REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY

1. Hormonal changes during Pregnancy and Parturition (5)/Hormonal changes

during pregnancy (5)
2. Normal range of sperm count in adult male. Describe hormonal regulation of
spermatogenesis. What is the effect of temperature on spermatogenesis?
(3M) x2
3. Define Contraception. Describe the mechanism of actions of IUDS and oral
contraceptive pills in reducing the likelihood of pregnancy. (3) x2
4. Structure and functions of sperms. Normal range and effect of temp(3)
5. Female contraceptive methods (3) x2
6. Hormonal changes during menstrual cycle (3) (5) x2
7. Pregnancy tests (3/5) x2
8. Secretion and ejection of milk (2)
9. Role of hormones in breast development (2)
10. Functions of Testosterone x3
11. Short note on puberty (3/5) x3
12. Functions of progesterone(5) x2
13. Placenta is an essential component of pregnancy (3) x2
14. Safe period depends on the duration of Follicular phase of menstrual cycle (3)
15. Functions of estrogen (5)
16. Menstrual cycle (5) x3
17. Spermatogenesis (5) x2
18. Short note on Lactation (5)
19. Parturition Reflex (5)
20. Puberty Changes in Boys (5)
21. Amenorrhea during lactation (3)

ENDOCINOLOGY -
INSULIN AND GLUCAGON

1. Normal Values of fasting and Post prandial blood glucose x2

2. Effects of insulin x6 (3)
3. Physiological basis of Polyphagia, Polydipsia and Poluria in DM x6
4. Case on DM x7
5. Role of pancreas in blood glucose regulation (3)
6. Explain type 2 diabetes mellitus (1) x2
7. Explain effect of glucocorticoids on blood glucose levels
8. Dislipidemia in Type 2 DM (3)
9. Hyperglycemia in Type2 DM (3)

CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS
1. Effects of Parathyroid, Vit D and Calcitonin on calcium homeostasis.
What is rickets? (3M)
2. What are osteoporosis and ricket? Role of vit D and and
parathormone in these?
3. Functions of Parath in calcium homeostasis

ADRENAL CORTEX
1. List hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex. Describe briefly the
effects of Glucocorticoids on Carbohydrate and protein metabolism.
Explain permissive effects of Glucocorticoids (3)
 2. Functions of glucocorticoids and why is cortisol essential for life? (3)
x3
3. Functions of hormones secreted from adrenal cortex (3)
4. Hyperglycemia in Cushing's Syndrome (3)
5. High BP in Conn’s Syndrome (3)
6. Physio basis - Aldosterone helps in salt and water balance (3)

THYROID
1. Define goitre. Why iodine deficiency causes goitre? (exopthalmos
seen in Grave’s disease/Hypothyroidism/Iodine def.) x6 (2)
2. Functions of thyroid x4
3. Iodine deficiency causes increased levels of TSH (3)
4. Why TSH levels are high in hypothyroidism (3)
5. Explain - Thyroid is important for brain development (3)
6. High ADH level in blood during summer season as compared to winter
season (3)
7. Case on Hypothyroidism due to low iodine consumption
8. Case on Hashimoto’s disease
9. Regulation of Thyroid secretion (3)

PITUITARY
1. Which are the anterior pituitary hormones? (1) x2
2. Describe functions of GH (4) x3
3. Write short note on acromegaly (in combination with functions of GH)
4. Functions of oxytocin (3)
5. Posterior pituitary is essential for normal lactation reflex (3)
6. Functions of Posterior Pituitary hormone x2
7. Physiological basis - Pituitary gland is required for normal health (3)
8. Physio basis - Acromegaly occurs in post-pubertal years (3)

CNS
1. Define synapse. Why is there only one way of conduction of impulse at chemical
synapse?(2) x3
2. Describe the formation, composition and functions of CSF. What is hydrocephalus?
(3)
3. Differentiate b/w somatic and visceral pain (3M) x3
4. Case on Parkinson’s disease
5. Unlike PNS neurons, why CNS neurons DO NOT show regeneration
6. Why is REM sleep called paradoxical sleep?/Explain REM sleep (2) x2
7. Why UMN paralysis is characterized by spasticity and exaggeration of deep
reflexes(2) x3
8. Referred pain (2) x5
9. What are Pyramidal and Extrapyramidal tracts? Function of pyramidal tracts (3)
10. Compare-Contrast REM and NREM sleep x3
11. What are the 2 main sensory systems of sensory tracts? Enumerate the sensations
they carry (3) x2
12. Differentiate between Phasic and tonic receptors and mention their clinical
importance (3)
13. Functions of Cerebellum (3) x3
14. Case on Alzheimer’s disease
15. Role of hippocampus in memory? (1)
16. Give various types of memory with example of each (2)
 17. Why brain infections are often fatal (2)
18. Why LMN lesions are characterized by flaccidity and absence of deep reflexes? (2)
x4
19. Phantom limb (2)
20. Generation of muscle tone in normal health (3) x2
21. Short note on working of Wernicke’s area (2)
22. Normal sleep is essential for healthy living (2) x2
23. Normal hypothalamus function is essential for healthy living (2)
24. Functions of hypothalamus (3)
25. Damage to Basal ganglia affects voluntary motor activity
26. Explain - Aphasia (2)
27. Law of Projection (2)
28. Physiological basis of Hypotonia (3)
29. Pain Pathway (3) x2
30. Muscle Stretch Reflex (3) x2
31. Explain Hydrocephalus (3)
32. Physiological Babinski sign (3)

Temperature and Skin

1. Define Fever. Why Majority of bacterial and Viral infections leads to Fever?(2)
2. Functions of skin (3)
3. Role of skin in temperature regulation (3)
4. Role of skin in protection (2)
5. Role of Hypothalamus in Temperature regulation (3)
6. Shivering occurs during exposure to extreme cold environment (3)

SPECIAL SENSES
1. Why vit.A deficiency leads to night blindness? (2) x3
2. Accommodation (3)
3. Functions of middle and internal ear (+external) (3) x3
4. What is visual acuity? How is it affected in myopia and hypermetropia? (2)
5. What are the types of deafness? Why do some individuals' hearing deteriorate in old
age?
6. Functions of rods and cones (3)
7. Biconcave lenses are used for correction of myopia
8. Damage to middle ear causes deafness (2)
9. Refractive errors of eye and their correction (3) x2
10. Hearing function tests and their clinical importance (3)
11. Explain - Myopia (2) x2
12. Functions of Cornea, Sclera and Lens

NEUROMUSCULAR PHYSIOLOGY
1. Differentiate b/w fast and slow skeletal muscles with examples (3)
2. Rigor mortis x3
3. Excitation contraction coupling -role of Ca2+, troponin, tropomysin in contraction and
relaxation(3) x2
4. Muscle fatigue and factors causing it (3) x2
5. Case on Myasthenia gravis
 6. Muscle weakness in Myasthenia gravis (2)
7. 3 Differences in functioning of skeletal muscles(3)
8. Neuromuscular transmission in skeletal muscle (3) x4
9. Cross bridge theory of skeletal muscle contraction (3)

HEMATOLOGY
1. Define Clotting. Role of Liver and platelets (3)
2. Define immunity. Differentiate between active and passive immunity by giving
suitable examples. (3)
3. Define immunity. Diff b/w innate and acquired immunity (3)[or write in brief about
innate or acquired] x3
4. Functions of lymph(2)
5. Case on hemophilia
6. Intrinsic mechanism of clotting (2)
7. Classify WBCs. Give functions of Macrophages (3)
8. Importance of blood grouping (3)
9. Normal count and functions of platelets (3) x3
10. Why acquired immunity is not possible without lymphocytes (2)
11. High frequency of infections in AIDs patient (2) x2
12. Blood transfusion mismatch is dangerous for life
13. Classify WBCs. Functions of neutrophils andLymphocytes. (3) x2
14. Hemostasis short note (3)
15. Short note on platelets (3)
16. Physiological basis of Vaccination (3)
17. Role of vitamins in Erythropoiesis (3)
18. Regulation of Erythropoiesis (3)
19. Abnormal hemostasis in Hemophilia(3)
20. Role of B and T lymphocytes in immunity (3)
21. Hemolytic Jaundice in mismatched Blood transfusion (3) x2
22. Innate immunity (3)

GI PHYSIOLOGY
1. Functions of stomach(2) x4
2. Define oedema. Why severe liver disease causes oedema x4
3. Functions of Bile (3)
4. Digestive functions of pancreatic juice (3)
5. Case on peptic ulcer
6. Functions of Liver (3) x5
7. Why B12-folate deficiency cause anemia?
8. Mechanism of Hcl Secretion (3)
9. Explain peristalsis in normal health (3) x3
10. Functions of Saliva (3) x1
11. Normal stomach function is essential for erythropoiesis (2)
12. Removal of gall bladder affects digestion of food in intestine (2)
13. Short note on gastric juice (3)
14. Defecation Reflex
15. Stages of swallowing (3)

RENAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Functions of kidneys (2) x5
2. Why is urine more concentrated in summer
3. Functions of different parts of nephron
 4. Factors regulating GFR (3)
5. Physiology of Micturation/ Micturation reflex (3) x4
6. Process of glomerular filtration (3)
7. Chronic renal failure causes anemia- explain x2.
8. Why glucose and protein are absent in normal urine(2) x2

CVS
1. Describe the pressure and volume changes in left ventricle during cardiac cycle (5)
2. Case of Hypertension (measurement of MAP,PP and role of obesity and lifestyle) x2
3. Define Murmur. Why systolic murmurs are common in anemic patients (3)
4. Heart sounds and their clinical importance (5) x2, (3) x1
5. Effects of exercise on CVS (5)
6. Define CO and SV and normal values (2)
7. Regulation of CO (3)
8. What are baroreceptors (1M)
9. Role of baroreceptors in BP regulation (3) x6
10. Normal range of BP(1)
11. What is Sinus Arrhythmia? Physiological basis
12. Regulation of HR(3) x2
13. Why exercise near or at maximum heart rate is dangerous for myocardium?
14. Explain the mechanism for increase in SBP when person is running
15. Short note on CO (3)
16. Benefit of long refractory period in cardiac muscle (2)
17. Kidney damage affects BP (2)
18. Case for calculation of MBP and PP
19. Case on Hypotension (comment of Pulse and BP)
20. Explain - SV is directly proportional to EDV (2)
21. Physiological Determinants of ABP (5)
22. Physiological basis - Prolonged PR interval (3)
23. Acute renal failure in Circulatory shock(3)
24. Case on Effect of Exercise on - HR(3) BP(3)
25. Second heart sound (3)
26. Case on Left ventricular failure - Explain fatigabilty (2) and enumerate 2 clinical signs
(1)
27. Define Ejection fraction.(1)
28. Explain Frank-Starling law (2)
29. Physio basis - Inc. CO in Excercise (3)
30. Define BP and Significance (3)
31. Calculation and significance of PP(3)
32. Cardiac muscles cannot be tetanized (3)

RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY
1. Functions and importance of surfactants (3/5) x3
2. Normal venous and arterial pCO2 values. Describe briefly transport of CO2 from
tissues to lungs
3. Normal venous and arterial pO2 values. Briefly describe how O2 is transported from
tissues to lungs./ Transport of oxygen in blood (5) x3
4. Effect of CO2 and pH on ODC
5. Chloride shift
6. Define Physiological dead space, Dyspnea, and Cyanosis (3) x2
7. Hypoxia and it’s types (3)
8. Mechanism of breathing/Pulmonary ventilation/Muscles and pressure changes during
respiration (3/5) x6
 9. Artificial Respiration and its clinical importance (3)
10. Neural regulation of Respiration (3) x3
11. What is CPR and its importance (3)
12. Diagram of ODC and explanation of shift in person with COPD
13. Name and explain involvement of any 2 accessory respiratory muscles in person with
COPD
14. RDS in premature infants (3)
15. Explain development of hypoxia in Pneumothorax and rib fracture (2)
16. Explain development of tachypnea in Pneumothorax and rib fracture (2)
17. Describe the ODC. List the factors affecting hemoglobin affinity for oxygen and their
physiological significance (4)
18. Define vital capacity, normal value and effect of posture on VC (3)
19. Why VC decrease in old age?(3)
20. Role of Chemoreceptors in Pulmonary ventilation (5)
21. Case on Obstructive Lung disease(smoker) - Mechanism of breathlessness (3),
Effect on heart rate (3), explain how chronic smoking could be responsible for
patient’s lung disease
22. Describe ODC (4)
23. Bohr effect (1)
24.

GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
1. Compare-Contrast -ve +ve feedback mechanisms (3)
2. Give one functions of peroxisome, lysosome and mitochondria (3) x3
3. Briefly explain homeostatic feedback system/ SN on Homeostasis (3) x4
4. Types of Membrane Transport Mechanisms (3)
5. Generation of Action potential (3) x2
6. Active Transport (3)
7. Negative feedback mechanisms (3)
8. Positive feedback (3)