PART –A

1. Differentiate IoT and M2M.

Abbreviation Internet of Things Machine to Machine
Devices have objects that are
Some degree of intelligence
Intelligence responsible for decision
is observed in this.
making
The connection is via
Connection type The connection is a point to
Network and using various
used point
communication types.
Internet protocols are used Traditional protocols and
Communication
such as HTTP, FTP, communication technology
protocol used
and Telnet. techniques are used
Internet connection is Devices are not dependent
Internet
required for communication on the Internet.

2 What is the role of things and internet in IoT?

The Internet of Things is made up of connected items that can share and upload data to the
Internet—or to other devices—without human intervention. In short, the Internet of Things
connects everyday objects to the internet—or to an intranet, or to other devices—in order to
share data within a larger ecosystem, either between other objects or computers or with software
that will monitor that data.

Connected things are the IoT.

A dress with a RAIN RFID chip embedded in the tag, or an IV pole that sends location data to
monitoring software, or a printer cartridge that triggers an email when your ink is running low:
all of these can be considered a ‘thing’ in the Internet of Things. All of these are objects
sharing data within an ecosystem, allowing a user to build on that data to draw conclusions
and make decisions based on that information
3. Give the evolutionary phases of IoT.

4. Classify the functional Block of IoT ecosystem.

5. List out the Features of IoT.
IoT has ten major features, and they are- scalability, connectivity, Architecture, intelligence,
security, Dynamic or Self-Adapting nature, management, integration, analyzing, and compact
nature of devices.
6. Mention the applications of IoT.
 Smart Home and Office.
 Wearable Devices.
 Autonomous Driving.
 Agriculture and Smart farming.
 Industrial IoT for manufacturing.
 Disaster management.
 Smart Grids and energy management.
Big Data Analytics.
7. Define Web 3.0 view of IoT.
Web 3.0 will use machines/computers to interpret the data collected from the IoT.
Web 3.0 is the third generation of the World Wide Web.
Web 3.0 is meant to be decentralized, open to everyone (with a bottom-up design), and built on
top of block chain technologies.
Web 3.0 means immersing yourself in the digital experience, and it involves concepts like
individual control of personal data, cryptocurrency, and decentralized record keeping on the
block chain.
8. What is a smart home?
A smart home is a residence that uses internet-connected devices to enable the remote
monitoring and management of appliances and systems, such as lighting and heating.
 IoT-enabled home automation systems typically involve the use of smart devices, such as
thermostats, light bulbs, and security cameras, that can be controlled and monitored
through a centralized hub or app. These smart devices can communicate with each other
and with the centralized hub using wireless protocols such as Zigbee, Z-Wave, and
Bluetooth.
 In addition, IoT-enabled home automation systems can integrate with other smart home
technologies, such as voice assistants like Alexa and Google Home, to provide additional
functionality and convenience.
9. What does the physical design of IoT entail?
A physical design of an IoT system refers to the individual node devices and their protocols that
are utilized to create a functional IoT ecosystem.
Each node device can perform tasks such as remote sensing, actuating, monitoring, etc., by
relying on physically connected devices. It may also be capable of transmitting information
through different types of wireless or wired connections.
The things/devices in the IoT system are used for:
 Building connections
 Data processing
 Providing storage
 Providing interfaces
 Providing graphical interfaces
The devices generate data, and the data is used to perform analysis and do operations for
improving the system. For instance, a moisture sensor is used to obtain the moisture data from
a location, and the system analyses it to give an output.
1 Differentiate between web of things and IoT.
0 Devices can be connected with any form of WoT is made to handle and use the potential
internet of IoT
It deals with actuators, sensors, computation, It deals with web servers and Protocols. WoT
communication Interfaces. Digitally is made up of the applications that are made
Augmented objects make IoT for Io Devices.
 Every IoT devices have a different Protocol A single protocol is used for multiple/various
IoT devices.
Programing is difficult because of multiple Programming is easy so it doesn’t have
protocols multiple protocols.
Devices can be connected with any form of WoT is made to handle and use the potential
internet of IoT

1 How the BACNet protocol works?

1 BACnet is a typical electronic communication protocol that works by allowing different kinds
of manufacturers’ building automation as well as monitoring systems like fire alarms, HVAC,
and perimeter security for communicating with each other. This protocol can work with nearly
any normal data protocol including TCP/IP.
BACnet protocol enables the comprehensive BMSs (building management systems)
development that allows operators to construct, observe & control different building systems
within a single application.

This protocol is also used to expand the flexibility & scope of the automation that can be
executed
1 Define the term Middle ware.
2 Middleware is software that different applications use to communicate with each other. It
provides functionality to connect applications intelligently and efficiently so that you can
innovate faster. Middleware acts as a bridge between diverse technologies, tools, and databases
so that you can integrate them seamlessly into a single system. The single system then provides
a unified service to its users.
For example, a web server is middleware that connects websites to the backend database. When
you submit a form on a website, your computer sends the request in XML or JSON to the web
server. Then, the web server runs the business logic based on the request, retrieves information
from databases, or communicates to other micro services using different protocols.
1 Mention about the salient features of M2M protocol.
3 The main components of an M2M system include sensors, RFID, a Wi-Fi or cellular
communications link, and autonomic computing software programmed to help a network device
interpret data and make decisions. These M2M applications translate the data, which can trigger
preprogrammed, automated actions.
An M2M platform—or machine-to-machine platform—is a software solution that unifies and
simplifies the management of M2M devices and applications.
1 How does the data acquisition works in SCADA?
4 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a system that aims to monitor and
control field devices at your remote sites. SCADA systems are critical as it helps maintain
efficiency by collecting and processing real-time data.
The main goal of this supervisory system is to monitor and control equipment in the industrial
processes for companies in the public and private sectors. As a matter of fact, in today's world,
there are SCADA systems almost everywhere. This includes industrial plants, manufacturing,
transportation, oil and gas, power distribution, water control and etc.
1 Where IEEE. 802.15.4 can be deployed?
5 Networks based on IEEE 802.15.4 can be developed in a star, peer-to-peer, or mesh
topology. Mesh networks connect a large number of nodes. This enables nodes that would
otherwise be out of range to interact with each other to use intermediate nodes to relay data.
IEEE 802.15.4 Applications:
 Wireless sensor networks in the industry
 Building and home automation
 Remote controllers and interacting toys
Automotive networks
1 Analyze the use of ZigBee.
6 ZigBee is a Personal Area Network task group with low rate task group 4. It is a technology
of home networking. ZigBee is a technological standard created for controlling and sensing
the network. As we know that ZigBee is the Personal Area Network of task group 4 so it is
based on IEEE 802.15.4 and is created by Zigbee Alliance.
ZigBee is an open, global, packet-based protocol designed to provide an easy-to-use
architecture for secure, reliable, low power wireless networks. Flow or process control
equipment can be place anywhere and still communicate with the rest of the system. It can
also be moved, since the network doesn’t care about the physical location of a sensor, pump
or valve.
General Characteristics of Zigbee Standard:
 Low Power Consumption
 Low Data Rate (20- 250 kbps)
 Short-Range (75-100 meters)
 Network Join Time (~ 30 msec)
 Support Small and Large Networks (up to 65000 devices (Theory); 240 devices
(Practically))

1 Demonstrate the use of MQTT.

7 MQTT is a standards-based messaging protocol, or set of rules, used for machine-to-machine
communication. Smart sensors, wearables, and other Internet of Things (IoT) devices typically
have to transmit and receive data over a resource-constrained network with limited bandwidth.
These IoT devices use MQTT for data transmission, as it is easy to implement and can
communicate IoT data efficiently. MQTT supports messaging between devices to the cloud and
the cloud to the device.
An overview of how MQTT works is given below.
An MQTT client establishes a connection with the MQTT broker.
 Once connected, the client can either publish messages, subscribe to specific messages, or do
both.
When the MQTT broker receives a message, it forwards it to subscribers who are interested.
1 List the requirements of RFID protocols in IoT.
8 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a form of wireless communication that incorporates
the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal or person. It uses radio
frequency to search, identify, track and communicate with items and people. it is a method
that is used to track or identify an object by radio transmission uses over the web.
Data digitally encoded in an RFID tag which might be read by the reader. This device work
as a tag or label during which data read from tags that are stored in the database through the
reader as compared to traditional barcodes and QR codes. It is often read outside the road of
sight either passive or active RFID.
19 Summarize the salient features of Modbus.

Modbus is a serial communication protocol developed by Modicon in 1979 for use with PLCs.
Modbus TCP/IP uses TCP/IP and Ethernet to move Modbus message structure data between
compatible devices. That is, Modbus TCP/IP a physical network (Ethernet), a standard method
of representing data with a network standard (TCP/IP). A Modbus TCP/IP message is simply a
Modbus communication encapsulated in an Ethernet TCP/IP packet.
2 What do you mean by functional model of IOT?
0
The functional model contains:
 Two transversal functionality groups (FG): "Management" and "Security"; and
 Seven longitudinal functionality groups:
"Application", "Virtual Entity", "IoT Service", "IoT Business Process Management", "Service
Organization", "Communication" and "Device"