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Variation of Current in LDR Circuit

The document describes a physics project on studying the variation in current in a light dependent resistor (LDR) circuit. The aim is to observe how the current changes with variations in the power and distance of incandescent lamps illuminating the LDR. The apparatus, circuit diagram, theory behind LDR operation, procedure, sources of error, bibliography, applications are explained. The conclusion is that current increases as light intensity increases with decreasing distance from the lamp or increasing lamp power.

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Chitranshi Paneru
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340 views

Variation of Current in LDR Circuit

The document describes a physics project on studying the variation in current in a light dependent resistor (LDR) circuit. The aim is to observe how the current changes with variations in the power and distance of incandescent lamps illuminating the LDR. The apparatus, circuit diagram, theory behind LDR operation, procedure, sources of error, bibliography, applications are explained. The conclusion is that current increases as light intensity increases with decreasing distance from the lamp or increasing lamp power.

Uploaded by

Chitranshi Paneru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Index

1) Certificate
2) Acknowledgements
3) Aim
4) Apparatus
5) Introduction
6) Applications
7) Theory
8) Procedure
9) Conclusion
10) Sources of error
11) Bibliography
12) End of project
DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, RUDRAPUR
SESSION:2023-2024

PHYSICS PROJECT ON

“VARIATION OF CURRENT IN LDR


CIRCUIT”
PROJECT SUBMITTED AS PER THE REQUIREMENT OF CBSE EXAM (2023-24)

Submitted by: Chitranshi Paneru Under the guidance of:


Class & Section: XII-A Mr. Akshay Singhal
Roll No:10 ________________
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to
my teacher Mr. Akshay Singhal as well as our principal
Mr. Chetan Chauhan who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
VARIATION IN CURRENT IN LDR, which also
helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new things.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and


friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.

Student’s Name: Chitranshi Paneru


Class & Section: XII-A
Date of Submission of Project: 15 November 2023
Certificate of completion
This is to certify that the content of this project entitled
“VARIATION OF CURRENT IN LDR CIRCUIT” by
Chitranshi Paneru is the bona fide work of hers submitted
to DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, RUDRAPUR for
consideration in partial fulfillment of the requirement of
CBSE, Delhi for the award of Senior School Certificate in
Physics.
The original research work was carried out by her under
my supervision in the academic year 2023-24. She has
taken proper care and shown utmost sincerity in
completing this project. On the basis of the declaration
made by her, I recommend this project report for
evaluation.

Teacher’s Name: Mr. Akshay Singhal


Certified by:
AIM
To study the variation in current flowing in a circuit
containing LDR because of a variation in:
a) The power of incandescent lamp, used to
illuminate the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a
fixed distance).
b) The distance of incandescent lamp (of fixed
power) used to illuminate the LDR.
Apparatus
1) LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)
2) Connecting wires
3) Bulb holder
4) Bulbs of different power rating
5) Meter scale
6) Multimeter
7) Battery
introduction
A photoresistor or light dependent resistor is a component that is
sensitive to light. When light falls upon it then the resistance
changes changes. Values of resistance of the LDR may change
over many orders of magnitude the value of resistance falling as
the level of light increases.
With such a wide variations in resistance, LDRs are easy to use
and there are many LDR circuits available. The sensitivity of light
dependent resistors or photoresistor also varies with the
wavelength of the incident light.
LDRs are made from semiconductor materials to enable them to
have their light sensitive properties. Many materials can be used,
but one popular material for these
photoresistor is cadmium sulphide.
Types of photoresistor :
 Intrinsic photoresistor : Intrinsic photoresistor use un-doped
semiconductor materials including silicon or germanium.
Photons fall on the LDR excite electrons moving them from the
valence band to the conduction band. As a result these electrons
are free to conduct electricity. The more light that falls on the
device, the more electrons are liberated and the greater the level
of conductivity, and this results in a lower level of resistance.
 Extrinsic photoresietor: Extrinsic photoresistor are
manufactured from semiconductor of material doped with
impurities. These impurities or dopants create a new energy
band above the existing valence band. As a result, electrons
need less energy to transfer to the conduction band because of
smaller energy gap.
LDR Symbol:
The LDR symbol user in circuits is based around the resistor
circuit symbol, but shows the light, in the form of arrows shining
on it.

Circuit symbols used for light dependent resistor /


photoresistor
Theory
1)LDR and its characteristics
When light is incident on it, a photon is absorbed and thereby it
excites an electron from valence band into conduction band. Due
to such new electrons coming up in conduction band area, the
electrical resistance of the device decreases. Thus the LDR or
photo-conductive transducer has the resistance which is the
inverse function of radiation intensity.
ℎ. 𝒸
𝜆𝜊 =
e. Eω
λo=threshold wavelength, in meters
e = charge on one electron, in Coulombs Ew
= work function of the metal used, in Ev

Here we must note that any radiation with wavelength greater than
the value obtained in above equation CANNOT PRODUCE any
change in the resistance of this device.
The gap energy of Cadmium Sulphide is 2.42eV and for Cadmium
Selenide it is 1.74eV. Due to such large energy gaps, both the
materials have extremely high resistivity at room temperature.
Such large energy gaps, both the materials have extremely high
resistivity at room temperature.
Characteristics of photoconductive cells:
Now when the device kept in darkness, its resistance is called a
dark resistance. This resistance is typically of the order of
1013ohms. When light falls on it, its resistance decreases up to
level kilo ohms or even hundreds of ohms, depending on the
intensity of light, falling on it.
The spectral response characteristics of two commercial cells were
compared in our laboratory. And we found that there is almost no
response to the radiation of a wavelength which was shorter than
300nm. It was very interesting to note that the Cadmium Sulphide
cell has a peak response nearer or within the green color of the
spectrum with a range of 520nm. Thus it can be used nearer to the
infrared region up to 750nm. It was found that the maximum
response of Cadmium Sulphoselenide is in the yellow- orange
range at 615nm and also it can be used in the infrared region up to
about 970nm.
Sensitivity :
The sensitivity of a photo detector is the relationship between the
light falling on the device and the resulting output signal. In the
case of a photocell, one is dealing with the relationship between
the incident light and the corresponding resistance of the cell.
Spectral Response :
Like the human eye, the relative sensitivity of a photoconductive
cell is dependent on the wavelength (color) of the incident light.
Each photoconductor material type has its own unique spectral
response curve or plot of the relative response of the photocell
versus wavelength of light.
procedure
1) Draw a diagram showing the
scheme of the connections as
shown in fig.
2) Make the connections as given in
the diagram.
Arrange the incandescent
lamp and LDR so that they are in same straight line, and
make sure that both are stable.
3) To find the resistance, set the multimeter to ohm section
and select suitable range and measure the resistance of
LDR with a bulb on.
4) In multimeter select the switch to microampere to get
current.
5) Switch on the bulb and take different readings with
different power sources played at same distance.
6) Now repeat these steps again with different power sources
at different distances and repeat the observations.
conclusion
o The LDR resistance decreases with increase in intensity of
light and hence there is an increase in the flow of current.
o There is an increase in current as the distance from the
source decreases.
o The intensity decreases as the distance from the source
increases.
Sources of error
o The LDR may not be perpendicular to the source.
o Connections may be faulty.
o Experiment should be conducted in a dark room.
o Measurements should be taken accurately.
bibliography
 NCERT Class-12 Physics

 www.technologystudent.com/elec1/ldr1

 Physics Lab Manual Class-12

 https://en.wikipedia.org

 https://www.google.co.in

 Physics for you blogs


applications
Analog Applications:
 Camera Exposure Control
 Auto Slide Focus- dual cell
 Photocopy machines
 Electronic scales- dual cell
 Automated Rear View Mirror

Digital Applications:
 Automatic headlight Dimmer
 Night Light Control
 Street Light Control
 Position Sensor

 LDR has a disadvantage that when its temperature


changes, its resistance changes drastically for a
particular light intensity.

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