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Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Low Cost Adsorbents

Ashutosh Tripathi* and Manju Rawat Ranjan
Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity University, Noida-125, Gautam Buddha Nagar, U.P, India

Abstract
With the onset of industrialization mankind has witnessed various environmental issues in the society. This
industrialization has not only brought development and prosperity but eventually disturbed the ecosystem. One of
the impacts is visible, in form of water pollution. In the present study heavy metal contamination of water bodies
has been discussed. Effluents from large number of industries viz., electroplating, leather, tannery, textile, pigment
& dyes, paint, wood processing, petroleum refining, photographic film production etc., contains significant amount
of heavy metals in their wastewater. The conventional methods of treatment of heavy metal contamination includes
chemical precipitation, chemical oxidation, ion exchange, membrane separation, reverse osmosis, electro dialysis
etc. These methods are costly, energy intensive and often associated with generation of toxic byproducts. Thus,
the adsorption has been investigated as a cost effective method of removal of heavy metals from wastewater. In
the present study various low cost adsorbent has been reviewed as an abatement of heavy metal pollution from
wastewater. These adsorbent includes materials of natural origin like zeolites, clay, peat moss and chitin are found to
be an effective agent for removal of toxic heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, Hg, Cr etc. Apart from these various
agricultural wastes like rice husk, neem bark, black gram, waste tea; Turkish coffee, walnut shell etc. were also
established as a potent adsorbent for heavy metal removal. Beside that low cost industrial by products like fly ash,
blast furnace sludge, waste slurry, lignin, iron (III) hydroxide and red mud, coffee husks, Areca waste, tea factory
waste, sugar beet pulp, battery industry waste, sea nodule residue and grape stalk wastes have been explored for
their technical feasibility to remove toxic heavy metals from contaminated water.

Keywords: Agricultural waste; Heavy metal; Low cost adsorbent; wastewater. The adsorbent may be of mineral, organic or biological
Wastewater; Toxicity origin. It could be zeolites, industrial byproducts, agricultural waste,
biomass and polymeric material. One of the conventional adsorbent,
Introduction activated carbon has been extensively used in many applications.
Water pollution caused due to addition of heavy metals resulting However, the high cost effectiveness of activation processes limits its
from the industrial activities is increasing tremendously and is a matter usage in wastewater treatment processes. The present research activity
of global concern. Mining, mineral processing and metallurgical aims toward contributing in the search for cost effective or low cost
operations are generating effluents containing heavy metals. The heavy adsorbents of natural origin and their applicability in recovery as well
metals present in the wastewater is persistent and non degradable in as removal of heavy metals from the industrial wastewater.
nature. Moreover, they are soluble in aquatic environment and thus can Industrial Wastewater and Heavy Metals
be easily absorbed by living cells. Thus, by entering the food chain, they
can be bioaccumulated and biomagnified in higher trophic levels also. Heavy metals are commonly released in the wastewater from
The heavy metals, if absorbed above the permissible labels, could lead to various industries. Electroplating and surface treatment practices
serious health disorders. In light of the facts, treatment of heavy metals leads to creation of considerable quantities of wastewaters containing
containing industrial effluent becomes quite necessary before being heavy metals (such as cadmium, zinc, lead, chromium, nickel, copper,
discharged into the environment. The scientists and environmental vanadium, platinum, silver and titanium). Apart from this wastewater
engineers are therefore facing a tough task of cost effective treatment from leather, tannery, textile, pigment & dyes, paint, wood processing,
of wastewater containing heavy metals. The conventional methods for petroleum refining industries and photographic film production
heavy metal removal from wastewater includes chemical precipitation, contains significant amount of heavy metals. These heavy metal ions are
chemical oxidation, ion exchange, membrane separation, reverse toxic to both human beings and animals. The toxic metals cause physical
osmosis, electro dialysis etc. These methods are not very effective, discomfort and sometimes life threatening illness and irreversible
are costly and require high energy input. They are associated with damage to vital body system [4]. The metals get bioaccumulated in the
generation of toxic sludge, disposal of which renders it expensive and auatic environment and tend to biomagnified along the food chain.
non ecofriendly in nature. In the recent past, number of approaches
has been investigated for safe and economical treatment of heavy metal
laden wastewater. Adsorption has emerged out to be better alternative *Corresponding author: Ashutosh Tripathi, Amity Institute of Environmental
treatment methods. It is said to be effective and economical because of Sciences, Amity University, Noida-125, Gautam Buddha Nagar, (U.P.-201303),India,
Tel: +0120-471-3600; E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
its relatively low cost. Authors have claimed adsorption to be easiest,
safest and most cost-effective methods for the treatment of waste Received September 04, 2015; Accepted October 07, 2015; Published October
10, 2015
effluents containing heavy metals [1,2]. The key benefit of adsorption
method for heavy metal removal is less initial as well as operation Citation: Tripathi A, Ranjan MR (2015) Heavy Metal Removal from
Wastewater Using Low Cost Adsorbents. J Bioremed Biodeg 6: 315.
cost, unproblematic design and less requirement of control systems doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000315
[3]. Generally the heavy metals are present in the wastewater at low
concentrations and adsorption is suitable even when the metal ions are Copyright: © 2015 Tripathi A, et al. This is an open-a ccess article distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits
present at concentrations as low as 1 mg/L. This makes adsorption an unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the
economical and favorable technology for heavy metal removal from original author and source are credited.

J Bioremed Biodeg
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 6 • 1000315
Citation: Tripathi A, Ranjan MR (2015) Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Low Cost Adsorbents. J Bioremed Biodeg 6: 315.
doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000315

Page 2 of 5

Thus, the organisms at higher trophic level are more susceptible to upon physical adsorption. Van der Waals forces originate from the
be affected by their toxicity. There are 20 metals which are almost interactions between induced, permanent or transient electric dipoles.
persistant and cannot be degraded or destroyed. Mercury (Hg), lead Physical adsorption can only be observed in the environment of low
(Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr [VI]), Zinc (Zn), Arsenic (As), temperature and under appropriate conditions, gas phase molecules
Nickel (Ni) etc., are toxic heavy metals from ecotoxicoligal point of can form multilayer adsorption. Commercial adsorbents utilize
view. The table below shows Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) physical adsorption for its surface binding.
standards for some heavy metals established by USEPA [5]. These Chemical adsorption
heavy metals can lead to serious effects such as stunted growth, damage
to vital organs, damage to brain, cancer and in some cases death also. It is a kind of adsorption which involves a chemical reaction
Health hazard related to heavy metal toxicity are not new. Human between the adsorbent and the adsorbate. The strong interaction
diseases like minamata, itai itai, fluorosis, Arsenicosis etc. are due to between the adsorbate and the substrate surface creates new types
heavy metal ingestion above permissible levels. Treating the industrial of electronic bonds (Covalent, Ionic). Chemical adsorption is also
effluents contaminated with heavy metals within the industrial premises referred as activated adsorption. The adsorbate can form a monolayer.
before being discharged is efficient way to remove heavy metals rather It is utilized in catalytic operations.
than treating high volumes of wastewater in a general sewage treatment In general, the main steps involved in adsorption of pollutants on
plant. Thus it is advantageous to develop separate handling modus solid adsorbent are:
operandi for removal of heavy metals from the industrial effluents. The
current work focuses on study of natural coagulants as an effective and Transport of the pollutant from bulk solution to external surface
of the adsorbent.
economical alternative treatment process for heavy metals removal
from industrial wastewater. (Table 1) Internal mass transfer by pore diffusion from outer surface of
adsorbent to the inner surface of porous structure.
Adsorption
Adsorption of adsorbate on the active sites of the pores of
As discussed earlier, adsorption has emerged out as effective, adsorbent.
economical and ecofriendly treatment technique. It is a process potent
enough to fulfill water reuse obligation and high effluent standards in The overall rate of adsorption is decided by either film formation or
the industries. Adsorption is basically a mass transfer process by which intra particle diffusion or both as the last step of adsorption are rapid as
compared to the remaining two steps.
a substance is transferred from the liquid phase to the surface of a solid,
and becomes bound by physical and/or chemical interactions [5]. It is Low Cost Adsorbents
a partition process in which few components of the liquid phase are
The removal of heavy metals by using low cost adsorbent is
relocated to the surface of the solid adsorbents. All adsorption methods found to be more encouraging in extended terms as there are several
are reliant on solid-liquid equilibrium and on mass transfer rates. materials existing locally and profusely such as natural materials,
The adsorption procedure can be batch, semi-batch and continuous. agricultural wastes or industrial by-products which can be utilized
At molecular level, adsorption is mainly due to attractive interfaces as low-cost adsorbents [6]. To be commercially viable, an adsorbent
between a surface and the group being absorbed. Depending upon should have high selectivity to facilitate quick separations, favorable
the types of intermolecular attractive forces adsorption could be of transport and kinetic characteristics, thermal and chemical stability,
following types: mechanical strength, resistance to fouling, regeneration capacity and
low solubility in the liquid in contact. Adsorption process has several
Physical adsorption advantages over the conventional methods of heavy metal removal.
It is a general incident and occurs in any solid/liquid or solid/gas Some of the gains of adsorption process are: (I) Economical, (II)
system. Physical adsorption is a process in which binding of adsorbate metal selectivity, (III) Regenerative, (IV) Absence of toxic sludge
on the adsorbent surface is caused by van der Waals forces of attraction. generation (V) metal recovery and most importantly (VI) effective.
The electronic structure of the atom or molecule is hardly disturbed Various low cost adsorbent derived from various natural as well as
anthropogenic sources have been implemented for treatment of waste
Heavy metal Toxicity MCL (mg/L)
water contaminated with heavy metals. The adsorbents mostly used are
Skin manifestations, visceral cancers, vascular
agricultural waste, industrial byproducts, natural materials or modified
Arsenic (As) 0.050 biopolymers.
disease
Kidney damage, renal disorder, human
Cadmium (Cd)
carcinogen
0.01 Adsorption by Natural Materials
Headache, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting,
Chromium (Cr)
carcinogenic
0.05 Zeolites
Copper (Cu) Liver damage, Wilson disease, Insomnia 0.25 They are naturally occurring crystalline alumino silicates consisting
Dermatitis, nausea, chronic asthma, coughing, of a skeleton of tetrahedral molecules, connected with each other by
Nickel (Ni) 0.20
human carcinogen
mutual oxygen atoms. Ion exchanging capacities of zeolites make
Depression, lethargy, neurological signs and
Zinc (Zn)
increased thirst
0.80 them a suitable candidate for removal of heavy metals. Adsorption
Damage the fetal brain, diseases of kidney,
in zeolites is in fact a choosy and reversible packing of crystal cages,
Lead (Pb) 0.006 so surface area is not a significant aspect. Zeolites consist of a wide
circulatory system and nervous system
Rheumatoid arthritis and disease of kidneys, variety of species such as clinoptilolite and chabazite. Among the
Mercury (Hg) 0.00003
circulatory and nervous system different zeolites, clinoptilolite has been extensively studied and was
Table 1: The MCL standards for the most hazardous heavy metals [5]. shown to have high selectivity for metals like Pb (II), Cd (II), Zn (II)

J Bioremed Biodeg
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 6 • 1000315
Citation: Tripathi A, Ranjan MR (2015) Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Low Cost Adsorbents. J Bioremed Biodeg 6: 315.
doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000315

Page 3 of 5

and cu (II). Several zeolites are modified during the past few years to and TOC can cause diminution of dissolved oxygen (DO) content in
increase their efficiency. Clinoptilolite was found to be more effectively water and can make threats to the aquatic life. Consequently, plant
removing heavy metals owing to its ion exchange capability, followed wastes require to be modified or treated ahead of being applied for the
by pretreatment [5,7]. cleansing of heavy metals.

Clay New products such as jackfruit, rice husk, pecan shells, hazenut
shell, maize cob or husk are also used for adsorbent for heavy metal
There are three main groups of clays: kaolinite, montmorillonite- elimination after chemical modifications. Chemically modified
smectite, and mica. The montmorillonite has the highest cation agricultural wastes have been found to have enhanced chelating
exchange capacity and its recent market price is found to be 20 times efficiency. Wheat bran, a by-product of wheat milling industries proved
cheaper as compared to activated carbon. Their heavy metals removal to be a good adsorbent for removal of many types of heavy metal ions
capacity is less as compared to zeolites but their easy availability and which eventually results in better efficiency of adsorption of copper
economical properties give back their less efficiency. Efficiency for ions as reported by O zer et al. [32]. Orange peel has been used for
heavy metal removal by clay could be improved by modifying them to Ni (II) removal from simulated wastewater [33]. Similarly, Adsorption
clay-polymer composites [8-10].
of divalent heavy metal ions particularly Cu2+, Zn2+, Co2+, Ni2+
and Pb2+ onto acid and alkali treated banana and orange peels was
Peat moss
performed by Annadurai et al. in 2002 [34]. Activated Coconut shell
Abundant in nature and has a very high organic content. Its large carbon powder (ACSCP) and Activated charcoal powder (ACP) is
surface area (≥ 200 m2/g) and high porosity makes it an effective agent used as adsorbent for removal of Lead from electrochemical industry
for heavy metal removal from wastewater. It was observed that peat effluent [35]. There are several other examples of chemically modified
moss plays an important role in treatment of metal-bearing industrial agricultural wastes also. Moreover, factors like pH, temperature,
effluents such as Cu2+ , Cd2+ , Zn2+ and Ni2+ [11]. The adsorption capacity contact period, initial concentration of metal, agitation rate, dosage of
of sphagnum peat moss was found to be 132 mg of Cr6+/g at a pH range adsorbent etc. affects the adsorption capacity [36].
of 1.5-3.0. The most striking benefit of this adsorbent in treatment is
the easiness of the system, low cost, and the capability to acknowledge Adsorption by Industrial Wastes
a wide variation of effluent composition [12]. Various industrial wastes have also got adsorption capacity and can
be used for adsorbing heavy metals from wastewater. These industrial
Chitin: It is the second most abundant natural biopolymer followed
wastes are produced as a by-product and are used rarely for any
by cellulose. Chitin is a long-chain polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine, a
purpose. The by-product nature renders it to be easily available and
derivative of glucose. It is the main component of the cell walls of fungi,
very economical also. These industrial wastes are found to have good
the exoskeletons of arthropods such as crustaceans (e.g., crabs, lobsters
application as adsorbent. Adsorptive capacity of these wastes could be
and shrimps) and insects, the radulas of mollusks, and the beaks and
increased followed by slight processing. Industrial by-products such as
internal shells of cephalopods, including squid and octopuses. It has
fly ash [37,38], blast furnace sludge [39,40], waste slurry, lignin-a black
been used for removal of several heavy metals in the past. Currently,
liquor waste of paper industry [41,42,43], iron (III) hydroxide [44,45]
chitosan, which is produced by alkaline N-deacetylation of chitin, is
and red mud [46,47] have been explored for their technical feasibility
drawing an increased amount of research interest for its heavy metal
to remove toxic heavy metals from contaminated water. Other
removal capability due to chelating property. It can be made by treating
industrial wastes, coffee husks [48], Areca waste [49], tea factory waste
shrimp and other crustacean shells with the alkali sodium hydroxide. [50], sugar beet pulp [51], waste pomace of olive oil factory waste [52],
Chitosan has been used for treatment of Hg2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cr6+, battery industry waste, waste biogas residual slurry [53], sea nodule
Cd2+, and Pb2+. residue [54] and grape stalk wastes [29] have been utilized as low-cost
Adsorption by Agricultural Wastes adsorbents for the removal of toxic heavy metals from wastewater.
Several adsorbents have been used for adsorption of Zinc from waste
Use of agricultural byproducts as adsorbents for heavy metal water. Some of the highest adsorption capacities reported for Zn2+
removal from industrial waste water has been increasing nowadays. are 168 mg/g powdered waste sludge, 128.8 mg/g dried marine green
Most of the studies were focused on plant wastes such as rice husk macroalgae, 73.2mg/g lignin, 55.82mg/g cassava waste, and 52.91mg/g
and neem bark [13,14], Black gram husk [15], Waste tea, Turkish bentonite [55].
coffee, Walnut shell [16] etc. Some more adsorbents like papaya wood
[17], maize leaf [18], teak leaf powder [19], coraindrum sativum [20], Conclusion
lalang (Imperata cylindrica) leaf powder [21], peanut hull pellets [22], The recent worldwide trend to achieve higher environmental
sago waste [23], saltbush (Atriplex canescens) leaves [24,25], tree standards favors the usage of low cost systems for treatment of effluents.
fern [26-28], grape stalk wastes [29], etc. are also studied in detail. In the meantime various low cost adsorbent derived from agricultural
The benefits of using agricultural wastes for wastewater treatment waste or natural products have been extensively investigated for heavy
include easy technique, needs modest processing, superior adsorption metal removal from contaminated wastewater. It has been found that
ability, selective adsorption of heavy metal ions, economical, easy after chemical or thermal modifications, agricultural waste exhibited
availability and easy regeneration. On the other hand, the use of tremendous heavy metal removal capability. Concentration of
untreated agricultural wastes as adsorbents can also fetch a number of adsorbate, extent of surface modification and adsorbent characteristics
problems such as small adsorption ability, elevated chemical oxygen are the factors responsible for metal adsorption capability. Cost
demand (COD) and biological chemical demand (BOD) as well as total effectiveness and technical applicability are the two important key
organic carbon (TOC) due to discharge of soluble organic compounds factors for selecting effective low cost adsorbent for heavy metal
contained in the plant materials [30,31]. The increase of the COD, BOD removal.

J Bioremed Biodeg
ISSN: 2155-6199 JBRBD, an open access journal Volume 6 • Issue 6 • 1000315
Citation: Tripathi A, Ranjan MR (2015) Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater Using Low Cost Adsorbents. J Bioremed Biodeg 6: 315.
doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000315

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doi:10.4172/2155-6199.1000315

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