Sikolohiyang Filipino language of research at all times.

If this is not
MODULE 1.1 Psychology and its cultural context possible, local researchers should be tapped for
INDIGENOUS PSYCHOLOGY assistance. It is in their own mother tongue that a
The scientific study of the ethnicity, society and person can truly express their innermost sentiments,
culture of a people and the application to ideas, perceptions, and attitudes.
psychological practice of indigenous knowledge Types of Indigenization
rooted in the peoples ethnic heritage and Structural Indigenization refers to the institutional
consciousness. and organizational capabilities of a nation for the
Cross-Cultural Psychology a branch of psychology production and diffusion of knowledge that is relevant.
that also examines cultural influences that affect Substantive Indigenization can be also termed
thought processes and behavior. However, this content-indigenization. It argues that the main thrust
branch of psychology explores patterns between of psychology should be on its own society, people,
various cultures. It is more specific in nature than and problems.
cultural psychology. Theoretical Indigenization takes place when
Cultural Psychology is the study of identity, child scientists are involved in constructing distinctive
development, emotions, social behavior/interactions, conceptual frameworks and metatheories which
friendships/romantic relationships, and family reflect their worldviews, social and cultural
dynamics. experiences, and perceived goals (Kumar, 1979,
Ethno-psychology a discipline that studies the p105).
psychology and behavior of the people of a particular Levels of Indigenization
ethnic community. Indigenization of methods is the process of
Volker Psychology Völkerpsychologie is a method of transformation in instruments to make them suitable
psychology that was discovered in the 19th century by for the specific characteristics of a population.
the famous psychologist, Wilhelm Wundt. Conceptual Indigenization has taken two forms:
Völkerpsychologie comes from the German culture. explanatory and paradigmatic. First, culture has been
To this day, there is no clear English word that is utilized as a source of providing psychological
similar to it. The derivative Volk, a German word, explanation and for understanding a phenomena; and
refers to “people, nation, tribe, or race”. second, for deriving constructs that set the pattern of
Indigenous Research Methods: Five Basic the study to be conducted.
Guiding Principles Enriquez' movement to develop indigenous
1. The level of interaction or relationship that psychology has evolved that emphasizes
exists between the researcher and the four dominant themes:
researched significantly determines the ● Identity and national consciousness, and
quality of the data obtained in the research indigenous conception and definition of the
process. psyche as a focus of a psychological
2. Research participants should always be research;
treated by researchers as equal, if not ● Social awareness and involvement in social
superior – a fellow human being and not like issues and problem;
a ‘‘guinea pig’’. ● National and ethnic cultures and languages,
3. The welfare of the research participants take including the study of traditional psychology;
precedence over the data obtained from ● Application of indigenous psychology in
them. The goal of research is understanding, health practices, agriculture, art, mass
but not at the expense of the very people media, religion and the study of behavior and
from whom this understanding will spring. abilities found applicable to the Philippine
The primary ethical responsibility of setting.
researchers should be to the people and not
to their institution or funding agency. MODULE 2 Sikolohiyang Pilipino: Philippine
4. The method to be used in a research should Indigenous Psychology
be chosen on the basis of appropriateness to SIKOLOHIYANG FILIPINO is the scientific study of
the population (and not sophistication of the psychology derived from the experience, ideas, and
method) and it should be made to adapt to cultural orientation of the Filipinos.
existing cultural norms. Enriquez (1985) later defined Sikolohiyang Pilipino as
5. The language of the people should be the “the study of diwa (‘psyche’)”, which in Filipino directly
refers to the wealth of ideas referred to by the
philosophical concept of ‘essence’ and an entire throw away in favor of conformity with demands of
range of psychological concepts from awareness to those who are in charge.
motives to behavior”. Pakikisama: being united with the group.
Sikolohiyang Pilipino is a step towards contributing Hindi Ibang Tao("one-of-us") - There are three
to universal psychology. interaction levels under this category:
Sikolohiya sa Pilipinas (psychology in the Pakikipagpalagayang-loob: act of mutual trust
Philippines) – the general form of psychology in the Pakikisangkot: act of joining others
Philippine context. Pakikipagkaisa: being one with others
Sikolohiya ng mga Pilipino (psychology of the 2. Pivotal interpersonal value
Filipinos) – theorizing about the psychological nature Pakiramdam: Shared inner perceptions. Filipinos use
of the Filipinos, whether from a local or a foreign damdam, or the inner perception of others' emotions,
perspective. as a basic tool to guide their dealings with other
Kalooban and Kamalayan - study of emotions and people.
experienced knowledge/cognitive experiences. 3. Linking socio-personal value
Ulirat – awareness of one’s surroundings. Kagandahang-Loob: Shared humanity. This refers to
Isip - refers to knowledge and understanding. being able to help otherpeople in dire need due to a
Diwa - which includes habits and behavior perception of being together as a part of one Filipino
Kaluluwa (or psyche) - which is the way to learning humanity.
about people’s conscience. 4. Accommodative surface values
Virgilio Enriquez: Pioneer of Sikolohiyang Pilipino Hiya: Loosely translated as 'shyness' by most
- also known as “Doc E” Western psychologists, Hiya is actually 'sense of
- was a social psychologist and the Father of propriety'.
Filipino psychology "Ama ng Sikolohiyang Utang na loob: Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are
Pilipino". expected by their neighbors tore turn favors—whether
- He established the Philippine Psychology these were asked for or not—when it is needed or
Research House (PPRH) which later wanted.
became the Philippine Psychology Research Pakikisama and Pakikipagkapwa: Smooth
and Training House (PPRTH). This place Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by
became home to materials on Sikolohiyang Lynch (1961 and 1973). This attitude is primarily
Pilipino, growing to its present size of more guided by conformity with the majority.
than 10,000 references. 5. Confrontative surface values
- One of his most significant award, the Bahala na: Bahala Na translates literally as "leave it
Outstanding Young Scientist of the up to God (Bathala)" and it is used as an expression,
Philippines from the National Academy of almost universally, in Filipino culture. Filipinos engage
Science and Technology in 1982, was in in the bahala na attitude as a culture-influenced
recognition of his work in Sikolohiyang adaptive coping strategy when faced with challenging
Pilipino. situations.
Basic Tenets and Principles in Sikolohiyang Lakas ng loob: This attitude is characterized by
Pilipino being courageous in the midst of problems and
1. Core value or Kapwa (shared inner self) uncertainties.
Kapwa is the core construct of Filipino Psychology. Pakikibaka: Literally in English, it means concurrent
Kapwa has two categories: Ibang Tao and Hindi clashes. It refers to the ability of the Filipino to
Ibang Tao. undertake revolutions and uprisings against a
Ibang Tao ("outsider") - There are five interaction common enemy.
levels under this category: 6. Societal values
Pakikitungo: civility - right behavior meant right Karangalan: Loosely translated to dignity, this
demeanor towards authorities (Parents, Elders, etc.). actually refers to what other people see in a person
Pakikisalamuha: act of mixing - This is a social and how they use that information to make a stand or
value that is primarily communitarian. It espouses the judge about his/her worth.
ability to adapt. Puri: the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how
Pakikilahok: act of joining - This translates to other people judge a person of his/her worth. This
participation of the entire community to help a person. compels a common Filipino to conform to social
Pakikibagay: conformity - This runs into conflict with norms, regardless how obsolete they are.
individuality which many Filipinos in fact willingly
Dangal: the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to PERSONHOOD It is the status of being a person.
how a person judges his own worth. PERSONALITY refers to the enduring characteristics
Katarungan: Loosely translated to justice, this and behavior that comprise a person's unique
actually refers to equity in giving rewards to a person. adjustment to life, including major traits, interests,
Kalayaan: Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may drives, values, self-concept, abilities, and emotional
clash with the less important value of pakikisama or patterns.
pakikibagay (conformity). FILIPINO CONCEPTS IN UNDERSTANDING
Four Filiations of Sikolohiyang Pilipino PERSONALITY
Zeus Salazar (1985), a historian, later examined the In defining the concept of Filipino personality,
history of Sikolohiyang Pilipino and came up with a Enriquez (1994) notes that we have actually a long
description of the four filiations of Philippine tradition of theorizing. Three reflections on the Filipino
psychology: personality which he listed are as follows:
a. The Academic-scientific psychology: the 1. the Ma’aram concept of pagkatawo (personhood),
Western Wilhelm Wundt, this coincide with the birth of which contains five elements: ginhawa (vital
scientific psychology the (German tradition) in 1876, principle), buot (perception), isip (mind), Dungan
and the entry of Western psychology (mainly (sleep spirit), and kalag (life spirit);
American tradition) at the University of the Philippines 2. Baltazar’s bait (sanity), muni (reflection), and hatol
(1908) and other schools (judgment); and
b. The Academic-philosophical psychology: the 3. Covar’s concept of Filipino personhood based on
Western (mainly clerical) This was pursued by the four elements: kaluluwa (spirit), budhi(conscience),
University of Sto. Tomas and later other schools of katauhang panlabas (external appearance), and
higher learning, under the leadership of individual katauhang panloob (inner most being).
monks and preachers and Jesuits. The study of SALAZAR’S KALULUWA AT BUDHI Ang kaluluwa
psychology as an aspect of philosophy continued in ay batis ng buhay at ginhawa.
the tradition of Thomasic philosophy and psychology. Dalawang uri ng anito;
c. Ethnic psychology: Indigenous psychology: (1) ang anito ng ating ninuno at
kinagisnan and katutubong sikolohiya. (2) ang anitong nagbabantay sa ating kalikasan.
Psychology of Filipinos - perceived ethnic traits, as Ang pagkataong Pilipino sa konteksto sa
observed by foreigners or as felt and expressed by kaluluwa ay may ilang tambalang kategorya:
Filipinos.-psychology (1) maganda/pangit na kaluluwa,
d. Psycho-medical: (2) matuwid/haling na kaluluwa at
Religion - cohesive element and explanation. (3) dalisay/maitim na kaluluwa.
(1565) Babaylan or Catalonan techniques of healing; COVAR’S BAYANG DALUMAT AT PAGKATAONG
disease theory, causation, therapy. PILIPINO
(1650) Messianic movements Pagkatao at Katauhan ang pagiging tao ay isang
(1730) Herbolaryo prosesong bayolohikal. Ang pagpapakatao ay
(1900) Espiritista naaayon naman sa prosesong kultural.
Pilipinolohiya (Filipinology) Philippine studies refers Metapora ng Katawan at Banga Sa
to the study of the Philippines and the Filipino people. makatotohanang pangungusap, sa putik nagbuhat
It encompasses the following study: ang banga, sa matalinhagang pangungusap naman,
Filipino History ang tao ay sa putik rin naman nagmula. Ang katawan
Filipino Culture ng tao ay parang isang banga. Ang banga ay may
Philippine Languages labas, loob at ilalim. Gayundin naman ang kaluluwa
Filipino Society ng tao. Sisidlan na banga. Ang laman nito ay
Filipino Life kaluluwa. Sa ilalim tumatahan ang kaluluwa, kaniig ng
Filipino Psychology budhi.
Agham -Tao (Anthropology) is the scientific study of LABAS, LOOB AT LALIM
humans, human behavior and societies in the past LABAS - Mukha Dibdib Tiyan Sikmura
and present. LOOB - Isipan Puso Bituka Atay
LALIM - Kaluluwa at Budhi
MODULE 3 Pagkataong Pilipino: Indigenous SIKILOHIYA NG PAGKATAONG PILIPINO
Filipino Personality • Ang pagbabago ng pagkatao ay nangyayari kung
ENRIQUEZ’ FILIPINO PERSONALITY THEORY siya ay linalangkapan, sinasapian o sinasaniban.
1989 Bulatao – “altered state of consiousness”
ALEJO’S LOOB FILIPINO TRAITS Common and best among
It describes about the: Konsepto ng Loob Filipinos: hospitable, respectful, strong family ties,
● Ang mga Pilipino ay meron pakikiramdam religious, helpful, hardworking.
● Tayo ay merong pakikipag-kapwa tao Church & Katigbak (2002b) & Enriquez (1992) :
● Meron tayong pagkatao Considering the historical background of the
Alejo’s example of nasa loob ng tao: Philippines with its high need to indigenize
1. Lakas ng loob psychology, Filipino psychologists emphasize the
2. Utang na loob utility of indigenous frameworks in understanding and
3. Kusang loob explainingpsychological phenomenon.”
FILIPINO PERSONALITY VALUES IN THEOLOGY NINE-FACTOR STRUCTURE
Melba Padilla Maggay - Filipinos must free BY: CHURCH, KATIGBAK, & REYES (1996); (1998)
themselves from Spanish religious teachings and 1. Makakapwa vs. Makasarili (concern for
develop their own theology and religion that others vs. egocentrism)
accurately represents Filipino values, tradition, and 2. Disiplinado (conscientiousness)
culture as expressed through our religious beliefs. 3. Relihiyoso (religious)
Dr. Serafin Talisayon - Talisayon states that Filipinos 4. Sumpungin (temperamentalness)
are Family oriented/skinship, makatao/kapwa tao 5. Tiwala sa Sarili (self-assurance)
(personalism), religious/psychic orientation, social 6. Pagiging Matalino (intellect)
acceptance, pakikiramdam, pakikisama, and 7. Pagiging Kalog (gregarious)
economic security. 8. Mga Katangiang Kanais-nais (positive
Dr. Rolando M. Gripaldo - Gripaldo coined the valence)
filipino term “pagkatao” to a person’s inner self or 9. Mga Katangiang Di Kanais-nais (negative
essence. He also emphasizes the relationship valence)
between culture and identity. FILIPINO REPRESENTTION OF THE SELF
THE AMBIVALENCE OF FILIPINO TRAITS AND (MADELENE STA. MARIA)
VALUES (EMERITA S. QUITO) 1. Ang Simpleng Tao - This type of person does not
● Hiya (shame) try to attract undue attention through his manner of
● Ningas-cogon (procrastination) dressing.
● Pakikisama (group loyalty) 2. Ang Taong Nagsusumikap - This type of person
● Patigasan (test of strength) possesses a goal in life. She acts towards the
● Bahala na (resignation) attainment of this goal. Patient, dedicated,
● Saving Face persevering - these characterize this type of person.
● Sakop (inclusion) 3. Ang Taong Tago ang Kalooban - This type of
● Mañana or "Bukas na" (procrastination) person is not easy to understand and he is likewise
● Utang na loob (indebtedness) not easy to get along with. He rarely mixes around
● Kanya-kanya (self-centeredness) with others. Very few friends are all he has. He does
Dr. Bienvenido Lumbera not usually talk and is not one to readily share his
Lumbera contributed to the Filipinos’ self-awareness feelings with others, except perhaps to a few chosen
by unearthing, through painstaking research, the friends. He is usually quiet.
achievements of our nation in the field of culture for 4. Ang Taong Hayag ang Kalooban - This person
the past several hundred years expresses in a direct manner whatever is on her
Aside from this, Lumbera has directly contributed to mind. One will be able to tell immediately from her
the further development of an authentically Filipino actions whethershe favors a person or not. One will
culture by creating poetry and drama reflecting the also be able to guess right away what her feelings or
continuing Filipino quest for full independence, and by thoughts are.
promoting through his critical studies the works of 5. Ang Taong Masayahin - It is easy to make this
other artists who work along this line. type of person happy. It is likewise easy for this
Dr. Patricia B. Licuanan person to make others happy. One can easily
A renowned social psychologist and educator who approach him.
champions women’s rights and empowerment in her 6. Ang Taong Nagmamalasakit - This type of person
work. readily shares her time with others. She is generous
Timothy A. Church & Maria S. Katigbak and never stingy. She empathizes with the oppressed
and with those who have lesser in life.
7. Ang Taong Matapat - This type of person is loyal Church and Katigbak (2002) pointed out that the
to his friends. He tries to maintain his relationship with links of the values, as presented in Table 1, are
them through constant communication. It pleases him largely conceptual rather than empirical.
to give support when needed. His loyalty is shown in LESSONS FROM CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES
his ability to keep secrets. Cross-cultural studies of values have some important
contributions. These studies have:
MODULE 4 Pakikipag kapwa at Filipino Value a)provided clear conceptual definitions of values;
System b)offered techniques for measuring values; and
REVISITING THE KAPWA THEORY: APPLYING c)suggested universal value structures and
ALTERNATIVE METHODOLOGIES AND GAINING dimensions.
NEW INSIGHTS 6-point likert scale in Study 1
RESEARCHERS: Consequently, we used self-report questionnaires to
JOSE ANTONIO CLEMENTE assess the endorsement of Enriquez’ 12 Filipino
DELIA BELLEZA values.
ANGELA YU Goals in Study 1
EFFIE VINIA DIANE CATIBOG ● to verify whether Enriquez’ original list of 12
GOYENA SOLIS values was still held and endorsed by our
JASON LAGUERTA participants.
ABSTRACT ● attempt to identify the core value of our
Using alternative methods to directly test Enriquez’s participants.
kapwa theory, this research attempted to characterize Goals in Study 2
Filipino adolescents in terms of their values and the ● After deriving an updated set of values,
interrelationship of these values. Study 1 verified Study 2 aimed to represent the relationship
whether Enriquez’s list of 12 Filipino values would still among these values.
be endorsed by Filipino adolescents. One hundred STUDY 1: ENDORSEMENT OF VALUES
thirty six university students answered a questionnaire ● About 76.5% of the respondents removed
on these values. Eleven of the 12 values from the “bahala na” this value from the list,
original model were retained (bahala na was dropped) considerably higher than the cut off we set
while two values were added to the list (maka-Diyos for dropping a value (20%).
and paggalang). Study 2 aimed to represent the ● Although some respondents crossed- out
relationship of the 13 values derived from Study 1. other values as well such as hiya,
Forty seven university students formed individual pakikibaka, and utang na loob, they did not
maps linking these values to each other. After reach the greater-than-20% cut off we
subjecting these maps to multidimensional scaling specified.
analysis (MDS), a reformulation of Enriquez’s value ● Dropping bahala na from the list of values
system was proposed. Two dimensions (Sarili may have been a result of extreme variations
Lipunan and Ibang Tao-Hindi Ibang Tao) were in the definition of this term.
suggested to underlie the revised value system. Cipres- Ortega (2003) referred to bahala na ang
KAPWA THEORY: BASIC CONCEPTS AND Diyos as a way of seeking justice after an experience
PREMISES Essentially, the kapwa model is a theory of hinanakit.
regarding Filipino social interaction. In other words, ● When respondents are asked to list as many
the theory posits answers to the question: Paano nga values they deemed mahalaga (important)
ba makipagkapwa(-tao) and does so by virtue of its apart from the 12 presented, a total of 245
assumptions and constituent elements. other values were generated.
In the simplest sense, sinasabi nating ikaw at ako ay ● The first, maka-Diyos (and its derivatives
magkapantay. This sense of equality emanates from which included takot sa Diyos, pananalig sa
our recognition of a shared identity or a notion of a Diyos, pagmamahal sa Diyos,
shared inner self. pananampalataya, relihiyoso, etc.) was listed
CRITICISMS AGAINST THE THEORY by 50 respondents (36.8%). This cluster of
Sta. Maria (1996) pointed out that there seems to be values emphasized one’s connection to a
a lack of clear basis for the choice of concepts that spiritual being.
eventually represented the Filipino values. ● The second cluster was labeled as
paggalang. This value (and its derivatives
which included paggalang sa kapwa,
 paggalang sa nakakatanda, pagrespeto, Back to kapwa: As the heart is central to the body, the
masunurin, etc.) was listed by 40 shared Self nurtures the Filipino personality (or
respondents (29.4%). This value cluster personhood.)
focused on reverence towards someone or PAKIKIRAMDAM (KNOWING THROUGH FEELING)
something. Pakiramdam is often described as an all-important
STUDY 2: VALUES MAPPING “shared inner perception” that compliments the
For example, the accommodative surface values that “shared identity” of kapwa.
were retained — pakikisama and utang na loob — KAGANDAHANG LOOB
can be found in the same group (Quadrant II) and in The last core-value of the Filipino personhood is
close proximity to each other. At the same time, kagandahang-loob or “shared nobility.” The dictionary
Enriquez’s proposed core value (pakikipagkapwa), renders the term kagandahang-loob as a very general
pivot value (pakikiramdam) which supposedly concept that emphasizes the beauty of something.
connects the core to the accommodative surface KALAYAAN (FREEDOM, INDEPENDENCE,
values, and the two accommodative surface values THINKING OUTSIDE OF THE BOX) Kalayaan—
just mentioned are all in Quadrant II. However, freedom, liberty and independence is a sine qua non
directions of relationships (e.g., which values link for Filipino personhood.
other values together) cannot be determined by the Kababayan means my fellow-countryman; root word–
analysis we employed. bayan, country. When Filipinos meet other fellow
Two of the confrontative surface values — Filipinos, that instant recognition and connection
pakikibaka and lakas ng loob — are near each other spark up because, we are, kababayan.
and are located on the opposite side of the Kaakbay means to support. The root word “akbay”
accommodative surface values. Lastly, kalayaan and conjures images of lifting up, shoulder on shoulder.
karangalan, two of his societal values, are both Kaibigan means friend; the root word is “ibig” which
lumped in Quadrant IV. ommodative surface values. means to love.
The first group of values described (under the Sarili Kasama means someone I am with, the root word
dimension) are used to guide behaviors that affect “sama” means “to be with or be together with.”
the self or smaller, closer, nearer groups related to Kaanak means one’s kin; root word being “anak”
the Sarili. As an individual moves to interact and which means sons and daughters.
make decisions with regard to larger groups — FILIPINO CONCEPT OF “LOOB”
movement towards the Lipunan — the other set of Christine Carmela R. Ramos, Ph.D.
values are most often employed. I. CONCEPT OF “LOOB” Church (1986: 95) opines
CONNECTED WITH ALL MY LIFE - THE that many Western concepts and process such as
ENDURING FILIPINO KAPWA ORIENTATION, THE objectivity do not readily fit in to Filipino experience.
FILIPINO SHARED SELF IN A POSTMODERN A.HOLISTIC “LOOB” According to Quito (1975: 3-5),
CONTEXT philosophy is religion and religion is philosophy in the
Katrin De Guia Orient.
Kapwa: The Self in the Other: Worldviews and B.INTERIOR “LOOB” The interior dimension of
Lifestyles of Filipino Culture Bearers, the result of her “loob” focuses on humanheartedness such as
pioneering research into the unique worldviews and compassion, kindness and harmonious relationship
lifestyles of Filipino culture-bearer artists. with people.
VALUES OF FILIPINO PERSONHOOD II. “LOOB”: ANALYTICAL AND SYNTHETIC
(PAGKATAONG FILIPINO) CONCEPTS There are two basic classifications of
PAKIKIPAGKAPWA (Shared Identity) The core “loob”. First, “loob” as an analytical concept and
value of Filipino personhood is kapwa. This idea of a secondly, “loob” as synthetic. The analytical
“shared self” opens up the heart-doors of the I to concept, dealt on morality; while the synthetic, on
include the Other. the wholeness or process of integration.
KAPWA PEOPLE People, who practice kapwa in III. THE RELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS OF “LOOB”
their life can be recognized by their genuine, people- “Loob” is totally connected to the emotions (Mercado,
centered orientation (magkatao), their service to 1974:66)
others around them (matipon, matulungin), and by
their commitment to their communities (pamathalaan).