INTRO TO ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
AHMED EZZAT LABIB
HELWAN UNIVERSITY
TEXT BOOK
• STUART J. RUSSELL AND PETER NORVIG, ARTIFICIAL
INTELLIGENCE: A MODERN APPROACH, THIRD
EDITION, 2010
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE ???
• FROM WEB:
INTELLIGENCE IS THE CAPACITY FOR LOGIC, UNDERSTANDING, SELF-
AWARENESS, LEARNING, EMOTIONAL KNOWLEDGE, REASONING,
PLANNING, CREATIVITY, AND PROBLEM SOLVING.
INTELLIGENCE IS THE CAPACITY TO ACQUIRE AND APPLY KNOWLEDGE.
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF AI?
WHAT DO YOU THINK ?
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF AI?
Systems that think like Systems that think rationally
humans
Systems that act like humans Systems that act rationally
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
• A BRANCH OF COMPUTER SCIENCE. EXAMINES HOW WE CAN ACHIEVE
INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR THROUGH COMPUTATION.
• WHY DO WE THINK THAT INTELLIGENCE CAN BE CAPTURED THROUGH
COMPUTATION ?
MODELING THE PROCESSING THAT OUR BRAINS DO AS COMPUTATION HAS PROVED
TO BE SUCCESSFUL. HENCE, HUMAN INTELLIGENCE CAN ARGUABLY BE BEST MODELED
AS A COMPUTATIONAL PROCESS.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE – 4 APPROACHES
Processes & Reasoning Behavior
ACTING HUMANLY
CLASSICAL TEST OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
• THE TURING TEST:
A HUMAN INTERROGATOR. COMMUNICATES WITH A HIDDEN SUBJECT THAT IS EITHER A
COMPUTER SYSTEM OR A HUMAN.
IF THE HUMAN INTERROGATOR CANNOT RELIABLY DECIDE WHETHER OR NOT THE SUBJECT
IS A COMPUTER, THE COMPUTER IS SAID TO HAVE PASSED THE TURING TEST.
ACTING HUMANLY
CLASSICAL TEST OF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
• TURING TYPE TESTS:
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
• TURING PROVIDED SOME VERY PERSUASIVE ARGUMENTS THAT A SYSTEM
PASSING THE TURING TEST IS INTELLIGENT.
WE CAN ONLY REALLY SAY IT BEHAVES LIKE A HUMAN
NOTHING GUARANTEES THAT IT THINKS LIKE A HUMAN
• THE TURING TEST DOES NOT PROVIDE MUCH TRACTION ON THE QUESTION OF
HOW TO ACTUALLY BUILD AN INTELLIGENT SYSTEM.
HUMAN INTELLIGENCE
• IN GENERAL THERE ARE VARIOUS REASONS WHY TRYING TO MIMIC HUMANS MIGHT NOT BE
THE BEST APPROACH TO AI:
THINKING HUMANLY
• REQUIRES KNOWLEDGE OF BRAIN FUNCTION
• WHAT LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION?
• HOW CAN WE VALIDATE THIS
• THIS IS THE FOCUS OF COGNITIVE SCIENCE
RATIONALITY
• THE ALTERNATIVE APPROACH RELIES ON THE NOTION OF RATIONALITY.
• TYPICALLY THIS IS A PRECISE FORMAL NOTION OF WHAT IT MEANS TO DO THE
RIGHT THING IN ANY PARTICULAR CIRCUMSTANCE. PROVIDES:
A PRECISE MECHANISM FOR ANALYZING AND UNDERSTANDING THE PROPERTIES OF THIS
IDEAL BEHAVIOR WE ARE TRYING TO ACHIEVE.
A PRECISE BENCHMARK AGAINST WHICH WE CAN MEASURE THE BEHAVIOR THE SYSTEMS
WE BUILD.
THINKING RATIONALLY
• ARISTOTLE ATTEMPTED THIS
• WHAT ARE CORRECT ARGUMENTS OR THOUGHT PROCESSES?
• PROVIDED FOUNDATION OF MUCH OF AI
• NOT ALL INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOR CONTROLLED BY LOGIC
• WHAT IS OUR GOAL? WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THINKING?
ACTING RATIONALLY
• ACT TO ACHIEVE GOALS, GIVEN SET OF BELIEFS
• RATIONAL BEHAVIOR IS DOING THE “RIGHT THING”
• THING WHICH EXPECTS TO MAXIMIZE GOAL ACHIEVEMENT
• THIS IS APPROACH ADOPTED BY RUSSELL & NORVIG
SUBAREAS OF AI
• PERCEPTION: VISION, SPEECH UNDERSTANDING, ETC.
• MACHINE LEARNING, NEURAL NETWORKS
• ROBOTICS
• NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING
• REASONING AND DECISION MAKING
KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION
REASONING (LOGICAL, PROBABILISTIC)
DECISION MAKING (SEARCH, PLANNING, DECISION THEORY)
• MANY OF THE POPULAR RECENT APPLICATIONS OF AI IN INDUSTRY HAVE BEEN
BASED ON MACHINE LEARNING, E.G., VOICE RECOGNITION SYSTEMS ON
YOUR CELL PHONE.
COMPONENTS OF AN AI SYSTEM
An agent perceives its environment through
sensors and acts on the environment through
actuators.
Human: sensors are eyes, ears, actuators
(effectors) are hands, legs, mouth.
Robot: sensors are cameras, sonar, lasers,
ladar, bump, effectors are grippers,
manipulators, motors
The agent’s behavior is described by its
function that maps percept to action.
PEAS
• USE PEAS TO DESCRIBE TASK
• PERFORMANCE MEASURE
• ENVIRONMENT
• ACTUATORS
• SENSORS
PEAS
• USE PEAS TO DESCRIBE TASK ENVIRONMENT
• PERFORMANCE MEASURE
• ENVIRONMENT
• ACTUATORS
• SENSORS
• EXAMPLE: TAXI DRIVER
• PERFORMANCE MEASURE: SAFE, FAST, COMFORTABLE (MAXIMIZE PROFITS)
• ENVIRONMENT: ROADS, OTHER TRAFFIC, PEDESTRIANS, CUSTOMERS
• ACTUATORS: STEERING, ACCELERATOR, BRAKE, SIGNAL, HORN
• SENSORS: CAMERAS, SONAR, SPEEDOMETER, GPS, ODOMETER, ACCELEROMETER,
ENGINE SENSORS
EXAMPLES OF AGENT TYPES AND THEIR PEAS
DESCRIPTIONS
ENVIRONMENT PROPERTIES
• FULLY OBSERVABLE VS. PARTIALLY OBSERVABLE
• FULLY OBSERVABLE IF THE SENSORS DETECT ALL ASPECTS THAT ARE RELEVANT TO THE CHOICE OF
ACTION
• DETERMINISTIC VS. STOCHASTIC / STRATEGIC
• DETERMINISTIC IF THE NEXT STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT IS COMPLETELY DETERMINED BY THE
CURRENT STATE AND THE ACTION EXECUTED BY THE AGENT
• EPISODIC VS. SEQUENTIAL
• IN SEQUENTIAL ENVIRONMENTS, THE CURRENT DECISION COULD AFFECT ALL FUTURE DECISIONS.
• STATIC VS. DYNAMIC
• DISCRETE VS. CONTINUOUS
• SINGLE AGENT VS. MULTIAGENT
ENVIRONMENT EXAMPLES
Environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents
Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Semi Discrete Multi
Chess without a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
ENVIRONMENT EXAMPLES
Environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents
Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Semi Discrete Multi
Chess without a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Poker Partial Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
ENVIRONMENT EXAMPLES
Environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents
Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Semi Discrete Multi
Chess without a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Poker Partial Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Backgammon Fully Stochastic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
ENVIRONMENT EXAMPLES
Environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents
Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Semi Discrete Multi
Chess without a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Poker Partial Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Backgammon Fully Stochastic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Taxi driving Partial Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Continuous Multi
ENVIRONMENT EXAMPLES
Environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents
Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Semi Discrete Multi
Chess without a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Poker Partial Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Backgammon Fully Stochastic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Taxi driving Partial Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Continuous Multi
Medical diagnosis Partial Stochastic Episodic Static Continuous Single
ENVIRONMENT EXAMPLES
Environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents
Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Semi Discrete Multi
Chess without a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Poker Partial Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Backgammon Fully Stochastic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Taxi driving Partial Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Continuous Multi
Medical diagnosis Partial Stochastic Episodic Static Continuous Single
Image analysis Fully Deterministic Episodic Semi Discrete Single
ENVIRONMENT EXAMPLES
Environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents
Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Semi Discrete Multi
Chess without a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Poker Partial Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Backgammon Fully Stochastic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Taxi driving Partial Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Continuous Multi
Medical diagnosis Partial Stochastic Episodic Static Continuous Single
Image analysis Fully Deterministic Episodic Semi Discrete Single
Robot part picking Fully Deterministic Episodic Semi Discrete Single
ENVIRONMENT EXAMPLES
Environment Observable Deterministic Episodic Static Discrete Agents
Chess with a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Semi Discrete Multi
Chess without a clock Fully Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Poker Partial Strategic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Backgammon Fully Stochastic Sequential Static Discrete Multi
Taxi driving Partial Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Continuous Multi
Medical diagnosis Partial Stochastic Episodic Static Continuous Single
Image analysis Fully Deterministic Episodic Semi Discrete Single
Robot part picking Fully Deterministic Episodic Semi Discrete Single
Interactive English tutor Partial Stochastic Sequential Dynamic Discrete Multi
RECOMMENDED READING
• 1.1: WHAT IS AI?
• 2: INTELLIGENT AGENTS
• 1.2: FOUNDATIONS
• 1.3: HISTORY
TO BE CONTINUED,,,
