NAME ______________________________________________ DATE ______________ PERIOD _____

4-3 Study Guide and Intervention

Prime Factorization
A prime number is a whole number that has exactly two factors, 1 and itself. A composite number is
a whole number that has more than two factors. Zero and 1 are neither prime nor composite.

Example 1 Determine whether 29 is prime or composite.

Find the factors of 29.
29 ⫽ 1 ⭈ 29
The only factors of 29 are 1 and 29, therefore 29 is a prime number.

Any composite number can be written as a product of prime numbers. A factor tree can be used to find
the prime factorization.

Example 2 Find the prime factorization of 48.

48 48 is the number to be factored.

6 8 Find any pair of whole number factors of 48.

2 32 4 Continue to factor any number that is not prime.

2 32 2 2 The factor tree is complete when there is a row of prime numbers.

The prime factorization of 48 is 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 3 or 24 ⭈ 3.

Lesson 4-3
In algebra, monomials can be factored as a product of prime numbers and variables with no exponent
greater than 1. So, 8x 2 factors as 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ x ⭈ x.

Exercises
Determine whether each number is prime or composite.

1. 27 composite 2. 151 prime

3. 77 composite 4. 25 composite

Write the prime factorization for each number. Use exponents for repeated factors.

5. 16 24 6. 45 32 ⭈ 5
7. 78 2 ⭈ 3 ⭈ 13 8. 70 2⭈5⭈7

Factor each monomial.

9. 6m3 2 ⭈ 3 ⭈ m ⭈ m ⭈ m 10. –20xy2 ⫺1 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 5 ⭈ x ⭈ y ⭈ y

11. a2b2c3 a ⭈ a ⭈ b ⭈ b ⭈ c ⭈ c ⭈ c 12. 25h 5 ⭈ 5 ⭈ h

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4-3 Skills Practice

Prime Factorization

Determine whether each number is prime or composite.

1. 41 prime 2. 29 prime

3. 87 composite 4. 36 composite

5. 57 composite 6. 61 prime

7. 71 prime 8. 103 prime

9. 39 composite 10. 91 composite

11. 47 prime 12. 67 prime

Write the prime factorization of each number. Use exponents for repeated factors.

13. 20 22 ⭈ 5 14. 40 23 ⭈ 5

15. 32 25 16. 44 2 2 ⭈ 11

17. 90 2 ⭈ 32 ⭈ 5 18. 121 112

19. 46 2 ⭈ 23 20. 30 2⭈ 3⭈5

21. 65 5 ⭈ 13 22. 80 24 ⭈ 5

Factor each monomial.

23. 15t 3 ⭈ 5 ⭈ t 24. 16r2 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ r ⭈ r

25. ⫺11m2 ⫺1 ⭈ 11 ⭈ m ⭈ m 26. ⫺49y3 ⫺1 ⭈ 7 ⭈ 7 ⭈ y ⭈ y ⭈ y

27. 21ab 3⭈7⭈a⭈b 28. ⫺42xyz ⫺1 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 3 ⭈ 7 ⭈ x ⭈ y ⭈ z

29. 45j2k 3⭈ 3⭈5⭈j⭈j⭈k 30. 17u2v2 17 ⭈ u ⭈ u ⭈ v ⭈ v

31. 27d4 3 ⭈ 3 ⭈ 3 ⭈ d ⭈ d ⭈ d ⭈ d 32. ⫺16cd2 ⫺1 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ c ⭈ d ⭈ d

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4-3 Practice
Prime Factorization

Determine whether each number is prime or composite.

1. 11 prime 2. 63 composite

3. 73 prime 4. 75 composite

5. 49 composite 6. 69 composite

7. 53 prime 8. 83 prime

Write the prime factorization of each number. Use exponents for repeated factors.

9. 33 3 ⭈ 11 10. 24 23 ⭈ 3

11. 72 23 ⭈ 32 12. 276 22 ⭈ 3 ⭈ 23

13. 85 5 ⭈ 17 14. 1024 210

15. 95 5 ⭈ 19 16. 200 23 ⭈ 5 2

17. 243 35 18. 735 3 ⭈ 5 ⭈ 72

Factor each monomial.

19. 35v 5⭈7⭈v 20. 49c2 7 ⭈ 7 ⭈ c ⭈ c

Lesson 4-3
21. ⫺14b3 ⫺1 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 7 ⭈ b ⭈ b ⭈ b 22. ⫺81h2 ⫺1 ⭈ 3 ⭈ 3 ⭈ 3 ⭈ 3 ⭈ h ⭈ h

23. 33wz 3 ⭈ 11 ⭈ w ⭈ z 24. ⫺56ghj ⫺1 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 2 ⭈ 7 ⭈ g ⭈ h ⭈ j

25. NUMBER THEORY Twin primes are a pair of consecutive odd primes, which differ
by 2. For example, 3 and 5 are twin primes. Find the twin primes less than 100.
(Hint: There are 8 pairs of twins less than 100.) 3, 5; 5, 7; 11, 13; 17, 19; 29, 31;
41, 43; 59, 61; 71, 73

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4-3 Study Guide and Intervention 4-3 Skills Practice

Prime Factorization Prime Factorization
A prime number is a whole number that has exactly two factors, 1 and itself. A composite number is Determine whether each number is prime or composite.
a whole number that has more than two factors. Zero and 1 are neither prime nor composite.
1. 41 prime 2. 29 prime

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Example 1 Determine whether 29 is prime or composite. 3. 87 composite 4. 36 composite
Find the factors of 29.
5. 57 composite 6. 61 prime
29 5 1 ?29
The only factors of 29 are 1 and 29, therefore 29 is a prime number. 7. 71 prime 8. 103 prime

Any composite number can be written as a product of prime numbers. A factor tree can be used to find 9. 39 composite 10. 91 composite
the prime factorization.
11. 47 prime 12. 67 prime
Example 2 Find the prime factorization of 48. Write the prime factorization of each number. Use exponents for repeated factors.

48 48 is the number to be factored. 13. 20 22 5 14. 40 23 5

6 8 Find any pair of whole number factors of 48.
Continue to factor any number that is not prime.
15. 32 25 16. 44 2 2 11
2 32 4
2 32 2 2 The factor tree is complete when there is a row of prime numbers.
17. 90 2 32 5 18. 121 112

A7
The prime factorization of 48 is 2 ?2 ?2 ?2 ?3 or 24 ?3. 19. 46 2 23 20. 30 2 3 5

In algebra, monomials can be factored as a product of prime numbers and variables with no exponent 21. 65 5 13 22. 80 24 5
greater than 1. So, 8x 2 factors as 2 ?2 ?2 ?x ?x.
Factor each monomial.
Exercises 23. 15t 3 5 t 24. 16r2 2 2 2 2 r r
Lesson 4-3
Answers (Lesson 4-3)

Determine whether each number is prime or composite.

25. 2 11m2 1 11 m m 26. 2 49y3 1 7 7 y y y
1. 27 composite 2. 151 prime
27. 21ab 3 7 a b 28. 2 42xyz 1 2 3 7 x y z
3. 77 composite 4. 25 composite
29. 45j2k 3 3 5 j j k 30. 17u2v2 17 u u v v
Write the prime factorization for each number. Use exponents for repeated factors.
31. 27d4 3 3 3 d d d d 32. 2 16cd2 1 2 2 2 2 c d d
5. 16 24 6. 45 32 5
7. 78 2 3 13 8. 70 2 5 7

Factor each monomial.

9. 6m3 2 3 m m m 10. –20xy2 1 2 2 5 x y y

11. a2b2c3 a a b b c c c 12. 25h 5 5 h

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Answers
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4-3 Practice 4-3 R eading to Learn Mathematics

Prime Factorization Prime Factorization

Determine whether each number is prime or composite. Pre-Activity How can models be used to determine whether numbers
1. 11 prime 2. 63 composite
are prime?

Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
Do the activity at the top of page 159 in your textbook. Write your
3. 73 prime 4. 75 composite answers below.

a. Use grid paper to draw as many different rectangular arrangements of

5. 49 composite 6. 69 composite
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 squares as possible. See students’ answers.
7. 53 prime 8. 83 prime
b. Which numbers of squares can be arranged in more than one way?
4, 6, 8, 9
Write the prime factorization of each number. Use exponents for repeated factors.
c. Which numbers of squares can only be arranged one way? 2, 3, 5, 7
9. 33 3 11 10. 24 23 3
d. What do all rectangles that you listed in part c have in common?
11. 72 23 32 12. 276 22 3 23
Explain. They all have a width of 1 because no other pair of
13. 85 5 17 14. 1024 210 factors can be found.

15. 95 5 19 16. 200 2 3 52 Reading the Lesson 1–5. See students’ work.
17. 243 35 18. 735 3 5 72 Write a definition and give an example of each new vocabulary word or phrase.

A8
Vocabulary Definition Example
Factor each monomial.
1. composite
19. 35v 5 7 v 20. 49c2 7 7 c c number

21. 2 14b3 1 2 7 b b b 22. 2 81h2 1 3 3 3 3 h h 2. factor

23. 33wz 3 11 w z 24. 2 56ghj 1 2 2 2 7 g h j 3. factor tree

Answers (Lesson 4-3)

Lesson 4-3
25. NUMBER THEORY Twin primes are a pair of consecutive odd primes, which differ
by 2. For example, 3 and 5 are twin primes. Find the twin primes less than 100. 4. prime
(Hint: There are 8 pairs of twins less than 100.) 3, 5; 5, 7; 11, 13; 17, 19; 29, 31; factorization
41, 43; 59, 61; 71, 73 5. prime
number

Helping You Remember

6. Composite is a word used in everyday English.
a. Find the definition of composite in the dictionary. Write the definition.
made up of distinct parts
b. Explain how the English definition can help you remember how composite is used
in mathematics. Sample answer: Composite numbers are made up of
many distinct parts, or factors.

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