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Hill Cipher

Hill cipher is a polygraphic cipher that encrypts multiple letters as a group. It uses linear algebra where each letter is assigned a number and encryption is performed by multiplying the plaintext vector by the encryption key matrix. For example, the plaintext "paymoremoney" encrypted with the key matrix [[11,13,5],[15,17,6],[24,0,17]] results in the ciphertext "LNSHDLEWMTRW". Decryption requires multiplying the ciphertext vector by the inverse of the encryption key matrix. The document also provides an example of decrypting a ciphertext and finding the encryption key given a plaintext and ciphertext.

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159 views5 pages

Hill Cipher

Hill cipher is a polygraphic cipher that encrypts multiple letters as a group. It uses linear algebra where each letter is assigned a number and encryption is performed by multiplying the plaintext vector by the encryption key matrix. For example, the plaintext "paymoremoney" encrypted with the key matrix [[11,13,5],[15,17,6],[24,0,17]] results in the ciphertext "LNSHDLEWMTRW". Decryption requires multiplying the ciphertext vector by the inverse of the encryption key matrix. The document also provides an example of decrypting a ciphertext and finding the encryption key given a plaintext and ciphertext.

Uploaded by

archanaa04092002
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Technical collage /Najaf Communication security

4- Hill cipher:

Hill cipher is a multiletter cipher . The encryption algorithm takes m


successive plaintext letters and substitutes for them m ciphertext letters.
The substitution is determined by m linear equations in which each
character is assigned a numerical value (a = 0, b = 1 ... z = 25). For m = 3,
the system can be described as follows:

This can be expressed in term of column vectors and matrices:

Or

C is cipher letter (3x1)


K is key (3x3).
P is plaintext letter (3x1).

In general terms, the Hill system can be expressed as follows:

By Marwa Al-Musawy
-18-
Technical collage /Najaf Communication security

Ex: plaintext = paymoremoney


and use the encryption key is

Find the ciphertext?


Sol:
pay mor emo ney
first three letters p=15 , a=0 , y=24
this can be represented in vector as :
15
P= 0
24
Then;

C=K P mod 26= mod26

11 = L , 13 = N , 18 = S

So , pay LNS .continuing in this fashion,

The ciphertext for the entire plaintext is LNSHDLEWMTRW.

Ex :

Decrypt the above ciphertext ?

Sol.

Decryption requires using the inverse of the matrix K. The inverse K

By Marwa Al-Musawy
-19-
Technical collage /Najaf Communication security

of a matrix K is defined by the equation KK = K K = I,

This is demonstrated as follows:

P= D(K,C)= K . C mod 26

P1 4 9 15 11 15 p
P2 = 15 17 6 13 mod26= 0 a
P3 24 0 17 5 24 y

H.W
The plaintext "friday" is encrypted using a 2 x 2 Hill cipher to yield the
ciphertext PQCFKU, find the encrypted key?

Note: to find additive inverse modulo n of an integer we use the table


below ,as example modulo 5

0 1 2 3 4
0 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 2 3 4 0
2 2 3 4 0 1
3 3 4 0 1 2
4 4 0 1 2 3

By Marwa Al-Musawy
-20-
Technical collage /Najaf Communication security

The negative of integer x is the integer y ,such that


( x+ y) mod n =0
(x+y) mod 5=0
If x=2 y=3 because (2+3)mod 5=0

If x=4 y=1 because (4+1) mod 5=0


While the multiplicative inverse of an integer x is y such that
(x* y) mod n=1
Example of modulo 5 multiplicative invers of an integer x is
0 1 2 3 4
0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 2 3 4
2 0 2 4 1 3
3 0 3 1 4 2
4 0 4 3 2 1

(x*y) mod 5 =1

If x= 2 y=3 because (2*3) mode 5=1

If x= 4 y=4 because (4*4) mod 5=1

Example :

Find 5 8 for modulo 26 ?

17 3

solution :

By Marwa Al-Musawy
-21-
Technical collage /Najaf Communication security

By Marwa Al-Musawy
-22-

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