurie, to Habitat for Humanity, was volunteering 40 hours of her time

7. Reviews of books and films have generally been exempt from the standards of libel that are
applied to news stories, but they are now questioning the distinction between reporting and
criticism.

A. they are now questioning the distinction between reporting and criticism
B. questions are now being asked by them as to the distinction between reporting and criticism
C. the distinction between reporting and criticism is now being questioned
D. the question they are asking now is whether there is a distinction between reporting and criticism
E. the distinction they make between reporting and criticism is now questioned

8. A writer who well understood the plight of the underprivileged, many acclaim Richard Wright as
the novelist of the downtrodden.

A. many acclaim Richard Wright as

B. many have acclaimed Richard Wright as
C. Richard Wright is being acclaimed by many as
D. Richard Wright has been widely acclaimed as
E. widely acclaimed is Richard Wright as

9. Having no additional funds to spend, the meeting of the budget committee was promptly
concluded.

A. the meeting of the budget committee was promptly concluded

B. the meeting of the budget committee concluded promptly
C. the conclusion of the budget committee meeting was prompt
D. the budget committee promptly concluded its meeting
E. the budget committee's meeting was promptly concluded

10. In the early songs of the Beatles, one hears plaintive Blues-inspired melodies that would seem to
be more a product of rural southern America than an English industrial city.

A. a product of rural southern America than an English industrial city

B. a product from rural southern America than that of an English industrial city
C. produced in rural southern America than by an English industrial city
D. a product out of rural southern America than from an English industrial city
E. a product of rural southern America than of an English industrial city

11. In 1968 air pollution from automobile exhaust, particularly like that in the Los Angeles
environs,became of an increasingly more urgent concern to environmentalists.

A. like that in the Los Angeles environs, became of an increasingly more urgent
B. of the sort found in the Los Angeles area, became an increasingly urgent
C. such as you have in the area of Los Angeles, became of increasingly more urgent
D. like the kind in and around Los Angeles and its environs, became an increasingly urgent
E. the kind similar to the Los Angeles area, became an increasingly more urgent

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12. Although long considered a vestigial organ that has no function in humans, the appendix, some
scientists believe, may have a significant role as part of the body's immune system.

A. the appendix, some scientists believe, may have

B. the appendix, which, some scientists believe, may have
C. the appendix, in the belief of some scientists, is possibly having
D. the appendix is believed by some scientists as perhaps having
E. some scientists believe the appendix may have

Group-C

1. Failing to anticipate the sharp downturn in the economy, millions of dollars were lost through the
investment fund's managers' slowness to act.

A. millions of dollars were lost through the investment fund's managers' slowness to act
B. millions of dollars were lost due to the slowness of the investment fund's managers to act
C. the investment fund's managers were slow to act, millions of dollars were lost as a result
D. the investment fund's managers were slow to act and thus lost millions of dollars
E. the investment fund lost millions of dollars because its managers acted too slowly

2. Most often defenders of art have justified its existence with their pointing out a function that
nothing but art itself could perform.

A. with their pointing out a function that nothing but art itself could perform
B. by them pointing out a function that only art could perform
C. through the pointing out of a function performed by art alone
D. by pointing to some function that art alone can perform
E. through their having pointed to a function performed by art itself

3. Industrial growth that was being stifled by the country's dictatorship, but now they are developing
their full economic potential.

A. Industrial growth that was being stifled by the country's dictatorship, but now they are developing
their full economic potential.
B. The dictatorship had stifled industrial growth, but the country is now developing their full
economic potential.
C. Industrial growth was stifled by the country's dictatorship, and so now they are developing their
full economic potential.
D. Though the dictatorship had stifled industrial growth, the country is now developing its full
economic potential.
E. Now developing their full economic potential, the country's dictatorship had stifled industrial
growth.

4. Looking down through the boat's glass bottom, a school of yellow fish was seen swimming along
with the turtles.

A. a school of yellow fish was seen

B. a school of yellow fish were seen
C. we saw a school of yellow fish
D. we seen a school of yellow fish
E. yellow fish in schools are seen

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5. A radio system consists of a means of transforming sounds into electromagnetic waves and of
transmitting those waves through space; after this those waves must be transformed back into
sounds.

A. waves and of transmitting those waves through space; after this those waves must be
transformed
B. waves, transmitting the waves through space, and transforming them
C. waves, of transmitting them through space, and then the translation of them
D. waves and of transmitting them through space; after this the waves have to be translated
E. waves, of the transmitting of those waves through space and of translating same

6. It underlies the poem that human beings are free to choose and may be blamed for their choices.

A. It underlies the poem

B. In the poem, they assumed
C. In the poem, a basic assumption which is made is
D. It is an assumption that underlies the poem
E. The basic assumption of the poem is

7. The modern city may not have new citadels or cathedrals, but there is a great many new office
buildings and freeways.

A. but there is a great many new office buildings and freeways

B. but it does have a great many new office buildings and freeways
C. but a great many new office buildings and freeways
D. although many new office buildings and freeways are there
E. although a great many new office buildings and freeways are seen

8. The remains of the Apatosaurus provide evidence of there being giants existing on Earth during
the late Jurassic period.

A. of there being giants existing

B. of there having been giants existing
C. of there existing giants
D. that giants have existed
E. that giants existed

9. Farming in that area of the country is inefficient because of their farm machinery shortage and
that they lack the knowledge to operate it.

A. because of their farm machinery shortage and that they lack the

B. in that they have a shortage of farm machinery and a lack of

C. because of the shortage of farm machinery and their lacking the

D. in that there is both a shortage of farm machinery as well as a lack of

E. because of the shortage of farm machinery and the lack of

10. The most popular painting in the exhibit of works by local artists was done by a seventy-year-old
woman, who painted an exquisite self-portrait of herself.

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A. was done by a seventy-year-old woman, who painted an exquisite self-portrait of herself

B. was an exquisite self-portrait of a seventy-year-old woman, who painted herself
C. was an exquisite self-portrait of a seventy-year-old woman
D. was done by a seventy-year-old woman, and it is her own exquisite self-portrait
E. was by a seventy-year-old woman, being an exquisite self-portrait

11. The tiles are sorted not only by their surface appearance but also according to their hardness and
their capacity of conducting heat.

A. according to their hardness and their capacity of conducting heat

B. according to their hardness and of their heat-conducting capacity
C. by their hardness and if they have the capacity for heat conduction
D. by their hardness and their capacity for conducting heat
E. by their hardness and capacity in heat conduction

12. Radio frequencies have to be allocated to users so that one transmission will not interfere with
another.

A. one transmission will not interfere with another

B. each transmission cannot interfere with another's
C. transmitting them will not interfere with one another
D. no transmission is interfered with by another
E. no one transmission would have interference with the other

Group-d

1. The Pony Express was an ingenious system for carrying mail; it was in existence only briefly,
however, before the telegraph system made it obsolete.

A. mail; it was in existence only briefly, however,

B. mail, for it was in existence only briefly, however,
C. mail; however, existing only briefly
D. mail, having existed only briefly
E. mail, but was existing only briefly

2. A recent discovery is the finding that people who both drink and smoke are greater cancer risks
than those who do only one of these things.

A. A recent discovery is the finding that

B. A recent discovery came when they learned that
C. Recently, a finding is that
D. It has recently been discovered that
E. It is a recent discovery that

3. The notion that a biography should be full of praise and free of criticism prevailed during most of
the nineteenth century.

A. The notion that a biography should be full of praise and free of criticism prevailed during most of
the nineteenth century.
B. The notion that prevailed about a biography during most of the nineteenth century was that of
being full of praise and free of criticism.

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C. During most of the nineteenth century, they had a prevalent notion that a biography should be
full of praise and free of criticism.
D. Prevalent as a notion during most of the nineteenth century was for a biography to be full of
praise and free of criticism.
E. Prevalent during most of the nineteenth century, the notion prevailed that a biography should be
full of praise and free of criticism.

4. A native New Yorker, Gloria Naylor's first novel won an American Book Award in 1983.

A. A native New Yorker, Gloria Naylor's first novel

B. A native New Yorker, the first novel by Gloria Naylor
C. The first novel by native New Yorker Gloria Naylor
D. Gloria Naylor, a native New Yorker, wrote her first novel thus having
E. Gloria Naylor wrote her first novel and the native New Yorker

5. Charlie Chaplin developed definite ideas about the art of comedy and as a result sentiment, satire,
and social criticism were introduced into his work.

A. sentiment, satire, and social criticism were introduced

B. sentiment, satire, and social criticism were introduced by him
C. having introduced sentiment, satire, and social criticism
D. introduced sentiment, satire, and social criticism
E. the introduction of sentiment, satire, and social criticism

6. Someone living in a technological, consumption-oriented culture probably taxes the environment

at a rate many times that of a country such as Myanmar.

A. that of a country such as Myanmar

B. that of someone living in a country like Myanmar
C. what you find in Myanmar, for instance
D. the rate in a country such as Myanmar
E. a citizen of Myanmar, for instance

7. Airport runways must be constantly swept clear of trash and other debris that could be sucked
into a jet-engine intake or it could cause a serious accident.

A. intake or it could cause a serious accident

B. intake, this causes a serious accident
C. intake and cause a serious accident
D. intake, preventing a serious accident
E. intakes and avoiding a serious accident

8. In believing that firsthand experience would enhance the credibility of his biography of Columbus,
Professor Morison retraced the route of Columbus' first voyage.

A. In believing that
B. Believing that
C. In his belief that
D. He believed that
E. By believing that

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9. Except in mathematics, absolute proof is more often an ideal to be sought than a goal to be
reached, a fact that the courts recognize by setting varying standards of proof for different kinds of
cases.

A. a fact that the courts recognize by setting

B. which the courts recognize and set
C. and this is recognized when the courts are setting
D. and it is recognized by the courts when they set
E. and the courts recognize this fact setting

10. My grandfather never learned to use a calculator, as he shops he can accurately compute his
grocery bill in his head to within a dollar.

A. as he shops
B. while shopping
C. but as he shops
D. therefore, when shopping
E. however, he shops so that

11. The first African American woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for poetry, Gwendolyn Brooks with
her special interest in encouraging young poets.

A. with her special interest in encouraging

B. had a special interest in encouraging
C. having had a special interest, which was to encourage
D. who had a special interest in encouraging
E. she had a special interest to encourage

12. Although fascinated by chance and coincidence, Paul Auster's novels are written with careful
attention to style and balance.

A. Paul Auster's novels are written

B. Paul Auster's novels were written
C. Paul Auster writes his novels
D. Paul Auster is a writer
E. Paul Auster had wrote

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Cloze Passages Set # 1

Passage # 1
Today most businessmen are very worried. To begin with, they are not used to competition. In
the past they sold whatever ...(1)... produced at whatever prices they chose. But ...(2)...
increasing competition, customers began to ...(3)... and choose. Imports suddenly became
...(4)... available and that too at cheaper ...(5)...

1. A. it B. he C. they D. we
2. A. with B. by C. after D. from
3. A. buy B. take C. pick D. want
4. A. hardly B. easily C. frequently D. conveniently
5. A. costs B. returns C. dividend D. prices

Passage # 2
As a rule of thumb, a manned mission costs from fifty to a hundred times more than a
comparable unmanned mission. Thus, for scientific exploration alone, ...(1)... missions,
employing machine intelligence, are ...(2)... However, there may well be ...(3)... other than
scientific for exploring ...(4)... social, economic, political, cultural or ...(5)...

1. A. manned B. unmanned C. space D. lunar

2. A. liked B. wanted C. used D. preferred
3. A. reasons B. causes C. clues D. objects
4. A. moon B. sun C. space D. mission
5. A. casual B. historic C. historical D. histrionic

Passage # 3
The principal advantage in having a clear cut objective of business is that it does not derail; the
enterprise does not stray ...(1)... the direct route that it has set for ...(2)... Enterprises with well
defined objectives can conveniently undertake ...(3)... and follow long range development
policies. Recognition of objectives ...(4)... the temptation to compromise long range ...(5)... for
short term gains and improves coordination in work and consistency in policy.

1. A. from B. on C. along D. towards

2. A. others B. industry C. itself D. government
3. A. production B. research C. audit D. appraisal
4. A. invites B. defers C. shifts D. removes
5. A. objectives B. loses C. interests D. profits

Passage # 4
Let children learn to judge their own work. A child ...(1)... to talk does not learn ...(2)... being
corrected all the time ...(3)... corrected too much, he will ...(4)... talking. He notices a thousand times
a day the difference between the ...(5)... he uses and the language those around him use.

1. A. endeavouring B. learning C. experimenting D. experiencing

2. A. in B. on C. by D. to
3. A. unless B. being C. until D. if

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4. A. stop B. halt C. avoid D. shun

5. A. speech B. language C. talk D. skill

Passage # 5
His talk used to be full of wit and humours. He liked reading.He was a ...(1)... reader and would
pore over books ...(2)... a wide range of interest as ...(3)... he got them. He had ...(4)... a standing
order to two bookshops ...(5)... city.

1. A. voracious B. fervent C. anxious D. enthusiastic

2. A. covering B. barring C. including D. containing
3. A. firmly B. quickly C. soon D. urgently
4. A. offered B. proclaimed C. intimated D. given
5. A. at B. in C. within D. inside

Passage # 6
Watermelons ...(1)... to India by the 4th century AD. Sushruta, the great Indian physician ...(2)...
wrote Sushruta Samhita mentions that watermelons were grown ...(3)... the banks of the river
Indus ...(4)... are also mentioned in ancient books. Sushruta calls it as Kalinda or Kalinga (hence
Kalingad in Marathi). It was ...(5)... to China in the 10th or 11th century and ...(6)... it is grown
throughout the tropics. Wild watermelons are ...(7)... compared to cultivated ones; some of which
weigh up to 25 kg. The heaviest fruit weighing 118 kg was produced at Hope, Arkansas, USA the
state to which President Clinton ...(8)...

1. A. came B. go C. arrived D. grew E. grow

2. A. did B. when C. certainly D. who E. whom
3. A. above B. outside C. from D. ahead E. along
4. A. It B. They C. Some D. That E. Those
5. A. took B. gave C. taken D. take E. taking
6. A. also B. though C. now D. tomorrow E. Soon
7. A. heavier B. taller C. thinner D. smaller E. shorter
8. A. rules B. belongs C. Grew D. elects E. elected

Passage # 7
The North-East India is Asia in miniature, a place ...(1)... the brown and yellow races ...(2)... and
mingle. There are at least 262 ...(3)... ethnic groups and the region is home to more than 150
million people, if one includes Bangladesh. Take ...(4)... example the state of Manipur, which
...(5)... Burma, with a population of 1.8 million people. It is home to about 30 separate linguistic
and ethnic groups including the Taraos, ...(6)... number less than 400 individuals ...(7)... the ages
and the mountains, the people of this winding trail ...(8)... an anthropological and sociological
...(9)... to South East Asia, where the roots of many ...(10)...
1. A. when B. although C. where D. to
2. A. meet B. desert C. form D. find
3. A. identical B. closed C. opened D. homogeneous
4. A. from B. for C. again D. besides
5. A. holds B. stretches C. rules D. borders
6. A. who B. though C. amidst D. hence
7. A. Bringing B. Demanding C. Beginning D. Allowing
8. A. construct B. form C. broke D. settled
9. A. problem B. anathema C. bridge D. window
10. A. opportunities B. disease C. since D. still

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CLOSE PASSAHE SET # 2

PASSAGE # 1
Without water 1._____ animal can survive. In desert regions the greatest 2.______ to life is drying
up. But many creatures are able to make use of 3._______ little water that exists in arid areas. One
of nature’s masterpieces 4._______ creatures equipped to 5._______with desert life is the hardy
camel. Stories range the desert lands far and wide about 6._______ endurance feats by camels. It is
said that camels can 7._______ a distance of about 800 miles in eight days through 8.________
travel without an intake of a single drop of water. The popular 9._______ the camels store water in
the humps is 10._______ . in a way; water is indeed stored there but in the form of fat.

1. a.every b.no c.any d.desert

2. a.warning b.worry c.requirement d.threat
3. a.what b.the c.very d.that
4. a.for b.about c.among d.with
5. a.live b.resist c.bear d,cope
6. a.remarkable b.little c.tolerable d.popular
7. a.measure b.cover c.reduce d.reach
8. a.rapid b.continuous c.regular d.slow
9. a.belief b.trust c.conception d.notion
10. a.baseless b.wrong c.misleading dcorrect
PASSAGE # 2
From that moment his life became intolerable. He passed his days in apprehension of each succeeding
night; and ...(1)... night the vision ...(2)... back again. As room he ...(3)... locked himself up in his room he
...(4)... to struggle; but in vain. An ...(5)... force lifted him up and pushed him ...(6)... the glass, as if to call
the phantom, and before long he saw it ...(7)... in the spot where the crime was ...(8)... lying with arms
and legs outspread the way of body ...(9)... found. Then the dead girl ...(10)... and came toward him with
the little steps just as the child had dome when she came out of river.

1. A. all B. each C. every

2. A. comes B. come C. came
3. A. had been B. had C. was
4. A. strives B. strived C. strove
5. A. compelling B. irresistible C. overwhelming
6. A. upon B. towards C. against
7. A. laid B. lying C. laying
8. A. perpetrated B. done C. committed
9. A. has been B. had been C. was
10. A. stood up B. raised up C. rose up
PASSAGE # 3
The last decade has been ...(1)... for management education and development. When the economies of
most western countries were ...(2)... in early 1980s there were ...(3)... cuts in both in corporate training
and in higher education. During the boom years of mid 1980s there was some ...(4)... in both areas. In

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early 1990s industrialised countries were in the ...(5)... of another service recession and a ...(6)...
retrenchment was to be reasonably ...(7)...throughout the training world. But this is not the case so far.
Many leading companies are ...(8)... their belief in training as the key to future competitiveness and
governments have ...(9)... an era of rapid ...(10)...

1. A. dogmatic B. paradoxical C. outstanding D. sluggish

2. A. galvanised B. privatised C. dominant D. faltering

3. A. severe B. judicious C. marginal D.proportionate

4. A. proactivity B. reactivity C. downsizing D. slashing

5. A. area B. mood C. grip D. light

6. A. critical B. light C. Profound D. possible

7. A. fabricated B. projected C. lamented D. expected

8. A. managing B. asserting C. criticising D. rejecting

9. A. encouraged B. established C. preached D. circulated

10. A. degradation B. communication C. expansion D. projection

PASSAGE # 4
Desire and action are often coordinated in that desire may ...(1)... the person to action or that desire may
be ...(2)... from action. If P is seen as trying to do X, it is often inferred that P desires X. However, desire
and action are not ...(3)... coordinated. The person may desire X without ...(4)... in any action directed
towards the attainment of X. This even happens when X appears ...(5)... or when the other effects
resulting from the action ...(6)... to attain X are sufficiently undesirable as to ...(7)... the desire for X.
Sometimes, Of course, no action is necessary; the desire may or may not be ...(8)... quite independently
of P's action. Furthermore, a given desire may lead to different actions, depending upon the
environmental requirements. Actions are ...(9)... not only by desire but also by the way the person
...(10)... the casual structure of the environment.

1. A. dampen B. hinder C. indulge D. arouse

2. A. inferred B. ceased C. abstained D. refrained
3. A. invariably B. hopefully C. Deliberately D. purposely
4. A. wanting B. associating C. engaging D. supporting
5. A. manageable B. valuableC. unattainable D. approachable
6. A. hostile B. necessary C. incidental D. insensible
7. A. express B. appreciate C. reciprocate D. negate
8. A. realised B. hypothesised C. verbalised D. criticised
9. A. projected B. determined C. controlled D. galvanised
10. A. downgrades B. fabricates C. develops D. sees
PASSAGE # 5
Architecture is unique ...(1)... of art and science that has ...(2)... out of man's primary need for shelter. It is
concerned with the design and ...(3)... of buildings in their sociological, technological and environmental
context. This field is not only ...(4)... but also provides the ...(5)... of designing and building pleasing ...(6)...
refined structures to serve various needs. ...(7)... the fairly large number of practising architects, the
countrywide ...(8)... in building activity offers scope for more. And though the initial earnings in the field
are relatively ...(9)... what you make thereafter will depend entirely on your ...(10)...

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1. A. procedure B. process C. portion D. blend

2. A. drifted B. fizzled C. contrived D. arisen
3. A. painting B. construction C. decoration D. repairing
4. A. fatiguing B. strenuous C. encouraging D. vast
5. A. satisfaction B. facility C. infrastructure D.amenities
6. A. practically B. ideologically C. aesthetically D. principally
7. A. Considering B. Having C. Assuming D. Despite
8. A. variation B. slack C. lethargy D. spurt
9. A. escalating B. modest C. unpredictable D. negligible
10. A. ambition B. appearance C. expectation D. experience

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 CLOZE PASSAGE SET # 3
PASSAGE # 1
During the recent peak of covid-19 cases in China, large metal shelving units appeared at entrances
to residential compounds across Shanghai. Outsiders were not allowed in. But a place
(1)_____________ needed to hold the (2)____________packages ordered online by the millions of
residents (3)_____________ were staying at home. The shelves (4)__________ under the weight of
disinfectant and vitamin tablets, sacks of rice and flour, cooking oil and vegetables. Food- delivery
firms played a crucial role in helping people in China (5)__________ the lockdown that began in
Hubei province in late January, and the less stringent forms of quarantine that were
subsequently(6)____________ in cities across the country. Since early March there have been very
few newly detected cases of covid-19 except among travellers from abroad. So controls have
eased(7)___________ allowing shops and restaurants to reopen. But many people are playing safe
and staying largely housebound. State media have been calling home-delivery workers "heroes."
Few would disagree. Even before the crisis they were (8) ______________of urbanites. The
combination of an abundant supply of cheap labour, a large middle class (9) __________near-
universal access to smartphones had fostered the growth of online food-delivery services to a
degree unmatched in the rich world. People could have everything from coffee to congee whisked to
them in under 30 minutes on the back of a scooter, typically by one of the sector's two titans, Ele.me
and MeituanDianping. More than 400m people, or about half of the country's internet users, had
encountered a waimai xiaoge, or "takeaway lad" (more than nine in ten are men) at their door.
Residents had become so used to receiving hot meals from them that they jokingly compared them
to parents. After the novel coronavirus hit, their services became a lifeline. When officials told firms
to stay shut, (10) _________allowed exceptions for "essential" services, including those delivering
cooked food and groceries. Wary of eating meals prepared by others, many people turned to online
supermarkets. Sales of dumpling wrappers and sauces grew more than sevenfold on Meituan's
grocery service-even as takeout orders more than halved, as the giant reported in a downbeat first-
quarter forecast. The new joke is that the covid-19 epidemic has turned China into a nation of chefs.

1. A) is B) was c) were D) are

2. A) myriad C) compact C) limited C) concise
3. A) they B) whom C) it D) who
4. A) groaned B) squirmed C) moaned D) squeaked
5. A) blame B) coexist C) bemoan D) endure
6. A) implemented B) lifted C) restricted D) discussed
7. A) . B) , C) ; D) :
8. A) ridiculed C) tolerated C)criticized D) beloved
9. A) and C) , C) ,and D) , and,
10. A) they B) them c) it D) him
PASSAGE # 2
Traumatic events, from natural disasters to war, can(1)_______people's mental health. The covid-19
(2) ___________is no different. It has brought the fear of contagion and of loved ones falling sick. It
has created huge uncertainty about every aspect of life. And with a fifth of the world under
lockdown, protracted isolation is also bringing loneliness, anxiety and depression. Quarantines and
"social distancing", policy measures needed to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus that causes
covid-19, are against human nature. It has been less than a month since the Italian government,
(3)__________ a national quarantine, but the (4)___________ on people's mental health

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(5)___________ starting to show. More than 13,100 people there have died from covid-19; at least
two nurses who were working in intensive-care units where they were treating patients suffering
from the disease have killed themselves. The Italian national nursing federation said that one of the
nurses who committed suicide, Daniela Trezzi, (6) ________ off work ill and that Ms Trezzi was
deeply worried that she had infected patients (though the local health authority said she had not
tested positive). In Germany, which imposed (7)_________after Italy, the finance minister of the
state of Hesse, who was said to be deeply worried about the economic impact of the pandemic,
killed himself on March 28th. Awareness of the strain on people's mental health is growing. In
Britain Public Health England (8) ________a government agency, along with the Duke and Duchess
of Cambridge, released a set of guidelines on "the mental health and well-being aspects of
coronavirus" on March 29th. In the same week, 62% of Britons said that they were finding it harder
to be (9)____________about the future compared with how they felt before the outbreak,
according to Ipsos mori, a pollster. "People are struggling with the emotions as much as they are
struggling with the (10)__________ said Andrew Cuomo, governor of New York, America's hit state,
on March 21st. Four days later he set up a free hotline for those whose mental health was suffering.

1. A) improve B) damage c) stall D) repair

2. A) situation C) endemic C) hypothesis C) pandemic
3. A) imposed B) lifted C) suggested D) condemned
4. A) impact Bs) strain C) benefit D) problem
5. A) is B) was C) are D) were
6. A) was B) is C) had been D) has been
7. A) penalties B) curfew C) restrictions D) requirement
8. A) . B) : C) ; D) ,
9. A) positive B) negative C) ambivalent D) indifferent
10. A) economics”, B) economics” c) economics,” D) ecomomics,
PASSAGE # 3
Running for the office of the President of the United States is exceptionally arduous and should not
be undertaken by the (1__________) hearted. The candidates must first compete in the local
primary elections. During the primary campaign, the candidate endeavors to (2) ______________the
votes of his or her constituents. Any new candidates are the opponents (3) ____________the
incumbent, the President currently in office who is running for re-election. The candidates refrain
from actions that might create animosity (4) ______________them and the public.

Rather, they attempt to appease their constituency by using promotional gimmicks and ambiguous
equivocation, as well as (5)_________ decorous protocol. The public is indeed curious about, if not
(6) ____________of, the candidate’s professional life, in addition to his or her personal life, which
will be under (7) ______________scrutiny during the campaign. Since his or her private life becomes
public domain, the candidate may (8)__________ to disclose any controversial behavior in his or her
past before the press digs it up. (9) _____________history has shown us, even a prominent politician
can be revealed as a phony. A politician exhibiting scandalous behavior might even be subjected
(10)____________ censure from his political colleagues.

1) a. faint b. meek c. mild d. weak

2) a. extract b. gain c. exist d. drop
3) a. with ` b. by c. for d. of
4) a. by b. beside c. between d. to

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5) a. observance b. observing c. appeal d. appellation
6) a. adventurous b. dangerous c. querulous d. suspicious
7) a. near b. care c. close d. front
8) a. to fit b. see fit c. look fit d. be fit
9) a. Contrary b. Despite c. As d. Where
10) a. by b. under c. to d. with

PASSAGE # 4
New York’s tllest building is the Empire Stte Building, which stnds on Fifth venue, New York, between
33rd Street nd 34th Street, It ws …(1)… on the site of the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and took 410 days at
the rate of 4 1/2 floors a week…(2)… Complete. T building was opened on 1 May, 1931 by remote
control, wh.n President Herbert Hoover…(3)… a button in Washington DC. The Empire State Buidling
towers 381m above ground and measures 443.2m to the top of the TV tower. A further 16.7 m is
below ground. The spire on top was designed as an airship mooring mast, but after a German
airship, the Hindenburg, burned at its mooring mast in New Jersey in 1937, the mast was ..(4)… used.
For more then 40 years, the Empire State held the…(5)… as the world’s tallest office or apartment
building.

1. (a) building (b) built (c) erected (d) build

2. (a) from (b) into (c) for (d) to
3. (a) prest (b) pressed (c) press (d) pressing
4. (a) frequently (b) often (c) always (d) never
5. (a) record (b) title (c) position (d) place
PASSAGE # 5
It was a sudden decision. Three of us all … (1) .. in the hostal, decided to travel by train to .. (2) and
witness the ….. Republic Day Parade. The station was heavily …(3)…there was a long queue before
the ticket counter….(4)… pretended sickness and persuaded the man nearest to the..(5) … to buy
three more tickets – one for him and.. (6). for his sisters. No problem, therefore, in buying tickets..
(7) .. train was already at the platform and there was … (8) . mad rush among the passengers to get
on the coasches. Hari would not be worried by .. (9)… He asked .. (10) .. to jump over the bumper
between two coaches to get on to the other side.

1. (a) roommates (b) strangers (c) classmates (d) friends

2. (a) Calcutta (b) Hyderabad (c) Chennai (d) Delhi
3. (a) guarded (b) thronged (c) crowded (d) filled
4. (a) She (b) Hari (c) They (d) You
5. (a) door (b) window (c) enhance (d) counter
6. (a) three (b) four (c) one (d) two
7. (a) The (b) An (c) A (d) No
8. (a) a (b) an (c) not d) the
9. (a) things (b) anything (c) everything (d) something
10. (a) them (b) us (c) they (d) we

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Cloze Passage Set # 4

Cloze Passage 01
IQ tests were at one ___(1)______very popular. An IQ test is supposed to measure thinking
ability. 'I' stands for intelligence and 'Q' for quotient. An IQ is therefore ____(2)________ in
numerals.

Many psychologists used to believe that everyone has a fixed ____(3)_____of intelligence and
that it could be measured in a single test. Alfred Binet designed a set of tests which was given
to French children in 1905. The questions were based on what the students were taught and
their ____(4)______were supposed to reflect how well they could use words and numbers,
follow directions and ___(5)___problems in a common-sense way. Binet thought
these ___(6)___were useful in separating the intelligent from the dull ones. Later, he decided to
do more. He wanted to find out how ___(7)______ a child was. "If nine-year-old Felicia was
smart, was she as smart as a ten-year-old or an eleven-year-old?" The answer was given in a
number now known as IQ.

IQ tests were conducted to test the intelligence of children in schools. However, it was later
found that some ___(8)____ who did well in an arithmetic test did poorly on the word
questions. The question of how they were to be classified arose. It became clear that
intelligence is not a trait like having brown eyes and dark hair. There are ____(9)_____ ways of
being smart. Many schools no longer give IQ tests. Instead, children are given many different
tests to find their ____(10)____ and weaknesses. They are then helped to develop their
strengths and get over their weaknesses.

1) A) period B) century C) time D) era

2) A) designed B) conducted C) written D) prescribed

3) A) amount B) value C) quantity D) number

4) A) reply B) replies C) answer D) answers

5) A) solved B) solve C) resolve D) resolved

6) A) test B) tests C) testing D) testing’s

7) A) active B) fast C) smart D) mature

8) A) child B) children C) babies D) boys

9) A) some B) many C) majority D) few

10) A) power B) powers C) strength D) strengths

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