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Oscillations are periodic variations in some measure, usually over time, about a central value. It is
a time-dependent measure of some recurrent variation.

 It can be calculated in terms of a condition of equilibrium.

 In simple terms, oscillation can be referred to as a body that is in constant motion also
known as oscillatory motion, when the body moves in a to and fro motion around the
same point at a uniform interval of time.
 The point about which the body moves is called the mean or equilibrium position.
 Mechanical oscillations are also called vibrations and similarly, oscillatory motion is also
called vibratory motion.
 Examples of oscillatory motion are the motion of the bob of a pendulum, the motion of the
piston of an automobile engine, the motion of the mass attached to a spring, etc.
 Every oscillatory motion is a periodic motion, but every periodic motion is not oscillatory.

Oscillations Calculation

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If a body performing the oscillatory motion, then the following terms can be calculated:

 Time Period: The time taken by an oscillating body to complete one oscillation is called its
time period or period of oscillations. It is denoted by T and its SI unit is second.
 Frequency: The number of oscillations completed by an oscillating body is called the
frequency of the body. It is denoted by η or f.

The relation between time period and frequency is given by

frequency (η) = 1/ time period (T)

A block of mass m attached to a spring of spring constant k performs oscillatory motion and the
time period is given by

\(T=2\pi \sqrt {2m\over k}\)

The motion of the bob of the simple pendulum is also an example of oscillatory motion. Let l be the
length of the string of the pendulum, then its time period is given by

\(T=2\pi \sqrt {l\over g}\)

The time period of the oscillation of a torsional pendulum having a moment of inertia I of the body
and torsional constant c is given by

\(T=2\pi \sqrt {I\over c}\)

The time period of the oscillation of liquid in a U-tube of length l, is given by

\(T=2\pi \sqrt {l\over 2g}\)

 Oscillation of Pendulum
Simple Harmonic Motion

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Simple Harmonic Motion is one of the most simple forms of oscillatory motion that occurs
frequently in nature. A particle is said to execute simple harmonic motion (SHM), if it moves to and
fro about a fixed point or mean position under the action of restoring force (F) which is directly
proportional to its displacement (x) from the mean position, and is always directed towards the
mean position. It is given by

F = -kx

where

 k is the force constant or restoring constant and the negative sign indicates that force
resists growth in x.
 N/m is the SI unit of force constant.

This force is known as the restoring force, and it pulls the particle back to its equilibrium position
as opposing displacement increases.

Oscillations Types

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Three of the most important types of simple harmonic motion are:

Free Oscillation

A system is said to execute free oscillations if on being disturbed from its mean position, it
oscillates itself with natural frequency.

 When the damping in the system is equal to zero then the amplitude remains fixed.
 However, this particular theory is applicable only in cases where damping always occurs.
 In order to exclude the interference of outside forces the deduction in forces can be referred
to as damping as a result of which energy, amplitude, and frequency all three of them
remain fixed.

Damped Oscillations
The oscillation in which the amplitude decreases gradually with time is called Damped Oscillation.
The decrease in amplitude of oscillations is due to air drag and friction at the support, which
opposes the motion of the pendulum.

 Damping force is a frictional force that acts on a body in the opposite direction of its motion.
The Velocity and Kinetic Energy of a moving body is reduced by the damping force.
 Damping or dissipative forces are non-conservative in nature and are caused by the
viscosity or friction in the medium.
 When body velocities are low, the damping force is found to be proportional to particle
velocity.
 Different types of damped oscillations are: 1) Under damped oscillations 2) Critically
damped oscillations 3) Over damped oscillations

Forced Harmonic Oscillator

When a damped harmonic oscillator is subjected to an additional periodic force, the oscillating
system is referred to as a driven or forced harmonic oscillator, and its oscillations are referred to
as forced oscillations or driven oscillations.

For example, when a person is on a swing, he/she has to constantly push the swing in order to
keep it moving at a constant pace, or else the speed will start to decrease.

Read Also: Displacement Current Important Notes

Oscillations Resonance

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Resonance is the phenomenon of an increase in amplitude when the driving force is close to the
oscillator's native frequency. When the frequency of applied force equals the natural frequency of
the oscillator without damping, resonance occurs.

 It is a phenomenon in which one external vibrating system produces a higher amplitude

oscillation of another system at a specific frequency.
 A resonant frequency is referred to as the frequency at that particular resonance level.
 The resonance frequency can be detected, for example, when tuning a guitar with the help
of another guitar.
 The amplitude of the string's vibration is largest in this situation.
 The vibrational energy stored in the system is the cause of significant amplitude oscillations
created at those resonant frequencies.

There are various kinds of resonance which are as follows:

 Mechanical Resonance
 Acoustic Resonance
 Orbital Resonance
 Electrical Resonance
 Particle Resonance
 Optical Resonance

Previous Years Questions

 1. A simple pendulum is taken from the equator to the pole. its period
2. If the length of the seconds pendulum is increased by 2%, then in a day the
pendulum
3. The motion which is not simple harmonic is
4. A simple pendulum of frequency n falls freely under gravity from a certain height
from the ground level. Its frequency of oscillation will
5. The acceleration shows a phase lead over the velocity in radians of
6. A pendulum of length 1 m is released from θ = 60∘. The rate of change of speed of the
bob
7. Its time period when it is completely immersed in a liquid of density one-eighth of the
density of the material of the bob is
8. The value of spring constant is
9. If the differential equation for a simple harmonic motion is d2ydt2+2y=0, the time-
period of the motion is
10. Identify the wrong statement from the following
11. At a distance of 0.707A0.707A from the mean position, its kinetic energy is
12. A all of mass m is just kept on top of the spring. The maximum velocity of the ball is
13. If one of the springs is removed. the frequency will be
14. A linear harmonic oscillator with force constant 3.210N m and amplitude 0.01 m has a
15. The particle is slightly displaced from its equilibrium position. The particle oscillates
with the angular frequency ω given by
16. Which of the following do not change with time?
17. The angular frequency of oscillation is given by
18. For a simple pendulum, the graph between T2 and L is
19. Which of the following is not characteristic of simple harmonic oscillation?
20. The amplitude of oscillation is equal to

Things to Remember
 Oscillation is a time-dependent measure of some recurrent variation.
 Oscillatory motion is also called vibratory motion.
 A body executing simple harmonic motion moves to and fro about a mean position under
the action of restoring force.
 A system is said to execute free oscillations if on being disturbed from its mean position, it
oscillates itself with natural frequency.
 In damped oscillations, the decrease in amplitude of oscillations is due to air drag and
friction at the support, which opposes the motion.
 When a body is compelled to oscillate with a frequency other than its natural frequency,
then it is said to execute forced oscillations.

Sample Questions
Ques 1: A 0.2kg mass is linked to one of the springs, which oscillates with a 3s period. What is the
frequency of the event? (2 marks)

Ques 2: A spring with a 1500 N/m spring constant is crushed by 0.87m. What is the total amount of potential
energy that has been generated? (2 marks)

Ques 3: At a height of 3 meters above the earth, a pendulum is released from its rest. What will be its longest
height on the other side if no other forces (besides gravity) are operating on it? (5 marks)

Ques 4: The spring constant of a spring is 200 N/m. How much effort is needed to compress it by 0.1m? (4
marks)

Ques 5: At the end of a spring, a mass is placed. It has a velocity of v at the start and is free to oscillate.
What is the period of a mass with an initial velocity of 2v? (1 mark)
CBSE CLASS XII Related Questions
1.

A closely wound solenoid of 800 turns and area of cross section 2.5 × 10 m carries a
-4 2

current of 3.0 A. Explain the sense in which the solenoid acts like a bar magnet. What
is its associated magnetic moment?
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2.

A parallel plate capacitor with air between the plates has a capacitance of 8 pF (1pF =
10 F). What will be the capacitance if the distance between the plates is reduced by
–12

half, and the space between them is filled with a substance of dielectric constant 6?
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3.

A tank is filled with water to a height of 12.5cm. The apparent depth of a needle lying at
the bottom of the tank is measured by a microscope to be 9.4cm. What is the refractive
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height, by what distance would the microscope have to be moved to focus on the
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4.

Light incident normally on a plane mirror attached to a galvanometer coil retraces

backwards as shown in Fig. 9.29. A current in the coil produces a deflection of 3.5o of
the mirror. What is the displacement of the reflected spot of light on a screen placed 1.5
m away?

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5.

A Cassegrain telescope uses two mirrors as shown in Fig. 9.26. Such a telescope is
built with the mirrors 20mm apart. If the radius of curvature of the large mirror is 220mm
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6.
A bar magnet of magnetic moment 1.5 J T lies aligned with the direction of a uniform
-1

magnetic field of 0.22 T.

1. What is the amount of work required by an external torque to turn the magnet so
as to align its magnetic moment:
(i) normal to the field direction,
(ii) opposite to the field direction?
2. What is the torque on the magnet in cases (i) and (ii) ?