RATIO AND PROPORTION gt INTRODUCTION In Class VI, we have gone through the concept Mi have a brief revision of the same to strengthen our position in these concepts. of Ratio and Proportion, In this chapter, we the applications of 9.2 RATIO our daily life, we often come across many quantities 10 terms of their magnitudes/measurements. quantities either by finding the difference of their magnitude their magnitudes. When we want to see how much more (or less) one quantity is than the ther, we find the difference of their magnitudes and such a comparison is known as the tomparison by difference. If we want to see how many times more (or less) one quantity is than the other, we find the ratio (or division) of their magnitudes and such a comparison is known as the comparison by division. In fact, when we compare two quantities of the same ind by division, we say tha she two quantities. Suppose Heena’s height t we form a ratio of t] eso cm and her brother Amir’s height is 100 cm. If we wish to compare heights of Heena and Amir by difference, then we can say that Heena is 50 cm taller than her brother Amir. 3 By comparing their heights by division, we can also say that Heena is > times taller than her brother Amir, Here we observe that the comparison by division makes better sense than the comparison by taking the difference. When we compare two quantities of the same kind by division, we say that we form a ratio of the two quantities. Thus, we can say situations where we need to compare Generally, we compare two bb les or by finding the division of Li that the ratio of the height of Heena to that of Amir is a Usually, we use the symbol ‘:’ the ratio of the height of Heena to that of Amir is written as to express a ratio. Therefore, “150 to 100’. 150: 100 and it is read as ‘150 is to 100’ or Ibis evident from the above discussion that a ratio is a fraction t times a quantity is of another quantity of the same kind RATIO The ratio of two quantities of the same hind and in the same units is a fractio shows how many times the one quantity is of the other. hat shows how many n that a Thus, the ratio of two quantities a and 6 (b40) is a+b on 5 and is denoted by a: b. ties (numbers) a and are called the ent and the later ‘ In the ratio a : b, the quanti terms of the ratio. The former ‘a’ is called the first term or anteced| is known as the second term or consequent. We know that a fraction does not change when its numerator and denominator are multiplied or divided by the same non-zero number. So, a ratio does not alter, if its first and second terms are multiplied or divided by the same non-zero number.Mathematics tc 92 ee Mall! #/0r Class ing the first. and second Yerm by {Divid first and second terry [Multiplying the to be in the simplest 150: 100 = 15:10 150: 100 = 300; 200 RATIO IN THE SIMPLEST FORM A ratio a: b is said. aand consequent b have no common factor other than I byy form if its antecerty mt A ratio in the simplest form is also called the ratio inthe lowest tern The ratio 80 : 32 is not in the simplest form, because 16 is a common ee Of its anter, dent and consequent, The simplest form of this ratio is 5 2 (dividing the first and secip, term by 16) Usually, a ratio is expressed in the simplest form. ‘The comparison becomes meaningless if, NOTE1 Ina ratio, we compare two quantities. quantities being compared are not of the same kind i.e they are not measured in the san, units. It is just meaningless to compare 20 bags with 200 crows. Therefore, to find the rati, of two quantities, they must be expressed in the same units. NOTE2 Since the ratio of two quantities of the same hind determines how many times ong quantity is contained by the other. So, the ratio of any two quantities of the same kind is az dependent of the units used in abstract quantity. In other words, ratio has no unit or it is in the quantities compared. NOTES The order of the terms in a ratio a: b is very i from the ratio 2: 3. Let us now illustrate these ideals th ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES important. The ratio 3 : 2 is differen: rough some examples. simplest form: Example1 Express the ratio 45 : 108 in its tio in its simplest form we divide its first anc Solution In order to express the given rat second terms by their HCF. We have, 45 =3x35 and 108 =2x2%3x3x3 So, HCF of 45 and 108is 3x3=9. 45 45 5 45:108 => == = 51: 108 ios-9 127°? Hence, 45: 108 in its simplest form is 5: 12. Example2 Shikha and Sumeet take ¥ 600 and % 750 respectively from their parents 2 monthly pocket expenses. What is the ratio of their expenses in the simples form? Solution We have, Required ratio = % 600 :% 750 600 _ 600 +150 [Prin the antecedent and consequet! 750 ~750+150 | by the HCF of 600and 750 which is 15°- and Proportion 93 amples oution iter Example 4 Soliton Example 5 Solution Eampies Solution Divide 108 in two parts in the ratio 4: 5. We have, Sum of the terms of the ratio =(4+5)=9 First part = $108 = 412-48 Second part = 31108 =512= 60 Since the given ratio is 4 : 5. So, let the two parts be 4x and 5x. Thus, we have to divide 108 into two parts 4x and 5x. * 4x +5x=108 = 9x=108 9x _ 108 _ [Dividing both sides by 9] > rad First part = 4x =4%12= 48 Second part = Divide ¢ 1250 between Aman and Amit in the ratio 2 : 3. We have, Sum of the terms of the ratio =(2+3)=5 Aman’s share =% ( x 1250) =%(2x 250) =% 500 Amit’s share =@ @ x 1250) =%(3x 250) =7% 750. ‘Two numbers are in the ratio 4 : 5. If the sum of the numbers is 135, find the numbers. We have, Sum of the terms of the ratio =(4+5)=9 Sum of the numbers =135. First number = n135 =4x15=60 Second number = 3 x185 =5x15=75. Hence, the numbers are 60 and 75. Divide % 1500 among A, B, C in the ratio 3:5: 2. We have, ‘Sum of the terms of the ratio =(3+5 + 2)=10 A's share =% (1500) 2845094 Example7 Solution Example 8 Solution Aliter ; . Mathematics for Clas i B’s share =% & x 1500) =2 750 C’sshare =% (2 x 1500) =%300 10 Ratio of the number of male and female workers ina factory is 5:8. Ith, are 115 male workers, determine the number of female workers in gt factory. Wehave, Male : Female =5:3 ea So, let there be 5x male workers and &x be female workers. Tt is given thy there are 115 male workers. 5x=115 = BANS [Dividing both sides by 5 SEEatD) => x=23 Number of female workers = 3x = 3x23 = 69 Thus, there are 69 female workers in the factory. The ratio of copper and zinc in an alloy is 5 : 3. If the weight of the copper in the alloy is 30.5 grams, find the weight of zinc in the alloy. We have, Weight of copper : Weight of zinc = 5 : 3 So, let the weight of copper in the alloy be 5x grams and, Weight of zinc in the alloy be 3x grams But, the weight of the copper in the alloy is given to be 30.5 grams. 5x = 30.5 5x _ 30. =. ae (Dividing both sides by 5} > x=61 Weight of zine in the alloy =3xgrams =3x6.1grams =183 grams Tis given that the alloy contains copper and zine in the ratio 5 : 3, This means that if the weight of copper in the alloy is 5 grams, then the weight of zinc is 3 grams. Now, Ifthe weight of copper in the alloy is 5 gm, then the weight of zinc = 3 gm. Tfthe weight of copper is 1 gm, then the weight of the zine =3 grams 5 If the weight of copper is 30.5 gm, then the weight of zine (3005) gm =18.3gmapaponicn 95 09 Ifx:y =2:3, find the value of (3x + 2y):(2x +5y) pr We have, cole x nry=2Ba > Now, (8x + 2y): (2x +5y) ample 10 If (4x +5): (3x +11) =13:17, find the value of x. Soéon We have, (4x +5): (8x +11) =18:17 4x45 13 8x+11 17 => 17(4x+5)=13(38x+11) > 68x+85 =39x+143 => 68x-39x = 143-85 > 29x =58 58 = ra35=2 ample 11 What must be added to each term of the ratio 2 : 5 so that it may become equal fag, 25:8? “on Let the number to be added be x. Then, (2+2x):(6+x)=5:6Mathers for cy | Le Example 12 A bag contains ¢ 187 in the form of 1 rupee, => 6(2+x)=5(5+x) => 12+6x=25+5x = 6x—5x = 25-12 > x=18 Hence, the required number is 13. . 50 paise and 10 paise Coins in, he ratio 3: 4: 5, Find the number of each type of coins. Solution Let the number of 1 %, 60 paise and 10 paise coins be 3x, 4 ang ; ken > Nog 2 © 14. . Divide % 2000 among P, Q, F inthe ratio2:3:5. respectively. Then, 3e44ex 20 5 52x10 -187 100 *°** 100 > Bx +2x45 =187 > Bx oto 2-34 Bx = 8x34 =102,4x =4 x84 =136 and 5x=5x34=170 Hence, the number of 1 %, 50 paise and 10 paise coins are 102, 136 and 1% respectively. EXERCISE 9.1 If x: y=3:5, find the ratio 3x +4y:8x+5y. If x: y =8:9, find the ratio (7x -4y): 3x +2y. Iftwo numbers are in the ratio 6 : 13 and their |.c.m. is 312, find the numbers. Two numbers are in the ratio 3: 5. If8 is added to each number, the ratio becomes 2 : 3. Find the numbers. What should be added to each term of the ratio 7 : 13 so that the ratio becomes 2:3 Three numbers are in the ratio 2 : 3: 5 and the sum of these numbers is 800. Find the numbers. The ages of two persons are in the ratio 5 : 7. Eighteen years ago their ages were in the ratio 8: 13. Find their present ages. Two numbers are in the ratio 7 : 11. If 7 is added to each of the numbers, the ratio becomes 2:3. Find the numbers. Two numbers are in the ratio 2 : 7. If the sum of the numbers is 810, find the numbers. Divide % 1350 between Ravish and Shikha in the ratio 2: 3. +4. If total strength of the school be 550, The boys and the girls in a school are in the ratio find the numberof boys and girls. The ratio of monthly income to the savings of a family is 7: 2. Ifthe savings be of % 500, find the income and expenditure. The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 1:2: 3. Ifthe perimeter is 36 cm, find its sides. >and Proportion, 97 gum of € 5500 is to be divided between Raman and Aman in the ratio 2 : 3. How much will 6 en get ? a The ratio of zinc and copper in an alloy is 7 : 9. If the weight of the copper in the alloy is 16 1.7 kg. find the weight of the zincin the alloy. - inthe ratio 7 : 8, if the consequent is 40, what is the antecedent? t . ‘ pivide © 351 into two parts such that one may be to the other as 2: 7. ‘ Find the ratio of the price of pencil to that of ball pen, if pencils cost % 16 per score and bali pens cost % 8.40 per dozen. pln aclass, one out of every six students fails. If there are 42 students in the class, how many pass? 1% ANSWERS, 1, 29:49 2. 10:21 3. 24,52 4, 24,40 5 5 6. 160,240, 400 7. 50,70 yrs 8. 49,77 180,630 10. %540,%810 11. % 400, 7600, % 1000 12 Boys 350, Girls 200 13. Income = % 1750, Expenditure = % 1250 14 60m, 120m, 180m 15. Raman: % 2200 Aman : % 3300 16. 9.1kg . 3% 18. %78,%273 19. 8:7 20. 35 HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 6. Let the numbers be 2x, 3x, 5x. Then, 2x +3x +5x = 800 => x =80 7. Let the present ages be 5x and 7x years. Then, -8 x-10 72-1813 & Let the numbers be 7x and 11x. Then, “+7 .2 lix+7 3 11. Let the antecedent and consequent be 7x and 8x respectively. Then, consequent =40 => 8x=40-=>x=5. Therefore, antecedent =7x = 7x5 =35. 2. Ratio of the number of pass students to the number of fail students = 5 : 1. {3 COMPARISON OF RATIOS ‘norder to compare two given ratios, we follow the following steps: SEPI Obtain the given ratios. SEP Express each one of them in the form of a fraction in the simplest form. SEPT Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of the fractions obtained in step II. SWEIV Obtain first fraction and its denominator. Divide the L.C.M. obtained in step III by the denominator to get a number x (say). Now, multiply the numerator and denominator of the fraction by x. Apply the Same procedure to the other fraction. ty Now, the denominators of all fractions will be same. Vv Compare the numerators of the fractions obtained in step IV. The fraction R having larger numerator will be larger than the other. lowing example will illustrate the above procedure.98 Example 1 Solution Example 2 Solution Mathematics or Cig, vy ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Compare the ratios: 5 : 12 and 3:8 Writing the given ratios as fractions, we have 3 8 Now, L.C.M of 12 and 8 is 24. Making the denominator of each fraction equal to 24, we have 5 5:12= > anda:8= Ore 5x2) 10) ae 3x3 9 12 © 12x2 ~ 24 97" Bx8 © 24 Clearly, 10 > 9 1059 6 3 24°24 1278 Compare the ratios: 7: 6 and 24:9 Writing the given ratios as fractions, we have 7:6= 2 and4:9= 4 Now, L.C.M. of 6 and 9 is 18. Making the denominator of each fraction equal to 18, we have 7 i821 4 4x2 8 6 ~ 6x3 ~ 18 7" 9 ~ 9x27 18 Clearly, 21>8. 21 8 oo. isis 6.9 9.4 EQUIVALENT RATIOS EQUIVALENT RATIO A ratio obtained by multiplying or dividing the numerator and deno- minator of a given ratio by the same number is called an equivalent ratio. Consider the ratio 6 : 4. We have, 6 _6x2_12 6 _6x3_18 6 _6x4_ 2414 250 | 6) 2) 8 18 4 ea | Also, 7= 759 73 | 18 24 3 a. Thus, 2 Ta’ 79? pot are ratios equivalent to the ratioS. Ifa:b andc:d are two equivalent ratios, we write 2 b & d> proportion 99 ott le? yun ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES Find two equivalent ratios of 6 : 15, We have, 2:5 is an equivalent ratio of 6: 15 aco, & = 8X2 22 1515x230 So, 12:30 is an equivalent ratio of 6 : 15. Hence, 2:5 and 12 : 30 are equivalent ratios of 6 : 15. Fill in the following blanks: 14_O0_6 a3 0 In order to find the first missing number, we consider the denominators, 21 and 3. =7 14 So, we divide the numerator and denominator of 57 by 7 to get 14_1447_2 M19 2147 93 2 Hence, first missing number is 2. Consequently, the second ratio is 5. 2.6 To find the second missing number, we consider 3 = o 2 We have 6 + 2 = 3. So, we multiply the numerator and denominator of 5 by 3 ee Br 3° 3x3 9 Hence, the second missing number is 9. Consequently, the third ratio is ; tet 4_*_§ Then, a 3° y 4x3 peak tixd-2be2s x= ai =2 and, 4.8 igxy=21x6>y |& Mathemaitic a tatics for, Cts, EXERCISE 9.2 1. Which ratio is larger in the following pairs? i () 3:40r9:16 (i) 15: 16 0r 24:25 OO le eee! (iv) 9:200r8: 13 (v) 1:20r13:27 2. Give two equivalent ratios of 6: 8. : , 12-09 3. Fillin the fol pee aS e following blanks: 35 = S = Fy ANSWERS 1. @ 3:4 (i) 24:25 (ii) 5:8 (iv) 8:13 Mue2 2. 3:4,12:16 3. 3,15 9.5 PROPORTION PROPORTION An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. Consider the two ratios 6 : 18 and 8 : 24. We find that 6:18=1:3and8:24=1:3. 6:18=8:24 Thus, 6 : 18 = 8 : 24 is a proportion. Similarly, 40 : 70 = 200 : 350, 180 : 135 = 4: 3 etc. are proportions. Four numbers a, b, c, d are said to be in proportion, if the ratio of the first two is equal to th ratio of the last two, i.e.,a:b=c:d. If four numbers a, 6, c, d are in proportion, then we write a:b:e:d which is read as ‘a is to b asc is tod’ or ‘a to b asc to @’. Here a, b, c and d are the firs. second, third and fourth terms of the proportion. The first and fourth terms of a po portion are called extreme terms or extremes. The second and third terms are called th middle terms or means. We observe that 2, 6, 18 and 54 are in proportion, because 2 : 6 = 18 : 54. Clearly, 2 and are extremes whereas 6 and 18 are means. Also, 40, 70, 200 and 350 are in proportion, because 40 : 70 = 200 : 350, Consider the numbers 40, 70, 200, 350. We find that 40 : 70 = 200 : 350, So, the give? numbers are in proportion. Clearly, 40 and 350 are extreme terms and 70 and 200° middle terms. We find that Product of extreme terms = 40 x 350 = 14000, Product of middle terms = 70 x 200 = 14000 Product of extreme terms = Product of middle terms. terms fo equal fo the produc ofthe middle terme, tem then the product of the ext In other words, a:b =¢:d ifand only ifad = be If ad # bc, then a, b, c, d are not in proportion. CONTINUED PROPORTION Three numbers a, b, c are said to be in continued proportion if b, b, ¢, are in proportion.a prop tion _ _ _ gt at fan bso are in continued proportion, then ita” cae ‘a.6,b,¢ are in proportion, i.e.,a:b::b:¢ Product of extreme terms = Product of mean terms = axc=bxd 3 acab? 4 DP=ac. pRoPORTIONAL If a, b, ¢ are in continued proportion, then b is called the mean yAN Tgnal between a and c. c sly, if is the mean proportional between a and c, then b? = ac . sats ; : a “pove concepts are illustrated with the help of the following examples. tte ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ganple Are 30, 40, 45, 60 in proportion? juin We have, 30_3 45_3 1402 == 45:60 =— == 30 jo7g amd, wo4 30:40 =45:60 Hence, 30, 40, 45, 60 are in proportion. iter We have, Product of extremes = 30x60 =1800 Product of means = 40x45 = 1800 Product of extremes = Product of means. Hence, 30, 40, 45, 60 are in proportion. frample2 Are 36, 49, 6, 7 in proportion? Solution We have, Product of extremes = 36%7 = 252 Product of means = 49x6 = 294 Clearly, Product of extremes + Product of means Hence, 36, 49, 6, 7 are not in proportion. fample3 Are 4, 12, 36 in continued proportion? Silution — We know that three numbers a, 6, ¢ are in continued proportion, if a, 0, b, ¢ are in proportion. Therefore, 4, 12, 36 will be in continued proportion if 4, 12, 12, 36 are in proportion. We have, Product of extremes = 4x36 =144 Product of means = 12x12 = 144 Product of extremes = Product of means = 4, 12, 12, 36 are in proportion => 4, 12, 36 are in continued proportion.9.12 te Example 4 Solution Example 5 Solution Example 6 Solution Example 7 Solution ao Mathematics for cy Wy If8 :x: 12: 20, find the value of x. We have, Six 12:20 3, x, 12, 20 are in proportion Product of extremes = Product of means Uuug [Dividing both sides by 1 > x5 . - The first three terms of a proportion are 3, 5 and 21 respectively. Find iy fourth term. Let the fourth term be x. Then, 3, 5, 21, x are in proportion. = Product of extremes = Product of means => 3xx=5x21 => 3x=5x21 Bx _ 5x21 [Dividing both sides by 3] 3. 3 = x=5x7=35 What must be added to the numbers 6, 10, 14 and 22 so that they are in proportion? Let the required number be x. Then, 6+x,10+x,14+x,22+x are in proportion. Product of extremes = Product of means > (6 +x) (22+ x)=(10+x)(14+x) 132 + 28x =140+ 24x 28x - 24x = 140-132 4x=8 8 > = => 1824 6x +22 +x? =140+ 10x + 14x + 2x? > > = > x 4 Hence, the required number is 2, For every 12 mangoes that I buy, 3 turn out to be rotten. At this rate, ho” many rotten mangoes will I have if'I buy 100 mangoes? Suppose I have x rotten mangoes if I buy 100 mangoes. Then, the ratio rotten mangoes to mangoes bought is x : 100, Since for every 12 mangoes that I buy 3 turn out to be rotten, Therefore: ratio of rotten mangoes to the mangoes bought is 3 : 12, Ya «:100=3:12 sample soution Example 9 Solution 9.13 = 2x12=100x3 = 12x=300 [+ Product of extremes = Product of means] 2 x= oa5 Thus, there will be 25 rotten mangoes, if I buy 100 mangoes. ‘The scale of a map is 1 : 3000000. What is the actual distance between the two towns, if they are 3 cm apart on the map? ‘The scale of a map is 1 : 3000000 means that if the distance on the map is 1 cm, then the actual distance is 3000000 cm. = 3000000 1000x100 ‘Thus, if the distance on the map is 1 cm, the actual distance is 30 km. Let the actual distance between the two towns be x km. Thus, we have the following information. We have, 3000000cm km=30km Distance on the map Actual distance lcm 30km 3cm xkm vw -1:3=380:x = 1xx=3x30 => x«=90 Hence, the actual distance between the two towns is 90 km. If three loaves of bread are consumed by 9 people, how many people will consume 9 loaves of bread? Suppose x people will consume 9 loaves of bread. We have, Number of People Number of Loaves of bread 9 3 x 9 Hence, 27 people will consume 9 loaves of bread. EXERCISE 9.3 |. Bind which of the following are in proportion? ‘) 83, 44,66, 88 (ii) 46, 69, 69, 46 (iii) 72, 84, 186, 217 2 Find « i Find x in the following proportions: ( ) 16:18 =2:96 (ii) 2:92 =87:116Mathematics for Clag iy 9.14 yy is 7: 6. Find the savings iy, 3. The ratio of the income to the expenditure of a farail income is % 1400. 4, The scale of a map is 1 : 4000000. What is the actual distance between the two town they are 5 cm apart on the map? 5. The ratio of income of a person to his savings is 10 : 1. If his savings of one year ay, * % 6000, what is his income per month? h 20 metres at a time when a tree 6 metre, 6. An electric pole casts a shadow of lengt e 1 high casts a shadow of length 8 metres. Find the height of the pole. ANSWERS 1. @, Git) 2 @ = Gi) 69 3. 200 4,200 km 5. 25000 6. 15 metres HINTS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 3. Let the expenditure be of tx. Then, 7:6=1400:x. Now, use, saving = Income ~ Expenditure 000 _ x 500. Let the income per month be @ x. 5. Savings per month Then, x :500 = 10:1. 6. Use : Height of the tree : Length of the shadow of tree = Height of the pole: Length of shadow of pole. OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS Mark the correct alternative in each of the following: 1. Ifa: b=3:4, then4a:3 b= (a) 4:3 (b) 3:4 (co) 131 (d) None of these ie 2 32/60 (a) 4:1 (b) 1:4 (c) 5:1 (d) 1:5 3. The simplest form of 24 : 36 is (a) 9:4 (b) 4:9 (c) 3:2 (d) 2:3 4, Ifa:b=4:5andb:c=2:3,thena:c (a) 4:3 (b) 8:15 (c) 8:9 (@) 5:3 : ; 25p +14q 5. Ifp:q =2:5, 2p +144 eg Lad 6p +7q (a) 8:5 (b) 5:8 (c) 8:3 : 6. Aratio equivalent to 2: 5is (@) 3:8 (a) 6:15 (b) 4:5 (c) 5:2 ; 7. If2a=3b=4¢, then a:b: ore. (a) 2:3:4 (b) 3 (c) 4:3:2 ve 8. If2x=3yand 4y=5z, then x:Z= (d) 62478 (b) 8:15 (c) 3:4 (d) 15:8 (a) 4:3and Proportion 9.15 able Be5 gr then a: bie = @) 2:3:4 (b) 4:3:2 (c) 3:2:4 (d)_ None of these 4.4, 123:4:5, then a:b: Weide (a) 5:4:3 (b) 20:15:12 (c) 9:12:15 (d) 12:15:20 ab=5:7andb:c=6:11,thena:b:c= (a) 96:49:66 (b) 30:42:77 (c) 30:42:55 (d)_ None of these . 3x4 4y _ txcyet Athen = 7 7 17 4 @ a ) (c) 33 @) 5 . 3a+2b _ fa:b=2:5,then 2" = 16 13 25 20 @a ©) 7% © > @ F ‘The mean proportional of a and b is 10 and the value of ais four times the value of b. The value ofa+b(a>0,b>0)is (a) 20 (b) 25 (c) 101 (d) 29 18x: 16:35, f@) 35 (b) 70 @ = (a) 24 The mean proportional of 6 and 24 is (a) 15 (b) 12 () 8 (d) 144 The boys and girls in a school are in the ratio 9: 5. If the number of girs is 320, then the total strength of the school is (a) 840 (b) 896 (c) 920 (@) 576 Itthe first three terms of a proportion are 3, 5 and 21 respectively, then its fourth term is (a) 2 (b) 35 (c) 15 (4) None of these . What must be added to each term of the ratio 9 : 16 to make the ratio2 : 3? (a) 5 (b) 3 () 4 (@ 6 . ie least number is to be subtracted from each term of the ratio 15.: 19 to make the ratio ; (a) 3 (b) 5 (©) 6 (9 . 12840 is divided between P and Qinthe ratio 3: 4, then P's share is (a) %340 (b) 480 (c) %360 (d) 7400 The ages of Ravish and Shikha are in the ratio 3 : 8. Six years hence, their ages will be in the Tatio 4 : 9, The present age of Ravish is (a) 18 years (b) 15 years (c) 12 years (d) 21 years The present ages of Renu and Ravi are in the ratio 5 :6. The sum of their present ages is 44 in Years, The difference of their ages (in years) is (a4 (b) 5 (c) 8 (@ 29.16 Mathematics for Clag SS dj oueee eee 24. The third proportional of 3 and 27 is (a) 243 (b) 256 (c) 289 Gd) ANSWSERS a. a 3 os 5. (0) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. @) a oom ff eo Se 15. () 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 12. @) a3 a] 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) _— THINGS TO REMEMBER a A i 1. The ratio of a number ‘a’ to another number ‘b’ (b # 0) is a fraction b and is written as a: b 2. Inthe ratio a :b, the first term is a and the second term is b. A ratio is said to be in the simplest form if its two terms have no common factor other than 1. The ratio of two numbers is usually expressed in its simplest form. The ratio of two quantities is an abstract quantity, .e., it has no units in itself. An equality of two ratios is called a proportion. Ifa:b=c:d, then we write a:b::¢:d. The numbers a, b, ¢, d are in proportion if the ratio of the first two is equal to the ratio of the last two, i. b=c:d. 8. If four numbers a, b, c, dare in proportion, then a and d are kno\ band care called middle terms. Four numbers are in proportion if the product of extreme terms is equal to the product of middle terms, i.@., a: ¢: difand only ifad=be. | 10. From the terms ota given proportion, we can make three more proportions. 11. Ifa:b=b:c, thena, b, care said to bein continued proportion. oN NOMA wn as extreme terms and Ifa, b, care in continued proportion, i.€., a:b::b:¢, then bis called the mean proportional | betweenaandc.