FACULTY OF BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (HONS.)
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS (BA246)
SOUTHEAST ASIAN AFFAIRS (ADS560)
ASSIGNMENT:
TERRORISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
PREPARED FOR DR. JAZIMIN BIN ZAKARIA
CLASS KBA2464C
SEMESTER 4
PREPARED BY ATHIRAH NABIHAH BINTI LOKHMAN (2022780109)
NORHANIS SUFFIAH BINTI HASHIM (2022782395)
NOR SYAZWANIE NAJWA BINTI KAMAZELAM (2022782773)
NUR HANNAH NAJIHA BINTI JUNAIDI (2022772167)
WAN NUR’AIN BINTI NOR AZAM (2022987803)
WAN NUR SABRINA BINTI RAMLI (2022981559)
DATE OF 24 JUNE 2023
SUBMISSION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our heartfelt appreciation to everyone who has assisted us in completing
this report. First and foremost, we are grateful to Dr. Jazimin bin Zakaria, our lecturer, for being
an incredible inspiration throughout the semester. We were relieved and thankful to have finished
our assignment before the deadline set by Dr. Jazimin.
We also want to thank our group members for their contributions, ideas, and feedback that helped
us complete our group work. We greatly value the opportunity to collaborate with them and finish
the assigned task.
Furthermore, we extend our gratitude to our families for their continuous support and motivation
in our academic pursuits. Their encouragement has been instrumental in ensuring we meet our
deadlines effectively. We appreciate their help immensely.
In conclusion, we would like to express our sincere appreciation to all those who have assisted and
supported us. Your contributions have made a significant impact, and we are truly grateful for your
involvement in this process.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Due to the presence of a number of different extremist groups that are active in the region,
Southeast Asia continues to be subject to a substantial danger from terrorism. The number of
people who have lost their lives as a result of terrorist attacks in Southeast Asia has changed
throughout the course of time. This highlights the necessity of concerted efforts to solve this
multifaceted challenge and secure the safety of the area. The region is home to a number of
notorious extremist organizations, including as Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), the Abu Sayyaf Group
(ASG), and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), each of which has a unique past, set of
beliefs, and set of goals. These gangs are responsible for a number of violent activities, including
bombings, kidnappings, and beheadings, which have been committed against members of the local
population as well as tourists.
Terrorism's presence in Southeast Asia has significant consequences for the region. The
destruction of human life and the disruption produced by terrorist activities have significant
implications for the afflicted populations' social and psychological well-being. Tensions between
different cultures and religions could become even more inflamed, which would be damaging to
societal cohesiveness and mutual respect. It is of the utmost importance to concentrate on finding
and fixing the underlying problems. Education, chances for work, and community development
are all areas that should get investment from governments in order to lessen the attractiveness of
extreme beliefs.
As a result, the primary purpose of this report is to focus attention on the implications of the
problem of terrorism in Southeast Asia. It also discusses a tip or recommendations that might be
done in order to settle this situation that will affect innocent people throughout Southeast Asia as
a whole.
TABLE OF CONTENT
BIL CONTENT PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1-2
2.0 ISSUES/PROBLEM
2.1 DEFINITIONS OF TERRORIST ACTS 3
2.2 THE GROWTH OF TERRORIST GROUPS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA 3
2.2.1 Terrorism issues in Philippines. 4
2.2.2 Terrorism issues in Indonesia. 4
2.2.3 Terrorism issues in Malaysia. 5
3.0 IMPLICATIONS
3.1 LOSS OF HUMAN LIFE AND DISRUPTION 6
3.2 INTERRELIGIOUS AND INTERCULTURAL TENSIONS 7
3.3 DECLINE RATE IN TOURISM INDUSTRY 8
3.4 IMPACT ON EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT 9
4.0 SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATION
4.1 ADDRESSING UNDERLYING ISSUES 10
4.2 COUNTER-RADICALIZATION PROGRAMS 10
4.3 GOVERNMENTS ACTION COUNTERING TERRORISM 11
4.4 ACTIONS IN AIDING REFUGEES 12
5.0 CONCLUSION 13
6.0 REFERENCES 14
7.0 APPENDICES 15
LIST OF TABLES/FIGURES
TABLES/FIGURES PAGE
Figure 1.1 Death from terrorism, 2000 to 2020 in Southeast Asia 1
Figure 2.2.2.1 Bali’s bombing incident 4
Figure 3.3.1 Declining rate of tourism industry after Bali’s bombing 8
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Figure 1.1 Death from terrorism, 2000 to 2020 in Southeast Asia
The graph above displays the data on the number of deaths caused by terrorism in Southeast Asia
from 2000 to 2020. It provides a visual representation of how the death toll due to terrorist activities
has fluctuated over time, showing periods of both increases and decreases in fatalities. Notably,
the year 2017 stands out as having the highest recorded number of deaths caused by terrorism in
the region. This graph highlights the need to understand and address the complex challenges posed
by terrorism, emphasizing the importance of collective efforts to prevent the loss of innocent lives
and ensure the security of Southeast Asia.
The threat of terrorism in Southeast Asia has persisted for many years and has taken several forms.
Its profound effects on regional security, stability, and economic development have been seen
throughout history, from independence struggles to the emergence of contemporary transnational
extremist groups. This complex threat has not only threatened the lives and well-being of the
people in Southeast Asia, but it has also thrown a shadow of dread and uncertainty, weakening the
social fabric and slowing the progress towards prosperity.
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The region has several well-known extremist groups with distinct histories, philosophies, and
ambitions. Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), which bombed Bali in 2002, wanted an Islamic state across
Southeast Asia. The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is known for kidnappings, bombings, and
beheadings in southern Philippines. The separatist Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) also has
terrorist factions. Terrorist attacks have shaken the region. After the 2002 Bali bombings, which
killed many and targeted tourist attractions, Southeast Asian terrorism gained international
attention. Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) affiliated militias fought government forces for
months in the Philippines' 2017 Marawi Siege, causing massive destruction and death.
Southeast Asian governments and regional groups have realized the value of working together to
counter terrorism. Information exchange, capacity building, and joint operations are facilitated by
regional institutions such as the ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism and the ASEAN
Defence Ministers' Meeting (ADMM)-Plus. Measures at the national level to combat terrorism
include the passing of laws, the sharing of intelligence, the control of borders, the implementation
of surveillance systems, the implementation of rehabilitation and community outreach programs.
2
2.0 ISSUES / PROBLEMS / CONFLICTS
The use of violence, intimidation, or the threat of violence to sow fear, panic, and anarchy for
political, religious, or ideological goals is referred to as terrorism. The threat of terrorist strikes is
rising since Central Asia has over time turned into both the source of and the region where
terrorism first emerged. The endogenous causes of the growth of terrorism and extremism in
Central Asia are political forces. Terrorism in Central Asia has a societal foundation due to poverty
and political unrest in the region. The fight against terrorism in Central Asia has become incredibly
challenging due to the resurgence of militants. To effectively combat terrorism and extremism in
the future, it will be important to strengthen international criminal judicial cooperation against
terrorism.
2.1 DEFINITIONS OF TERRORIST ACTS
Both terrorism and terrorist have similar definitions and objectives. Individuals or organizations
that directly or indirectly carry out terrorist acts are referred to as terrorists. On the other hand,
according to Dr. Kshitij Prabha (2008), terrorism is a global phenomenon that is simple to
understand but difficult to express. Global scholars describe it in light of their respective
socioeconomic and political contexts. People who are experiencing social and economic troubles
view terrorism as a social conflict between the wealthy and the poor, while those who have seen
how terrorist tactics have been used to further political agendas see it as a political phenomenon.
2.2 THE GROWTH OF TERRORIST GROUPS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Terrorism remains a significant concern in Southeast Asia, with various extremist groups operating
in the region. Prominent organizations include the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) in the Philippines,
known for bombings and kidnappings; Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), a transnational group aiming to
establish an Islamic state, responsible for the 2002 Bali bombings; Moro Islamic Liberation Front
(MILF), seeking autonomy in the southern Philippines but with potential for violence from splinter
factions; National Revolutionary Front (NPA), a communist insurgency group targeting the
Philippine government; and Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO), advocating for the rights of
Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar, occasionally resorting to violence.
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2.2.1 Terrorism issues in Philippines
The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is an extremist organization primarily active in the Philippines,
particularly in the southern region. The ASG has gained notoriety for engaging in a range of violent
activities, including bombings, kidnappings for ransom, and other acts of terrorism. They have
targeted both Filipino nationals and foreigners, seeking financial gain through ransom payments.
The group's operations have caused significant instability and fear in the region, posing a serious
threat to the security and well-being of the local population as well as international visitors. The
ASG's activities have prompted counterterrorism efforts by the Philippine government and
cooperative measures with neighboring countries to combat their presence and disrupt their
operations.
2.2.2 Terrorism issues in Indonesia
Figure 2.2.2.1 Bali’s bombing incident
Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) is a transnational extremist organization with the goal of establishing an
Islamic state spanning Southeast Asia. Founded in the late 1990s, JI has been involved in numerous
acts of terrorism, seeking to promote its radical ideology and undermine governments in the region.
One of its most infamous attacks was the 2002 Bali bombings in Indonesia, which resulted in the
deaths of over 200 people, mostly tourists. JI has also been implicated in other high-profile attacks,
including bombings in Jakarta and the Marriott Hotel in Jakarta in 2003 and 2009, respectively.
The organization has utilized various means to recruit members, raise funds, and carry out attacks,
often targeting crowded public spaces. The threat posed by JI has prompted increased cooperation
between regional governments in counterterrorism efforts, focusing on intelligence sharing, law
enforcement cooperation, and deradicalization programs.
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2.2.3 Terrorism issues in Malaysia
Malaysia has faced its share of terrorism issues, although the country has been relatively successful
in preventing major terrorist attacks. One notable group that has posed a threat is the extremist
organization known as Jemaah Islamiyah (JI), which has had a presence in Malaysia. The
Malaysian government has been proactive in countering terrorism by implementing strict security
measures, enacting legislation, and enhancing intelligence capabilities. The authorities have
arrested individuals associated with JI and other extremist groups, preventing potential attacks.
However, there have been concerns regarding the recruitment of Malaysians by international
terrorist organizations, as well as the influence of extremist ideologies online. The government has
focused on counter-radicalization efforts, including educational programs, community
engagement, and promoting a moderate interpretation of Islam to prevent the spread of extremist
ideologies. Vigilance and ongoing efforts remain crucial in addressing the terrorism challenges
and ensuring the security and stability of Malaysia.
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3.0 IMPLICATIONS OF TERRORISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
3.1 LOSS OF HUMAN LIFE AND DISRUPTION
The loss of human life and the following disruption produced by acts of violence are two of the
most serious repercussions that have arisen as a direct result of terrorist activity in Southeast Asia.
Attacks by terrorists have resulted in the senseless deaths of a large number of innocent people,
which has caused communities to experience a tremendous amount of human sorrow and grief.
These attacks frequently have the goal of instilling fear and generating a sense of insecurity among
the population that is being targeted. It's possible that the psychological trauma that was inflicted
on survivors and the relatives of victims will leave them with significant emotional scars that will
last a long time.
In addition, the disruption that is generated by terrorist activities can extend beyond the immediate
physical impact, since it can cause civilizations to be unsettled and impair their usual functioning.
Because of the terror that is connected with these attacks, public venues that are frequently the
targets of violence, such as markets, transit hubs, and places of worship, may see a decrease in
their level of usage or possibly be abandoned altogether.
Terrorism can have substantial and long-lasting effects on the communities in Southeast Asia that
are affected by its fear and trauma. These effects can be on a social and psychological level. The
psychological toll that can be imposed by terrorist attacks can be severe, leading survivors and
their families to experience elevated levels of fear, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder
(PTSD). The ever-present danger of assault can produce a pervasive environment of fear, which
in turn erodes a community's sense of both security and trust in its fellow members.
This dread can show in a variety of ways, including avoiding public places or gatherings,
increasing one's level of vigilance, and experiencing a sense of hypervigilance in one's day-to-day
activities. People who are directly touched by terrorism may suffer from trauma that goes beyond
the physical damage they sustain. This trauma may permeate all facets of their lives and have an
effect on their general well-being.
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3.2 INTERRELIGIOUS AND INTERCULTURAL TENSIONS
When terrorism in Southeast Asia is tied to radical ideology, it threatens to further inflame already
fraught relations between different faiths and cultures. Terrorism perpetrated in the name of a
religion or philosophy has the potential to exacerbate existing tensions, mistrust, and stereotypes
amongst people of different faiths and cultures. These conflicts have the potential to weaken social
cohesiveness and endanger the region's varied communities' ability to live in harmony with one
another.
Terrorist acts committed by those who claim to be acting out of religious convictions have the
potential to isolate and marginalize entire faith groups. People mistakenly assume that all members
of those groups share the same extremist beliefs or sympathies, which can lead to discrimination,
prejudice, and even violence against innocent members of those groups. This can exacerbate
existing religious tensions and undermine mutual respect and tolerance.
Terrorism activities, moreover, can amplify preexisting racial and ethnic tensions. Many different
peoples call Southeast Asia home, and these peoples bring with them a wide range of customs,
beliefs, and values. Terrorism can inflame tensions and conflicts by playing on pre-existing fault
lines or by forging new ones along ethnic lines. Distrust, anxiety, and prejudice against members
of different cultures or ethnicities can impede societal cohesion and progress.
Combating terrorism in Southeast Asia requires not just addressing the region's urgent security
problems, but also encouraging open communication and mutual appreciation across the region's
many religious and cultural groups. Tensions can be reduced and social cohesiveness can be
strengthened through the promotion of interreligious and intercultural dialogue, the
encouragement of educational programmed that promote diversity and inclusivity, and the
encouragement of collaborative efforts that bring together individuals from diverse backgrounds.
To counter the dividing narratives created by extremist groups, it is crucial to recognize and
promote the common values of peace, tolerance, and mutual respect that form the foundation of
Southeast Asian nations.
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3.3 DECLINE RATE IN TOURISM INDUSTRY
Terrorism in Southeast Asia has a substantial impact on the region's economy, particularly on the
sector of the economy that deals with tourism. Southeast Asia is a popular tourist destination since
it is home to some of the world's most stunning beaches, important cultural sites, and dynamic
urban centers. On the other hand, when terrorist attacks are carried out with the intention of hurting
tourists, this gives potential tourists a feeling of uneasiness and raises safety worries. Because of
their concern for their own personal safety, tourists tend to avoid going to locations that have
previously been attacked. This drop in the number of tourists visiting the area.
The tourist industry is a significant contribution to the economies of many of the countries located
in Southeast Asia, as it creates chances for employment and brings in income. Income from tourism
is extremely important to many local businesses, including hotels, restaurants, transportation
services, tour operators, and other local businesses. When tourism suffers, these businesses suffer
as well, which results in job losses and lower income for all the people.
As an illustration, the bombings that took place in Bali, Indonesia in 2002 had a severe effect on
the island's tourism economy. The bombings targeted famous tourist destinations, which led to a
decrease in tourist arrivals and widespread concerns about the safety of the area. There was a
considerable decline in the occupancy rates of hotels, and many businesses that were dependent
on tourism were forced to close their doors or reduce their workforces. This resulted in the loss of
jobs and economic instability.
Figure 3.3.1 Shows declining rate of tourism industry after Bali’s bombing
8
Terrorism can have economic effects on the tourist industry that go beyond the immediate
aftermath of an attack. It may take several months or possibly several years for the impacted areas'
tourism industries to fully recover. The regaining of visitors' trust and assuring them of the site's
safety and security become extremely difficult tasks.
3.4 IMPACT ON EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Terrorism has a huge effect on education and development because it breaks educational systems
and slows down socio-economic progress. Children and young people who are victims of attacks
that specifically target schools, universities, and other educational institutions are denied access to
an education of sufficient quality. The destruction of school buildings, the relocation of students
and teachers, and the threat of additional attacks are all factors that lead to the shutting down of
educational institutions. Because of these disruptions, students are deprived of possibilities for
personal development and future employability as well as vital information and skills. These
effects have a long-term impact.
The disruption of educational opportunities brought about by terrorist attacks also impedes the
growth of human capital, which is essential for both individual and community progress. It is
absolutely necessary to have access to quality education in order to cultivate a skilled labor force,
which in turn will stimulate innovation, productivity, and economic progress. A generation of
young people will have reduced access to high-quality learning as a result of disruptions in the
education system, which will lower their chances of obtaining a higher education, career
opportunities, and total economic productivity. As a consequence of this, socio economic
development in the places that are being negatively impacted is hampered, which in turn
perpetuates cycles of poverty and inequality.
The acute disruptions are just the beginning of the long-term effects that terrorism has on education
and development. It has social repercussions that will play out over a much longer period of time,
including the perpetuation of cycles of poverty and marginalization. In the populations that are
negatively impacted, a lack of knowledge and opportunities can result in social marginalization,
less social mobility, and an increased risk of radicalization. Because of this, the cycle of violence
and instability keeps going, which makes it difficult to keep up attempts to achieve sustainable
development.
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4.0 SUGGESTION/ RECOMMENDATION
4.1 ADDRESSING UNDERLYING ISSUES
Based on the article “Terrorism on agenda as Obama hosts Southeast Asian Leaders”, in order to
avoid terrorism in Southeast Asia, in his address to ASEAN, former President Barack Obama
emphasized the importance of addressing underlying issues to counter terrorism in Southeast Asia.
Socioeconomic and political issues are common recruiting tactics for terrorist organizations. To
address the core causes of radicalization and promote a more resilient society, governments in the
affected area can make investments in education, employment opportunities, and community
development.
For instance, Indonesia's National Program for Community Empowerment (PNPM) is an example
of addressing underlying grievances. It tackles poverty, offers education and vocational training,
and provides micro-financing for small businesses. Reducing socio-economic disparities and
offering viable alternatives, the PNPM helps diminish the appeal of extremist ideologies by
empowering individuals with hope and opportunities. Investing in education, job opportunities,
and community development is crucial in addressing the socio-economic and political grievances
that terrorists exploit in Southeast Asia. Not only address the root causes of radicalization, but also
contribute to the creation of inclusive, prosperous, and resilient society. Comprehensive programs
prevent terrorism and ensure a secure future.
4.2 COUNTER-RADICALIZATION PROGRAMS
The tragic incident reported in the article “Two children die in Philippine terror attacks”
underscores the urgent need for effective counter-radicalization programs to prevent the spread of
terrorism and protect vulnerable individuals, particularly children. Governments should actively
engage religious leaders, community organizations, and civil society groups in designing and
executing counter-radicalization initiatives. Religious leaders possess the theological knowledge
and influence to challenge extremist narratives and promote a more moderate understanding of
religion.
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For instance, the "Balik-Pinay, Balik-Hanapbuhay" program in the Philippines targets women
affected by conflict and extremism. It offers alternative livelihoods, education, and psychological
support to prevent their involvement in radical activities. Community organizations and civil
society groups, on the other hand, play a crucial role in reaching out to vulnerable individuals,
providing support, and fostering a sense of belonging and inclusion. Southeast Asian countries can
develop broad and targeted counter-radicalization programmed that target the specific needs and
challenges of their societies through this collaborative approach. These initiatives seek to prevent
the spread of extremist ideologies while also promoting a more inclusive and tolerant society.
4.3 GOVERNMENTS ACTION IN COUNTERING TERRORISM
The article “20 Years After the Bali Bombings, What Have We Learned” highlights the lessons
that may be gained from the explosions that occurred in Bali in 2002 in order to emphasize how
important it is for governments and security agencies to not underestimate the threat of terrorism.
As this article demonstrates, some governments may be unwilling to grasp the magnitude of the
threat posed by terrorism due to other pressing domestic crises, political sensitivities, or cultural
myths. If governments want to find a solution to this challenge, they need to make fighting
terrorism a top priority and commit appropriate resources to the cause. Strengthening our security
forces, making improvements to the collection and dissemination of intelligence, and taking
preventative measures will allow us to locate and dismantle terrorist networks.
In addition, political leaders ought to clearly acknowledge the threat posed by terrorism without
caring about upsetting particular groups of people. The rising evidence of terrorist operations
should prompt authorities to take precautionary measures against future attacks, and they should
acknowledge and respond to this evidence. Cooperation with foreign partners and the sharing of
knowledge regarding the most effective counterterrorism tactics can lead to more effective efforts
to combat terrorism on a national and global scale. The attacks in Bali serve as a stern reminder
against getting complacent or downplaying the seriousness of the threat posed by terrorism.
Instead, they highlight the importance of remaining vigilant at all times.
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4.4 ACTIONS IN AIDING THE REFUGEES
Upon the “Southeast Asia on alert for al-Qaida and ISIS links after Kabul attack” article, by setting
up comprehensive screening and vetting procedures for migrants is an essential component of
efficient management. These procedures should be followed in the same manner for all migrants.
In order to determine whether or not individuals who are requesting asylum pose a threat to the
safety of the nation, exhaustive screenings and risk assessments need to be carried out. By
instituting tight screening measures, governments can significantly lower the likelihood that their
institutions will be compromised by radicals or individuals with connections to terrorist
organizations. The capacity of these administrations to protect their countries from dangers is
bolstered as a result of this.
At the same time, it is absolutely necessary for the nations that make up Southeast Asia to organize
dependable channels of aid delivery for Afghan refugees. This includes the implementation of
integration initiatives that make it easier for refugees to seamlessly incorporate themselves into the
communities where they have found new homes. Integration efforts should focus a major priority
on the delivery of vital services, such as medical treatment, educational opportunities, and
possibilities for meaningful employment, in order to promote the health and economic
independence of the refugee community. These services include opportunities for meaningful
employment. It is possible for governments to develop a sense of belonging and inclusion among
migrants by attending to their immediate needs and working toward the integration of these
individuals. As a direct consequence of this, the refugees will have a lower risk of becoming
radicalized or falling under the influence of extremists.
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5.0 CONCLUSION
Terrorism in Southeast Asia continues to pose a significant hazard with far-reaching consequences
for regional security, stability, and development. Over the years, the number of terrorism-related
fatalities in the region has fluctuated, with notable incidents such as the 2017 Marawi Siege in the
Philippines and the 2002 Bali bombings garnering international attention. The effects of terrorism
in Southeast Asia are not limited to the loss of life. It disrupts societies, instills dread and insecurity,
and erodes the social fabric, thereby impeding the advancement of prosperity.
In conclusion, battling terrorism in Southeast Asia necessitates a comprehensive strategy that
extends beyond security measures. It involves addressing underlying socioeconomic and political
issues, promoting interreligious and intercultural dialogue, supporting the tourism industry's
recovery, and investing in education and development. Southeast Asia can aspire for a more secure,
stable, and prosperous future by fostering regional cooperation and addressing the underlying
causes of terrorism.
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6.0 REFERENCES
Education, Poverty and Terrorism: Is There a Causal Connection? (2003). Journal of Economic
Perspective, 17(4), 119–144.
Hwang, J. C., & Clarke, C. P. (2022, October 12). Bali Bombings 20th Anniversary: Terrorism
Lessons Learned. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/10/12/bali-bombings-
indonesia-20th-anniversary-terrorist-attack-jemaah-islamiyah/
Ministerie van Algemene Zaken. (2016, February 3). How can I help prevent a terrorist attack?
Government.nl. https://www.government.nl/topics/counterterrorism-and-national-
security/question-and-answer/prevent-a-terrorist-attack
Terrorism in Southeast Asia. (2020, May 13). Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved
June 14, 2023, from https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-
room/title-list-alphabetically/t/terrorism-in-southeast-asia.html
The negative impact of terrorism on tourism: not just a problem for developing countries? (2019).
The central european journal of regional development and tourism, 11(2).
UCA News. (2023, February 17). Two children die in Philippine terror attacks. ucanews.com.
https://www.ucanews.com/amp/two-children-die-in-philippine-terror-attacks/100407
Writer, S. (2021, August 30). Southeast Asia on alert for al-Qaida and ISIS links after Kabul attack.
Nikkei Asia. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Terrorism/Southeast-Asia-on-alert-for-al-
Qaida-and-ISIS-links-after-Kabul-attack
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7.0 APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Statistics of death from terrorism in Southeast Asia.
Appendix 2
Bombing incident that took place in Bali.
Appendix 3
Trends in tourists’ Visit to Bali and Indonesia after the bombing incident shows a declining rate
in 2003.
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