Exercise
BEGINNING AND CHAPTER 01 (Oil and Gas
Properties)
SECTION 01
1. List the five factors needed for commercial accumulations of petroleum to occur.
2. When commercially important natural gas is found, its generation can usually be related to
either one of two factors. What are they?
3. As a general rule, how does the chemistry and density of deeply buried and/or old oil differ
from that of young, shallow oil?
4. List three of the four common rock types that can be source rocks for petroleum.
5. Fill in the following blanks using one (or more) of the gas categories:
A. Carbon dioxide;
B. Hydrogen sulfide;
C. Inert gases.
_____ can form both inorganically and organically.
_____ is poisonous and highly corrosive.
_____ can usually be found in trace amounts in hydrocarbons, but not often is there more than
a trace.
_____ forms during the oxidation of organic material.
_____ is the controlling factor in classifying gas or oil as sweet or sour.
_____ is often associated with evaporites within a hydrocarbon province.
_____ can only form inorganically (for example near volcanic plugs).
6. Match each of the "Gas" terms above with its definition below by placing the correct letter in
the space provided.
A. Free Gas ______ is comprised of heavier hydrocarbon gases stored
under pressure in a liquid form.
B. Dissolved ______ is natural gas which overlies crude oil as a gas
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Gas cap.
C. Associated
______ is defined as mostly methane gas.
Gas
D. Dry Gas ______ is hydrocarbon gas (usually methane) which is
compressed into liquid for storage and transportation.
E. Wet Gas ______ is in a gaseous phase in the subsurface reservoir
and remains in a gaseous phase when produced.
F. NGL ______ contains heavier hydrocarbon gases as well as
methane.
G. LPG ______ are the hydrocarbon liquids which are separated
from the produced-gas stream.
H. LNG ______ is in solution within crude oil in the subsurface
reservoir, but bubbles out of solution when pressure and
temperature drops.
7. Methane is the lightest natural gas and has a formula of CH4. What are the next 3 heavier
hydrocarbon gases, and what are their formulas?
8.
A) What are the conditions under which gas hydrates form?
B) What are the two known environments of deposition of hydrates?
C) Do clathrates contain more or less gas than a free-gas-filled pore system?
D) What are the two major problems in producing natural gas from gas hydrates?
E) What is the present (indirect) economic significance of clathrates?
9. How does API gravity (in degrees) relate to density (as measured by specific gravity)? to
viscosity?
10. What is condensate? How does it form?
11. Circle one
Paraffins are/ are not saturated with respect to hydrogen.
are/ are not pure hydrocarbons.
Resins/ Asphaltenes are/ are not saturated with respect to hydrogen.
are/ are not pure hydrocarbons.
Aromatics are/ are not saturated with respect to hydrogen.
are/ are not pure hydrocarbons.
Naphthenes are/ are not saturated with respect to hydrogen.
are/ are not pure hydrocarbons.
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12. In addition to the four major constituents of crude oil (paraffins, resins/asphaltenes,
aromatics and naphthenes), there are three major elements and one group of compounds which
are also found as trace amounts within hydrocarbons. What are they?
13. What are the four major causes for alteration of crude oil?
14. Shown in (Figure 1) is the Tissot and Welte hydrocarbon classification scheme. On the
diagram indicate the areas where the following would be found:
A) Paraffinic oils;
B) Paraffinic-naphthenic oils;
C) Aromatic-intermediate oils;
D) Heavy degraded oils.
15. Match the oil environments below with the correct oil type (by letter) typically found there.
(These are generalizations.)
A: high API gravity, medium viscosity, paraffinic and Young Shallow Oils
low sulfur content.
Young Deep Oils
B: highest API gravity, lowest viscosity, lowest sulfur
content. Old Shallow Oils
C: lowest API gravity, high viscosity, Old Deep Oils
low paraffinic content, high aromatic content.
