— Sethe > Moluly hed on cunrad gfleirs mogsiny obhenal nok, laxmikanth,foo Cerone. nda ut foros? : ibang) - Hecho Taj Mobat 5. Salient features of the Representation of Peopl¢’s Act C RPA act, 1951 Q g LY the Constitutior ‘onsequently the Parliament has provide for grounds of disqualification of ind to the Housga or Houses of the 2, Details about the structure of Spina eh een the conduct of elections. 3, Cn ainaecaation foe paneeAM of those ~ hi jouses. elections an¢ 1. For Lok Sabha elections, a maximum of,70 lakhs except in case of hich is 54 lakhs rupees. 2. For Jections, a maximum of 28 lakhs except in 620 lakhs specs. case of id which is 1. Ifhe/she is o' 2. If he/she is an undischarged insolvent __ 4. Ifhe/she 3. Failed to lodge an account of his election expenses within time. 4y/Having interest in government contracts, works or services ynchornised 2 phare dleo” fron Zo2¥ prs dy curb corrp”’ avoid polivy panalyst/ If punished for practising apdPreaching social crimes like sai, untouchability, etc. aL ae considered asa SERIE. oy ww 2. It includes any susie by the ca or his election agent. nl ion, race, cas munity or Tanguage, ete veo 4 fy between different classes of the citizens of India on groun of religion, race, caste, community, or language. woe pga canna px candidate or his agent or other person. . Obtaining any assistance from any person in the service of the Government for the furtherance of the prospects of that candidate’s election. jut parliament tried to bring an amendment to save the section 8(4) by giving a cooling off period of 90 days. But amendment was soon taken out due to public pressur ilution of Office of Profit clause has also been observed in ‘multiple cases where persons holding important political position and office of profit simultaneously are exempted from disqualification by passing a law that specifically protects them from disqualification. Recently the Delhilegislature passed a law that said that parliamentary secretaries do not hold Office of ea =nunpolluted. 3. Ithas i hich has saved money, solved severa} eae issues. Commision is also of election. The contestants 0 days of 6. In an attempt to a igen of the electoral rolls, the | Election Commission wrdered the issuance of electors ing the 2004 rary 16f people possessing EPICs to furnish it at the time of voting. 9. CEC appointment 1. The appointment of CEC and other EC according to the Article 324, shall be done as per the law made by the Parliament in this regard. This leaves the appointment of such a crucial post solely to the executives. .. The constitution has not prescribed the qualifications of the members of election commission. Constitution has not debarred the retiring Election commissioner from any further appointment by the government. There is also no clarity regarding the power division between the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners. ~ 2 ES 2. section 8a) which allowed convicted MPs, MLAs to stand for _ anna Tepealess is a step toward:decriminalising politi 3; Pol (Section 620), Dich allowed a person post detention ras hi name is included in the electoral roll. YL 4. Recent amendment included 8 5, SC has asked EC to introduce NOTA button, Now instead of boycotting elections, voters cai practice their right to reject. 2. InJan idari vs Union of India judgement, all those in lawful police or judicial custody will forfeit their right to stand for election. a the option of negative voting and reject all of being elected. The court directed the manifestos shake the roots of fire and fair polls and directed the Election Commission to frame guidelines for regulating contents of manifestos. 7. The Allahabad high court stayed caste based rallies in Uttar Pradesh, amove that will block off a key avenue that the major political parties use to expand their support base, especially before elections. sg /AGOISSSC bed ta oven aera Returning Officer has declared ———3, Section 125A provides for punishment of imprisonment for a term upto six months or with fine for — ‘ong information. can also draw competent nt professional and experts ffom thé job market. ‘ 5. It has pushed for the introduction of totaliser machines for counting of votes. The totaliser machine increases the secrecy of voting by counting votes polled at 14 polling booths together, as against the current practice of announcing booth-wise results. 6. ECI wa ek on Qs ens wath uring eps eos ECL also supports maki MCoprohibition against Ministers ete). Aenea NF 4 Grams new shames cant eannounggg/ven the schemes that 435 may have been announced before the MC came into force, but Sy that has not actually taken off in terms of implementation on field are also required to be put on hold. or less equal terms. (- 1. One often gets to hear the complaint that the MCC is coming in the way of developmental activities. 5 Homers eve died to proceed unhindered, and which have not taken off on the ground thet have to beleferred till the completion of elections, pcrediio Me cOnni eco ie However, these loopholes can plugged by inner party democracy and pragmatic election commission’s decisions. MCL 2. The Model Cor on andiit3s more’ “ke ak sand ial IPTiKe the violation of secrecy of voting, causing enmity among communities, etc., committed by political parties. 5. It mil eta paaral icone vitiating the problem. 1. The latest report by election watchdog Association for Democratic Reforms, 33% MPs in the current Lok Sabha have criminal eases nin) 21% MPs have been named in serious criminal cases such as — AO, U3YM0 TLS: Crim cue, ees feonomask ke India “sok. CFO Incoma) parties — Unknow’kidnapping, hate speech, and those of crimes against women oven Othow. wwinnabil N on ileal el i 9¢ { tb fF Adc al gles at BB sels &J “need fo Ae up more auch coy . 4 Nost at the vero in_CoP came fen quately Its ivdi'eale thot Jowurtivg ds wroy with EC). Tu, at ene hand fe empoutr om EC! and otha hand, creak a spoombl potihead abiane replasivg the clue 4 courpt? 2ok Probar Coe rows —cikd nusmatch blu asset andl Aourve @ income Sc airtoked Abeedy ee in care gfratinaute Reasons for criminalisation of politics 4 mowy pou as 1. Loop holes in the functioning of election commission: Loopholes in electoral process and lack of powers to election commission of India to a scrutinize and prevent criminal elements-Common people hardly come to know the rules made by the commission. MCC is openly flouted candidates without any stringent repercussions. 2, Nexus between politicians and criminals: Political Parties are biased towards candidates having money and muscle powesbecduse they believe that they can win elections compared to a clean candidate with no money. cine! “ay 3 Winnability: Many voters who feel that our country’s criminaljustice “y,tyet system has broken down actually prefer to vote for those candidates, b al @ criminal or otherwise, whom they feel can deliver just fff. Many portions gcghe one ich Mien 4. Apathy of the voter: Today voters have become accustomed tg tons rebtepy y canting further perpetuates the nexus betWeeh y cash political parties anff criminals. yw 5. Denial of justice and rule of a against conviste "aleeby 4 + criminals standing for elections further encourage this process, December 20T7, the Goverm jounced to set 12 fast-track courts across the country to try criminal cases pending against sitting MPs and MLAs. 40 percent of pending cases have been transferred to “€6¥. tonnith'on Getedious heronny move exbewie “RM Mu ugy, gruel9D indup meerawen {9 vous ey pela sA (® eres Cweewe) te bo ‘chi angellnecttol 6m, bear Baik EC | « @UP-LT| special courts of which judgments have been pronounced in just 136 cases (11%). lue to ach there ot eee. indulge in criminal activities Ik hi ; be defin db: "Money limit | limit he y L Muscle power has not even been defined by pcg Nae imo e sentons Y often been breached using different means2For example. 6. Hence, despite being a well framed legislation(RPA can’t tackle criminalisation alone. It mere OH a 1. A report from the Association of Democratic Reforms (ADR) shows ensure that crit 20y inResheseursns nding decpslieeaynantoearaniet at which further become one of the majoneamueofcorupioy zy 2. Budget 2017 1, 2. Allowing political parties to receive donations through cheques Ki nina Se eetae eT = “Fan mms) Aberablaneduity papier @ exon veBlauvy FPTP wrthsrtl sysiemy. and digital means enhance transparency. electoral bonds which will €leckonpelinva Issue of electoral bonds by banks. Th by ail oe AfeiL coust be issued by notified banks can be redeemed by recognised political parties within a prescribed time limit to ensure anonymity © in funding. Asking parties to file their income tax returns in time would lead rttouadl corning = to disclosur wit 79 , equated {res Functioning of political parties will become more transparent and thus become more accountable towards public. ome 4, Tewill reduce nexus between big corporate houses and political patties. Ges anould 5. In long term it will result in ethical politics and reduction in criminalisation of politics. . Proposed amendments to RBI Act, IT Act and RP Act would NOt Jeave the RBI and IT department with no means to probe funding dole ducerchion opal eis 3. Political parties will continue to receive most of their funds through anonymous donations which are shown in cash. Unless. ind the recent budget made no punitive measures to bring political parties under the purview of RTI Act. 5. There is 7 6. The budget does not promise scrutiny of income declared by political parties from various sources and corresponding measures of penalisation without which the reforms will remain incomplete. Unles ay b ‘ies declared income iscould be enacted to prohibit politicalgafties giving any undue es ; y eeohve benefits to corporates. wl oi 2. Political cast followed iit Ountries like 3, Budget should have placed a cap on the amount a party may ees vo, Seenaasas receive in eash asa donation, ~ Me eee eT ensure transparent a eles a Use can be scrutinise 5 ae by IT department, OE of ib tor TGs ced npc Ce cu 1. State funding increases transparency inside the party and also iny~ ar certain restrictions can be put along with’ stite Tundin; . State fanding 4, The parties depend upon funding by corporate and rich individuals and thi (0 quid-pro-quo. 7. Through state funding of elections a ps ai 5, —— Wnts ‘ pea e to | \d re ) ithin political parties, the by the political parties. ‘ould lead to aon |. Software written onto a one-time programmable chip. Standalone machines that are not networked, ‘The lack of any frequency receiver or wireless decoder that will allow for communication externally. . Advancements in newly deployed machines that allow for self- diagnostics to render the machines tamper-proof among other things. Combining this with administrative safeguards that allow for rigorous checks at various levels, such as after manufacture, during deployment, and so on. Randomisation of deployment of machines, a listing of candidates in alphabetical order rather than on party basis on ballot units. Sealing of machines by political party representatives after polling. . Storing in high security strong rooms. of citizens monetary resources. 8. = 2 ° me 2 Universal adult suffrage in India 1. The democracy in India is said to be of the people, for the people and by the people. The realisation of this maxim was to be brought about through Universal Adult Franchise. The aim was to make India a vibrant, deliberative, impartial and participatory democracy. 2. This concept was chosen because of the colonial experience where council seats were non-elective and were based on restricted franchise. This led to inclusion of zamindars, rajas and other nobility class people in councils who had no interest in raising public issues. 3. Success of the concept1, The voter participation has been increasing. 2. The share of votes from rural and marginalised section have seen a greater turnout aiming to steer the ship of governance. 3. Wecan see a rise in women voters and universal adult franchise has served as a tool for empowerment. 4. Poor governance by parties has resulted in their exit as a result of the universal adult franchise. 5. Universal adult franchise has ensured that minorities wield sufficient power so not to get neglected. 4. Role of election commission in this regard 1. EC has managed the mammoth logistics associated with conducting elections in huge country like India. 2. EC has been able to maintain fair conduct of elections through Moral Code of Conduct (MCC) and efficient administration. 3. _ Enlisting, updating and issuing of voter cards to eligible citizens irrespective of race, gender, class, caste etc. Launch of National Voter Service Portal to provision these services, 4. Making sure polling booths are accessible to people residing in remote places. Postal ballots for Army and NRIs 5. Anonymity on choice of voter is vital and EC has been able to manage that. 6. EC has been taking timely and painstaking efforts to ensure that citizens understand the importance of voting. 5. However there exist some issues like election rigging on account of bogus polling, political and money, muscle power which need to be addressed. Ea je move to place political parties under RTI had drawn up sharp ‘SASIASTARAG es, The issue is still under debate and political Parties still don’t come under RTI. Pe pee expect transparency ‘the government there must be a similaf €xpectation from the political Partigs3. Although parties have to declare to the Election Commission all donations in excess of Rs. 2000 they receive, they resort to underreporting to evade this clause. So for political pa is already at anal imp tow. This” $e increase voters conti 3. According to the political parties, divulging certain details under the RTI act may distort the entire process of internal democracy of the party. Cas Ri adel ah tian gi fe . Benefits of being recognised as national party 1. The candidates of recognised parties are entitled for free supply of certain materials like such number of copies of electoral rolls. 2. National party recognition leads to a reserved symbol for its candidates contesting from across the country. 3. Candidates from a national party require only one proposer to file their nominations and are entitled to two sets of electoral rolls free of cost. 4. National parties get dedicated broadcast slots on public broadcasters Doordarshan and AIR during the general elections. 5. A national party can have a maximum of 40 star campaigners while a registered unrecognised party can nominate a maximum of 20 star campaigners, whose travel expenses are not accounted for in the election expense accounts of candidates. 6. The proposed amendments to the Representation of People act, 1951 for the introduction of state funding of election provides for extending financial assistance only to the recognised party. Righetamecally 1. Arecall election (recall referendum) is a procedure by which voters can= er = ray ee Laer. fed. This is not a new concept for India. Rajdharma concept, Wherein ihe lack of effective governance was a cause for removal of a king, has been e-the Vedic times. representative. 3._ Right to Recall isa right that would act as a significant check on. ities. _______ eOHUPLDD along ooo i ste a process to recall could also 3. Furthermore, it ctu \} that the recall procedure truly repiesents the mandate of the people. ae Jo qnerrepansarency and indenendenee, chief petitipn officers from within the Election Commission should be designated to supervise and execute the process. State election commission (SEC) 1. Bringing SECs under ECI 1. Bringing SEC under the control of ECI will give it the required independence from state governments. 2. This would also ensure a commonality of approach in the electoral process. 2. Repeal SECs and amend powers of ECI 1. However, one independent constitutional authority cannot functionunder another constitutional authority. The only alternative would be to repeal Article 243K and amend Article 324 entrusting local elections to the Election Commission of India. 2. — Article 324 provides for appointment of Regional Election ‘Commissioners. A Regional commissioner could then be appointed for each state under this provision and it could function as the SEC for local elections. 3. Only strengthen SEC 1. Against this it has also been argued that, as the number of local bodies is so large, the ECI would hardly have the time to attend to election related matters in respect of local governments. 2. Now that every State has constituted its SEC, repealing Article 243K and abolishing these offices would be impractical. So the focus should be on strengthening the independence of the SEC. "3. SEC should be appointed by a collegium comprising the Chief Minister, the Chief Justice of the high court and the leader of opposition. Uniform criteria need to be evolved and institutionalised regarding the qualifications, tenure and age of retirement. 4. 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