C Introduction :-

C is a general-purpose computer programming language developed between 1969 and 1973 by

Dennis Ritchie at
the Bell Telephone Laboratories for use with the Unix operating system. Although C was
designed for
implementing system software,it is also widely used for developing portable application
software.C is one of the
most widely used programming languages of all time and there are very few computer
architectures for Explain
Which a C compiler does not exist. C has greatly influenced many other popular programming
languages, most
notably C++, Explain Which began as an extension to C.
C History :
Developed between 1969 and 1973 along with Unix
Due mostly to Dennis Ritchie
Designed for systems programming
1)Operating systems
2)Utility programs
3)Compilers
4)Filters

Original machine (DEC PDP-11) was very small :

1)24K bytes of memory, 12K used for operating system
2)Written when computers were big, capital equipment
3)Group would get one, develop new language, OS

Characteristics of C :
1)Small size
2)Extensive use of function calls
3)Loose typing — unlike PASCAL
4)Structured language
5) Low level (BitWise) programming readily available
6)Pointer implementation – extensive use of pointers for memory, array, structures and
functions.

C Program Structure :
A C program basically has the following form:
1)Preprocessor Commands
2)Type definitions
3)Function prototypes — declare function types and variables passed to function.
4) Variables
5)Functions
We must have a main() function.

C Language Interview Questions with Answers :-

1) Explain How do you construct an increment statement or decrement statement in C?
There are actually two ways you can do this. One is to use the increment operator ++ and
decrement operator ?. For
example, the statement ?x++? means to increment the value of x by 1. Likewise, the statement ?x
?? means to
decrement the value of x by 1. Another way of writing increment statements is to use the
conventional + plus sign
or ? minus sign. In the case of ?x++?, another way to write it is ?x = x +1?.

2) Some coders debug their programs by placing comment symbols on some codes instead of
deleting it. Explain
How does this aid in debugging?
Placing comment symbols /* */ around a code, also referred to as ?commenting out?, is a way of
isolating some
codes that you think maybe causing errors in the program, without deleting the code. The idea is
that if the code is
in fact correct, you simply remove the comment symbols and continue on. It also saves you time
and effort on
having to retype the codes if you have deleted it in the first place.

3) Explain What is the equivalent code of the following statement in WHILE LOOP format?
[c]
for (a=1; a<=100; a++)
printf (―%d\n‖, a * a);
[/c]
[c]
a=1;
while (a<=100) { printf (―%d\n‖, a * a); a++; } [/c] 4) Explain What is spaghetti programming?
Spaghetti
programming refers to codes that tend to get tangled and overlapped throughout the program.
This unstructured
approach to coding is usually attributed to lack of experience on the part of the programmer.
Spaghetti programing
makes a program complex and analyzing the codes difficult, and so must be avoided as much as
possible.
5) In Cprogramming, Explain How do you insert quote characters (? and ?) into the output
screen? This is a common
problem for beginners because quotes are normally part of a printf statement. To insert the quote
character as part
of the output, use the format specifiers \? (for single quote), and \? (for double quote).

6) Explain What is the use of

a ?\0′ character? It is referred to as a terminating null character, and is used primarily to sExplain
How the end of a
string value.

7) Explain What is the difference between the = symbol and == symbol? The = symbol is often
used
in mathematical operations. It is used to assign a value to a given variable. On the other hand, the
== symbol, also
known as ?equal to? or ?equivalent to?, is a relational operator that is used to compare two
values.

8) Explain
Which of the following operators is incorrect and why? ( >=, <=, <>, ==)
<> is incorrect. While this operator is correctly interpreted as ?not equal to? in writing
conditional statements, it is
not the proper operator to be used in C programming. Instead, the operator != must be used to
indicate ?not equal
to? condition.

9) Can the curly brackets { } be used to enclose a single line of code?

While curly brackets are mainly used to group several lines of codes, it will still work without
error if you used it
for a single line. Some programmers prefer this method as a way of organizing codes to make it
look clearer,
especially in conditional statements.

10) Explain What are header files and Explain What are its uses in C programming?
Header files are also known as library files. They contain two essential things: the definitions and
prototypes of
functions being used in a program. Simply put, commands that you use in C programming are
actually functions
that are defined from within each header files. Each header file contains a set of functions. For
example: stdio.h is a
header file that contains definition and prototypes of commands like printf and scanf.
11) Can I use ?int? data type to store the value 32768? Why?
No. ?int? data type is capable of storing values from -32768 to 32767. To store 32768, you can
use ?long int?
instead. You can also use ?unsigned int?, assuming you don?t intend to store negative values.

12) Can two or more operators such as \n and \t be combined in a single line of program code
Yes, it?s perfectly valid to combine operators, especially if the need arises. For example: you can
have a code like ?
printf (?Hello\n\n\?World\??) ? to output the text ?Hello? on the first line and ?World? enclosed
in single quotes to
appear on the next two lines.

13) Why is it that not all header files are declared in every C program?
The choice of declaring a header file at the top of each C program would depend on Explain
What
commands/functions you will be using in that program. Since each header file contains different
function
definitions and prototype, you would be using only those header files that would contain the
functions you will
need. Declaring all header files in every program would only increase the overall file size and
load of the program,
and is not considered a good programming style.

14) When is the ?void? keyword used in a function?

When declaring functions, you will decide whether that function would be returning a value or
not. If that function
will not return a value, such as when the purpose of a function is to display some outputs on the
screen, then ?void?
is to be placed at the leftmost part of the function header. When a return value is expected after
the function
execution, the data type of the return value is placed instead of ?void?.

15) Explain What are compound statements?

Compound statements are made up of two or more program statements that are executed
together. This usually
occurs while handling conditions wherein a series of statements are executed when a TRUE or
FALSE is
evaluated. Compound statements can also be executed within a loop. Curly brackets { } are
placed before and after
compound statements.
16) Write a loop statement that will sExplain How the following output:
1
12
123
1234
12345
[c]
for (a=1; a<=5; i++) {
for (b=1; b<=a; b++) printf(―%d‖,b); printf(―\n‖); } [/c] 17) Explain What is wrong in this
statement? scanf(?
%d?,Explain Whatnumber); An ampersand & symbol must be placed before the variable name
Explain
Whatnumber. Placing & means Explain Whatever integer value is entered by the user is stored at
the ?address? of
the variable name. This is a common mistake for programmers, often leading to logical errors.

18) Explain How do

you generate random numbers in C? Random numbers are generated in C using the rand()
command. For example:
anyNum = rand() will generate any integer number beginning from 0, assuming that anyNum is a
variable of type
integer.

19) Explain What could possibly be the problem if a valid function name such as tolower() is
being
reported by the C compiler as undefined? The most probable reason behind this error is that the
header file for that
function was not indicated at the top of the program. Header files contain the definition and
prototype for functions
and commands used in a C program. In the case of ?tolower()?, the code ?#include ? must be
present at the
beginning of the program.

20) Explain What does the format %10.2 mean when included in a printf statement?
This format is used for two things: to set the number of spaces allotted for the output number and
to set the number
of decimal places. The number before the decimal point is for the allotted space, in this case it
would allot 10
spaces for the output number. If the number of space occupied by the output number is less than
10, addition space
characters will be inserted before the actual output number. The number after the decimal point
sets the number of
decimal places, in this case, it?s 2 decimal spaces. 21) Explain What is wrong with this
statement? myName = ?
Robin?; You cannot use the = sign to assign values to a string variable. Instead, use the strcpy
function. The correct
statement would be: strcpy(myName, ?Robin?);

22) Explain How do you determine the length of a string value

that was stored in a variable? To get the length of a string value, use the function strlen(). For
example, if you have
a variable named FullName, you can get the length of the stored string value by using this
statement: I =
strlen(FullName); the variable I will now have the character length of the string value.

23) Is it possible to initialize

a variable at the time it was declared? Yes, you don?t have to write a separate assignment
statement after the
variable declaration, unless you plan to change it later on. For example: char planet[15] =
?Earth?; does two things:
it declares a string variable named planet, then initializes it with the value ?Earth?.

24) Explain What are the

different file extensions involved when programming in C? Source codes in C are saved with .C
file extension.
Header files or library files have the .H file extension. Every time a program source code is
successfully compiled,
it creates an .OBJ object file, and an executable .EXE file.

25) Explain What are reserved words? Reserved words

are words that are part of the standard C language library. This means that reserved words have
special meaning
and therefore cannot be used for purposes other than Explain What it is originally intended for.
Examples of
reserved words are int, void, and return.

26) Explain What are linked list? A linked list is composed of nodes that
are connected with another. In C programming, linked lists are created using pointers. Using
linked lists is one
efficient way of utilizing memory for storage.
27) Explain What are binary trees? Binary trees are actually an
extension of the concept of linked lists. A binary tree has two pointers, a left one and a right one.
Each side can
further branch to form additional nodes, Explain Which each node having two pointers as well.

28) Not all reserved words are written in lowercase. TRUE or FALSE? FALSE. All reserved
words must be written in
lowercase; otherwise the C compiler would interpret this as unidentified and invalid.

29) Explain What is wrong

with this program statement? void = 10; The word void is a reserved word in C language. You
cannot use reserved
words as a user-defined variable.

30) Is this program statement valid? INT = 10.50; Assuming that INT is a
variable of type float, this statement is valid. One may think that INT is a reserved word and
must not be used for
other purposes. Explain However, recall that reserved words are express in lowercase, so the C
compiler will not
interpret this as a reserved word.

31) Explain What is a newline escape sequence? A newline escape sequence is represented by
the \n character. This is used to insert a new line when displaying data in the output screen. More
spaces can be added by inserting more \n characters. For example, \n\n would insert two spaces.
A newline escape
sequence can be placed before the actual output expression or after.

32) Explain What is output redirection? It is

the process of transferring data to an alternative output source other than the display screen.
Output redirection
allows a program to have its output saved to a file. For example, if you have a program named
COMPUTE, typing
this on the command line as COMPUTE >DATA can accept input from the user, perform certain
computations,
then have the output redirected to a file named DATA, instead of sExplain Howing it on the
screen.

33) Explain What is the difference between functions abs() and fabs()?
These 2 functions basically perform the same action, Explain Which is to get the absolute value
of the given value.
Abs() is used for integer values, while fabs() is used for floating type numbers. Also, the
prototype for abs() is
under , while fabs() is under .

34) Write a simple code fragment that will check if a number is positive or negative.
[c]
If (num>=0)
printf(―number is positive‖);
else
printf (―number is negative‖);
[/c]

35) Explain What does the function toupper() do?

It is used to convert any letter to its upper case mode. Toupper() function prototype is declared in
. Note that this
function will only convert a single character, and not an entire string.

36) Explain Which function in C can be used to append a string to another string?
The strcat function. It takes two parameters, the source string and the string value to be appended
to the source
string.

37) Dothese two program statements perform the same output? 1) scanf(?%c?, &letter); 2)
letter=getchar()
Yes, they both do the exact same thing, Explain Which is to accept the next key pressed by the
user and assign it to
variable named letter.

38) Explain What is the difference between text files and binary files?
Text files contain data that can easily be understood by humans. It includes letters, numbers and
other characters.
On the other hand, binary files contain 1s and 0s that only computers can interpret.

39) is it possible to create your own header files?

Yes, it is possible to create a customized header file. Just include in it the function prototypes
that you want to use
in your program, and use the #include directive followed by the name of your header file.
40) Explain What is dynamic data structure?
Dynamic data structure provides a means for storing data more efficiently into memory. Using
dynamic memory
allocation, your program will access memory spaces as needed. This is in contrast to static data
structure, wherein
the programmer has to indicate a fix number of memory space to be used in the program.

41) The % symbol has a special use in a printf statement. Explain How would you place this
character as part of
the output on the screen?
You can do this by using %% in the printf statement. For example, you can write
printf(?10%%?) to have the
output appear as 10% on the screen.

42) Explain What are the advantages and disadvantages of a heap?

Storing data on the heap is slower than it would take when using the stack. Explain However, the
main advantage
of using the heap is its flexibility. That?s because memory in this structure can be allocated and
remove in any
particular order. Slowness in the heap can be compensated if an algorithm was well designed and
implemented.

43) Explain What are preprocessor directives?

Preprocessor directives are placed at the beginning of every C program. This is where library
files are specified,
Explain Which would depend on Explain What functions are to be used in the program. Another
use of
preprocessor directives is the declaration of constants.Preprocessor directives begin with the #
symbol.

44) Explain What will be the outcome of the following conditional statement if the value of
variable s is 10?
s >=10 && s < 25 && s!=12 The outcome will be TRUE. Since the value of s is 10, s >= 10
evaluates to TRUE
because s is not greater than 10 but is still equal to 10. s< 25 is also TRUE since 10 is less then
25. Just the same,
s!=12, Explain Which means s is not equal to 12, evaluates to TRUE. The && is the AND
operator, and follows
the rule that if all individual conditions are TRUE, the entire statement is TRUE.

45) Describe the order of precedence with regards to operators in C.

Order of precedence determines Explain Which operation must first take place in an operation
statement or
conditional statement. On the top most level of precedence are the unary operators !, +, – and &.
It is followed by
the regular mathematical operators (*, / and modulus % first, followed by + and -). Next in line
are the relational
operators <, <=, >= and >. This is then followed by the two equality operators == and !=. The
logical operators &&
and || are next evaluated. On the last level is the assignment operator =.

46) Explain What is wrong with this statement? myName = ―Robin‖;

You cannot use the = sign to assign values to a string variable. Instead, use the strcpy function.
The correct
statement would be: strcpy(myName, ―Robin‖);

47) Explain How do you determine the length of a string value that was stored in a variable?
To get the length of a string value, use the function strlen(). For example, if you have a variable
named FullName,
you can get the length of the stored string value by using this statement: I = strlen(FullName);
the variable I will
now have the character length of the string value.

48) Is it possible to initialize a variable at the time it was declared?

Yes, you don‘t have to write a separate assignment statement after the variable declaration,
unless you plan to
change it later on. For example: char planet[15] = ―Earth‖; does two things: it declares a string
variable named
planet, then initializes it with the value ―Earth‖.
49) Why is C language being considered a middle level language?
This is because C language is rich in features that make it behave like a high level language
while at the same time
can interact with hardware using low level methods. The use of a well structured approach to
programming,
coupled with English-like words used in functions, makes it act as a high level language. On the
other hand, C can
directly access memory structures similar to assembly language routines.

50) Explain What are the different file extensions involved when programming in C?
Source codes in C are saved with .C file extension. Header files or library files have the .H file
extension. Every
time a program source code is successfully compiled, it creates an .OBJ object file, and an
executable .EXE file.

C PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE Interview Questions and Answers :-

51) Explain What are reserved words?

Reserved words are words that are part of the standard C language library. This means that
reserved words have
special meaning and therefore cannot be used for purposes other than Explain What it is
originally intended for.
Examples of reserved words are int, void, and return.

52) Explain What are linked list?

A linked list is composed of nodes that are connected with another. In C programming, linked
lists are created
using pointers. Using linked lists is one efficient way of utilizing memory for storage.

53) Explain What is FIFO?

In C programming, there is a data structure known as queue. In this structure, data is stored and
accessed using
FIFO format, or First-In-First-Out. A queue represents a line wherein the first data that was
stored will be the first
one that is accessible as well.
54) Explain What are binary trees?
Binary trees are actually an extension of the concept of linked lists. A binary tree has two
pointers, a left one and a
right one. Each side can further branch to form additional nodes, Explain Which each node
having two pointers as
well.
55) Not all reserved words are written in lowercase. TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE. All reserved words must be written in lowercase; otherwise the C compiler would
interpret this as
unidentified and invalid.

56) Explain What is the difference between the expression ―++a‖ and ―a++‖?
In the first expression, the increment would happen first on variable a, and the resulting value
will be the one to be
used. This is also known as a prefix increment. In the second expression, the current value of
variable a would the
one to be used in an operation, before the value of a itself is incremented. This is also known as
postfix increment.
57) Explain What would happen to X in this expression: X += 15; (assuming the value of X is 5)
X +=15 is a short method of writing X = X + 15, so if the initial value of X is 5, then 5 + 15 =
20.

58) In C language, the variables NAME, name, and Name are all the same. TRUE or FALSE?
FALSE. C language is a case sensitive language. Therefore, NAME, name and Name are three
uniquely different
variables.

59) Explain What is an endless loop?

An endless loop can mean two things. One is that it was designed to loop continuously until the
condition within
the loop is met, after Explain Which a break function would cause the program to step out of the
loop. Another
idea of an endless loop is when an incorrect loop condition was written, causing the loop to run
erroneously
forever. Endless loops are oftentimes referred to as infinite loops.

60) Explain What is a program flowchart and Explain How does it help in writing a program?
A flowchart provides a visual representation of the step by step procedure towards solving a
given problem.
Flowcharts are made of symbols, with each symbol in the form of different shapes. Each shape
may represent a
particular entity within the entire program structure, such as a process, a condition, or even an
input/output phase.
61) Explain What is wrong with this program statement? void = 10;
The word void is a reserved word in C language. You cannot use reserved words as a user-
defined variable.

62) Is this program statement valid? INT = 10.50;

Assuming that INT is a variable of type float, this statement is valid. One may think that INT is a
reserved word
and must not be used for other purposes. Explain However, recall that reserved words are
express in lowercase, so
the C compiler will not interpret this as a reserved word.

63) Explain What are actual arguments?

When you create and use functions that need to perform an action on some given values, you
need to pass these
given values to that function. The values that are being passed into the called function are
referred to as actual
arguments.

64) Explain What is a newline escape sequence?

A newline escape sequence is represented by the n character. This is used to insert a new line
when displaying data
in the output screen. More spaces can be added by inserting more n characters. For example, nn
would insert two
spaces. A newline escape sequence can be placed before the actual output expression or after.

65) Explain What is output redirection?

It is the process of transferring data to an alternative output source other than the display screen.
Output redirection
allows a program to have its output saved to a file. For example, if you have a program named
COMPUTE, typing
this on the command line as COMPUTE >DATA can accept input from the user, perform certain
computations,
then have the output redirected to a file named DATA, instead of sExplain Howing it on the
screen.
66) Explain What are run-time errors?
These are errors that occur while the program is being executed. One common instance wherein
run-time errors
can happen is when you are trying to divide a number by zero. When run-time errors occur,
program execution will
pause, sExplain Howing Explain Which program line caused the error.

67) Explain What is the difference between functions abs() and fabs()?
These 2 functions basically perform the same action, Explain Which is to get the absolute value
of the given value.
Abs() is used for integer values, while fabs() is used for floating type numbers. Also, the
prototype for abs() is
under , while fabs() is under .

68) Explain What are formal parameters?

In using functions in a C program, formal parameters contain the values that were passed by the
calling function.
The values are substituted in these formal parameters and used in Explain Whatever operations
as indicated within
the main body of the called function.

69) Explain What are control structures?

Control structures take charge at Explain Which instructions are to be performed in a program.
This means that
program flow may not necessarily move from one statement to the next one, but rather some
alternative portions
may need to be pass into or bypassed from, depending on the outcome of the conditional
statements.

70) Write a simple code fragment that will check if a number is positive or negative.
If (num>=0)
printf(―number is positive‖);
else
printf (―number is negative‖);
If (num>=0)
printf(―number is positive‖);
else
printf (―number is negative‖);
71) When is a ―switch‖ statement preferable over an ―if‖ statement?
The switch statement is best used when dealing with selections based on a single variable or
expression. Explain
However, switch statements can only evaluate integer and character data types.

72) Explain What are global variables and Explain How do you declare them?
Global variables are variables that can be accessed and manipulated anywhere in the program.
To make a variable
global, place the variable declaration on the upper portion of the program, just after the
preprocessor directives
section.

73) Explain What are enumerated types?

Enumerated types allow the programmer to use more meaningful words as values to a variable.
Each item in the
enumerated type variable is actually associated with a numeric code. For example, one can create
an enumerated
type variable named DAYS whose values are Monday, Tuesday… Sunday.

74) Explain What does the function toupper() do?

It is used to convert any letter to its upper case mode. Toupper() function prototype is declared in
. Note that this
function will only convert a single character, and not an entire string.

75) Is it possible to have a function as a parameter in another function?

Yes, that is allowed in C programming. You just need to include the entire function prototype
into the parameter
field of the other function where it is to be used.

76) Explain What are multidimensional arrays?

Multidimensional arrays are capable of storing data in a two or more dimensional structure. For
example, you can
use a 2 dimensional array to store the current position of pieces in a chess game, or position of
players in a tic-tactoe
program.
77) Explain Which function in C can be used to append a string to another string?
The strcat function. It takes two parameters, the source string and the string value to be appended
to the source
string.

78) Explain What is the difference between functions getch() and getche()?
Both functions will accept a character input value from the user. When using getch(), the key that
was pressed will
not appear on the screen, and is automatically captured and assigned to a variable. When using
getche(), the key
that was pressed by the user will appear on the screen, while at the same time being assigned to a
variable.

79) Dothese two program statements perform the same output? 1) scanf(―%c‖, &letter); 2)
letter=getchar()
Yes, they both do the exact same thing, Explain Which is to accept the next key pressed by the
user and assign it to
variable named letter.

80) Explain What are structure types in C?

Structure types are primarily used to store records. A record is made up of related fields. This
makes it easier to
organize a group of related data.

81) Explain What does the characters ―r‖ and ―w‖ mean when writing programs that will make
use of files?
―r‖ means ―read‖ and will open a file as input wherein data is to be retrieved. ―w‖ means ―write‖,
and will open a
file for output. Previous data that was stored on that file will be erased.

82) Explain What is the difference between text files and binary files?
Text files contain data that can easily be understood by humans. It includes letters, numbers and
other characters.
On the other hand, binary files contain 1s and 0s that only computers can interpret.

83) is it possible to create your own header files?

Yes, it is possible to create a customized header file. Just include in it the function prototypes
that you want to use
in your program, and use the #include directive followed by the name of your header file.

84) Explain What is dynamic data structure?

Dynamic data structure provides a means for storing data more efficiently into memory. Using
dynamic memory
allocation, your program will access memory spaces as needed. This is in contrast to static data
structure, wherein
the programmer has to indicate a fix number of memory space to be used in the program.

85) Explain What are the different data types in C?

The basic data types are int, char, and float. Int is used to declare variables that will be storing
integer values. Float
is used to store real numbers. Char can store individual character values.

86) Explain What is the general form of a C program?

A C program begins with the preprocessor directives, in Explain Which the programmer would
specify Explain
Which header file and Explain What constants (if any) to be used. This is followed by the main
function heading.
Within the main function lies the variable declaration and program statement.

87) Explain What is the advantage of a random access file?

If the amount of data stored in a file is fairly large, the use of random access will allow you to
search through it
quicker. If it had been a sequential access file, you would have to go through one record at a time
until you reach
the target data. A random access file lets you jump directly to the target address where data is
located.
88) In a switch statement, Explain What will happen if a break statement is omitted?
If a break statement was not placed at the end of a particular case portion? It will move on to the
next case portion,
possibly causing incorrect output.

89) Describe Explain How arrays can be passed to a user defined function
One thing to note is that you cannot pass the entire array to a function. Instead, you pass to it a
pointer that will
point to the array first element in memory. To do this, you indicate the name of the array without
the brackets.
90) Explain What are pointers?
Pointers point to specific areas in the memory. Pointers contain the address of a variable, Explain
Which in turn
may contain a value or even an address to another memory.

91) Can you pass an entire structure to functions?

Yes, it is possible to pass an entire structure to a function in a call by method style. Explain
However, some
programmers prefer declaring the structure globally, then pass a variable of that structure type to
a function. This
method helps maintain consistency and uniformity in terms of argument type.

92) Explain What is gets() function?

The gets() function allows a full line data entry from the user. When the user presses the enter
key to end the input,
the entire line of characters is stored to a string variable. Note that the enter key is not included in
the variable, but
instead a null terminator is placed after the last character.
93) The % symbol has a special use in a printf statement. Explain How would you place this
character as part of
the output on the screen?
You can do this by using %% in the printf statement. For example, you can write
printf(―10%%‖) to have the
output appear as 10% on the screen.

94) Explain How do you search data in a data file using random access method?
Use the fseek() function to perform random access input/ouput on a file. After the file was
opened by the fopen()
function, the fseek would require three parameters to work: a file pointer to the file, the number
of bytes to search,
and the point of origin in the file.

95) Are comments included during the compilation stage and placed in the EXE file as well?
No, comments that were encountered by the compiler are disregarded. Comments are mostly for
the guidance of
the programmer only and do not have any other significant use in the program functionality.

96) Is there a built-in function in C that can be used for sorting data?
Yes, use the qsort() function. It is also possible to create user defined functions for sorting, such
as those based on
the balloon sort and bubble sort algorithm.

97) Explain What are the advantages and disadvantages of a heap?

Storing data on the heap is slower than it would take when using the stack. Explain However, the
main advantage
of using the heap is its flexibility. That‘s because memory in this structure can be allocated and
remove in any
particular order. Slowness in the heap can be compensated if an algorithm was well designed and
implemented.

98) Explain How do you convert strings to numbers in C?

You can write you own functions to do string to number conversions, or instead use C‘s built in
functions. You can
use atof to convert to a floating point value, atoi to convert to an integer value, and atol to
convert to a long integer
value.

99) Create a simple code fragment that will swap the values of two variables num1 and num2.
int temp;
temp = num1;
num1 = num2;
num2 = temp;
int temp;
temp = num1;
num1 = num2;
num2 = temp;

100) Explain What is the use of a semicolon (;) at the end of every program statement?
It has to do with the parsing process and compilation of the code. A semicolon acts as a
delimiter, so that the
compiler knows where each statement ends, and can proceed to divide the statement into smaller
elements for
syntax checking.