#_ +100 Networking Concepts [ Software Development ]
● OSI Model:
● Brief: A seven-layer model to understand network interactions.
● Relevance: Helps in understanding how data is transferred from one
system to another.
● TCP/IP Model:
● Brief: A more concise four-layer model focused on the Internet.
● Relevance: This model forms the backbone of the internet, and
understanding it aids in developing web-based applications.
● IP Address:
● Brief: Unique address assigned to devices in a network.
● Relevance: Vital for communication between devices, locating services,
and more.
● Subnetting:
● Brief: Dividing IP networks into sub-networks.
● Relevance: Helps in optimizing network performance and security.
● Ports:
● Brief: Endpoints for network connections; there are 65,536 ports.
● Relevance: Crucial for differentiating services on the same IP.
● TCP (Transmission Control Protocol):
● Brief: Reliable, connection-oriented protocol.
● Relevance: Used in applications where data integrity is vital, such as
web browsers.
● UDP (User Datagram Protocol):
● Brief: Connectionless, fast protocol.
● Relevance: Used in streaming, where speed is more critical than
reliability.
● DNS (Domain Name System):
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● Brief: Resolves domain names into IP addresses.
● Relevance: Makes user-friendly URLs possible.
● HTTP/HTTPS:
● Brief: Protocols for web communication.
● Relevance: Vital for web-based applications and services.
● FTP (File Transfer Protocol):
● Brief: Protocol for transferring files.
● Relevance: Used for uploading and downloading files to/from servers.
● Routers & Switches
● Brief: Hardware devices routing data packets and segmenting network
traffic.
● Relevance: Essential to understand for developing network configurations
and for optimizing data traffic.
● MAC Address
● Brief: Unique identifier for network interfaces.
● Relevance: Used for local network traffic routing, understanding this
aids in network security.
● ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
● Brief: Resolves IP addresses to MAC addresses.
● Relevance: Important in local network communication; also relevant for
understanding ARP spoofing attacks.
● DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)
● Brief: Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices.
● Relevance: Vital for configuring networks and ensuring seamless device
connectivity.
● NAT (Network Address Translation)
● Brief: Translates local network IPs to a single public IP.
● Relevance: Crucial for understanding how multiple devices share the same
internet connection.
● VPN (Virtual Private Network)
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● Brief: Secure, encrypted connections over the internet.
● Relevance: Important for understanding secure data transmission and
bypassing geolocation restrictions.
● Firewalls
● Brief: Filters network traffic based on predefined security rules.
● Relevance: A fundamental concept for building secure applications.
● Proxy Servers
● Brief: Intermediary servers between clients and other servers.
● Relevance: Useful for caching, load distribution, and security.
● ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
● Brief: Used for network diagnostics and error reporting.
● Relevance: Necessary for tools like ping and traceroute, which help in
debugging network issues.
● Telnet and SSH
● Brief: Protocols for remote terminal access (Telnet is insecure, SSH is
secure).
● Relevance: Key for remote server administration and secure data
communication.
● SSL/TLS
● Brief: Protocols for secure communication over the internet.
● Relevance: Ensures data integrity and security in applications,
especially web browsers.
● Load Balancers
● Brief: Distributes network or application traffic across servers.
● Relevance: Vital for scaling applications and improving their resilience
and availability.
● CDNs (Content Delivery Networks)
● Brief: Distributed servers providing fast and reliable access to web
content.
● Relevance: Accelerates content delivery, improves application speed and
reliability.
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● Sockets
● Brief: Endpoints for sending and receiving data.
● Relevance: Foundational for network programming, used in real-time data
transfer.
● APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)
● Brief: Sets of rules for building software applications.
● Relevance: Critical for the integration of different services and
technologies.
● REST and SOAP
● Brief: Web service communication protocols (REST is more modern and
flexible).
● Relevance: Vital for building and consuming web services and APIs.
● LAN, WAN, PAN
● Brief: Types of networks (Local, Wide, Personal Area Networks).
● Relevance: Knowing the differences can help in choosing the right
networking solutions.
● Wireless Protocols: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, Zigbee
● Brief: Different technologies for wireless communication.
● Relevance: Important for mobile and IoT development.
● IPv4 vs. IPv6
● Brief: Versions of Internet Protocol (IPv6 has a larger address space).
● Relevance: Critical for future-proofing applications as IPv4 addresses
run out.
● Routing Protocols: OSPF, EIGRP, BGP
● Brief: Algorithms that determine optimal data paths.
● Relevance: Important for large-scale applications and services that
require efficient data routing.
● VPN Protocols: PPTP, L2TP, OpenVPN
● Brief: Different protocols for VPN encryption and security.
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● Relevance: Crucial for implementing or using secure VPNs.
● QoS (Quality of Service)
● Brief: Prioritizing certain types of data over others.
● Relevance: Important for real-time applications like VoIP and video
streaming.
● Network Topologies: Star, Ring, Mesh
● Brief: Physical or logical layouts of networks.
● Relevance: Understanding topologies aids in designing efficient,
fault-tolerant networks.
● Intrusion Detection Systems
● Brief: Monitors network for malicious activities or violations.
● Relevance: Vital for building secure applications and networks.
● Data Packets
● Brief: Units of data sent over networks.
● Relevance: Fundamental for understanding data transfer and network
programming.
● Network Sniffers
● Brief: Tools that monitor data passing over networks.
● Relevance: Important for debugging and analyzing network traffic, and
for identifying security vulnerabilities.
● MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)
● Brief: The largest data packet that can be sent over a network.
● Relevance: Understanding MTU helps optimize network performance and
avoid fragmentation.
● Caching
● Brief: Temporarily storing copies of files for quicker access.
● Relevance: Essential for improving website performance and reducing
server loads.
● Cookies and Sessions
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● Brief: Methods to store user data between HTTP requests.
● Relevance: Critical for maintaining state in stateless HTTP
transactions.
● WebSocket
● Brief: Protocol for real-time, full-duplex communication between client
and server.
● Relevance: Enables real-time features in applications, like chat
systems.
● SMTP, POP3, IMAP (Mail Protocols)
● Brief: Protocols for sending and receiving emails.
● Relevance: Necessary for implementing email functionalities in
applications.
● Network Boot - PXE
● Brief: Allows a computer to boot from a network server.
● Relevance: Useful for system administrators and for network-based
applications.
● Zero-configuration Networking (Zeroconf)
● Brief: Allows networked devices to automatically configure themselves.
● Relevance: Simplifies user experience by eliminating manual
configuration steps.
● NFC (Near Field Communication)
● Brief: Enables wireless communication over short distances.
● Relevance: Relevant for mobile apps that require close-range
interactions like payments.
● WebRTC
● Brief: Enables real-time communication between web browsers.
● Relevance: Important for implementing video conferencing, peer-to-peer
file sharing, etc.
● Content Filtering
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● Brief: Blocks or allows data based on content rules.
● Relevance: Crucial for security and parental control features.
● CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)
● Brief: Mechanism to safely enable cross-origin requests.
● Relevance: Essential for web security and for making AJAX requests to
different origins.
● Tunnelling
● Brief: Encapsulating packets within other packets to pass through
networks.
● Relevance: Used in VPNs and other scenarios where secure data passage is
required.
● MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)
● Brief: Routing data based on labels instead of IP addresses.
● Relevance: Offers high-performance data transmission and is widely used
in ISP networks.
● STUN/TURN servers
● Brief: Facilitate NAT traversal for real-time communications.
● Relevance: Necessary for WebRTC and other P2P communication
technologies.
● Latency and Bandwidth
● Brief: Measures of delay and data transfer rate in a network.
● Relevance: Impact the performance and user experience of online
applications.
● Data Encryption
● Brief: Converting data into a secure format to prevent unauthorized
access.
● Relevance: Critical for securing sensitive data and communications.
● 2FA/MFA (Two-Factor/Multi-Factor Authentication)
● Brief: Additional layers of security during authentication.
● Relevance: Enhances application security by requiring multiple forms of
verification.
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● DDoS Attacks
● Brief: Overwhelming a network resource with excessive requests.
● Relevance: Understanding DDoS attacks helps in implementing security
measures.
● CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery) and XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)
● Brief: Types of web application vulnerabilities.
● Relevance: Essential to understand for secure web development.
● Token-based Authentication
● Brief: Using tokens instead of credentials for user authentication.
● Relevance: Enhances security and usability, especially in stateless
applications like RESTful APIs.
● SSL Pinning
● Brief: Associating a host with a specific SSL certificate.
● Relevance: Prevents Man-in-the-Middle attacks, enhancing security.
● Reverse Proxy
● Brief: Receives client requests and forwards them to appropriate backend
servers.
● Relevance: Useful for load balancing, caching, and SSL termination.
● Failover
● Brief: Automatic switching to a standby system in case of failure.
● Relevance: Crucial for building high-availability applications and
services.
● Heartbeat Protocols
● Brief: Signals sent between devices to check for presence or
functionality.
● Relevance: Important for failover systems and load balancers.
● Content Compression: Gzip, Brotli
● Brief: Techniques to reduce file sizes for faster network transfer.
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● Relevance: Essential for optimizing web performance.
● Anycast, Unicast, Multicast, Broadcast
● Brief: Different methods for sending data packets over a network.
● Relevance: Knowing the methods aids in choosing the right one for
specific applications.
● Network Redundancy
● Brief: Duplication of critical components for reliability.
● Relevance: Important for building fault-tolerant systems.
● Session Management
● Brief: Techniques to manage user state between multiple requests.
● Relevance: Fundamental for user experience in web applications.
● Microservices Architecture
● Brief: Breaking down applications into small, loosely coupled services.
● Relevance: Facilitates scalability and is easier to manage than
monolithic architectures.
● GeoIP Filtering
● Brief: Blocking or allowing traffic based on geographic location.
● Relevance: Useful for region-specific content and security measures.
● Public vs. Private vs. Elastic IPs
● Brief: Types of IP addresses with different scopes and use-cases.
● Relevance: Important for configuring and scaling cloud-based services.
● CIDR Notation
● Brief: Concise representation of IP addresses and subnets.
● Relevance: Simplifies network configuration and routing rules.
● Bridging & Bonding
● Brief: Techniques for linking multiple network interfaces.
● Relevance: Useful for improving network redundancy and performance.
● VPN Split Tunneling
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● Brief: Routing only specific traffic through a VPN.
● Relevance: Allows users to access public and private networks
simultaneously.
● Captive Portals
● Brief: Web pages displayed before allowing internet access.
● Relevance: Common in public Wi-Fi networks, important for user
authentication and data capture.
● Domain Fronting
● Brief: Technique to disguise the endpoint of a secure communication.
● Relevance: Used to circumvent network censorship, although considered
controversial.
● Packet Loss
● Brief: Failure of one or more packets to reach their destination.
● Relevance: Important to understand for optimizing network reliability
and performance.
● Netmask
● Brief: Used in subnetting to mask part of an IP address.
● Relevance: Fundamental for network configuration and routing.
● IPv6 Tunneling
● Brief: Technique for transmitting IPv6 packets over IPv4 networks.
● Relevance: Important for the transition from IPv4 to IPv6.
● Traceroute and Ping
● Brief: Tools for network diagnostics.
● Relevance: Essential for troubleshooting network issues.
● IPAM (IP Address Management)
● Brief: Managing and tracking IP spaces in a network.
● Relevance: Critical for large-scale networks to avoid conflicts and
outages.
● RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)
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● Brief: Technology for storing data across multiple disks.
● Relevance: Important for ensuring data reliability and improving
performance.
● VLAN (Virtual LAN)
● Brief: Logically segmented networks within a physical network.
● Relevance: Useful for reducing broadcast domains and improving network
organization.
● WireGuard
● Brief: Modern, high-performance VPN protocol.
● Relevance: Offers simpler and more effective solutions for secure
tunneling.
● P2P (Peer-to-Peer) Networks
● Brief: Decentralized networks where each node can act as a client or
server.
● Relevance: Common in file-sharing systems and blockchain technologies.
● NIDS and NIPS (Network Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems)
● Brief: Systems that monitor and/or block network traffic based on
security rules.
● Relevance: Essential for ensuring network and data security.
● Nginx and Apache (Web Servers)
● Brief: Software for serving web pages.
● Relevance: Backbone of most web-based applications.
● SFTP and SCP (Secure File Transfer Protocols)
● Brief: Protocols for transferring files securely over a network.
● Relevance: Important for managing files over remote servers.
● LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
● Brief: Protocol for accessing and managing directory information.
● Relevance: Commonly used in enterprise environments for managing users
and permissions.
● SAN and NAS (Storage Area Network & Network Attached Storage)
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● Brief: Storage solutions connected to a network.
● Relevance: Important for understanding data storage options in networked
environments.
● Multitenancy
● Brief: Architecture where a single instance serves multiple customers.
● Relevance: Common in cloud services; affects resource allocation and
isolation.
● Round Robin DNS
● Brief: Distributing client requests across multiple server IPs.
● Relevance: Useful for load balancing and fault tolerance.
● URL Encoding
● Brief: Percent encoding of non-ASCII characters in URLs.
● Relevance: Essential for web development and API usage.
● ICANN and Domain Registrars
● Brief: Organizations responsible for domain name system management.
● Relevance: Fundamental for understanding how domains are acquired and
managed.
● SSL Certificates and Certificate Authorities
● Brief: Digital certificates that provide a public key and prove a
server's ownership.
● Relevance: Critical for SSL/TLS and ensuring secure and trusted web
communication.
● Webhooks
● Brief: HTTP callbacks triggered by some action in a web application.
● Relevance: Useful for integrating different services and systems.
● Localhost and Loopback IP (127.0.0.1)
● Brief: Refers to the local computer where a program is running.
● Relevance: Important for testing and development.
● Fail2Ban
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● Brief: Intrusion prevention software that blocks suspect IP addresses.
● Relevance: Enhances server security by preventing unauthorized access.
● TCP vs. UDP Multicast
● Brief: One-to-many communication methods, but TCP ensures delivery while
UDP doesn't.
● Relevance: Choosing between them depends on whether you need reliable
data transfer.
● Anycast DNS
● Brief: Routes user requests to the nearest server in a globally
distributed network.
● Relevance: Enhances performance and fault tolerance of DNS servers.
● Hotspot and Tethering
● Brief: Sharing a device's internet connection with other devices.
● Relevance: Important for mobile app development related to network
sharing.
● RADIUS and TACACS
● Brief: Protocols for network authentication.
● Relevance: Commonly used in enterprise networks to manage network
access.
● SPF, DKIM, DMARC (Email Security)
● Brief: Techniques for verifying the authenticity of email messages.
● Relevance: Crucial for reducing phishing and spoofing attacks.
● Network Segmentation
● Brief: Dividing a computer network into subnets for improved performance and
security.
● Relevance: Important for enterprise security strategies and compliance with
regulations like PCI DSS.
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