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†m‡KÛvwi ¯‹zj mvwU©wd‡KU †cÖvMÖvg

(GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg)

evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
†Kvm© †KvW : SSC-2672
†m‡KÛvwi ¯‹zj mvwU©wd‡KU †cÖvMÖvg
(GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg)

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GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖKvk Kvj : †m‡Þ¤^i 2017

cybgy`ªY : GwcÖj 2018
cybgy`ªY : Rvbyqvwi 2020
AbjvBb fvm©b: Rvbyqvwi 2022

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cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
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 evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

ISBN 978-984-34-3132-5
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welqe¯‘ c„ôv
BDwbU-1: †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv 1-12
cvV-1: †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv -----------------------------------------------------1
cvV-2: †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi welqe¯‘ ------------------------------------------ 3
cvV-3: cwievi, cwiev‡ii †kªwYwefvM I Kvh©vewj ---------------------------------- 5
cvV-4: mgvR ------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
cvV-5: iv‡óªi DrcwË ------------------------------------------------------------ 10
BDwbU-2: bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv 13-27
cvV-1: bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv ------------------------------------------------------ 13
cvV-2: bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZ -------------------------------------------------- 16
cvV-3: mybvMwiK ----------------------------------------------------------------- 18
cvV-4: bvMwiK AwaKvi I AwaKv‡ii †kªwYwefvM ----------------------------------- 20
cvV-5: Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb -------------------------------------------------------- 22
cvV-6: bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨ I KZ©‡e¨i †kªwYwefvM ------------------------------------- 25
BDwbU-3: AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ 28-41
cvV-1: AvBb -------------------------------------------------------------------- 28
cvV-2: AvB‡bi Drm ------------------------------------------------------------- 30
cvV-3: bvMwiK Rxe‡b AvB‡bi kvmb ---------------------------------------------- 32
cvV-4: ¯^vaxbZv I ¯^vaxbZvi wewfbœ iƒc ------------------------------------------- 34
cvV-5: AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv --------------------------------------------------------- 36
cvV-6: mvg¨ I mv‡g¨i wewfbœ iƒc ------------------------------------------------- 38
cvV-7: mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© -------------------------------------------------- 40

BDwbU-4: ivóª I miKvi e¨e¯’v 42-63

cvV-1: ivóª --- ------------------------------------------------------------------- 42
cvV-2: A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Ges ivóª ------------------------------------------------ 44
cvV-3: ÿgZvi Drm Ges ivóª ---------------------------------------------------- 46
cvV-4: ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZ Ges ivóª ---------------------------------------------- 49
cvV-5: DËivwaKvi Ges ivóª ----------------------------------------------------- 51
cvV-6: D‡Ï‡k¨i wfwˇZ ivóª ----------------------------------------------------- 53
cvV-7: miKvi ------------------------------------------------------------------- 55
cvV-8: ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZ Abymv‡i miKvi----------------------------------------- 57
cvV-9: AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤úK© Abyhvqx miKvi ------------------------------ 60
BDwbU-5: msweavb 64-75
cvV-1: msweav‡bi aviYv ---------------------------------------------------------- 64
cvV-2: msweav‡bi †kÖwYwefvM --------------------------------------------------- - 66
cvV-3: DËg msweavb------------------------------------------------------------- 68
cvV-4: msweavb cÖYqb c×wZ ----------------------------------------------------- 70
cvV-5: evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ------------------------------------------------------ 72

BDwbU-6: evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’v 76-93

cvV-1: evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ¯^iƒc -------------------------------------------------- 76
cvV-2: kvmb wefvM ------------------------------------------------------------- 78
cvV-3: ivóªcwZ ------------------------------------------------------------------ 80
cvV-4: cÖavbgš¿x ---------------------------------------------------------------- 82
cvV-5: gwš¿cwil` ---------------------------------------------------------------- 84
cvV-6: evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv ----------------------------------------------------- 86
cvV-7: evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefvM -------------------------------------------------- 88
cvV-8: evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv --------------------------------------------- 91

BDwbU-7: MYZ‡š¿ ivR‰bwZK `j I wbe©vPb 94-106

cvV-1: ivR‰bwZK `j ------------------------------------------------------------ 94
cvV-2: ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv-----------------------------------------------------96
cvV-3: evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ivR‰bwZK `j ------------------------------------- 98
cvV-4: MYZš¿ I ivR‰bwZK `j-------------------------------------------------- 100
cvV-5: wbe©vPb ------------------------------------------------------------------ 102
cvV-6: wbe©vPbx ms¯’v ------------------------------------------------------------ 104

BDwbU-8: evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v 107-124

cvV-1: ¯’vbxq miKvi ------------------------------------------------------------ 107
cvV-2: evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi ¯^iƒc ----------------------------------- 109
cvV-3: BDwbqb cwil` ---------------------------------------------------------- 111
cvV-4: Dc‡Rjv cwil`---------------------------------------------------------- 113
cvV-5: †Rjv cwil` ------------------------------------------------------------- 115
cvV-6: †cŠimfv ---------------------------------------------------------------- 117
cvV-7: wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb ---------------------------------------------------------- 119
cvV-8: we‡kl ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v ----------------------------------------------- 121

BDwbU-9: bvMwiK mgm¨v I Avgv‡`i KiYxq 125-139

cvV-1: RbmsL¨v mgm¨v I cÖwZKvi ----------------------------------------------- 125
cvV-2: Lv`¨ wbivcËv ------------------------------------------------------------ 128
cvV-3: mš¿vm: KviY I cÖwZKvi -------------------------------------------------- 130
cvV-4: cwi‡ekMZ wech©q ------------------------------------------------------- 132
cvV-5: wbiÿiZv ---------------------------------------------------------------- 135
cvV-6: bvix wbh©vZb: KviY I cÖwZKvi -------------------------------------------- 137
BDwbU-10: evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`‡q bvMwiK †PZbv 140-163
cvV-1: evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi cUf~wg ------------------------------------- 140
cvV-2: cvwK¯Ív‡b we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D™¢e I f~wgKv-------------------------- 142
cvV-3: jv‡nvi cÖ¯vÍ e ------------------------------------------------------------ 144
cvV-4: fvlv Av‡›`vjb ----------------------------------------------------------- 146
cvV-5: 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb ----------------------------------------------------- 148
cvV-6: Qq `dv Kg©m~wP ---------------------------------------------------------- 150
cvV-7: Ebmˇii MY-Afy¨Ìvb --------------------------------------------------- 152
cvV-8: 1970 Gi wbe©vPb I djvdj --------------------------------------------- 154
cvV-9: Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb ------------------------------------------------------ 156
cvV-10: ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv Ges 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy× ----------------------------- 158
cvV-11: gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I Av`k© ----------------------------------------------- 161

BDwbU-11: evsjv‡`k I AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb 164-177

cvV-1: mvK© -------------------------------------------------------------------- 164
cvV-2: RvwZmsN ---------------------------------------------------------------- 167
cvV-3: RvwZms‡Ni mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki m¤úK© -------------------------------------- 169
cvV-4: wek¦ kvwšÍiÿx evwnbx‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv -------------------------------- 171
cvV-5: KgbI‡qj_ ------------------------------------------------------------- 173
cvV-6: Bmjvwg m‡¤§jb ms¯’v (IAvBwm) ----------------------------------------- 175

BDwbU-12: mykvmb I evsjv‡`k 178-188

cvV-1: mykvm‡bi aviYv ---------------------------------------------------------- 178
cvV-2: mykvm‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n --------------------------------------------------- 180
cvV-3: evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi Ae¯’v ----------------------------------------------- 182
cvV-4: evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi AšÍivqmg~n------------------------------------------ 184
cvV-5: evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi Dcvq ----------------------------------------- 186
 †Kvm© eB AbymiY Kivi wb‡`©kbv

†Kvm© cwiwPwZ (Course Overview)

†Kv‡m©i bvg : †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv †Kvm© †KvW : (SSC-2672)
GmGmwm †cÖvMÖv‡gi †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv eBwU GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ cvV¨| eBwU `~iwkÿY c×wZi wkÿv_x©‡`i
Rb¨ iwPZ n‡q‡Q| `~iwkÿY c×wZi g~j K_vB nj ¯^wbf©i cvV e¨e¯’vcbv| G c×wZi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x© wbR
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c×wZ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU GKB mv‡_ cvV¨cy¯ÍK I wkÿ‡Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| G‡Z wkÿv_©xiv wkÿ‡Ki
mivmwi mnvqZv Qvov wb‡RB cov‡kvbv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 Gi Av‡jv‡K GbwmwUweÕi bZzb
KvwiKzjv‡gi m‡½ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L GB eBwU ¯^wkLb c×wZ‡Z cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges welqe¯‘i †ÿ‡Î RvZxq
wkÿvμg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i wm‡jevm AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZ BDwb‡Ui ïiæ‡Z f~wgKv †`qv n‡q‡Q|
¯^Zš¿ G BDwbU¸‡jv co‡j wewkó †Kvb w`K¸‡jv Rvbv hv‡e Zv BDwb‡Ui D‡Ïk¨ ejv Av‡Q| Avevi,
cÖwZwU cv‡Vi ïiæ‡Z H cv‡Vi D‡Ïk¨ hy³ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hv‡Z wkÿv_©x D‡Ïk¨ Abyhvqx Ávb AwR©Z nj wK
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eûwbe©vPwb cÖkœ Ges BDwb‡Ui †k‡l m„Rbkxj cÖkœ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
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cvi‡e| ¯úó K‡i ej‡Z †M‡j AvR‡Ki wkÿv_©xB AvMvgx w`‡b ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡e| ZvB †cŠibxwZ I
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 cvVwfwËK D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv c‡o GB cvV †_‡K Kx wkL‡Z cvi‡eb Zv †R‡b wbb|
 Gici g~jcvV fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb Kiæb| Aa¨q‡bi ci wkLbdj¸‡jv AwR©Z nj wK bv Zv
fv‡jvfv‡e hvPvB Kiæb| hw` wkLbdj AwR©Z bv nq Zvn‡j welqe¯‘ cybivq Aa¨qb Kiæb|
 wUD‡Uvwiqvj mvwf©m‡K Kvh©‡cv‡hvMx Ki‡Z Avcbvi cvV¨cy¯ÍKwUi mKj BDwbU‡K ZZwU As‡k fvM
K‡i wbb| cÖ_g wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m hvIqvi Av‡M Avcbvi fvMK…Z AskwU fv‡jvfv‡e Aa¨qb Kiæb|
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K‡i Avcbvi †bvU LvZvq wjwce× Kiæb Ges KwVb welq¸‡jv mgvav‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b wUDU‡ii
mvnvh¨ wbb| GKB c×wZ AbymiY K‡i me¸‡jv cvV Aa¨qb †kl Kiæb|
 cvV‡k‡l cv‡VvËi g~j¨vq‡bi cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi †`Iqvi †Póv Kiæb| cv‡Vi †k‡l †`Iqv DËigvjvi
mv‡_ Avcbvi DËi wgwj‡q †`Lyb| me¸‡jv cÖ‡kœi DËi mwVK bv n‡j GB cvVwU AveviI fvj K‡i
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Rvbv Av‡Q wK bv †`Lyb| Rvbv bv _vK‡j mswkøó Ask Avevi coyb|
 I‡cb ¯‹z‡ji GB eBwU QvovI ¯’vbxq ÷vwW †m›Uv‡i Avcbvi Rb¨ wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡mi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q|
Avcwb cÖ_‡gB Avcbvi wel‡q KZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬vm cv‡eb Zv Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uvi †_‡K †R‡b
wbb Ges Avcbvi ÷vwW †m›Uv‡ii cÖwZwU wUD‡Uvwiqvj K¬v‡m AskMÖnY Kiæb|
gvwR©b AvBKb (Margin Icons)
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cv‡VvËi P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb AwWI ev mvnvh¨/cÖ‡qv

D‡Ïk¨ g~jcvV mvi-ms‡ÿc DËigvjv wfwWI ev †`Lv
g~j¨vqb †kvbv R‡b

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi I‡cb ¯‹zj cwiPvwjZ GmGmwm †cÖvMÖv‡gi wkÿv_x©‡`i

Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi A‡bK¸‡jv AwWI/wfwWI †cÖvMÖvg eZ©gv‡b
wewUwf/esjv‡`k †eZvi KZ…©K mßv‡ni wbw`©ó w`‡bi wbw`©ó mg‡q cÖPvwiZ n‡q Avm‡Q|
wkÿv_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv ÷vwW †mÈvi †_‡K †cÖvMÖvg wmwWDj msMÖn K‡i cÖPvwiZ
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AwWI/wfwWI welq eyS‡Z Amyweav n‡j cÖ‡qvR‡b Avcbvi wUDU‡ii mnvqZv wbb|

mvnvh¨ ev mnvqZvi Rb¨ Avcbvi ÷vwW my`xc ivq

†Kvm© mgš^qKvix
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(Civics and Citizenship)

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wewfbœ welq †hgb- bvMwiKZv, cwievi, mgvR, ivóª, iv‡óªi DrcwË BZ¨vw` Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

cvV-1.1 †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv (Civics and Citizenship)

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gyL¨ kã wmwfUvm, RvwZ ivóª, gh©v`v, AskMÖnY, wPšÍv †PZbv, m¤úK©

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m¤úwK©Z welq¸‡jv‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i ZLbB Zv †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv (Civics & Citizenship)|
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†`qv cÖvq Am¤¢e| ZvB kvmb cÖwμqvq AskMÖn‡Yi ai‡Y A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| hy³ n‡q‡Q bvbv ai‡bi wewa-
weavb| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi AwaKvsk iv‡óªB wbw`©ó eq‡mi (18 eQi) c~‡e© kvmbKv‡h© Ask wb‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ mKj
eq‡mi bvMwiKMY ivóª cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr bvMwiKMY iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i|
bvMwiK‡`i‡K ivóª cÖ`Ë GB gh©v`vi welqwUB nj bvMwiKZv| eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z †hgb- wdbj¨vÛ, myB‡Wb
A‡bK¸‡jv †NvwlZ Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª i‡q‡Q| †mme iv‡óªi †K›`ªwe›`y nj bvMwiK| g~jZ iv‡óªi †K›`ªwe›`y bvMwi‡Ki
Ae¯’vb wbwðZ KivB †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq cv‡Vi ga¨ w`‡q
bvMwiKMY mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e ˆZwi nq, bvMwiK †PZbv, myKzgvi g‡be„wËi weKvk, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb
nq hv my¯’ I my›`i Rxeb Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj ivóª¸wj‡Z †hLv‡b
bvMwi‡Kiv wewfbœfv‡e Ae‡nwjZ †m me †`‡k wKfv‡e bvMwiK‡`i AviI Ask MÖnYg~jK Kiv hvq Zvi Rb¨
†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq Riæwi|
wek¦vq‡bi GB hy‡M cÖ‡Z¨KwU bvMwi‡Ki Kg©KvÛB iv‡óªi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡cyY©| fvj KvR Ki‡j Zv AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e †hgb
iv‡óªi Rb¨ mybvg e‡q Av‡b †Zgwb g›` KvR Ki‡j iv‡óªi Rb¨ ÿwZKi nq| evsjv‡`k `ªæZ DbœwZi w`‡K avweZ
n‡”Q| G MwZi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q bvMwi‡Ki bvMwiK †PZbvI (civics sense) DbœZ nIqv DwPZ| †cŠibxwZ I
bvMwiKZv welq Aa¨q‡b GKRb bvMwiK mn‡RB mybvMwi‡Ki ¸bvewj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿv_©xi KvR †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv‡K wb‡Ri fvlvq msÁvwqZ Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU kvLv| hvi DÌvb AvR †_‡K AvovB nvRvi c~‡e©
cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi bMi iv‡óª| GwU bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ Kvh©vewj, Af¨vm, ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, bvMwi‡Ki
AwaKvi KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i| iv‡óªi m‡½ bvMwi‡Ki `„p m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjvi wbwg‡ËB g~jZ †cŠibxwZ I
bvMwiKZv bvgK Áv‡bi m„wó|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.1

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| Civics kãwUi DrcwË †Kvb fvlvi kã †_‡KÑ
(K) divwm (L) Bs‡iwR (M) j¨vwUb (N) wneªæ
2| †cŠibxwZ cÖZ¨qwUi mv‡_ bvMwiKZv hy³ Kivi A_© wK?
i) †Kej bvMwiK wel‡q Av‡jvPbv
ii) ivóª wb‡q Av‡jvPbv
iii) iv‡óªi mv‡_ bvMwi‡Ki m¤úK© †Rvi`vi Kiv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) iii

BDwbU GK c„ôv 2
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.2 †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi welqe¯‘

(Content of Civics and Citizenship)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bvMwi‡Ki †Kvb&& †Kvb&& wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|

gyL¨ kã AwaKvi, KZ©e¨, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, ¯’vbxq, RvZxq, AvšÍR©vwZK

†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bv‡gi gv‡SB Gi welqe¯‘ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G wel‡qi †K›`ªwe›`y nj bvMwiK|
ev‡óª ev cÖvPxb A‡_© †cŠ‡ii Awaevmxi welqe¯‘B †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvÕi welqe¯‘| wb‡P Gi cwiwa
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1. bvMwiKZv m¤úwK©Z welq: †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq nj bvMwiK I bvMwi‡Ki
Rxe‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK mKj welq| iv‡óªi Av`k© bvMwiK wn‡m‡e emev‡mi Rb¨
bvMwiKZv AR©b, mybvMwi‡Ki ¸bvejx, cÖvc¨ AwaKvi I iv‡óªi cÖwZ KZ©e¨, †`k‡cÖg BZ¨vw` wewfbœ welq †cŠibxwZ
I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi AšÍf~©³| ‡cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi Ávb jvf K‡i GKRb bvMwiK mybvMwiK n‡q M‡o
DV‡Z cv‡i|
2. iv‡óªi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Av‡jvPbv: bvMwiKMY Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK
cÖwZôvb m„wó K‡i _v‡K| fwel¨‡Z Avi Kx Kx ai‡bi cÖwZôvb cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i, we`¨gvb cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi
cwiPvjbv I Kvh©vewj Ges cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi mv‡_ ivóª I bvMwi‡Ki m¤úK© mewKQy †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡q
¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
3. bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I Avš‘R©vwZK f~wgKv: iv‡óªi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I Avš‘R©vwZK cwigÛ‡j
†Kgb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e Zv †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq Aa¨qb Ki‡j Rvbv hvq| †hgb ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi BDwbqb
cwil‡` GKRb bvMwi‡Ki f~wgKv, RvZxq ch©v‡q RvZxq msm‡` GKRb bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q
RvwZms‡N f~wgKv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bvMwi‡Ki G ai‡bi f~wgKv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
4. bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨Z: ‡cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ Kg©KvÛ, eZ©gvb `vwqZ¡ I
KZ©e¨ Ges fwel¨‡Z f~wgKv †Kgb n‡e Zv wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i| AZx‡Zi f~wgKv †_‡K eZ©gv‡b
bvMwiKMY cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb jvf K‡i fwel¨Z Kg© cwiKíbv wVK Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi cwiwa
AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z|
5. AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿Y: wewfbœ iv‡óªi AZxZ †MŠie, ivóª bvq‡Ki f‚wgKv, m‡¤§vnbx †bZ…Z¡ †hgb ¯’vb cvq,
†Zgwb †Kvb ivóª †Kb cZb nj ZvI Av‡jvwPZ nq| ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ bvMwi‡Ki AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿Y Acwinvh©
n‡q c‡o| ZvB †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi AvBb, mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv, bxwZ-‰bwZKZv, Av`k© BZ¨vw` weg~Z© welq wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv _v‡K| †hgb G wel‡q miKvwi-‡emiKvwi AvBb, wewkó e¨w³e‡M©i Rxeb I Kg©, bxwZ Av`k©, †bZ…Z¡I
wb‡qI e¨vL¨v _v‡K| Gi d‡j bvMwiKMY evwn¨K I AvwZœK Dfqfv‡eB wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K| Gfv‡e my¯’ I my›`i Rxeb
hvcb wbwðZ nq|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 3
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, †cŠibxwZ, cy‡ii ev bM‡ii Awaevmx‡`i wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Gi mv‡_ RwoZ _v‡K
bvMwi‡Ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK welq| mbvZbx welq¸‡jv QvovI GLb †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvq
gvbweK wbivcËv, kvwšÍ I msNl©, bvixi ÿgZvqb, kvmb e¨e¯’vq cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM †ek ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv
nq| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welqwU‡Z bvMwi‡Ki myKzgvi g‡bve„wËi weKvk I AviI DbœZ Rxeb-hvcb wbwðZ Kivq
Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb m„wói Rb¨B Gi Aa¨qb|

GKRb bvMwi‡Ki wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY msμvšÍ wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv †Kvb wel‡qi †Kvb
wkÿv_©xi KvR
As‡k Av‡jvwPZ n‡e?

mvims‡ÿc
†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv, bMi ivóª ev ivóª, bvMwi‡Ki Rxeb me wKQz wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| bvMwi‡Ki gh©v`v,
AZxZ eZ©gvb, fwel¨r RvZxq, AvBb mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv, bxwZ ˆbwZKZv Av`k© BZ¨vw` mKj w`K Gi AšÍf‚©³|
cwiwai we¯Í…wZ G welqwU‡K Abb¨ K‡i‡Q| AvaywbK bvMwiK ˆZwii j‡ÿ¨ †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡q AviI
bZzb bZzb A‡bK welq †hvM n‡”Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv Gi †K›`ª we›`y Kx?
K) †cŠi ev bMi (L) ivóª (M) RvwZ msN (N) bvMwiK

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|

Kwig LyeB weÁvbgb®‹ †Q‡j| weÁvb welqK cov‡kvbv I KvRKg© Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q Zvi †Kvb AvMÖn †bB|
wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nevi ci eÜz‡`i mv‡_ Nyi‡Z †ei n‡q A‡bKUv †emy‡iv n‡q hvq| Ab¨vb¨ eÜyiv A‡bK mgq
†`‡ki ivR‰bwZK welq I bvMwiK mgm¨v-myweav wb‡q K_v e‡j| wKš‘ Kwig Gm‡e †Kvb AvMÖn †`Lvq bv|
2| Kwi‡gi †Kvb wel‡qi Áv‡bi Afve i‡q‡Q?
K) c`v_©weÁvb (L) MwYZ (M) imvqb (N) †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
3| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv njÑ
i) bvMwi‡Ki AvPvi-AvPiY
ii) bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³MZ welq
iii) bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq welq

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K) i L) i I iii M) i, ii I iii N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU GK c„ôv 4
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-1.3 cwievi, cwiev‡ii †kÖYxwefvM I Kvh©vewj

(Family, Classification of Family and Necessity of Family)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 cwievi Kv‡K e‡j Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cwiev‡ii †kÖwY wefvM we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cwiev‡ii Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Avw` cÖwZôvb, i‡³i eÜb, Aby cwievi, ˆbwZK Av`k©, ag©xq g~j¨‡eva|

gvbe mf¨Zvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb I wPišÍb mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb nj cwievi| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| wbtm½Zv
I GKvwKZ¡ gvby‡li Rb¨ `ywe©ln I cxov`vqK| ZvB gvbyl GKvKx emevm Ki‡Z Pvq bv| ˆeevwnK
m¤úK© I i‡³i eÜb nj cwiev‡ii wfwË| e‡qv‡R¨ô I DcvR©bÿg e¨w³B nj cwiev‡ii KZ©v| mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ
Ges ˆbwZK wewa-weavb Øviv cwievi cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K|

G cÖm‡½ mgvRweÁvbx wK¤^j Bqs e‡jb, ÒmgvR ¯^xK…Z cš’vq mšÍvb-mšÍwZi AwaKvix GK ev GKvwaK cyiæl Ges
GK ev GKvwaK gwnjvi Øviv MwVZ mvgvwRK ms¯’v‡K cwievi e‡j|Ó
mgvRweÁvbx Avi.Gg.g¨vKvBfvi I wm.GBP.†cR e‡jb, ÒmšÍvb-mšÍwZi Rb¥`vb I jvjb-cvj‡bi Rb¨ †hŠb
m¤úK© Øviv MwVZ ÿz`ª I ¯’vqx msN nj cwievi|Ó
mgvRweÁvbx Gg.Gd.wbgKd e‡jb, cwievi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU msN †hLv‡b mšÍvbvw`mn ev mšÍvbwenxbfv‡e ¯^vgx-¯¿x
GK‡Î emevm K‡i|

A_©vr mgvR ¯^xK…Z cš’vq bvix I cyiæl mšÍvb-mšÍwZmn ev Qvov GK‡Î emevm Ki‡j †m msNwU‡K cwievi ejv
hvq|

cwiev‡ii †kÖwY wefvM

cwievi nj Avw` mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b cwievi bvbvfv‡e weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi wfwˇZ
cwiev‡ii †kÖwY wefvM wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv njÑ
1. eskvbyμ‡gi wfwˇZ †kÖwY wefvM:
(K) wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi: †h cwiev‡ii mšÍvb wcZvi eskai wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq Ges mšÍv‡bi cwiPq wcZvi cwiP‡qi
†cÖwÿ‡Z wba©vwiZ nq †mB cwievi‡K ejv nq wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi| G ai‡bi cwiev‡i wcZv ev DcvR©bÿg
e‡qv‡R¨ô cyiælB cwiev‡ii KZ©v|
(L) gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi: †h cwiev‡ii mšÍvb gv‡qi eskai wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Ges cwiPq wba©vwiZ nq Zv‡K
gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi e‡j| G ai‡bi cwiev‡i gvZv ev DcvR©bÿg e‡qv‡R¨ô bvixB cwiev‡ii KZ©x| Avmv‡gi
Lvwmqv DcRvwZ‡`i g‡a¨ G ai‡bi cwievi e¨e¯’v jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
2. weev‡ni wfwˇZ †kÖwY wefvM:

BDwbU GK c„ôv 5
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

(K) GKcwZ¥K cwievi: †h cwiev‡i ¯^vgxi GKRb ¯¿x Ges ¯¿xiI GKRb ¯^vgx _v‡K †m cwievi‡K GKcwZ¥K
cwievi e‡j|
(L) eûcwZ¥K cwievi: †h cwiev‡i ¯^vgxi GKvwaK ¯¿x GKmv‡_ _v‡K †m cwievi‡K eûcwZ¥K cwievi e‡j|
(M) eûcwZ cwievi : eûcwZ cwievi ej‡Z †mB cwievi e¨e¯’v‡K †evSvq, †hLv‡b GKRb ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki GKvwaK
¯^vgx _v‡K|
3. KvVv‡gvwfwËK †kÖwY wefvM:
(K) GKK cwievi : hLb ¯^vgx I ¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj mšÍvb-mšÍwZiv GK‡Î emevm K‡i ZLb Zv‡K
GKK cwievi e‡j|
(L) †hŠ_ cwievi : †h cwievi `v`v-`v`x, wcZv-gvZv I bvwZ-bvZwb wb‡q M‡o I‡V †m cwievi‡K †hŠ_ cwievi
e‡j| i‡³i m¤ú‡K©i wfwË n‡jv †hŠ_ cwievi|
(M) AYy cwievi : AYy cwievi nj †m ai‡bi cwievi †hLv‡b GKRb ¯^vgx, GKRb ¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i †QvU †QvU †Q‡j
†g‡q _v‡K| AYy cwievi nj cwiev‡ii ÿz`ª I me©vaywbK iƒc|

cwiev‡ii Kvh©vewj
cwievi Ggb GKwU cÖwZôvb hvi gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i _v‡K| mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e
cwiev‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡¤œ cwiev‡ii Kvh©vewj D‡jøL Kiv nj|
1| mšÍvb cÖRbb I cÖwZcvjb : mgv‡R mšÍvb cÖRb‡bi GKgvÎ ¯^xK…Z cÖwZôvb nj cwievi| wkï f‚wgó nIqvi
ci Amnvq Ae¯’v †_‡K wkïi ¯^vej¤^x nIqv ch©šÍ †mev I cÖwZcvj‡bi KvR cwievi myôzfv‡e K‡i _v‡K|
2| A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj : cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| mKj
cwieviB Zvi AšÍf~³ © e¨w³e‡M©i A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v mva¨gZ c~iY K‡i|
3| mvgvwRKxKiY : cwiev‡ii g‡a¨B wkï mgv‡R cÖPwjZ wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, wewa-e¨e¯’v, ˆbwZK Av`k©, AvPvi-
AvPiY, Av`e-†KZv cÖf…wZi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nq Ges AR©b K‡i| wkïi mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi nv‡Z-Lwo cwiev‡iB
n‡q _v‡K|
4| wkÿvg~jK KvR : wkïi cÖv_wgK wkÿv m¤úvw`Z nq cwiev‡iB| cwievi‡K ejv nq ÔcÖv_wgK wkÿv †K›`ªÕ|
cwiev‡ii ZË¡veav‡bB wkï wkÿv Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i| GQvov wkï wkóvPvi, mZZv, b¨vqcivqYZv, cwi®‹vi-
cwi”QbœZv cÖf…wZ ¸Yvewj cwievi †_‡K wkÿvjvf K‡i|
5| gb¯ÍvwË¡K KvR : wkï Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i KvQ †_‡K †¯œn- fv‡jvevmv cvq Zv Zvi g‡b Mfxifv‡e
†iLvcvZ K‡i| wkïiv eo n‡j ZvivI †¯œn- fv‡jvevmvi AwaKvix nq| ZvB cwievi nj gvbwmK cÖe„wË
mva‡bi Abb¨ cÖwZôvb|
6| ag©xq KvR : cwiev‡ii g‡a¨B mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡`i ag©xq wkÿv m¤úvw`Z n‡q _v‡K| ag©xq ixwZ-bxwZ, g~j¨‡eva,
wbqg-Kvbyb, wewa-wb‡la Ges AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi mv‡_ wkïiv cwiev‡i cwiwPZ nq| hv wkïi g‡b ag©xq AbyivM
G‡b †`q|
7| AeKvkg~jK KvR ; GK mgq cwieviB wQj AeKvk I wPËwe‡bv`‡bi GKgvÎ †K›`ª| gvbyl mvivw`‡bi KvR
†k‡l N‡i wd‡i cwievi-cwiRb‡`i mv‡_ Mí-¸Re, †Ljv-a~jv, Mvb-evRbv BZ¨vw` K‡i Aemi we‡bv`b
KiZ| eZ©gv‡b †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, wm‡bgv, bvUK, w_‡qUvi, eB-cÎ BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g cvwievwiK we‡bv`b Kiv
nq|
8| ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vewj : wkïiv cwiev‡ii gva¨‡gB `vwqZ¡, wbqg-k„•Ljv cÖf…wZ wkÿv jvf K‡i, hv mšÍvb‡K
mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zv‡j| iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© mKj
Ávb wkïiv cwievi †_‡KB AR©b K‡i|
AZGe, ejv hvq, cwievi nj Avw` mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| cwiev‡ii gva¨‡gB GKwU wkï h_v_© Ávb AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q
cwic~Y© mybvMwiK n‡q D‡V| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv Abb¨|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 6
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wkÿv_©xi KvR cwiev‡ii †kÖwYwefvM eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
Avw` Ges wPišÍb mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwievi ¯^xK…Z| cwiev‡ii wewfbœ †kÖwY wefvM _vK‡jI Kv‡h©i †ÿ‡Î
†Zgb cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq bv| cwiev‡ii gva¨‡gB wkï weKwkZ nq Ges cwiev‡ii gva¨‡gB wkï cwievi, ivóª
I mgv‡Ri cÖwZ KZ©e¨ wk‡L †bq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ e„nËi mgvR Rxeb I e¨w³ Rxe‡bi †ÿ‡Î cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv
¸iæZ¡c~Y|©

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Avw` mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb?
K) mgvR L) cwievi M) †MvÎ N) DcRvwZ
2| cwiev‡ii wfwË njÑ
K) †¯œn-fvjevmv L) Nwbô †gjv‡gkv M) i‡³i m¤úK© I weevn N) †cÖg-fvjevmv
3| gvbyl m„wó K‡i‡QÑ
i) mgvR ii) ivóª iii) †mŠi RMr
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) ii M) iii N) i I ii
4| wcZv-gvZvi †¯œn-fv‡jvevmv †c‡j wkï †Kgb nq?
i) KZ©e¨ civqY
ii) KvÐÁvbnxb
iii) mybvMwiK

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU GK c„ôv 7
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-1.4 mgvR (Society)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 mgv‡Ri A_© I cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mgv‡Ri μgweKvk ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mgv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb, DcRvwZ, †Mvôx, i‡³i m¤úK©, ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva

mgvR kãwUi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã 'Society'| kãwU G‡m‡Q j¨vwUb kã 'Socious' †_‡K hvi A_©-
mn‡hvwMZv ev cvi¯úwiK eÜzZ¡| mgvR gvby‡li †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRb Ges mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi ¯’vb|
gvby‡li msNe× Rxe‡bi m~Pbv N‡U mgv‡R| gvbyl mgv‡RB Rb¥MÖnY K‡ib, mgv‡RB jvwjZ-cvwjZ nq Ges
mgv‡RB g„Zz¨eiY K‡i| GLv‡b gvbyl Zvi Lv`¨, e¯¿, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I evm¯’v‡bi wbðqZv jvf K‡i _v‡K| mgv‡Ri
g‡a¨B e¨w³i mgMÖ Rxeb AvewZ©Z nq| MÖxK `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj e‡j‡Qb, Ògvbyl ¯^fveZB mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK
Rxe| †h mgv‡R evm K‡i bv, †m nq cï bv nq †`eZv|Ó
mgvRweÁvbx g¨vKvBfvi e‡jb, ÔmgvR gvby‡li eûwea mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i GK mvgwMÖK c×wZÕ| mgvRweÁvbx
wRmevM© e‡jb, ÒmgvR nj mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i †mB Rvj, hv Øviv cÖ‡Z¨K gvbyl Zv‡`i m½x‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³|
ZvB ejv hvq, mgv‡Ri mv‡_ gvby‡li m¤úK© Awe‡”Q`¨|Ó
mgv‡Ri μgweKvk
mgv‡Ri DrcwË KLb, Kxfv‡e n‡q‡Q Gi †Kvb HwZnvwmK cÖgvY †bB| mgvRweÁvbxiv A‡bK AbymÜvb I M‡elYv
K‡i mgv‡Ri DrcwË I μgweKvk m¤ú‡K© GKwU wm×v‡šÍ DcbxZ nIqvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
mgv‡Ri μgweKv‡k me‡P‡q †ewk f‚wgKv iv‡L cwievi| cwievi i‡³i m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ HK¨ e× _vK| cwievi
†_‡K m„wó nq bvbv †Mvôx, DcRvwZ| Gme †Mvôx ag©xq, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I A_©‰bwZK †PZbv Øviv HK¨e×
_v‡K| Giƒc e„nr HK¨e× Rb‡MvôxB Kv‡ji weeZ©‡bi mgv‡R cwiYZ nq|
mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨
mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨mg~n wb‡¤œ Zz‡j aiv nj:
1| HK¨ : HK¨ mgv‡Ri Ab¨Zg cÖavb ˆewkó¨| ag©, fvlv, Af¨vm, g‡bvfve, K„wó I Av`k©MZ H‡K¨i wfwˇZ
mgvR M‡o I‡V|
2| ¯^vwqZ¡ ; mgvR wPi¯’vqx eM©| Z‡e mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvbe mf¨Zv I mgv‡Ri iƒcvšÍi N‡U| wKš‘ G iƒcvšÍi
avivevwnK mvgvwRK cwieZ©‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB n‡q _v‡K|
3| mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ : GKwU mvaviY D‡Ïk¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i mgvR M‡o I‡V| Avi G mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨
wew”Qbœ RbMY msNe× n‡q emevm K‡i Ges G‡K A‡b¨i mvnvh¨ I mn‡hvwMZv Kvgbv K‡i|
4| ‰ewPΨ : mgvR GKwU wewPÎiƒ‡ci gvbweK msMVb| mgv‡R cvi¯úwiK HK¨-A‰bK¨, mv`„k¨, ˆemv`„k¨,
mn‡hvwMZv-we‡ivwaZv, Ae‡njv-mngwg©Zv, nvwm-Kvbœv mewKQzB we`¨gvb|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 8
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

5| ‰bwZK g~j¨‡eva : mgv‡Ri wfwË nj ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva| b¨vq-Ab¨vq, fv‡jv-g›`, my›`i-Amy›`i, ixwZ-bxwZ, cÖ_v,
AvPvi-Abyôvb, ˆbwZKZv| †¯œn-gvqv-ggZv, fv‡jvevmv BZ¨vw`i mgwóB g~j¨‡eva| mgvR G mKj g~j¨‡ev‡ai Rb¨
¯’vwqZ¡ jvf K‡i|
AZGe ejv hvq, mgvR mvgvwRK Abykvm‡bi Øviv gvbyl‡K g~j¨‡ev‡ai †PZbvq DØy× K‡i|
mgv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨
gvby‡li mvgwMÖK Kj¨vY mvabB KivB mgv‡Ri g~j D‡Ïk¨| mgv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨mg~n wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv nj:
1| wbivcËv cÖ`vb : mgv‡Ri g~j jÿ¨ n‡”Q kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿv K‡i e¨w³ Rxeb I m¤úwËi wbivcËv Ges wbðqZv-
weavb Kiv|
2| e¨w³Z¡ weKvk : mgv‡Ri gva¨‡gB e¨w³i e¨w³Z¡ weKvk nq| mgvR gvby‡li gvbweK ¸Yvewj‡K cvi¯úwiK
†jb‡`b I mvnP‡h©i e܇b weKwkZ K‡i _v‡K|
3| †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY : mgvR bvMwi‡Ki Abœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wkÿv, wPwKrmvmn mKj †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i|
mgv‡R gvbyl G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ n‡q A_© DcvR©‡bi wewfbœ c_ Lyu‡R †bq|
4| wkÿv I m‡PZbZv `vb : mgv‡Ri g‡a¨B gvby‡li we‡eK, eyw×, Kg©`ÿZv I †PZbvi weKvk N‡U| wkÿv gvby‡li
AvZ¥weKv‡ki AbyKzj cwi‡ek ˆZwi K‡i|
5| msKxY©Zv `~ixKiY : mgvR RvZxq cÖMwZi mv‡_ e¨w³i Kj¨v‡Yi mgš^q mvab K‡i| ¯^v_©ciZv I msKxY©
g‡bvfve‡K `~i Ki‡Z mgvR Kvh©Kwi f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
AZGe, GK¨e× I msNe× Rxeb e¨e¯’vi gva¨g mgvR gvby‡li Rxeb‡K my›`i I Kj¨vYgq K‡i †Zv‡j|

mgv‡Ri D‡Ïk¨ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR
mgv‡Ri ˆewkó¨ eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
mgvR n‡”Q GKwU gvbexq msMVb| mgvR Qvov †Kvb mf¨, my¯’ I ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li K_v Kíbv Kiv hvq bv|
ci¯úi wbf©ikxjZv mgvR¯’ gvby‡li Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| HK¨e× I msNe×Zvi gva¨‡g mgv‡Ri gvbyl Zv‡`i
AwaKvi I ¯^v_© iÿv K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.4
eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| gvbyl †Kvb ai‡bi Rxe?
K) mvgvwRK L) ivR‰bwZK M) A_©‰bwZK N) mvs¯‹…wZK
2| gvbyl mgvRe× n‡q emevm K‡iÑ
i) ab m¤ú` AR©‡bi Rb¨
ii) e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨
iii) msKxY©Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I iii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
3| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe n‡jI wKQz gvbyl mgv‡Ri evB‡i evm K‡i, Zviv n‡jbÑ
i) dwKi-mb¨vmx
ii) gybx Fwl
iii) wkÿK, mgvRKg©x
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
BDwbU GK c„ôv 9
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-1.5 iv‡óªi DrcwË (Evolution of State)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 iv‡óªi DrcwË msμvšÍ wewfbœ gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã weavZvi cÖwZwbwa, cÖK…wZi ivR¨, hy× weMÖn, ivR‰bwZK †PZbv, i‡³i m¤úK©, a‡g©i eÜb|

iv‡óªi DrcwË KLb, †Kv_vq Ges Kxfv‡e n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K© mwVK †Kvb HwZnvwmK `wjj ev cÖgvY
†bB| ZvB iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© mgvRweÁvbx I ivóªweÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ e¨vcK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
mgvRweÁvbx I ivóªweÁvbxMY AZxZ BwZnvm, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK NUbvewj cixÿv-wbixÿv I
M‡elYvi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ gZev` ev ZË¡ e¨³ K‡i‡Qb| Gi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gZev`¸‡jv
n‡”Q: 1| Hk¦wiK ev weavZvi m„wóg~jK gZev` 2| ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` 3| wcZ…Zvwš¿K gZev` 4| gvZ…Zvwš¿K
gZev` 5| mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` 6| HwZnvwmK ev weeZ©bg~jK gZev`
1| Hk¦wiK ev weavZvi m„wóg~jK gZev` : iv‡óªi DrcwË m¤ú‡K© Ck¦i ev weavZvi m„wóg~jK gZev`B me‡P‡q cÖvPxb
gZev`| G gZev‡`i g~j K_v nj Ck¦i ev weavZv ivóª m„wó K‡i‡Qb| iv‡óªi ivRv ev kvmK weavZvi †cÖwiZ
cÖwZwbwa| kvmK weavZvi wb‡`©‡kB kvmb KvR cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| ZvB kvm‡Ki Av‡`k Agvb¨ Kiv ivóªxq
Aciva| †Kbbv Zuvi Av‡`k-wb‡`©k ¯^qs weavZvi KvQ †_‡K cÖvß| kvm‡Ki Av‡`k Agvb¨ Kivi A_© nj weavZv‡K
Agvb¨ Kiv| ivRv RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa bq eis Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa| ivRv Zuvi KvRK‡g©i Rb¨ RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q bq,
Ck¦‡ii Kv‡Q `vqx _vK‡eb| G gZev‡`i mg_©K wQ‡jb ga¨hy‡Mi ivóªwPšÍvwe` †m›U AMvw÷b, †m›U Ugvm G KzBbvm,
d«v‡Ýi ivRv PZz`©k jyB, Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv cÖ_g †Rgm Ges Zuvi cyÎ cÖ_g Pvj©m|
mgv‡jvPbv : AvaywbK hy‡M MYZš¿ I cÖMwZi avivq Hk¦wiK ev weavZvi m„wóg~jK gZev` cÖZ¨vL¨vZ n‡q‡Q| myZivs,
G gZev` åvšÍ, APj, ˆ¯^ivPvix, Awek¦vm¨, A‡hŠw³K I A‰bwZnvwmK|
2| ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` : ej cÖ‡qvM gZev‡`i g~j e³e¨ njÑ ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gB iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q Ges
e‡ji Øviv ivóª kvwmZ nq| gvbyl ¯^fveZ KjnwcÖq, ÿgZvwjáy Ges KZ©„Z¡civqY| G fv‡e ax‡i ax‡i †MvÎ-‡Mv‡Î,
ivRvq-ivRvq ej cÖ‡qvM K‡i GKRb Av‡iKRb‡K civwRZ K‡i Zv‡`i Dci KZ…©Z¡ Ki‡Z jvMj| weRqxiv kvmK
nj Ges civwRZiv †m kvm‡Ki Aaxb¯’ cÖRv nj| Gfv‡e †Rvi hvi gyjøyK Zvi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i ivóª bvgK
GKwU mve©‡fŠg cÖwZôv‡bi m„wó nq| †WwfW wnDg, †RsKm&&, †R‡jwbK cÖgyL ivóªweÁvbxiv G gZev‡`i mg_©K|
mgv‡jvPbv : iv‡óªi gZ GKwU gnr cÖwZôvb| ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g m„wó n‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs G gZev` A‡hŠw³K,
gvbeZv we‡ivax I Awek¦vm¨|
3| wcZ…Zvwš¿K gZev` : wcZ…Zvwš¿K gZev` Abyhvqx ivóª wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwiev‡ii GKwU ¯^vfvweK m¤úªmviY| A_©vr
wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwiev‡ii μgvMZ m¤úªmviYB ivóª| e‡qv‡R¨ô cyiæl cÖav‡bi es‡ki w`K n‡Z cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨
m`m¨‡`i esk MYbv Kiv nZ| Gfv‡e cwievi m¤úªmvwiZ n‡q eû cwiev‡ii m„wó K‡i Ges DcRvwZ‡Z cwiYZ
nq| G DcRvwZi cÖavb nb cÖ_g cwiev‡ii whwb cÖavb wQ‡jb wZwb| Gfv‡e K‡qKwU DcRvwZ GKwÎZ n‡q GKwU
iv‡óªi DrcwË nq| wcZ…Zvwš¿K gZev‡`i cÖe³v n‡jb m¨vi †nbix †gBb, giMvb, †RsKm cÖgyL wPšÍvwe`|
mgv‡jvPbv : wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi gvbe mgvR weeZ©‡b ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q wKš‘ ZvB e‡j wcZ…Zvwš¿K
cwievi †h ivóª m„wói GKgvÎ I cÖavb Dcv`vb G gZev‡`i †Kvb HwZnvwmK cÖgvY †bB|
4| gvZ…Zvwš¿K gZev` : gvZ…Zvwš¿K gZev‡`i g~j welq njÑ gvZ…cÖavb cwievi m¤úªmvwiZ n‡q iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q|
Avw`g mgv‡R weevn cÖ_v wQj bv| K‡qKRb cyiæl wg‡j GKRb bvix‡K †K›`ª K‡i cwievi MVb K‡i| H bvixivB

BDwbU GK c„ôv 10
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wQj cwiev‡ii cÖavb| GKwU cwiev‡i GKvwaK cyiæl _vKvq cyiæ‡li gva¨‡g bq eis cwiev‡ii GKgvÎ cwiPvjK
nIqv‡Z gwnjvi w`K †_‡KB esk cwiPq MYbv Kiv nZ| Gfv‡e gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi¸‡jv m¤úªmvwiZ n‡q cieZ©x‡Z
wewfbœ weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi DrcwË nq| GgZev‡`i mg_©K wQ‡jbÑ gM©vb, †RsKm, g¨vKwjbvb cÖgyL wPšÍvwe`|
mgv‡jvPbv : BwZnv‡m gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwiev‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq Z‡e gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwiev‡ii m¤úªmvi‡Yi d‡j ivóª
m„wó n‡q‡Q Giƒc †Kvb bwRi †bB|
5| mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev` : mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i g~j e³e¨ n‡”Q, RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i gva¨‡g iv‡óªi
DrcwË n‡q‡Q| iv‡óªi DrcwË jv‡fi c~‡e© gvbyl ÔcÖK…wZi ivR¨Õ emevm KiZ Ges cÖvK…wZK wbqg Øviv cwiPvwjZ I
wbqwš¿Z nZ| cÖK…wZ iv‡R¨ gvbyl cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi I my‡hvM myweav †fvM KiZ| wKš‘ GKmg‡h cÖvK…wZK AvB‡bi
Kvh©KvwiZv I cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi †fvM Kiv AwbwðZ I Am¤¢e n‡q c‡o| Giƒc AwbwðZ Rxeb †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi
Rb¨ gvbyl †¯^”Qvq I mywPwšÍZfv‡e ci¯úi Pzw³ m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g ivóª MVb K‡i| Pzw³i Øviv MwVZ ivóª bvgK
ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi nv‡Z gvbyl mgj ÿgZv I cÖvK…wZK AwaKvi n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i| wecix‡Z Zviv mvgvwRK AwaKvi
n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i| wecix‡Z Zviv mvgvwRK AwaKvi I wbivcËv jvf K‡i| mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev‡`i cÖe³vMY Pzw³ Z‡Ë¡i
†ÿ‡Î wfbœ wfbœ gZ †cvlY Ki‡jI GKwU wel‡q mK‡j GKgZ †h, RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úvw`Z Pzw³i gva¨‡g iv‡óªi
DrcwË n‡q‡Q| G gZev‡`i mg_©K n‡jbÑ cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi †mvwd÷MY, wMÖK wPšÍvwe` †cø‡Uv, Gwi÷Uj,
†ivgvbwPšÍvwe` cwjweqvm, Bs‡iR `vk©wbK Ugvm nem&&, Rb jK Ges divwm `vk©wbK Ru¨v R¨uvK iæ‡kv|
mgv‡jvPbv : gvby‡li mnRvZ cÖe„wËi Rb¨B iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q †Kvb Pzw³i gva¨‡g bq| m¨vi †nbwi †gBb mvgvwRK
Pzw³ gZev`‡K ÔAmviÕ, Ugvm wnj MÖxb G‡K ÔDcb¨vmÕ; †e_vg G‡K ÔcÖ‡gv` aŸwbÕ Ges fj‡Uqvi G‡K Ôeb¨Õ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
6| HwZnvwmK ev weeZ©bg~jK gZev` : iv‡óªi DrcwË msμvšÍ gZev`mg~‡ni g‡a¨ HwZnvwmK ev weeZ©bg~jK
gZev`B ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges weÁvbm¤§Z| eZ©gvb AvaywbKKv‡j ZvB G gZev` me©Rb ¯^xK…Z| hw`I Dchy³ cÖgv‡Yi
Afv‡e GLb ch©šÍ iv‡óªi DrcwË wKfv‡e n‡q‡Q Zv wba©vwiZ nqwb Z_vwc AvaywbK ivóªweÁvbxMY G wel‡q GKgZ
†h, ivóª avivevwnK weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡gB m„wó n‡q‡Q| ivóª weavZv KZ©„K nVvr GKw`‡b m„wó nq wb, GwU ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi
gva¨‡gI m„wó nq wb; GKwU gvbyli Pzw³iI dj bq| G gZev‡`i g~j K_v nj, gvbe mgv‡Ri μgweeZ©‡bi d‡jB
iv‡óªi m„wó n‡q‡Q| Aa¨vcK ev‡R©m h_v_©B e‡j‡Qb, Òivóª gvbe mgv‡Ri μgweKv‡ki dj|Ó wKš‘ †Kvb GKK
HwZnvwmK Dcv`v‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i iv‡óªi DrcwË nqwb eis i‡³i m¤úK©, a‡g©i eÜb, hy×-weMÖn, A_©‰bwZK
cÖ‡qvRb ivR‰bwZK †PZbv BZ¨vw` Dcv`v‡bi Kvh©KvwiZvi Dci wfwË K‡iB iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| G gZev‡`i
Ab¨vb¨ mg_©K‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Aa¨vcK Mvb©vi, g¨vKvBfvi, jxKK&& cÖgyL wPšÍvwe`|
ZvB iv‡óªi DrcwË †Kvb AvKw¯§K NUbv bq| eis weeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi Kvh©KvwiZvi d‡j iv‡óªi
DrcwË n‡q‡Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR iv‡óªi DrcwË msμvšÍ gZev`¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
gvbe Kj¨v‡Y cÖwZwôZ me©e„nr ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb nj ivóª| Z‡e GB iv‡óªi DrcwË nVvr K‡i nq wb| iv‡óªi
DrcwË wb‡q bvbv ai‡bi e³e¨ i‡q‡Q| A‡bK wPšÍvwe` g‡b K‡ib ivóª Ck¦i m„wó K‡i‡Qb, †KD †KD e‡jb
wcZv ev gvZv A_ev ej cÖ‡qvM ev †Kvb Pzw³i gva¨‡g ivóª m„wó n‡q‡Q| Z‡e AvaywbKKv‡j ivóªweÁvbxMY
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cÖ‡qvR‡b Ges ¯^vfvweK Rxeb hvc‡bi Rb¨ iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU GK c„ôv 11
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.5

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| iv‡óªi DrcwË msμvšÍ me‡P‡q ˆeÁvwbK I MÖnY‡hvM¨ gZev` †KvbwU?
K) Hk¦wiK gZev` L) HwZnvwmK gZev` M) ej cÖ‡qvM gZev` N) mvgvwRK Pzw³ gZev`
2| iv‡óªi DrcwË n‡q‡Q wb‡Pi †Kvb&& †Kvb&& Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡q?
i) i‡³i m¤úK©
ii) hy×-weMÖn
iii) ivR‰bwZK †PZbv
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) ii I ii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| K I L iv‡óªi Ae¯’vb cvkvcvwk| K ivóª Zvi cvk¦eZ©x `ye©j ÔMÕ ivóª‡K hy‡× civwRZ K‡i `Lj K‡i †bq| L
ivóª †mB f‡q Zvi cvk¦eZ©x A_©‰bwZKfv‡e `ye©j iv󪸇jv‡K cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv `v‡bi gva¨‡g Kvjμ‡g
mK‡j wg‡j GKwU kw³kvjx iv‡óª cwiYZ nq|
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L) iv‡óªi Pig ÿgZv wK?
M) ÔLÕ iv‡óªi kw³kvjx iv‡óª cwiYZ nIqvi †cQ‡b †Kvb gZev` KvR K‡i?
N) K ivóª KZ©„K M ivóª‡K `Lj K‡i †bqv ivóª m„wói †Kvb gZev‡`i mg_©b K‡i| e¨vL¨v w`b|
2| Rbve cvi‡fR Ges Zuvi ¯¿x `yR‡bB Kg©Rxex nIqvq Zv‡`i GKgvÎ cyÎ wicb‡K †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB †nv‡÷‡j
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cv‡ib bvB e‡j AbyZß nb|
K) cvwievwiK KvVv‡gv Abymv‡i cwievi KZ cÖKvi I Kx Kx?
L) iwg‡Ri †Q‡ji wkôvPvi I f`ª e¨envi cwiev‡ii †Kvb ai‡bi Kv‡Ri dj?
M) wic‡bi gvbwmK weKvk mg„× bv nIqv cwiev‡ii †Kvb Kv‡Ri e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡Y?
N) †Q‡j‡K mwVKfv‡e M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Rbve iwg‡Ri cwiev‡ii †h KvRwUi f~wgKv i‡q‡Q Zv e¨vL¨v
Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1 : 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2 : 1| N 2| N 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3 : 1| L 2| M 3| N 4| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.4 : 1| K 2| M 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.5 : 1| N 2| N

BDwbU GK c„ôv 12
 bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv
(Citizen and Citizenship)

†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡q bvMwiK nj Av‡jvPbvi †K›`ªwe›`y| bvMwi‡KiÑ Rxeb, AwaKvi, KZ©e¨, bvwMiK
wn‡m‡e Zvi cwiPq Ges iv‡óªi cÖwZ bvMwi‡Ki AvbyMZ¨ †cŠibxwZi g~j DcRxe¨| AZx‡Z MÖxK bMi iv‡óªi †hgb
mKj Awaevmx iv‡óªi bvMwiK nZ bv †Zgwb eZ©gv‡bI †Kvb e¨w³ GKwU iv‡óª emevm Ki‡jI †m bvMwiK bvI n‡Z
cv‡i| A_©vr bvMwiK nevi Rb¨ Zuvi GKwU ¯^xK…wZ cÖ‡qvRb nq| GB BDwb‡U bvMwiKZv, bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZ,
mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Yvewj, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ Ges AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i mvwe©K wb‡q Av‡jvPbv _vK‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV-2.1 bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv (Citizen & Citizenship)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 bvMwiK †K Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 bvMwiKZvi aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|
 bvMwiK nIqvi kZ©vejx m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|

gyL¨ kã bMi, Awaevmx, AskMÖnY, cÖRv, we‡`kx, AvbyMZ¨

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AvaywbK GKwU cÖZ¨q| A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q bvMwiK kãwUi GK we‡kl A_© n‡q D‡V‡Q| AvaywbK ivóª AvqZ‡b I
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Gi aviYvI cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| GLb GKRb Awaevmx hw` iv‡óª ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm K‡i, iv‡óªi wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b P‡j
Ges iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i Z‡e Zv‡K bvMwiK ejv nq| cÖvPxb MÖx‡m AvR †_‡K cÖvq AvovB nvRvi eQi
c~‡e© †h mKj Awaevmx iv‡óªi kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY Ki‡Zv ‡Kej ZvivB bvMwiK e‡j cwiwPZ nZ| ZvQvov ‡h‡Kvb
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

bM‡i emevmKvix Awaevmx‡`i‡KI bvMwiK ejv nZ| AvaywbKKv‡j iv‡óª †K bvMwiK Avi †K bvMwiK bq Zv wbw`©ó
AvBb Øviv wba©vwiZ nq| A_©vr GwU eZ©gv‡b AvBbMZ welq|
Ab¨w`‡K bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i AvPvi-AvPiY, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤úwK©Z aviYv n‡jv bvMwiKZv| bvMwiKZv
GKRb bvMwi‡Ki gvbwmK Ae¯’v| Ab¨K_vq bvMwiK wn‡m‡e GKRb Awaevmxi Ae¯’vb Gi welqwU nj
bvMwiKZv| bvMwiKZvi mv‡_ bvMwi‡Ki ¸bvewj, ivóª †_‡K bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I iv‡óªi ¯^v‡_© AvZœZ¨vM Kivi g‡Zv
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†`Iqvq bvMwiKZv welqwU AvR Lye ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq|
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K‡i Zv‡KB bvMwiK e‡j|Ó Ab¨w`‡K wZwb e‡jb Òme©Rbxb Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ e¨w³i jä wePvieyw×i cÖ‡qvMB
bvMwiKZvÓ|
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bvMwiK kãwUi A_© ¯úófv‡e eySvi Rb¨ cÖRv I Awaevmx G `ywU k‡ãi A_©I Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖRv nj iv‡óª emevmKvix hviv iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡i wKš‘ ivóª cÖ`Ë mKj AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÖRviv iv‡óªi cÖwZ Zv‡`i mKj KZ©e¨ cvj‡b eva¨ _v‡K| ivRv-ev`kvM‡Yi mgqKv‡j cÖRv kãwU †ewk e¨eüZ
nZ| †Kbbv ZLb cÖRviv kvmK‡`i Kvh©μg m¤ú‡K© †Kvb wKQz ej‡Z cvi‡Zv bv| †KD hw` ej‡Z mvnm †`LvZ
Zv‡K A‡bK mgq wbôzifv‡e `gb Kiv nZ| GQvov wewUªk kvmb Avg‡j Zv‡`i mv¤ªvR¨f’³ RbMYI cÖRv wn‡m‡eB
cwiMwYZ nZ|
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we‡`kx- †h e¨w³ Ab¨ †Kvb iv‡óªi bvMwiK| Z‡e mvgwqKfv‡e AbygwZ wb‡q †Kvb iv‡óª emevm K‡i †mB we‡`kx|
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iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡Z cv‡i|
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GKRb bvMwiK hw` iv‡óªi cÖwZ Lye `vwqZ¡kxj, AbyMZ I †`k‡cÖwgK nq Zvn‡j ivóª A‡bK †ewk DbœwZ jvf cv‡i,
Ab¨w`‡K ivóª hw` DbœZ nq Z‡e ivóª †_‡K bvMwiKMY ‡gŠwjK AwaKvimn A‡bK my‡hvM-myweav jvf K‡i _v‡K|
Z‡e Av`k© bvMwiKMY A‡bK mgq ivóª †_‡K wK †cj, Zv bv †f‡e ivóª‡K wK w`‡Z cvij ZvB †f‡e _v‡K|

wkÿv_©xi KvR bvMwiK I bvMwiKZvi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiæb

mvims‡ÿc
mvaviYZ GKwU iv‡óªi mKj AwaevmxB bvMwiK| Z‡e bvMwiK nevi Rb¨ AZx‡Z †hgb bvbvwea kZ© wQj
eZ©gv‡bI wKQz wKQz kZ© i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB ‡gŠwjK I wKQ’ gvbevwaKvi _v‡K, hv †Kej GKwU iv‡óªi bvMwiK
n‡jB †fvM Kiv m¤¢e| GKRb bvMwiK hLb wb‡R‡K GKwU iv‡óªi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e `vwe K‡I ZLb Zvi
bvMwiKZv cÖKvk cvq| Gi ga¨ w`‡q ivóª cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i I iv‡óªi cÖwZ KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i _v‡K
iv‡óªi gva¨‡gB bvMwiKZvi cÖKvk|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 14

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1

eûwbe©vPbx Awfÿv
1| Òme©Rbxb Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ e¨w³i jä wePvieyw×i cÖ‡qvMB bvMwiKZvÓ- Dw³wU Kvi?
K. Gwi÷Uj L. jvw¯‹ M. jW© eªvBm N. dvBbvi

wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`b

Abycg GKRb e¨emvqx| GjvKvi wkÿv e¨e¯’v DbœZ Ki‡Z wZwb cÖPzi Aby`vb w`‡q _v‡Kb| wZwb wbe©vPb G‡j †fvU
w`‡Z AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡ib bv| ivóªxq Kvh©μ‡gI †Zgb GKUv AskMÖnY K‡ib bv| wZwb cÖvq mgqB ivóªxq wbqg-
Kvby‡bi cÖwZ D`vmxb _v‡Kb|

2| Av‡jvP¨ DÏxc‡K e¨emvqx Abycg Gi gv‡S wK‡mi Afve i‡q‡Q?

K. †`k‡cÖ‡gi L. fv‡jvevmvi M. bvMwiKZvi N. D`viZvi
3| bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Abycg Gi †Kvb ‡ÿ‡Î NvUwZ i‡q‡Q
i. evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK bq
ii. iv‡óªi cÖwZ AbyMZ bq
iii. ivóªxq Kvh©μ‡g AskMÖnY K‡ib bv

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K) i L. i ii M. ii iii N. i iii

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 15

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-2.2 bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZ (Methods of Acquiring Citizenship)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZ KqwU Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kvb c×wZ‡Z wKfv‡e bvMwiK nIqv hvq Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ˆØZ bvMwiKZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wkL‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Rb¥m~Î, Aby‡gv`b, AR©b, we‡jvc, ˆØZ bvMwiKZ¡

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bvMwiK n‡jB cvIqv m¤¢e| d‡j mKj e¨w³B †Kvb bv †Kvb iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡Z Pvq| Z‡e †Kvb iv‡óªi bvMwiK
nevi Rb¨ ivóª ¯^xK…Z K‡qKwU c×wZ ev AvBb i‡q‡Q| GKRb Awaevmx `yBfv‡e †Kvb iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb-(1) Rb¥m~‡Î (2) Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î|
Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZv
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Gfv‡eB bvMwiKZv wbY©q Kiv nq| G †ÿ‡Î eq‡mi †Kvb wewa-wb‡la bvB| †hgb evsjv‡`‡k Rb¥ †bqv mevB
evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| Z‡e ivóªwe‡ivax Kv‡Ri Rb¨ G ai‡bi bvMwiKZv evwZj n‡Z cv‡i| c„w_exi me iv‡óªB GB
ai‡bi bvMwiKZv AR©b ¯^xK…Z I cwiwPZ| Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©b Avevi `yB iKg n‡q _v‡K| GKwU nj Rb¥
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_v‡K| Avevi Rb¥¯’vbbxwZ Abyhvqx mšÍvb †h iv‡óªB Rb¥MÖnY KiæK bv †Kb †m Zvi wcZv-gvZvi Rb¥¯’vb Abyhvqx
bvMwiKZ¡ cv‡e| Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZv AR©‡b †Kvb k‡Z©i cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Z‡e AvaywbKKv‡j †Kvb mšÍv‡bi wcZv-
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evsjv‡`kx wcZv-gvZvi †Kvb mšÍvb hw` Av‡gwiKvq Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Z‡e †m Av‡gwiKvi bvMwiK n‡e| Av‡gwiKvq
Rb¥ †bqv †mB mšÍvb Avevi evsjv‡`‡kiI bvMwiK| bvMwiKZv m¤úwK©Z AvBb A‡bK mgq cwieZ©b nq|
Aby‡gv`bm~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡
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bvMwiK n‡Z cv‡i| Gfv‡e GK iv‡óªi bvMwiK Ab¨ iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡j †m Aby‡gv`bm~Î bvMwiK n‡q‡Q e‡j MY¨
n‡e| †hgb-†Kvb we‡`kx bvMwiK GK eQi Qq gvm evsjv‡`‡k emev‡mi ci hw` bvMwiKZvi Rb¨ Av‡e`b K‡i
Z‡e Zv‡K G †`‡ki bvMwiKZv †`Iqv n‡Z cv‡i| iv‡óªi †Kvb wel‡q exiZ¡c~Y© f’wgKv cvjb K‡i _vK‡j
m¤§vb¯^iƒc Zv‡K iv‡óªi bvMwiKZv †`qv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb evsjv‡`k wμ‡KU `‡ji mv‡eK †KvP MW©b MÖxwbR I‡q÷
BwÛ‡Ri GKRb bvMwiK nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡K G †`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| GB bvMwiKZ¡ evwZj‡hvM¨|
ˆØZ bvMwiKZ¡
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mv‡_ `yB iv‡óªi bvMwiKZ¡ Dc‡fvM K‡i ZLb Zv‡K ‰ØZ bvMwiKZ¡ e‡j| A‡bK ivóª ‰ØZ bvMwiKZ¡ mg_©b K‡i bv|
wKš‘ evsjv‡`k K‡i| †hgb GKRb evsjv‡`kx bvMwiK hw` weª‡U‡bi bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡i Zey wZwb bvMwiK wn‡m‡e
evsjv‡`k †_‡K Zvi cÖvc¨ AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| g~jZ Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ AR©‡bi c×wZi Rb¨B ˆØZ

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 16

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

bvMwiKZ¡ †`Lv hvq| †Kbbv GKB bvMwiK GK iv‡óª Rb¥¯’vb bxwZ‡Z bvMwiK n‡q Avevi Rb¥bxwZ‡Z Ab¨‡Kvb
iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZv: AR©b I we‡jvc
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b bvMwiKZ¡ AvB‡bi 6bs aviv, 1951 mv‡j AvBb Ges 1985 mv‡ji Aa¨v‡`‡ki
gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZv AR©b I we‡jvc wba©vwiZ nq| bvMwiKZv AR©b m¤úwK©Z K‡qKwU aviv wb¤œiƒct
K. 1971 mv‡ji 25 gv‡P©i ci cvK nvbv`vi evwnbxi f‡q A_ev ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i Rb¨ hviv †`kZ¨vM K‡i Ab¨
iv‡óª AvkÖq wb‡qwQj Zviv hw` †¯^”Qvq evsjv‡`‡k wd‡i Av‡m Z‡e Zviv evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|
L. hw` †Kvb e¨w³ ev Zvi gvZvwcZv ev wcZvgn Ggb †Kvb ¯’v‡b Rb¥MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb ‡h ¯’vb 1971 mv‡ji 26
gvP© evsjv‡`‡ki Aš‘f~©³ wQj ev Av‡Q Ges wZwb ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡Qb; Zvn‡j D³ e¨w³ evsjv‡`‡ki
bvMwiK e‡j MY¨ n‡eb|
M. evsjv‡`kx `¤úwËi †Kvb mšÍvb evsjv‡`‡k A_ev Ab¨ †Kvb iv‡óª Rb¥MÖnY Ki‡j Rb¥bxwZ Abyhvqx †m mšÍvb
evsjv‡`kx bvMwiKZ¡ jvf Ki‡e|
1985 mv‡ji Aa¨v‡`k Gi GKwU aviv
evsjv‡`kx bvMwiK †Kvb we‡`kx gwnjv‡K weevn Ki‡j Ges evsjv‡`‡k 2 eQi ¯’vqxfv‡e emevm Ki‡j †m gwnjv
evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZ¡ jv‡fi Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡i| ivóª Zvi Av‡e`b gÄyi Ki‡j †m gwnjv evsjv‡`kx
bvMwiK e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|
Ab¨w`‡K, wewfbœ Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`kx †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki bvMwiKZ¡ we‡jvcI n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Abyhvqx
Òevsjv‡`‡ki †Kvb bvMwiK hw` †¯^”Qvq bvMwiKZ¡ Z¨vM K‡i wKsev Ab¨ iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b K‡i wKsev
`xN©w`b iv‡óªi g‡a¨ Abycw¯’Z _v‡K Zvn‡j Zvi bvMwiKZ¡ wejyß n‡eÓ| ZvQvov iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i
weiæ‡× †Kvb ¸iæZi Aciva Ki‡jI bvMwiKZ¡ evwZj n‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿv_©xi KvR ˆØZ bvMwiK Gi Amyweav¸‡jv wK wK?

mvims‡ÿc
cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i Rb¨B bvMwiKZv AR©b Acwinvh©| wewfbœfv‡e bvMwiKZv AR©b Kiv hvq, Z‡e me©Rb ¯^xK…Z `ywU
c×wZ i‡q‡Q| h_v: Rb¥m~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ AR©b I Aby‡gv`b m~‡Î bvMwiKZ¡ AR©b| c„w_exi AwaKvsk iv‡óªB GB
`ywU c×wZ‡ZB bvMwiK nevi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| d‡j ˆØZ bvMwiK n‡q hvevi g‡Zv welqwUI i‡q‡Q, A_©vr GKB
e¨w³ GKB mv‡_ `ywU iv‡óªi bvMwiK| bvMwiKZv AR©b iv‡óªi wbR wbR AvBb Øviv wba©vwiZ nq| d‡j D³
AvB‡bi e¨Zq NU‡j †Kvb e¨w³i bvMwiKZ¡ we‡jvcI n‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.2

eûwbe©vPbx Awfÿv
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges cÖkœwUi DËi w`b
Rb¥m~‡Î evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK ‡ejvj †nv‡mb wWwf wfmvi gva¨‡g Av‡gwiKv wM‡q †mLv‡b emevm K‡ib| wZwb
†mLv‡b we‡q K‡ib Ges bvMwiKZ¡I jvf K‡ib|
1| †ejvj †nv‡mb eZ©gv‡b- i. evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK ii. evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK Avi †bB iii. Av‡gwiKvi bvMwiK
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L. i I ii M. ii I iii N. i I iii

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 17

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-2.3 mybvMwiK (Ideal Citizen)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 mybvMwiK Kviv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mybvMwi‡Ki ¸bvewj¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv cv‡eb|

gyL¨ kã mybvMwiK, eyw×, we‡eK, AvZœmshg, ¸bvewj

my k‡ãi A_© nj fv‡jv ev Av`k©| Zvn‡j mybvMwiK gv‡b nj Av`k© bvMwiK| †h‡Kvb iv‡óªi DbœwZ I
mg„w×i Rb¨ mybvMwi‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwinvh©| Avevi GB mybvMwiK M‡o †ZvjvI iv‡óªi `vwqZ¡|
†KD GKRb Lye mn‡R GKUv iv‡óªi bvMwiK n‡jI †Kej mybvMwiKB iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i|
Zvn‡j cÖkœ nj mybvMwiK ‡K ev Kviv? G wel‡qI wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx wewfbœ gZ w`‡q‡Qb| Aa¨vcK B, Gg, †nvqvBU
Gi g‡Z ÕmvaviY Ávb, cÖÁv I wbôv G wZbwU ¸b hw` †Kvb bvMwi‡Ki _v‡K Zvn‡j †m-B mybvMwiK|
wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbxi e³‡e¨ bvMwi‡Ki A‡bK¸‡jv ¸‡Yi D‡jøL i‡q‡Q, Z‡e jW© eªvBm cÖ`Ë Dcv`vb¸‡jvB G ch©šÍ
m‡e‡P‡q MÖnY‡hvM¨| wZwb g‡b K‡ib †Kvb bvMwiK mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡e hw` wZbwU ¸Y h_v- (1) eyw×
(2) AvZœmshg (3) we‡eK _v‡K|
GLb wZbwU ¸Y m¤ú‡K© ms‡ÿ‡c Rvbv hvK-
1. eyw× (Intelligence) : eyw×gvb bvMwiK iv‡óªi Rb¨ Acwinvh©| GwU mybvMwi‡Ki cÖ_g I cÖavb ¸b| bvMwiK
wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡KiB iv‡óªi cÖwZ A‡bK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ _v‡K| AvaywbK ivóª bvMwiK‡`i A‡bK my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb
K‡i _v‡K| GKRb m‡PZb I eyw×gvb bvMwiK GBme †mev¸‡jv wK, †Kv_v ‡_‡K cvIqv hvq I wKfv‡e cvIqv hvq
Zv fv‡jvfv‡e Rv‡b| ZvQvov iv‡óªi BwZnvm I HwZn¨ m¤ú‡K©I A‡bK Ávb iv‡L hv Zv‡K iv‡óªi cÖwZ AbyMZ
Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Acwinvh© KZ©e¨| ZvQvov ivóª cwiPvjbvi
`vwqZ¡ my›`ifv‡e cvj‡bi Rb¨I GKRb bvMwiK‡K cÖ_gZ eyw×gvb nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
2. AvZœmshg (Self-control) : e¨w³¯^v_© Z¨vM Kiv I A‡b¨i gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ mwnlœyZvB n‡jv AvZœmshg| AvZœmshg
Qvov †KD mybvMwiK n‡Z cv‡i bv| GwU bvMwiK‡K mgvR I iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡kxj K‡i| A‡bK ÿz`ª ¯^v_© wemR©b
w`‡q e„nËi ¯^v‡_© KvR Ki‡Z Drmvn †hvMvq| MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq AvZœmshg Acwinvh©| Ab¨‡K gZ cÖKv‡ki
my‡hvM †`qvi ga¨ w`‡q cÖK…Z MYZvwš¿K †PZbvi cÖKvk N‡U| MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v mPj ivL‡Z n‡j we‡ivax `j,
msL¨vjNy I myweavewÂZ mKj †Mvôxi gZvgZ Gi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj I mngwg© n‡Z nq| AvZœmsh‡gi Afv‡e RvZxq
wbe©vP‡b mwnsmZv NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| A_©vr bvMwi‡Ki AvZœmsh‡gi Afv‡e GKwU iv‡óªi wbivcËv I Rvbgv‡ji A‡bK
ÿwZ nq| ZvB AvZœmshgx n‡q †Kvb bvMwiK Rxe‡b mg„w×, Kj¨vY I mybvg e‡q wb‡q Av‡m, †Zgwb RvwZi Rxe‡b
Av‡m mdjZv| ZvB mybvMwiK nIqvi Rb¨ Zv‡K Aek¨B AvZœmshgx n‡Z n‡e|
3. we‡eK (Conscience): we‡eK Av‡Q e‡jB gvbyl m„wói †kÖô Rxe| Z‡e mKj gvby‡li we‡eK GK iKgfv‡e KvR
K‡i bv| GwU ¯^Kxq I †gŠwjK GKwU mËv| GB we‡eKB gvbyl‡K fvj-g‡›`i gv‡S cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z †kLvq| A_v©r
we‡eKm¤úbœ gvbyl mvaviYZ A‡b¨i ÿwZ bv K‡i cwievi, mgvR I iv‡óªi Kj¨vY mva‡b KvR K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K
we‡eKnxb gvbyl Ac‡ii fvjg›` wPšÍv bv K‡I wbR ¯^v‡_© wjß _v‡K| mybvMwiK memgq wb‡Ri we‡eK eyw× w`‡q Zvi

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 18

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i| we‡eK c_ cÖ`k©‡Ki b¨vq e¨w³i Rxeb‡K mZ¨ I b¨v‡qi c‡_ cwiPvwjZ K‡i| Pjvi
c‡_ me mgq nq‡Zv AMÖR‡`i wb‡`©kbv cvIqv m¤¢e nq bv, †mme †ÿ‡Î wb‡Ri we‡eK Abyhvqx KvR Kiv DwPZ|
jW© eªvBm cÖ`Ë wZbwU ¸Yvewj mybvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ Aek¨¤¢vex| GQvovI AviI wKQz ¸bvewj _vKv DwPZ| †hgb-eo‡`i
kÖ×v Kiv, †QvU‡`i †¯œn Kiv, KvD‡K N„bv bv Kiv, wnsmv bv Kiv, Ac‡ii ÿwZ wPšÍv bv Kiv, wkwÿZ I ms¯‹…wZevb
nIqv, e¨w³¯^vaxbZv I RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv iÿvi Rb¨ m‡PZb _vKv, k„•Ljv I mgqvbyewZ©Zvi cÖwZ AbyivMx nIqv,
mvaviY Ávb, cÖÁvi AwaKvix nIqv| wbR mgvR I iv‡óªi cÖwZ AbyMZ _vKvI mybvMwi‡Ki ¸Y|

wkÿv_©xi KvR mybvMwiK iv‡óªi Rb¨ Acwinvh© †Kb?

mvims‡ÿc
bvMwiK gvÎB ivóª cª`Ë wKQy wKQy my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i, †ZgbwU iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i| iv‡óªi
DbœwZ I gh©v`v GKRb bvMwi‡Ki cvwjZ KZ©‡e¨i Dc‡iB A‡bKvs‡k wbf©i K‡i| d‡j mybvMwiK cÖ‡Z¨K iv‡óªiB
Kvg¨| Z‡e cÖkœ n‡jv mybvMwiK Kviv? wewfbœ ivóª weÁvbx wfbœ wfbœ ¸bvewji K_v ej‡jI jW© eªvBm KZ…©K wPwýZ
wZbwU ¸bvewj‡K A‡bKB hyw³hy³ g‡b K‡ib| GB wZbwU ¸bvewj nj-eyw×. AvZœmshg I we‡eK|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| mybvMwi‡Ki Kgc‡ÿ KqwU ¸Y _vKv evÂbxq?
K. 2wU L. 3 wU M. 4 wU N. 5 wU
2| mybvMwiKZv wel‡q wZbwU ¸‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb †Kvb ivóªweÁvbx?
K. Gwi÷Uj L. jvw¯‹ M. jW© eªvBm N. jW© GKUb
3| mybvMwiK wb‡Pi †h mKj KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i-
i. cÖwZ‡ewki wec‡` GwM‡q Avm‡e
ii. ivóªxq m¤ú` iÿv Ki‡e
iii. Ki duvwK w`‡e

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K) i L. i ii M. ii iii N. i iii

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 19

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-2.4 bvMwiK AwaKvi I AwaKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM

(Citizen Rights and Classification of Rights)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 bvMwiK AwaKvi wK Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
 bvMwiK AwaKvi †Kvb¸‡jv Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|

gyL¨ kã AwaKvi, my‡hvM-myweav, gvbweK weKvk, ¯^xK…Z, AvBbMZ wfwË

mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe wn‡m‡e cwic~Y© weKv‡ki Rb¨ gvby‡li wKQz my‡hvM-myweav Avek¨K|
bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ mgvR I ivóª KZ…©K ¯^xK…Z G iKg my‡hvM-myweavB nj AwaKvi| G wel‡q wU, GBP,
MÖxb e‡jb ÓAwaKvi n‡”Q †mme evwn¨K Ae¯’v hv gvbwmK cwicywó mvab K‡i|Ó
AwaKvi Qvov gvbyl Zvi ew³Z¡‡K Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| iv‡óªi aiY cÖ`Ë AwaKvi Øviv cÖKvk cvq|
AwaKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM
AwaKvi cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi- h_v (1) ˆbwZK AwaKvi I (2) AvBbMZ AwaKvi
‰bwZK AwaKvi (Moral Rights) : ‰bwZK AwaKvi bxwZ Ges we‡eKØviv RvMÖZ| b¨vq‡eva †_‡K GwU ˆZwi nq|
ˆbwZK AwaKv‡ii AvBbMZ wfwË †bB| †hgb-wfLvixi wfÿv cvevi AwaKvi| wfÿvix‡K wfÿv bv w`‡jI †m KviI
weiæ‡× AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cvi‡e bv| Z‡e ˆbwZK AwaKvi mgvR ¯^xK…Z| ˆbwZK AwaKvi mgv‡Ri my›`i
cwi‡ek eRvq ivL‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gi d‡j bvMwi‡Ki myKzgvi g‡bve„wËi weKvk N‡U| GB ˆbwZK AwaKvi mgvR
I mgq‡f‡` cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i|
AvBbMZ AwaKvi (Legal Rights) : AvBbMZ AwaKvi bvMwi‡Ki RxebaviY I weKv‡ki Rb¨ Acwinvh©| G
AwaKvi ivóª KZ©„K ¯^xK…Z ev Aby‡gvw`Z| GwU iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠg KZ„©Z¡ Øviv wba©vwiZ nq| G AwaKvi iv‡óªi m‡ev©”P
AvBb msweavb Øviv ¯^xK…Z| d‡j Giƒc AwaKvi f½ Ki‡j ivóª kvw¯Í weavb K‡i| †hgb Rxebavi‡Yi AwaKvi,
Abœ-e¯¿, evm¯’v‡bi AwaKvi BZ¨vw`| mgvR I ivóª‡f‡` G AwaKv‡ii ZviZg¨ N‡U bv| A_©vr GwU mve©Rbxb
AvBbMZ AwaKvi‡K wb¤œiƒcfv‡e fvM Kiv hvq-
K. mvgvwRK AwaKvi : ‡h mKj AwaKvi mf¨ mgv‡R evm Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡K mvgvwRK AwaKvi e‡j| †hgb-
Rxeb avi‡Yi AwaKvi, m¤úwË iÿvi AwaKvi, gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi BZ¨vw`| G AwaKvi Qvov bvMwi‡Ki mgvR
Rxeb wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv|
L. A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi : A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi ej‡Z ‡mB mKj my‡hvM-myweav †evSvq hv bvMwi‡Ki RxweKv wbev©‡ni
gva¨‡g Rxeb avi‡Yi wbðqZv †`q| A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi Qvov bvMwiK Rxeb wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv| †hgb-K‡g©i
AwaKvi, b¨vh¨ gyRywi cvevi AwaKvi, ‡ckv cQ‡›`i AwaKvi| A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi Ab¨vb¨ AwaKv‡ii c~e©kZ©|
M. ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi : cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e ivRbxwZ‡Z AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi †K ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi e‡j|
ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g bvMwiKMY ivóªxq Kvh©μ‡g AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| ZvQvov MYZvwš¿K
e¨e¯’vq ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Kivi my‡hvM jvf Kiv hvq| †hgb-‡fvUvwaKvi
cÖ‡qvM, wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY, ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi AwaKvi| Z‡e cÖvß eq¯‹ bvMwiKMYB Gme AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z
cv‡i| ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡j bvMwiK‡`i gv‡S m‡PZbv I †`k‡cÖg RvMÖZ nq|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 20

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

N. ag©xq AwaKvi : cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Zvi wbR ag© cvjb, PP©v, AvPvi-Abyôvb cvjb Kiv nj ag©xq AwaKvi| †hgb
GKRb gymwjg bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi Av‡Q bvgvh covi| ag© cvj‡b ivóª mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ K‡i,
†Kbbv ag© hvi hvi, ivóª mevi|
O. mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvi : cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZiB wbR¯^ fvlv, BwZnvm, HwZn¨, Lv`¨vf¨vm, †cvkvK-cwi‡”Q` _v‡K| iv‡óªi
bvMwiK wn‡m‡e ms¯‹…wZ‡K aviY, evnb I weKvk NUv‡bvi AwaKvi nj mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKvi| mvs¯‹…wZK PPv©i gva¨‡g
GKwU ivóª cwiwPZ n‡q D‡V|
P. e¨w³MZ AwaKvi : e¨w³ †_‡K cwievi, cwieevi wb‡q mgvR Avi mgv‡Ri mgwó nj ivóª| gvbyl wn‡m‡e †eu‡P
_vKvi Rb¨ Zvi wKQz my‡hvM-myweav `iKvi| GUv Zvi Rb¥MZ AwaKvi| †hgb Rxeb-avi‡Yi AwaKvi, gZ cÖKv‡ki
AwaKvi, myL-¯^v”Q‡`¨i AwaKvi| G AwaKvi Qvov †Kvb e¨w³ my›`i Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR AwaKvi bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?

mvims‡ÿc
gvbyl wn‡m‡e ‡eu‡P _vKvi Ges myKzgvi g‡bve„w³i weKv‡ki Rb¨ my‡hvM-myweav Acwinvh©| GKwU iv‡óªi bvMwiK
nevi d‡j bvMwiKMY A‡bK¸‡jv †gŠwjK I gvbevwaKvi †fvM K‡i _v‡K| Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ nj- mvgvwRK
AwaKvi, ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi, A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi I e¨w³MZ AwaKvi| GB AwaKvi¸‡jv iv‡óªi AvBb Øviv
¯^xK…Z, d‡j GKRb AwaKvi ewÂZ n‡j wZwb AvB‡bi AvkÖq wb‡Z cv‡ib| Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª bvMwiK AwaKvi
ev¯Íevq‡b m`v m‡Pó _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.4

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| AwaKvi cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi?
K. 2 L. 3 M. 4 N. 5
2| wfÿv cvevi AwaKvi wK ai‡bi AwaKvi?
K. mvgvwRK AwaKvi L. ˆbwZK AwaKvi M. AvBbMZ AwaKvi N. A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b I cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b-
XvKvi GKwU Mwj‡Z mvBb‡ev‡W© wjLv i‡q‡Q ÔGB Mwj‡Z †dwi K‡i wRwbm wewμ Kiv wb‡laÕ| Mwji GKRb
Awaevmx ejj †dwiIqvjvi wPrKv‡i evwm›`viv AwZô|
3| Av‡jvP¨ DÏxc‡K †dwiIqvjv I evwm›`v‡`i wK ai‡bi AwaKv‡ii K_v ejv n‡q‡Q-
i. A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi
ii. ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi
iii. mvgvwRK AwaKvi
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N.i ii I iii

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 21

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-2.5 Z_¨ AwaKvi (Right to Information)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 Z_¨ AwaKvi wK ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Z_¨ Kwgkb Gi MVb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb wel‡q aviYv cv‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Z_¨ Kwgkb, Z_¨ Kg©KZ©v, †MvcbxqZv, ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv
ivóª bvMwiK‡`i Rxeb-hvcb wbwe©Nœ I my›`i Kivi Rb¨ bvbvwea AwaKvi cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| mvaviYZ
AmsL¨ cÖwZôvb, ms¯’v I e¨w³i gva¨‡g ivóª GB AwaKvi¸‡jv wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K| †mev †fvM Ki‡Z
n‡j Av‡M Rvb‡Z n‡e †K, †Kv_vq, KLb GB †mev w`‡”Q| G msμvšÍ Z_¨ RvbvI cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki
AwaKvi| Z‡e wKQz Z_¨ iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iÿvi ¯^v‡_© †Mvcb ivL‡Z nq| miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb †_‡K
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ cÖvwß wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ miKvi 2009 mv‡j Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b
†Kvb mgm¨v ev RwUjZvi m„wó n‡j Zv Z`viwKi Rb¨ Z_¨ Kwgkb bv‡g GKwU ms¯’v cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Z_¨ Kwgk‡bi MVb
Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb, 2009 Gi 11(1) Dc-avivi weavb g‡Z AvBb Rvwii 90 w`‡bi g‡a¨ 1 RyjvB, 2009 Zvwi‡L
cÖavb Z_¨ Kwgkbvi I 2 Rb Z_¨ Kwgkbvi, Zb¥‡a¨ GKRb bvix m`m¨ mgš^‡q Z_¨ Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq| cÖ_g
cÖavb Z_¨ Kwgkbvi wQ‡jb Gg AvwRRyi ingvb| Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡bi Z…Zxq avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖPwjZ Ab¨
†Kv‡bv AvB‡bi (K) Z_¨ cÖ`vb msμvšÍ weavbewj G AvB‡bi weavbewj Øviv ÿzbœ n‡e bv Ges (L) Z_¨ cÖ`v‡b evav
msμvšÍ weavbewj G AvB‡bi weavbewji mv‡_ mvsNwl©K n‡j, G AvB‡bi weavbewj cÖvavb¨ cv‡e| 4_© avivq ejv
n‡q‡Q †h, G AvB‡bi weavbewj mv‡c‡ÿ, KZ©„c‡ÿi wbKU n‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Z_¨ jv‡fi AwaKvi _vK‡e Ges
†Kv‡bv bvMwi‡Ki Aby‡iv‡ai †cÖwÿ‡Z mswkøó KZ©„cÿ Zv‡K Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e|
Z_¨ Kg©KZ©v
GB AvBb Rvwii 60 w`‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ‡Z¨K miKvwi Kvh©vjq GKRb Kg©KZ©v‡K Z_¨ cÖ`vbKvix `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v
wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM †`‡e| bZzb m„ó Kvh©vj‡qi †ÿ‡ÎI GKBiƒc Kg©KZ©v _vK‡e|
Z_¨ cÖvwßi c×wZ
iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Le© nq bv Ggb wel‡q †h‡Kvb bvMwiK miKvi †_‡K Z_¨ Rvb‡Z PvB‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨
mswkøó `߇i wbhy&³ Z_¨ Kg©KZ©v eivei Av‡e`b Ki‡Z n‡e| Av‡e`‡bi 20-30 Kvh©w`e‡mi g‡a¨ Kvw•LZ Z_¨
mieivn Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡e| †ÿÎg‡Z g„Zz¨ ev KvivMv‡i AvUKmsμvšÍ welq n‡j 24 N›Uvi g‡a¨ wjwLZfv‡e Z_¨
cÖ`v‡b eva¨ _vK‡e| `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v Z_¨ cÖ`v‡b eva¨ bv n‡j 10 w`‡bi g‡a¨ wZwb Av‡e`bKvix‡K wjwLZfv‡e
Zv Rvbv‡eb| A‡nZzK Z_¨ bv w`‡j Zvi EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi ev `߇ii cÖav‡bi wbKU Avcxj Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Avcxj
KZ©„cÿ 15 w`‡bi g‡a¨ Kvw•LZ Z_¨ mieiv‡n `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v‡K wb‡`©k †`‡eb, bv nq Avcxj LvwiR K‡i
w`‡eb|
Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡bi 8bs avivq Z_¨ cÖvwßi c×wZ m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q
1. †Kv‡bv e¨w³ Z_¨ cÖvwßi Rb¨ mswkøó `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©vi wbKU Z_¨ †P‡q wjwLZfv‡e ev B‡jKUªwbK gva¨g ev
B-‡gB‡j Aby‡iva Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2. Dc-aviv (1) G DwjøwLZ Aby‡iv‡a wb¤œwjwLZ welqmg~‡ni D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e:

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 22

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

(A) Aby‡ivaKvixi bvg, wVKvbv, cÖ‡hvR¨ †ÿ‡Î d¨v· b¤^i Ges B-‡gBj wVKvbv;
(Av) †h Z‡_¨i Rb¨ Aby‡iva Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi wbfz©j Ges ¯úó eY©bv;
(B) Aby‡ivaK…Z Z‡_¨i Ae¯’vb wbY©‡qi myweav‡_© cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖvmw½K Z_¨vewj Ges
(C) ‡Kvb c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ †c‡Z AvMÖnx Zvi eY©bv A_©vr cwi`k©b Kiv, Abywjwc †bqv, †bvU ‡bqv ev Ab¨ †Kvb
Aby‡gvw`Z c×wZ|
3. Z_¨ cÖvwßi Aby‡iva KZ©„cÿ KZ©„K gyw`ªZ di‡g wba©vwiZ di‡g‡U n‡Z n‡e| Z‡e dig gyw`ªZ ev mnRjf¨ bv
n‡j Dc‡ivwjøwLZ Z_¨vewj mwbœ‡ek K‡i mv`v KvM‡R ev †ÿÎ g‡Zv, B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv ev B-‡gB‡jI Z_¨
cÖvwßi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Kiv hv‡e|
4. Z_¨ cÖvwßi †ÿ‡Î Aby‡ivaKvix‡K mswkøó `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kg©KZ©v KZ…K © D³ Z‡_¨i Rb¨ wba©vwiZ hyw³msMZ g~j¨
cwi‡kva Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. miKvi Z_¨ Kwgk‡bi mv‡_ civgk©μ‡g Ges miKvwi †M‡R‡U cÖÁvcb Øviv Z_¨ cÖvwßi Aby‡ivaK wdm Ges
Z‡_¨i g~j¨ wba©viY K‡i w`‡Z cvi‡e Ges †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev e¨w³ †kÖwY‡K wKsev †h †Kv‡bv †kÖwYi Z_¨‡K D³
g~j¨ cÖ`vb n‡Z Ae¨vnwZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6. cÖ‡Z¨K KZ©„cÿ Z_¨ Kwgk‡bi wb‡`©kbv Abymi‡Y webvg~‡j¨ †hme Z_¨ mieivn Kiv n‡e Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv
cÖ¯‘Z K‡i cÖKvk I cÖPvi Ki‡e|
Z_¨ cÖ`vb I cÖvwßi myweav
K. miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv wbwðZ nq:- miKvi nj RbM‡Yi e¨e¯’vcK| ‡`‡ki Af¨š‘ixY I gvbem¤ú`
Kv‡R jvwM‡q miKvi RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ bvbvwea Kg©cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb K‡i|
RbM‡Yi m¤ú‡`i myô e¨e¯’vcbvB miKv‡ii g~j KvR| ZvB miKvi RbM‡Yi cÖvc¨ AwaKvi, my‡hvM-myweav
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z e× cwiKi| A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zvi e¨Zq NUvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q| ZvB RbMY hw` wewfbœ `ßi †_‡K
Kvw•LZ Z_¨ cvq Z‡e miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv I `vwqZ¡kxjZv wbwðZ nq| GKB mv‡_ RbM‡Yi
Kj¨vYI nq|
L. bvMwiK mš‘ywó: Kvw•LZ Z_¨ cÖvwßi g‡a¨ miKv‡ii cÖwZ bvMwiK‡`i Av¯’v e„w× cvq| bvMwiKMY AvZœZ…wß jvf
K‡i| d‡j bvMwiK‡`i gv‡S Kg©¯ú„nv e„w× cvq|
M. ‡UKmB bxwZ cÖYq‡b mnvqK: miKv‡ii ev †Kvb `߇ii Kg©KvÛ m¤ú‡K© bvMwiKMY hw` AeMZ _v‡K Z‡e
miKvi‡K wewfbœ civgk© w`‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †h‡Kvb bxwZ AwaK †UKmB nq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, eZ©gvb hyM Z‡_¨i hyM| ZvB miKvi Z_¨ cÖvwß wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ AvBbMZ D‡`¨vM MÖnY
K‡i‡Q| DbœZ I Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óª miKvwi Z_¨ A‡bK mnRjf¨| wKQz AybœbZ †`‡k gZ cÖKv‡ki †hgb evav _v‡K
†Zgwb Z_¨ cÖvwß KwVb _v‡K| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i hy‡M miKvi¸‡jv Z_¨ mieiv‡n μgvMZ D`vi n‡”Q| evsjv‡`kI Zvi
e¨wZμg bq|
Avcwb Kx KL‡bv Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡bi Aax‡b Z_¨ `vwe K‡i‡Qb? wKfv‡e Zv Kiv
wkÿv_©xi KvR
hvq?

mvims‡ÿc
Z_¨B Ávb, Z_¨B kw³| Z_¨ cÖvwß eZ©gv‡b bvMwiK AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`kx bvMwiK‡`i
Aeva Z_¨ cÖevn wbwð‡Zi j‡ÿ¨ miKvi 2009 mv‡j Z_¨ AwaKvi cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨
Kwgkb MVb I cÖ‡Z¨KwU miKvwi Kvh©vj‡q Z_¨ Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM`v‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ mieivn Kiv nq| Z_¨ cÖvwß
AwaKvi wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nIqvq miKvwi Kg©Kv‡Û ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv ˆZwi n‡”Q|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 23

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.5

eûwbe©vPbx Awfÿv
1| Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb KZ mv‡j cvk nq?
K. 2007 L. 2008 mv‡j M. 2009 mv‡j N. 2010 mv‡j
2| Z_¨ AwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ wK MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q?
K. Z_¨ Awa`ßi L. Z_¨ Kwgkb M. Z_¨ cwi`ßi N. Z_¨ Kg©KZ©v
3| evsjv‡`‡ki Z_¨ Kwgkb-
i. wZb m`m¨ wewkó
ii. Z_¨ Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM wbwðZ Ki‡e
iii. 20-30 Kvh©w`e‡m Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡e

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i ii I iii

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 24

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.6 bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨ I KZ‡©e¨i †kÖwYwefvM

( Citizen's Responsibilities and Their Types)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
 bvMwiK KZ©‡e¨i †kÖwYwefvM m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|
 bvMwiK KZ©e¨ cvjb Kiv DwPZ †Kb Zv Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã `vwqZ¡‡eva, mybvMwiK, we‡eK-eyw×, iv‡óªi Dbœqb

KZ©e¨ nj GK ai‡bi `vwqZ¡‡eva| ivóª bvMwiK‡`i A‡bK my‡hvM myweav cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
bvMwiKMYI †m¸‡jv Zvi AwaKvi wn‡m‡e †fvM K‡i| ivóª I bvMwiK wbweofv‡e m¤úwK©Z| d‡j ivóª
†hgb bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi w`‡q _v‡K †Zgwb bvMwiK‡`i ivóª‡K †`qvi g‡Zv A‡bK wKQz _v‡K| AvBb †g‡b Pjv,
iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡‡K m¤§vb Kiv I AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk Kiv, wbqwgZ Ki cÖ`vb Kiv BZ¨vw`| iv‡óª G ai‡bi
`vwqZ¡ cvjb KivB nj bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨| Av`k©, my›`i, mf¨ I mg„× ivóª MV‡b bvMwiK‡`i Aek¨B Gme KZ©e¨
cvjb Ki‡Z nq| †hgb-bvMwiKMY hw` wbqgwZ Ki cwi‡kva bv K‡i Z‡e ivóª bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq
¯^v¯’¨, wkÿvi g‡Zv my‡hvM-myweav w`‡Z cvi‡e bv, d‡j wek„•Ljv †`Lv w`‡e| Ggwb K‡i Ab¨vb¨ KZ©e¨I hw`
bvMwiKMY cvjb bv K‡i Z‡e cy‡iv ivóªhš¿B weKj n‡q hv‡e| ZvB cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki DwPZ Zvi wbR KZ©e¨ cvjb
Kiv| ZvB nq‡Zv Aa¨vcK GBP, †R, jvw¯‹ e‡jb, ÒAvgvi wbivcËvi AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ Ac‡ii A‡hŠw³K I
Ab¨vqfv‡e AvμgY bv Kivi KZ©e¨ wbwnZÓ|
bvMwiK KZ©‡e¨i †kÖwYwefvM
KZ©e¨‡K †ek K‡qKwU †kÖwY‡Z fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- (1) mvgvwRK KZ©e¨ (2) ivR‰bwZK KZ©e¨ (3) A_©‰bwZK
KZ©e¨ (4) ˆbwZK KZ©e¨ (5) AvBbMZ KZ©e¨
1) mvgvwRK KZ©e¨
gvbyl mgv‡R evm K‡i| gvbyl mgv‡RB Rb¥ MÖnY K‡i, mgv‡RB jvwjZ cvwjZ nq Ges mgv‡RB g„Zz¨eiY K‡i|
ZvB mgvR‡K my›`i I evm‡hvM¨ K‡i M‡o †Zvjvi KZ©e¨ gvby‡li| mvgvwRK m¤úªxwZ, msN M‡o †Zvjv, Zv
cwiPvjbv Kiv, mgvwRK AvPvi-Abyôv‡b Ask MÖnY Kiv, mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡K wkwÿZ K‡i M‡o †Zvjv, Zv‡`i g‡a¨
Av`e-Kvq`v, m¤§vb I kÖ×v‡eva ˆZwi Kiv bvMwi‡Ki mvgvwRK KZ©e¨| mvgvwRK KZ©e¨ nj Ab¨ mKj KZ©‡e¨i
wfwË| G KZ©e¨ cvj‡bi ga¨ w`‡qB ˆZwi nq mybvMwiK|

2) ivR‰bwZK KZ©e¨
ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK Gwi÷Uj e‡j‡Qb, gvbyl ¯^fveZB mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe| A_©vr gvbyl †hgb wKQz
ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i †Zgwb Zv‡`i ivR‰bwZK wKQz `vwqZ¡-KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb- iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨
cÖ`k©b Kiv, AvBb †g‡b Pjv, ¯’vbxq I RvZxq ch©v‡q ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY Kiv, mr I †hvM¨
e¨w³‡K wbe©vP‡b mnvqZv Kiv, iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iÿvq mvov †`qv BZ¨vw`|

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3) A_©‰bwZK KZ©e¨
bvMwiKMY wKQz A_©‰bwZK KZ©e¨I cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Rxeb-RxweKv I ivóªxq mg„w×i Rb¨ Gme KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z
nq| †hgb-wbqwgZ LvRbv I Ki cÖ`vb, ivóxq I e¨w³MZ Drcv`b Kv‡R Ask MÖnY| e¨w³MZ Drcv`‡b †Kej
e¨w³B jvfevb nq bv, ivóªI A_©‰bwZKfv‡e DbœwZ jvf K‡i|
4) ‰bwZK KZ©e¨
G KZ©e¨ GKvšÍB bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³MZ I ˆbwZK e¨vcvi| wb‡Ri we‡eK †_‡KB mgv‡R evm Ki‡Z wM‡q Gme `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-`wi`ª‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv, A܇K c_ †`Lv‡bv, cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©‡M †¯^”Qv‡mex wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv,
Ab¨vq Gi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` Kiv cÖf…wZ|
5) AvBbMZ KZ©e¨
G KZ©e¨ bvMwi‡Ki Dci ivóª KZ…©K AvBb Øviv Av‡ivc Kiv nq| †hgb-wbqwgZ Kiv †`qv, RvZxq w`em D`hvcb,
iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖ`k©b Kiv bvMwi‡Ki AvBbMZ KZ©e¨| G ai‡bi KZ©e¨ cvjb bv Ki‡j ivóª Zvi weiæ‡×
AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡i|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq ivóª I bvMwi‡Ki m¤úK© AvKvi-cwic~iK| ivó †hgb bvMwiK‡`i wKQz my‡hvM m„wó w`‡q _v‡K
†Zgwb bvMwiK‡`i iv‡óªi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡‡eva i‡q‡Q| GK_vq bvMwiKZvi KZ©e¨ mwVKfv‡e cvjb Ki‡jB iv‡óªi c‡ÿ
AwaKvi ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Avcbvi mvgvwRK KZ©e¨¸‡jv wK wK?

mvims‡ÿc
bvMwiKMY †Kej ivóª cÖ`Ë AwaKviB †fvM K‡i bv, Zuviv iv‡óªi cÖwZ KZ©e¨I cvjb K‡i| Zvi g‡a¨ K‡qKwU
n‡”Q AvBbMZ KZ©e¨ Avi KZMy‡jv n‡jv ˆbwZK KZ©e¨| †hgb wbqwgZ Ki cÖ`vb Kiv, iv‡óªi cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨
cÖ`k©b AvBbMZ KZ©e¨, Ab¨w`‡K cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡M †¯^”Qv‡mex wn‡m‡e KvR Kiv ˆbwZK KZ©e¨| ivóªxq Kg©KvÛ
mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡Z¨‡K bvMwi‡KiB wbR wbR KZ©e¨ cvjb Kiv DwPZ |

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.6

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| bvMwiKMY wb‡Ri KZ©e¨ mwVK fv‡e cvjb Ki‡j-
i. A_© mvkÖq nq
ii. mybvMwiKZvi cÖKvk cvq
iii. ‡`k‡cÖ‡gi ewntcªKvk N‡U
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b I cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b
Rvwgj mv‡ne cÖwZw`b mKv‡j nvu‡Ub| GKw`b mKv‡j Zvui DV‡Z †`wi nq| iv¯Ívq nvU‡Z wM‡q †`‡Lb iv¯Ívi me
evwZ¸‡jv R¡j‡Q| wZwb wbKU¯’ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb Awd‡m wM‡q welqwU Rvbvb| KZ©„cÿ Zv‡K ab¨ev` Rvbvq|

2| Rvwgj mv‡ne Gi GB AvPiY †_‡K wK cÖKvk cvq-

K. AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v L. `vwqZ¡‡eva M.KZ©e¨‡eva N. evnev cvIqvi †jvf

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 26

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| g„`yj I †Rwbdvi fv‡jv eÜz| `yR‡bB cÖvß eq¯‹| m¤úªwZ RvZxq wbe©vP‡bi †fvU †K‡›`ª A‡bKw`b ci `yR‡bi
†`Lv| g„`yj †Rwbdvi‡K †`‡L AevK| g„`yj ejj †Rwbdvi Zzwg †fvU †K‡›`ª? †fvU †`‡e bvwK? †Rwbdvi ejj
n¨vu g„`yj Avevi AevK n‡jv| g„`yj ejj †Zvgvi Rb¥ †Zv weª‡U‡b| Zzwg †Zv G‡`‡ki bvMwiK bv| †Rwbdvi
ejj AvwgI evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK|
K. bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi c×wZ KqwU?
L. evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiKZv AR©‡bi ¯^xK…Z c×wZ KqwU I wKwK?
M. Av‡jvP¨ DÏxc‡K †Rwbdvi †fvUvi nIqv‡Z g„`yj AevK nj †Kb?
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †Rwbdvi wK Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| iZb GKRb wkwÿZ m‡PZb bvMwiK| †m PvKzwi m~‡Î kn‡i _v‡K| m¤úªwZ MÖv‡g G‡m iv¯ÍvNvU †`‡L nZvk
nj| iv¯Ív¸‡jv ms¯‹v‡ii Afv‡e bó n‡q hv‡”Q| GB Ae¯’v †`‡L †m Dc‡Rjv ¯’vbxq miKvi wefv‡M Rvb‡Z
†Mj †Kvb BDwbq‡bi Rb¨ KZ UvKv eivÏ i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Dc‡Rjv cÖ‡KŠkjx wKQz‡ZB Zv‡K Z_¨ w`‡Z ivwR nj
bv| c‡i hLb cÖ‡KŠkjx‡K Z_¨ AwaKvi AvB‡bi K_v ej‡jb ZLb wZwb Z_¨ w`‡Z ivvwR n‡jb| Z_¨ †c‡q
†`L‡jb †h †ek K‡qKgvm c~‡e© eivÏ Avm‡jI Zv w`‡q iv¯Ív ms¯‹v‡ii KvR bv K‡i eivÏ †bB g‡g© BDwbqb
†Pqvig¨vb Mwigwk Ki‡Qb| GB †cÖwÿ‡Z iZb BDwbq‡bi K‡qK Rb Mb¨gvb¨ e¨w³eM© wb‡q †Pqvig¨v‡bi
Kv‡Q †M‡jb| cÖvß Z_¨ Rvwb‡q Zviv †Pqvig¨vb‡K `ªyZ iv¯Ívi KvR ïiæ Ki‡Z Aby‡iva Ki‡jb| Awek¦vm¨fv‡e
K‡qKw`‡bi g‡a¨B iv¯Ívi ms¯‹vi KvR ïiæ n‡q †Mj| BDwbq‡bi A‡b‡KB iZ‡bi GB D‡`¨vM‡K mvayev`
Rvbv‡jb| iZb ej‡jb Avwg ïay Avgvi AwaKvi Av`vq Ki‡Z †P‡qwQ, B‡”Q Ki‡j †h †Kvb bvMwiKB Zvi
GB AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
K. AwaKvi wK?
L. Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb KZ mv‡j cÖYxZ nq?
M. Av‡jvP¨ DÏxc‡K iZb †Kb Z_¨ Rvb‡Z PvBj?
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K Z_¨ AwaKvi ev¯Íevqb †Kb Riæwi Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1 : 1| L 2| M 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.2 : 1| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.3 : 1| L 2| L 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.4 : 1| K 2| L 3| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.5 : 1| M 2| L 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.6 : 1| N 2| M

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 27

 AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨
(Law, Liberty and Equality)

¯^vaxbZv I mvg¨ gvby‡li wPišÍb PvIqv| ¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb mxgv †bB, wKš‘ mxgvnxb ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb Kiv iv‡óªªi c‡ÿ
m¤¢e nq bv| gvby‡li kvwšÍc~Y© I myk„•Lj Rxeb-hvcb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ivóª wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBb cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K|
hvi ga¨ w`‡q ivóª Zvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i cÖgvY K‡i| RvwZ-ag©-eY©-wj½ wbwe©‡k‡l mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ ivóª wewfbœ ai‡bi
my‡hvM-myweavi m„wó K‡i _v‡K| Gme my‡hvM-myweav mgZvi wfwˇZ e›Ub nj wKbv Zv ‡Kej AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB
wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e| d‡j AvBb, ¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i g‡Zv welq¸‡jv Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Av‡jvP¨ BDwbUwU‡Z AvBb,
AvB‡bi cÖKvi‡f`, Drm, AvB‡bi kvmb, ¯^vaxbZv, ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv, mvg¨, mv‡g¨i wewfbœ iƒc Ges AvBb,
¯^vaxbZv I mv‡g¨i cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV-3.1 AvBb (Law)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 AvBb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvB‡bi cÖKvi‡f` Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã gvbe Kj¨vY, hyw³wm×, evwn¨K AvPiY, wbqg-Kvbyb, Aby‡gvw`Z, RvZxq, AvšÍR©vwZK

gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| AvBb gvbe mgv‡Ri `c©Y¯^iƒc| mgv‡R GKmv‡_ emevm Kivi Rb¨ wbqg-k„•Ljv
†g‡b Pjv Acwinvh©| gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi ¯^v‡_©B wbqg-Kvbyb cÖ‡qvRb| ¯^xK…Z GB wbqg-KvbybB nj AvBb|
AvBb nj dvm©x kã hvi A_© mywbw`©ó bxwZ ev wbqg| AvBb Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã ÒLawÓ| hvi A_© Ôw¯’i ev
AcwieZbx©q Ges mK‡ji †ÿ‡Î mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| we‡klÁMY wewfbœfv‡e AvB‡bi msÁv w`‡q‡Qb| Gwi÷Uj
e‡j‡Qb Ó mgv‡Ri hyw³wm× B”Qvi Awfe¨w³B n‡”Q AvBbÕ (Law is the passionless reason)|
Aa¨vcK nj¨vÛ Gi g‡Z AvBb n‡”Q †mB mvaviY wbqg hv gvby‡li AvPiY‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges mve©‡fŠg ivR‰bwZK
KZ©„cÿ hv cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|Ó
A_©vr gvbeRvwZi e„nËi Kj¨v‡Y gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivóª ‡h mKj wewa wb‡la cÖYqb K‡i
mvaviYfv‡e †m¸‡jv‡KB AvBb ejv nq|
AvB‡bi ˆewkó¨ ev cÖK…wZ:
AvBb m¤ú‡K© we‡klÁM‡Yi Dch©y³ gZvgZ †_‡K AvB‡bi wKQz ˆewkó¨ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †hgb-
1. mve©‡fŠg ÿgZv KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z 2.me©Rbxb 3. wewae× wbqgvewj 4.evwn¨K AvPi‡Yi wbqš¿K
5. e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi iÿK 6. my¯úóZv 7.AvBb MwZkxj 8.†`kKvj †f‡` cwieZ©bkxj
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AvB‡bi cÖKvi‡f`
wewfbœ AvBbÁ I ivóªweÁvbx AvBb‡K wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K fvM K‡i‡Qb| AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM I Aby‡gv`bKvix
KZ…©c‡ÿi Dci wfwË K‡i AvBb‡K cÖavbZ wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb- (1) miKvwi AvBb (2) †emiKvwi
AvBb (3) AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb
(1) miKvwi AvBb (Public law)
ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z bvbv ai‡bi AvBb cªYqb I cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z nq| G ai‡bi AvBb¸‡jvB miKvwi AvBb| miKvwi
AvBb mvavibZ RvZxq msm` ev cvj©v‡g‡›U cÖYxZ n‡q _v‡K| miKvwi AvBb Avevi K‡qK cÖKvi| †hgb-
‡dŠR`vwi AvBb: e¨w³i evwn¨K AvPiY wbqš¿Y Kivi Rb¨ ivóª g~jZ G AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM K‡i _v‡K| mgv‡R
AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿv, kvwšÍ eRvq ivLv, e¨w³i AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv Ges Acivax‡K `Û †`qvi Rb¨ †dŠR`vwi AvBb
cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| †hgb- cvewjK cixÿv msμvšÍ AvBb, †hŠZzK we‡ivax AvBb|
cÖkvmwbK AvBb: ivóªxq cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv Ges Gme cÖwZôvb †_‡K RbMY‡K †mev cÖ`vb wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖkvmwbK
AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| AvB‡bi gv‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi fwel¨Z| †hgb- Z_¨ AwaKvi AvBb|
mvsweavwbK AvBb: iv‡óªi wfwË nj msweavb| GwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P AvBb| Ab¨ †h‡Kvb AvBb G AvB‡bi mv‡_
mvsNwl©K n‡j Zv evwZj n‡q hvq| G AvBb Øviv ivóªxq ÿgZvi mxgv wba©viY, e›Ub I cÖ‡qvMKvix wba©viY Kiv nq|
GwU Avevi `yB ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i, wjwLZ AvBb I AwjwLZ AvBb| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb|
(2) †emiKvwi AvBb (Private law)
G AvBb ivóªxqfv‡e cÖYxZ bq Z‡e mvgvwRKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z nq| G AvBb Øviv e¨w³i mv‡_ e¨w³i m¤úK© iÿv Ges
mgv‡R kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv nq| †hgb-‡Kvb ms‡Ni AvBb, Pzw³ I `wjj msμvšÍ AvBb|
(3) AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb (International law)
AvšÍR©vwZK cwigÛ‡j wewfbœ iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© wba©viY I eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ †h AvBb cÖYqb I cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq
Zv‡K AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb e‡j| AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb‡K †gvUvgywU wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| †hgb- kvwšÍKvjxb AvBb,
hy×msμvšÍ AvBb Ges wbi‡cÿZvi AvBb| GK iv‡óªi mv‡_ Ab¨ iv‡óªi m¤úK© †Kgb n‡e, wewfbœ ivóª ci¯ú‡ii
mv‡_ †Kgb AvPiY Ki‡e, AvšÍR©vwZK mgm¨v mgvavb, AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e hy×vciv‡ai wePvi BZ¨vw`| †hgb-
AvšÍR©vwZK gvbevwaKvi, AvšÍR©vwZK Awfevmb AR©b BZ¨vw`|
msKxY© A‡_© ej‡j AvB‡bi AviI cÖKvi i‡q‡Q| cvwievwiK AvBb, ag©xq AvBb, †`Iqvwb AvBb Zvi g‡a¨
D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

wkÿv_©xi KvR AvB‡bi K‡qKwU ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
AvBb gvby‡li evwn¨K AvPvi-AvPi‡Yi wbqš¿K| GwU g~jZ hyw³wm× wewa-weavb| mve©‡fŠg KZ©„cÿ KZ©„K cÖYxZ
nq Ges iv‡óªi mKj e¨w³i Dci mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨ nq| AvB‡bi kvm‡bi DciB GKwU iv‡óªi evwn¨K ˆewkó¨
eySv hvq| Z‡e wKQz wKQz AvBb ivóª‡KI wbqš¿Y K‡i| †m¸‡jv AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb| we‡k¦i kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv we‡kl
K‡i hy× Gwo‡q Pjvi Rb¨ AvšÍR©vwZK AvBb Lye Kvh©Ki|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| Ômgv‡Ri hyw³wm× B”Qvi Awfe¨w³B n‡”Q AvBb|Õ-Dw³wU Kvi?
K) Aa¨vcK nj¨vÛ L) jW© A¨vKUb M) Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ N) wjsKb

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 29

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-3.2 AvB‡bi Drm (Sources of Law)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 AvB‡bi Drm m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvBb m„wói †cÖÿvcU m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ixwZ-bxwZ, Abykvmb, AvBbwe`, wej, ivq, Af¨vm, Av`vjZ

AvBb nj iv‡óªi PvwjKv kw³| Av`k© ivóª me©`v AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ K‡i| A_©vr AvBb Acwinvh©|
GB AvBb GKw`‡b ev GKwU Drm †_‡K m„wó nq wb| gvbe mf¨Zvi Avw`g hyM †_‡K AvR ch©šÍ bvbv
m~Î †_‡K AvB‡bi m„wó n‡q‡Q| ZvB AvB‡bi m„wói wewfbœ Drm i‡q‡Q| AvB‡bi m¦xK…Z Drm¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
cÖ_v
AvB‡bi Ab¨Zg Drm nj cÖ_v| cÖvPxbKvj †_‡K †hme AvPvi e¨envi ixwZ-bxwZ I Af¨vm mgvR KZ…©K ¯^xK…Z,
mgw_©Z I cvwjZ n‡”Q ZvB cÖ_v| mgv‡R A‡bK ai‡bi cÖ_vB cÖPwjZ _v‡K| Zvi g‡a¨ †hme cÖ_v hyw³wm× I
RbwnZKi Zv AvBb wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kiv nq| Avevi †hme cÖ_v mgvR I RbM‡Yi Rb¨ AKj¨vYKi Zv AvBb K‡i
eÜ Kiv nq| †MÖU weª‡U‡b A‡bK cÖ_v mvsweavwbK AvBb wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K †hŠZzK cÖ_v mgv‡Ri
Rb¨ ÿwZKi nIqvq Zv AvBb K‡i eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
ag©
me ag©B gvby‡li g½‡ji K_v e‡j| d‡j a‡g©i evYx‡K mK‡jB †g‡b Pjvi †Póv K‡i| mKj a‡g©i wKQz Abykvmb
i‡q‡Q, hv H a‡g©i Abymvixiv †g‡b P‡j| Gme Abykvmb mgvR Rxeb‡K my›`i I myôyfv‡e cwiPvwjZ Ki‡Z
mnvqZv K‡i| G iKg A‡bK Abykvmb cieZx©‡Z ivóªxq ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i Ges AvB‡b cwiYZ nq| cÖvPxb MÖxm I
†iv‡gi A‡bK AvBbB ag©wfwËK| †hgb wewfbœ gymwjg AvB‡bi Drm †KviAvb|
AvBb mfv
AvBb mfvi cÖavb KvR AvBb cÖYqb Kiv| AvaywbK ivóª mvaviYZ Rb Kj¨v‡Y wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| d‡j mg‡qi
†cÖwÿ‡Z gvby‡li bvbvwea AwaKvi I my‡hvM-myweav wbwðZ Kiv iv‡óªi ¸iæ `vwqZ¡| ZvB AvBb mfvi m`m¨MY Rb
Kj¨v‡Y Ges bvMwiK AwaKvi iÿv‡_© bZzb bZzb A‡bK welq‡K AvB‡b iæcvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ Zv wej (AvB‡bi Lmov)
AvKv‡i AvBbmfvq DÌvcb K‡i _v‡K| welqwU hw` msL¨v Mwiô gZvgZ cÖvß nq Z‡e Zv AvB‡b cwiYZ nq|
msweavb
GwU iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P AvBb| mvaviYZ wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaMb msm‡` msweavb Aby‡gv`b K‡ib| msweavb iv‡óªi g~j
`wjj| ivóª cwiPvjbv I bvMwiK‡`i AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ msμvšÍ bvbv welq ms‡ÿ‡c wjwce× _v‡K| G wb‡`©kbv
cÖ‡qv‡Mi myweav‡_© msm` m`m¨MY- Ab¨vb¨ AvBb cÖYqb K‡i| A_©vr msweavb AvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm|
weL¨vZ MÖš’
ivóª cwiPvjbv wel‡q wjwLZ wewfbœ weL¨vZ MÖš’I AvB‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq| G‡ÿ‡Î ivóªweÁvbx,
AvBbwe`‡`i Øviv wjwLZ eB †ewk cÖvavb¨ cvq| †hgb, GBP, †R, jvw¯‹ "A Grammar of Politics” Ges Aa¨vcK
WvBwmi ÓLaw of the Constitution” Gi D‡jøL Kiv hvq|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 30

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wePvi‡Ki ivq
AvBb ‰Zwi Kiv †bB, gvbe Rxe‡bi Ggb †Kvb NUbv wb‡q †Kvb bvMwiK hw` Av`vj‡Zi `vi¯’ nq Z‡e wePviK
Zvi wbR¯^ cÖÁv I Ávb w`‡q ivq w`‡q _v‡K| GB ivqwU Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡ewPZ n‡j, ivóª †mB ivq‡K AvB‡b cwiYZ
K‡i| A_©vr wePvi‡Ki ivqI AvB‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm|
b¨vq wePvi
wePviKMY mvaviYZ †`‡k we`¨gvb AvBb Abyhvqx wePviKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡Kb| wKš‘ wKQz Aek¨¤¢vex
mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y GB AvBb me mgq b¨vq wePvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î wePviKMY Zv‡`i we‡eK-eyw×
w`‡q b¨vq wePvi K‡i _v‡Kb| Zv‡`i GB b¨vq wePv‡ii `„óvšÍ cieZ©x‡Z AvBb wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv nq|
Dch©y³ Drm QvovI AvB‡bi Av‡iv K‡qKwU Drm i‡q‡Q| †hgb- weÁvbm¤§Z Av‡jvPbv, cÖkvmwbK †NvlYv,
msweavb, b¨vq‡eva, RbgZ BZ¨vw`|

wkÿv_©xi KvR AvB‡bi K‡qKwU Drm D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
ivó&ª I gvbe Rxe‡bi wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM N‡U| Gi cÖ‡qvM †ÿÎ †hgb wfbœ wfbœ †Zgwb AvB‡bi m„wóI
wewfbœ Drm †_‡K| cÖ_v, ag©, msweavb, AvBbmfv, weL¨vZ MÖš’ BZ¨vw` AvB‡bi K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm| Drm
hvB †nvK bv †Kb AvB‡bi ¯^xK…wZ jv‡fi ci Zv ¯’vb-Kvj cvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l Zv mK‡ji Dci mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| K¬vm †k‡l gvbweK wefv‡Mi `yB wkÿv_x© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Q| Av‡jvPbvq AvB‡bi Dr‡mi KZK¸‡jv bvg ejj,
†hgb-
i. cÖ_v, ag©
ii. AwaKvi, KZ©e¨
iii. AvBbmfv, wePvi‡Ki ivq
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K. i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
2| ÒLaw of the Constitution” eBwU Kvi wjLv?
K) Aa¨vcK WvBwm L) jW© A¨vKUb M. Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ N. wjsKb
3| AvaywbK iv‡óª Kviv AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib?
K) wePvicwZMY L) gš¿xeM© M) DwKjeM© N) msm` m`m¨MY

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 31

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-3.3 bvMwiK Rxe‡b AvB‡bi kvmb (Rule of Law in Citizen's Life)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 AvB‡bi kvmb wK Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kivi Dcvq ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvBb gvb¨ Kivi KviY wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã b¨vq wePvi, bxwZ-Av`©k, hy‡Mvc‡hvMx, bvMwiK AwaKvi, AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v, w¯’wZkxjZv

ivóª mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Acwinvh©| AvB‡bi kvm‡bi A_© n‡”Q
AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mKj bvMwi‡Ki mgZv A_©vr AvBb mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ mgvbfv‡e cÖ‡qvM n‡e|
bvMwiK wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki b¨vqwePvi cvIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q| AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j mgvR †_‡K Ab¨vq,
wek„•Ljv, ˆbivR¨ `~i nq| d‡j mgv‡R w¯’wjkxjZv Av‡m Ges kvwšÍi weivR K‡i| bvMwiK wn‡m‡e cÖvc¨ AwaKvi
†Kej AvB‡bi kvm‡bi gva¨‡g ejer Kiv hvq| AvB‡bi kvmb bv _vK‡j mej-`ye©j, abx-`wi‡`ªi e¨eavb cÖKU
n‡Z _v‡K| mgvR †_‡K gvqv, ggZv, mngwg©Zv, b¨vq-wePvi, bxwZ-Av`k© n«vm cvq| AZGe Av`k© mgvR I ivóª
cÖwZôvq AvB‡bi kvm‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kivi Dcvq
AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g kvmK I kvwm‡Zi gv‡S mym¤úK© eRvq _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kivi
Rb¨ kvmK I kvwm‡Zi Df‡qiB mgvb f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| †hgb- ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ kvmK wb¤œiƒc f‚wgKv ivL‡Z
cv‡i-
- h_vh_fv‡e AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM
- hyw³msMZ I hy‡Mvc‡hvMx AvBb cÖYqb
- we`¨gvb AvBb m¤ú‡K© bvMwiK‡`i m‡PZb Kiv
- h_vmg‡q AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ Kiv
AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Ki‡Y bvMwiK KZ©e¨
AvBb ivóª KZ©„K cÖYxZ I ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡jI bvMwiK‡`iI KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki we‡eK AvB‡bi g‡Zv
KvR K‡i| ZvB bvMwiKMY hw` we`¨gvb AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×v †i‡L wb‡Ri we‡eK eyw× w`‡q KvR K‡i Z‡eB †Kej
AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb iv¯Ívq ‡Kvb Pzwi wQbZvB n‡Z †`L‡j AvBb k„•Ljv evwnbx hw` Zvi Kv‡Q
†Kvb Z_¨ Rvb‡Z Pvq Z‡e Zv Rvwb‡q AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv KivI bvMwiK KZ©e¨| mvÿx bv w`‡q hw` †KD Gwo‡q
P‡j Zvn‡j AvB‡bi G‡Zv †ewk Aegvbbv n‡e †h †Kvb AvB‡bB bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv| ZvB
hvi hvi Ae¯’vb †_‡K AvBb gvb¨ K‡i Pj‡j AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e|
AvBb gvb¨ Kivi KviY
AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kivi †ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU kZ© nj AvBb gvb¨ Kiv| AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM †hgb Riæwi
†Zgwb AvBb gvb¨ KivUvI ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cÖ‡Z¨K AvB‡bB wKQz wb‡`©kbv Ges Zv Agvb¨ ev f½ Ki‡j kvw¯Íi e¨e¯’v

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 32

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

_v‡K| ZviciI †`Lv hvq wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î AvBb f½ nq| Z‡e AwaKvsk RbMYB AvBb †g‡b P‡j Ges AvBb‡K
kÖ×v K‡i| AvBb gvb¨ Kivi A‡bK¸‡jv KviY Av‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU n‡jv AvB‡bi Dc‡hvwMZv| RbMY GwU
eyS‡Z cv‡i †h, AvBb AwaKvi iÿv K‡i, `ye©j‡K me‡ji AZ¨vPvi †_‡K iÿv K‡i, mgv‡R k„•Ljv ivL‡Z
Acwinvh© ZLb Zviv mn‡RB AvBb †g‡b †bq| GQvovI AviI A‡bK KviY i‡q‡Q hvi Kvi‡Y RbMY AvBb †g‡b
P‡j| jW© eªvBm AvBb gvb¨ Kivi KviY¸‡jv‡K cuvP fv‡M fvM K‡ib- h_v (K) †hŠw³KZvi Dcjwä (L) Ac‡ii
cÖwZ kÖ×v (M) wbwj©ßZv (N) mnvbyf~wZ (O) kvw¯Íi fq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, AvBb Qvov ivóª I mgvR APj| †hŠw³K hy‡Mvc‡hvMx AvBb mK‡ji Dci cÖ‡qvM Kiv mnR|
AvB‡bi mgcÖ‡qv‡Mi Dci iv‡óªi fwel¨Z wbf©i K‡i| c„w_exi DbœZ iv󪸇jv AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv K‡i mykvm‡bi
cÖwZôv K‡i‡Q| d‡j †gŠwjK I gvbevwaKvi wbwðZ n‡”Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR AvBb gvb¨ Kivi KviY¸‡jv wK wK?

mvims‡ÿc
AvBb me©Rbxb| RvwZ-ag©, ¯’vb-Kvj wbwe©‡k‡l GwU mK‡ji Dci mgvbfv‡e Kvh©Ki‡hvM¨| mK‡ji Dci
mgfv‡e AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvMB AvB‡bi kvmb| mykvmb wbwðZ Kivi GwU Acwinvh©| Z‡e AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv
Kómva¨ I mgq mv‡cÿ| Gi Rb¨ AvBb gvb¨ Riæwi| AvBb †hŠw³K I cÿcvZnxbfv‡e cÖ‡qvM n‡j mKj
bvMwiK AvBb †g‡b P‡j|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z wM‡q mvaviY gvby‡li cvkvcvwk GKRb cÖfvekvjx RbcÖwZwbwaI
GKwU gvgjvq Awfhy³ nb| G‡ÿ‡Î Df‡qi cÖwZ Av`vj‡Zi `„wó †Kgb nIqv DwPZ?
i. RbcÖwZwbwa‡K mgxn Kiv
ii. mKj †`vl mvaviY e¨w³‡K †`qv
iii. RbcÖwZwbwa I mvaviY e¨w³i GKBfv‡e AvBb cÖ‡qvM
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) iii
2| AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq f~wgKv †ewk
i. bvMwi‡Ki
ii. BDwbqb cwil` m`m¨‡`i
iii. miKv‡ii
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i I iii

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 33

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-3.4 ¯^vaxbZv I ¯^vaxbZvi wewfbœ iƒc (Liberty and Types of liberty)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 ¯^vaxbZv‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯^vaxbZvi wewfbœ cÖKvi we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

AvBbwm×, RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv, AvZœcwiPq, ¯^vaxbZvnxbZv, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, †gŠwjK

gyL¨ kã AwaKvi

Ô¯^vaxbZvÕ bvgK cÖZ¨qwU †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi Av‡jvPbvq LyeB ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
iv‡óª GKRb bvMwi‡Ki Aw¯ÍZ¡ wewfbœ wel‡q cÖvß ¯^vaxbZv †_‡KB cÖKvk cvq| ¯^vaxbZv k‡ãi Bs‡iwR
cÖwZkã nj ÔLiberty’ ¯^vaxbZv‡K kvwãK A‡_© ejv hvq wb‡Ri B‡”Q g‡Zv KvR Kiv| wKš‘ GKR‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi
mv‡_ A‡b¨i ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi welq †h‡nZz RwoZ ZvB †cŠibxwZ‡Z ¯^vaxbZv gv‡b hv Lywk ZvB Kiv bq| ¯^vaxbZv
gv‡b †hŠw³K I AvBbwm×fv‡e †Kvb wKQz Kiv‡KB eySvq| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª bvMwiKMY bvbv ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †fvM
K‡i _v‡K| †hgb-Pjv‡divi ¯^vaxbZv, gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, ag© cvj‡bi ¯^vaxbZv| RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv Avevi GKUz
wfbœ| GwU AR©b Kiv AviI KwVb| mvaviYZ MY‡fvU ev ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i gva¨‡g GKwU RvwZ ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i|
bvMwiK ev RvwZ †m hv-B †nvK bv ‡Kb Zvui ¯^vfvweK Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv Acwinvh©| ZvB ‡`Lv hvq c„w_exi
AwaKvsk †`‡ki msweav‡bB bvMwiK‡`i ¯^vaxbZv ‡fv‡Mi wel‡q bvbvb ai‡bi aviv mshy³ _v‡K|
weL¨vZ ivóªweÁvbx wU, GBP, wMÖb e‡jb, Òhv Dc‡fvM Kivi Ges m¤úbœ Kivi †hvM¨ Zv Dc‡fvM I m¤úv`b Kivi
ÿgZv‡K ¯^vaxbZv e‡jÓ|
cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³B ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z Pvq| ¯^vaxbZv GK ai‡bi bvMwiK AwaKvi| Rxe‡bi myKzgvi e„w˸‡jvi
weKv‡ki Rb¨ GwU Acwinvh©| Av`©k bvMwiK m„wó‡Z ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi weKí †bB| ¯^vaxbZvi wecixZ nj civaxbZv
ev ¯^vaxbZv nxbZv| ¯^vaxbZv nxbZvq †KD evP‡Z Pvq bv| civaxbZvi Møvwb †_‡K gyw³i Rb¨ A‡bK RvwZ hy‡Mi
ci hyM msMÖvg K‡i hv‡”Q| AvZœcwiP‡qi Ges e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb Kiv iv‡óªi KZ©e¨|
¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
¯^vaxbZv nxbZvq gvbyl `v‡m cwiYZ nq| mKj †gŠwjK AwaKvi †hgb cÖ‡qvRb ¯^vaxbZvI †Zgwb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
bvMwiKMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxeb-hvcb Ki‡Z cvi‡j iv‡óªi gh©v`viI mg„w× N‡U| e¨w³ Rxe‡b weivR K‡i cÖkvwšÍ|
civaxbZvq e¨w³ wb‡R‡K †g‡j aivi my‡hvM cvq bv, d‡j Zvi ¯^vfvweK KvR-Kg© wewNœZ nq| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi
gva¨‡g e¨w³ wKQz my‡hvM-myweav †fvM K‡i| Gi d‡j mf¨ Rxeb-hvcb mnR nq|
¯^vaxbZvi wewfbœ iƒc
GKwU iv‡óª bvMwiKMY wewfbœ ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †fvM K‡i _v‡K| ¯’vb, Kvj, cv·f‡` GwU Avevi wfbœ n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb- (1) e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv (2) mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv (3) ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv (4) A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv I (5)
RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv
1. e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv
GB ¯^vaxbZv GKvšÍB e¨w³MZ| e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡M A‡b¨i Dci †Kvb cÖfve c‡o bv| †hgb- ag©-cvjb Kiv,
gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 34

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2. mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv-
gvbyl wn‡m‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv Acwinvh©| †hgb Rxeb avi‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv, m¤úwË †fvM Kiv,
mvgvwRK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖn‡Yi ¯^vaxbZv BZ¨vw`| mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv gvbyl‡K my›`i Rxe‡bi c_ †`Lvq| Zvi g‡bi
myKzgvi e„wËi weKvk NUvq| mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv G‡K A‡b¨i Dci wbf©ikxj|
3. ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv-
‡fvUvi nevi ¯^vaxbZv, †fvU`v‡bi ¯^vaxbZv, ivR‰bwZK `j MV‡bi ¯^vaxbZv BZ¨vw` ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv| b¨vq
m½Zfv‡e GKRb bvMwiK me ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi AwaKvi iv‡L| †bZ…‡Z¡i weKv‡ki Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv
_vKv DwPZ| GKbvqZvwš¿K, mvgwiK I ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmb e¨e¯’vq bvMwiKMY G ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †_‡K ewÂZ nq|
4. A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv
G ai‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ †ckv I RxweKvi ¯^vaxbZv Ab¨Zg| †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvi
weKí †bB| ZvQvov A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv bv _vK‡j †kÖwY-‰elg¨ †e‡o wM‡q †h‡Kvb †kÖwY †kvlY-eÂbvi wkKvi n‡Z
cv‡i| A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvi AvBbMZ wfwË i‡q‡Q| A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv bv _vK‡j Ab¨vb¨ ¯^vaxbZvI Le© nq|
5. RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv
eZ©gv‡b AwaKvsk ivóªB RvwZ ivóª| A_©vr Zviv ¯^vaxb RvwZ wn‡m‡e ivóª MVb K‡i‡Q| GKwU RvwZi wbR¯^ cwiPq
cÖwZôvi mÿgZvB nj RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv| RvwZ wn‡m‡e ¯^vaxb _vKv †hgb M‡e©i †Zgwb Zv AR©b KivI Kómva¨|
A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Zv ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i gva¨‡g jÿ¨ cÖv‡Yi wewbg‡q AwR©Z nq| †hgb 1971 mv‡j evsjv‡`k 30 jÿ
knx‡`i wewbg‡q Kvw•LZ ¯^vaxbZv AR©b K‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR gvbeRxe‡b ¯^vaxbZvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡kølY Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
¯^vaxbZv gvbe Rxe‡bi wPiÿY cÖZ¨vkv| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡q ¯^vaxbZvi mv‡_ †hŠw³KZvi welqwU
RwoZ| bvMwiKMY B‡”Q Ki‡jB hv Lywk Zv Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| G‡ÿ‡Î A‡b¨i ¯^vaxbZv, AwaKvi Le© nj wKbv
†mw`‡KI `„wó ivL‡Z nq| Gfv‡e GKRb bvMwiK e¨w³MZ, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv
Dc‡fvM K‡i _v‡K| gvbe wP‡Ëi weKv‡ki Rb¨ ¯^vaxbZv Acwinvh©|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ¯^vaxbZvi mvaviYZ KqwU iƒc †`Lv hvq?
K) 2 wU L) 3wU M) 4wU N) 5wU
2| ¯^vaxbZv k‡ãi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã n‡jv-
K) Liberty L) Liberal M) Living N) Liability
3| evOvwj RvwZ 1971 mv‡j `xN© bq gvm i³ÿqx hy‡× 30 jÿ knx‡`i wewbg‡q evsjv‡`k bvgK GKwU ¯^vaxb,
mve©‡fŠg ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i| Gi d‡j AwR©Z n‡q‡Q?
K) e¨w³MZ ¯^vaxbZv L) RvZxq ¯^vaxbZv M) A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv N) mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 35

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-3.5 AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv (Law and Liberty)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi mv`„k¨ wPwý Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi ‰emv`„k¨ wPwý Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ¯^vaxbZvi cwigvc, cwicš’x, †hŠw³KZv, msweavb, ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úªmviY

bvMwiK Rxe‡b AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi A‡bK cÖfve i‡q‡Q| AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© AZ¨šÍ wbweo Ges
ci¯úi wbf©ikxj| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î AvBb‡K ¯^vaxbZvi cwicš’xI g‡b nq| AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK©
msμvšÍ `ywU ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev` cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| cÖ_g `jwU g‡b K‡ib, AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv Mfxifv‡e
m¤úK©hy³| Gwi÷Uj, g‡›U¯‹z, wiwP, DB‡jvwe, Av‡b©÷ evK©vi, Rb jK cÖgyL gbxlx GB g‡Zi mg_©K| Avevi †KD
†KD g‡b K‡ib †h, AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi we‡ivax| nve©vU©, G wf WvBwm cÖgyL ivóªweÁvbx GB `‡ji AšÍM©Z|
AvBb I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi wfwË
¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb cwigvc †bB| Avevi Aeva ¯^vaxbZv bvMwi‡Ki Kj¨v‡Yi †P‡q ÿwZi KviYB n‡q _v‡K| ZvB †Kvb
†Kvb ¯^vaxbZv KZUzKz Dc‡fvM Kiv hv‡e Zv AvB‡bi gva¨‡g wba©vwiZ nq| AvBb e¨ZxZ ¯^vaxbZv †¯^”QvwiZvq
cwibZ nq|
AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi iÿvKeP
GKR‡bi ¯^vaxbZv †hb A‡b¨i AwaKvi Le© bv K‡i ev Zvi wbKU AZ¨vPvi g‡b bv nq †m Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi AvBb
i‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxbZv ewÂZiv AvB‡bi AvkÖq wb‡Z cv‡i| iv‡óªi m‡ev©”P AvBb msweav‡b (constitution) bvMwiK‡`i
Rb¨ A‡bK ¯^vaxbZvi wbðqZv †`qv nq| Rb j‡Ki g‡Z, †hLv‡b AvBb _v‡K bv, †mLv‡b †Kvb ¯^vaxbZvI _v‡K
bv|
AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi cwic~iK
AvBb ‡hgb ‡Kej wbqš¿Y bq †Zgwb ¯^vaxbZv gv‡b hv B‡”Q Zv Kiv bq| DfqwUi mv‡_B †hŠw³KZv welqwU
i‡q‡Q| AvBb ¯^vaxbZv‡K c~Y© K‡i| ¯^vaxbZv †Kvbfv‡e evavMÖ¯’ n‡j AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Zv ejer Kiv nq| A_v©r
AvBb Qvov ¯^vaxbZv c~Y©Zv cvq bv|
AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úªmviY NUvq
mgv‡R AvB‡bi Afv‡e A‡bK mgq †gŠwjK ¯^vaxbZvI Le© nq| †mme †ÿ‡Î AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ n‡j bvMwiKMY
cÖvc¨ ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| AvBb bv _vK‡j GK R‡bi Øviv A‡b¨i ¯^vaxbZv evavMÖ¯’ nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
ZvB AvBb mwVKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM n‡j ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úªmveY N‡U|
AvBb ¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax
A_©vr AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi wbweofv‡e m¤úwK©Z| GKwU Qvov Ab¨wU A_©nxb| Z‡e AvBb memgq ¯^vaxbZv
wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ‡Kej RbM‡Yi Rb¨, RbM‡Yi Øviv cÖYxZ AvBbB ¯^vaxbZv iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡¯^”QvPvix I

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 36

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ˆ¯^ivPvi KZ…©K cÖYxZ AvBb me mgqB ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax| †hgb- mvgwiK AvBb, ˆ¯^ivPvi cÖYxZ AvBb ¯^vaxbZv Le©
K‡i|
ZvB Av‡b©÷ evK©v‡ii fvlvq ejv hvq Ò¯^vaxbZv I AvB‡bi we‡iva †bBÓ (Liberty and law do not quarrel).

wkÿv_©xi KvR AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv wewfbœgyLx m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiæb

mvims‡ÿc
AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK| †hLv‡b AvBb Abycw¯’Z †mLv‡b ¯^vaxbZv AevšÍi| AvBb Qvov
gvbevwaKvi I ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e nq bv A_©vr AvBb ¯^vaxbZv cÖwZôv K‡i| Avevi ¯^vaxbZv †hb Amxg bv nq †mRb¨
AvBb cÖYxZ nq| †m Rb¨ AvBb‡K A‡bK mgq ¯^vaxbZv we‡ivaxI ejv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.5

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| AvBb I ¯^vaxbZv nj-
i. ci¯úi we‡ivax
ii. GK I Awfbœ
iii. ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK

wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?

K) i, ii, iii L) i, ii M) i, iii N) ii, iii

2| Ò¯^vaxbZv I AvB‡bi we‡iva †bBÓ- Dw³wU Kvi?

K) jW© A¨vKUb L) Gwi÷Uj M) DB‡Wªv DBjmb N) Av‡b©÷ evK©vi

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 37

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-3.6 mvg¨ I mv‡g¨i wewfbœ iƒc (Equality and Types of Equality)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 mvg¨ Kx Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mv‡g¨i wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã mgvb, myKzgvi e„wËi weKvk, my‡hvM-myweav, cÖvß eq¯‹,

mvg¨ Gi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Liberty. Gi A_© mgvb| mgvb ej‡Z RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l GKB ai‡bi
my‡hvM-myweav jvf Kiv‡K eySvq| †Kvb we‡kl Rb‡Mvôx‡K c„_Kfv‡e my‡hvM-myweav bv †`qv| Aa¨vcK
jvw¯‹ e‡jb, mK‡ji m¤§y‡L h_v_© my‡hvM-myweavi Øvi Db¥y³ ivLvi A_© nj mvg¨| A_©vr mvg¨ ej‡Z Ggb GKwU
Ae¯’v ev cwi‡ek eySvq †hb mKj bvMwiK mgvb my‡hvM-myweav jvf K‡i h_v_©fv‡e wb‡R‡`i weKvk NUv‡Z mÿg
nq|
mv‡g¨i cÖKvi‡f`
ivóª wewfbœ ai‡bi my‡hvM-myweav w`‡q _v‡K| G¸‡jv‡K wewfbœ mv‡g¨ wef³ Kiv hvq-
(K) mvgvwRK mvg¨ (L) ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ (M) A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ (N) AvBbMZ mvg¨ (O) e¨w³MZ mvg¨

K. mvgvwRK mvg¨
gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| mgv‡Ri GKRb m`m¨ wn‡m‡e mKj my‡hvM-myweav cvIqvi AwaKvi mevi i‡q‡Q| †hgb
wewfbœ AvPvi-Abyôvb G ixwZ Abyhvqx AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM, MÖvg¨ mvwj‡m b¨vq wePvi cvIqvi my‡hvM BZ¨vw`|
L. ivR‰bwZK mvg¨
cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwiK ivóª KZ…©K wba©vwiZ wKQz my‡hvM-myweav †c‡q _v‡K| RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l GB me my‡hvM-myweav
jvf KivB ivR‰bwZK mvg¨| msMVb Kivi ¯^vaxbZv, wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY Gi myyweav BZ¨vw` ivR‰bwZK mv‡g¨i ch©v‡q
c‡o| ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ bv _vK‡j iv‡óª †bZ…‡Z¡i msKU ˆZwi nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| cÖvß eq¯‹ mKj bvMwi‡Ki
ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM i‡qQ|
M. A_©‰bwZK mvg¨
wbR wbR †ckvq wb‡qvwRZ _vKv, †ckv cwieZ©‡bi my‡hvM, †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx PvKzwi jv‡fi mgZv BZ¨vw` A_©‰bwZK
mvg¨| my¯-’ my›`i Rxeb M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ AZ¨šÍ Riæwi| A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ bv _vK‡j gvbyl †gŠwjK
AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ nq| d‡j g‡bi myKzgvi e„wËi weKvkI evavMÖ¯’ nq| A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ _vK‡j ivóª I `ªæZ
mg„w×i w`‡K GwM‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
N. AvBbMZ mvg¨
B‡Zvc~‡e© Av‡jvwPZ mv‡g¨i wKQz wKQz Avevi AvB‡bi Øviv ¯^xK…Z| †hgb- PvKzwi‡Z mgvb my‡hvM jv‡fi AwaKvi,
msMVb I mgv‡ek Kivi AwaKvi BZ¨vw` †ÿ‡Î mv‡g¨i welqwU evsjv‡`k msweav‡b DwjøwLZ †gŠwjK AwaKvi| ZvB
GB mvg¨ Avevi AvBbMZ mv‡g¨i AšÍf©~³| msweavb QvovI †`‡ki we`¨gvb Ab¨vb¨ AvBb ØvivI mvg¨ ¯^xK…Z n‡Z
cv‡i| AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ AvB‡bi mvg¨ _vKv DwPZ|

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 38

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

O. e¨w³MZ mvg¨
gZ cÖKv‡ki mvg¨, †MvcbxqZv iÿvi mvg¨, eÜz wbe©vP‡bi g‡Zv welq¸‡jv e¨w³MZ mvg¨, A‡b¨i ÿwZ bv K‡i
wb‡Ri g‡Zv KvR Kiv GK ai‡bi e¨w³MZ mvg¨| AvaywbK mgv‡R e¨w³MZ mvg¨‡K A‡bK ‡ewk ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|
A_©vr mvg¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| Av`k© bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Rxeb-hvc‡bi Rb¨ me ai‡bi mvg¨ wbwðZ Kiv iv‡óªi
KZ©e¨| e¨w³ ch©v‡q †hb GKRb Ab¨R‡bi mvg¨ bó bv K‡i Zv †Lqvj ivLv bvMwi‡Ki KZ©e¨|

wkÿv_©xi KvR mvg¨ Kx Kx ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i?

mvims‡ÿc
mvg¨ mf¨Zvi GK ai‡bi ewn: cÖKvk| ivóªxq my‡hvM-myweav e›U‡bi †ÿ‡Î mv‡g¨i bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq| GwU
mvgvwRK, ivóªxq, A_©‰bwZK, e¨w³MZ n‡Z cv‡i| mvg¨ cÖwZôvq ivóª wewfbœ bxwZgvjv I AvBb cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K|
bvMwiK Rxe‡bi cwic~Y© weKvk Ges iv‡óªi DbœwZi Rb¨ mvg¨ Acwinvh©|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.6

eûwbe©vPbx Awfÿv
1| †hvM¨Zv Abyhvqx PvKzwi jv‡fi mgZv †Kvb ai‡bi mvg¨?
K) A_©‰bwZK mvg¨ L) ivR‰bwZK M) mvgvwRK mvg¨ N) e¨w³MZ mvg¨
2| ÔmK‡ji m¤§y‡L h_v_© my‡hvM-myweavi Øvi Db¥y³ ivLvi A_© nj mvg¨Õ-msÁvwU Kvi?
K) Gm B dvBbvi L) Ugvm nem M) Aa¨vcK jvw¯‹ N) †K wm ûqvi
wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges cÖkœ¸‡jvi DËi w`bÑ
iwng I Kwig †Q‡j‡ejvi eÜz| Kwig cov‡kvbv Ki‡jI iwng †Zgb GKUv K‡iwb| Kwig cov‡kvbv K‡i GKwU
PvKzwii Rb¨ `iLv¯Í Kij| iwngI H GKB PvKzwii Rb¨ Av‡e`b Kij| Kwig †mB PvKzwii B›UvwfD KvW© †c‡jI
iwng †cj bv| G Ae¯’vq iwng Av`vj‡Z gvgjv Kij †h Avgiv `yB eÜzB G †`‡ki bvMwiK| ZvB Kwig PvKzwii
KvW© †c‡j Avwg †Kb cve bv?
3| DÏxc‡K Kwig Gi `vweK…Z ‡h mv‡g¨i K_v ejv n‡”Q Zv Avm‡j wK ai‡bi mvg¨?
K) AvBbMZ L) mvgvwRK mvg¨ M) ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ N) e¨w³MZ mvg¨
4| DÏxc‡K iwn‡gi cÖwZ PvKzwi`vZv wK ai‡bi mvg¨ †`wL‡q‡Q?
K) AvBbMZ L) mvgvwRK mvg¨ M) ivR‰bwZK mvg¨ N) e¨w³MZ mvg¨

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 39

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-3.7 mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK©

(Relation between Equality and Liberty)
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ ‰emv`„k¨ wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgZv, AwaKvi, ˆelg¨, ¯^Zš¿, Aw¯ÍZ¡, Awfbœ, we‡ivax, cwic~iK

mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv wbweofv‡e m¤úwK©Z| GK K_vq hv mvg¨ ZvB ¯^vaxbZv| †Kvb mgv‡R hw` mvg¨ bv
_v‡K Z‡e †mLv‡b ¯^vaxbZvI _v‡K bv| ¯^vaxbZv gv‡b B‡”Qg‡Zv hv Lywk Kiv| wKš‘ ¯^vaxbZv hw`
Gfv‡e †fvM Kiv nq Z‡e Zv A‡b¨i ¯^vaxbZv‡K Le© K‡i| d‡j ¯^vaxbZv †fv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î A‡b¨i ¯^vaxbZvi K_v
wPšÍv Kiv nj mvg¨| †Kbbv RvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡l hLb mvg¨ weivR Ki‡e ZLb mK‡jB m‡ev©”P ¯^vaxbZv †fvM
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| R¨uv R¨vK iæ‡kv, GBP jvw¯‹, Av‡b©÷ evK©vi cÖg~L ivóªweÁvbxMY g‡b K‡ib mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi
cwic~iK| Df‡qi m¤úK© AwZ wbweo| iæ‡kv (Rousseau) Gi g‡Z ÒLiberty cannot exist without equality”
A_©vr mvg¨ Qvov ¯^vaxbZvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ bvB| mgv‡R mvg¨ bv _vKv gv‡b RvwZ-ag©-eY©-A_© †f‡` ˆelg¨ Kiv| G Ae¯’vq
GKwU mgv‡R Kv‡iv c‡ÿ ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Kiv m¤¢e bq| AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ n‡jB †Kej GKRb
bvMwiK Zvi ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi aviYv Awfbœ| ¯^vaxbZv Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek‡K ‡evSvq †hLv‡b gvbyl wb‡Ri m‡ev©”P weKvk NUv‡Z
cv‡i| mvg¨I Ggb GKwU cwi‡ek ev cwiw¯’wZ †evSvq hv e¨w³i mKj bvMwiK AwaKvi ev¯Íevq‡bi my‡hvM m„wó
K‡i hvi d‡j G‡ÿ‡Î †m wb‡R‡K c~Y© weKwkZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK ivóªweÁvbx I mgvRweÁvbx A_©‰bwZK mvg¨‡K
¯^vaxbZvi c~e©kZ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i| GB A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡ÎB mgv‡R †ewk ˆelg¨ †`Lv hvq| A_©‰bwZK gyw³i ev
ˆel‡g¨i Kvi‡Y gvby‡li m‡e©v”P ïay bq ¯^vfvweK weKvkI Pigfv‡e evavMÖ¯’ nq| d‡j †KD ¯^vaxbZvi K_v wPšÍvI
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv ci¯úi A½vAw½fv‡e RwoZ|
mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ GKUz wecixZ m¤úK©I i‡q‡Q| gvbyl cÖvK…wZKfv‡e mgvb bq| cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wbR ¸‡Y ¯^Zš¿|
d‡j G‡KK R‡bi ¯^vaxbZvi gvÎv G‡KK iKg| wKš‘ hLb RvwZ-ag©-eY©-esk e¨wZ‡i‡K mv‡g¨i welqwU †`Lv nq
ZLb †KD GKRb AwaK ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| g‡b nq †hb mv‡g¨i Kvi‡Y ¯^vaxbZv evavMÖ¯’ nq| jW©
A¨vKUb, nve©vU© †¯úbmvi, †eRnU cÖg~L ivóªweÁvbxMY mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi g‡a¨ ci¯úi we‡ivax m¤úK© i‡q‡Q g‡b
K‡ib| A¨vKUb (Acton) Gi g‡Z Ômvg¨ AR©‡bi AvMÖn ¯^vaxbZvi Avkv‡K e¨_© K‡i| Zvi K_vq "The passion
for equality makes vain the hope for freedom"| Z‡e †gvÏvK_v nj, ¯^vaxbZv †h‡nZz Aeva I Awbqwš¿Z
¯^vaxbZv bq, ZvB mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© we‡ivax n‡Z cv‡i bv| mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv G‡K A‡b¨i cwic~iK|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv `ywU welqB bvMwiK‡`i Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| Z‡e GKRb bvMwiK KZUzKz mvg¨ ev
¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡e Zv ivóª wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Ômvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© mgag©xÕ- we‡kølY Kiæb

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 40

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡ÿc
mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi m¤úK© Nwbó| GKwU Qvov Ab¨wU c~Y© bq| mvg¨ bv _vK‡j mevB Aeva ¯^vaxbZv cÖZ¨vkv Ki‡e
hv AivRKZvi m„wó Ki‡e| Ab¨w`‡K ¯^vaxbZv bv _vK‡j †Kvb mvg¨ AwR©Z n‡e bv| ¯^vaxbZv GK ai‡Yi
AwaKvi| Zv †fvM bv Ki‡Z cvi‡j mvg¨ AwR©Z n‡e bv| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb we‡klÁ g‡b K‡ib| mvgv¨
¯^vaxbZv‡K evavMÖ¯’ K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.7

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ÒLiberty cannot exist without equality” –Dw³wU Kvi?
K) fj‡Uqvi L) Rb jK M) †R Gm wgj N) R¨v R¨vK iæ‡kv
2| "The passion for equality makes vain the hope for freedom" –Dw³wU Kvi?
K) jW© A¨vKUb L) Ugvm nem M) wU GBP MÖxb N) wRb ew`b
3| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi wkÿK K¬v‡m mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡jb-
i. G‡K Aci †_‡K wew”Qbœ ii. ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK iii. ci¯úi Awfbœ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) i ii I iii
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi wkÿK K¬v‡m ej‡jb Avgiv AvaywbK we‡k¦ †hme ivó&ª‡K GLb DbœZ I mf¨ †`LwQ
Zviv wKš‘ AvR †_‡K K‡qKk eQi Av‡MI G‡ZvUv mf¨ I myk„•Lj wQj bv| †hgb eZ©gvb hy³iv‡R¨i K_vB aiv
hvK| weª‡Ubevmx Aóv`k kZvãx‡ZI M„nhy× I nvbvnvwb‡Z wjß wQj| †mLv‡b bvMwiK AwaKvi Pigfv‡e wewNœZ
n‡Zv| Rxe‡bi †Kvb wbivcËv wQj bv| wKš‘ AvR Zviv c„w_exi ey‡K wb‡R‡`i wbqg-k„•Ljv wb‡q M‡e©i mv‡_ gv_v
DPz K‡i `vwo‡q‡Q| A_©vr GKwU iv‡óªi PviwU Dcv`vb we`¨gvb _vKvi ciI hw` Zv‡`i wbqg-k„•Ljv wVK bv _v‡K
Z‡e Zviv mf¨ RvwZ wn‡m‡e Avwef©~Z n‡Z cv‡i bv| evsjv‡`k GKwU NbemwZc~Y© ivóª, wKš‘ GLv‡b hw` AvB‡bi
kvmb c~Y©fv‡e cÖwZwôZ nq Z‡e GwU c„w_exi ey‡K GKwU DbœZ ivóª wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡e|
K) AvBb kãwUi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã wK I Zvi A_© wK?
L) AvB‡bi Drm¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
M) AvB‡bi kvmb bv _vKvq AZx‡Z hy³iv‡R¨i Ae¯’v wK iƒc wQj?-DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡k AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv Kiv cÖ‡qvRb †Kb?
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.1 : 1| K 2
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.2 : 1| M 2| K 3| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.3 : 1| N 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.4 : 1| N 2| K 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.5 : 1| K 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.6 : 1| K 2| M 3| N 4| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.7 : 1| N 2| K 3| M

BDwbU wZb c„ôv 41

 ivóª I miKvi e¨e¯’v
(State and Government)

G hverKv‡j m„ó me‡P‡q Av`©k ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb nj ivóª| Rbmgwó, wbw`©ó f~-LÛ, miKvi I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ G
PviwU Dcv`vb wb‡q ivóª MwVZ| iv‡óª Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK ai‡bi cÖwZôvb _v‡K| iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ cÖKv‡ki GKwU
gva¨g nj miKvi| GwU iv‡óªi gyLcvÎ I gw¯Í‡®‹i gZ KvR K‡i| RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY I Pvwn`vi mgš^‡q ivóª
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z nq| d‡j miKv‡ii mv‡_ iv‡óªi bvbvgyLx m¤úK© m„wó nq| †`Lv †`q ivóª I miKv‡ii wewfbœ
aiY| GRb¨B c„w_ex‡Z bvbv ai‡bi ivóª I miKvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G BDwb‡U ivóª, ivóª MV‡bi Dcv`vb, ivóª
I miKv‡ii wewfbœ aiY wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV-4.1 ivóª (State)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 ivóª Kx †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|
 ivóª MV‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, RbmsL¨v, f~LÛ, miKvi, mve©‡fŠgZ¡, Acwinvh©

ivóª GKwU সুmsগঠিZ Ges ¯’vqx ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb| gvbyl wb‡R‡`i Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ msNe× n‡q
wbR B”Qvq ivóª m„wó K‡i‡Q| AvaywbKKv‡j ivóª A‡bK weeZ©‡bi d‡j eZ©gvb Ae¯’vq DcbxZ
n‡q‡Q| ivóª MV‡bi PviwU Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q-
¯’vqx RbMY (Population)
Rbmgwó n‡”Q ivó« MV‡bi ¸iZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| ivó«weÁvbx‡`i `…wó‡Z Rbgvbewenxb AÂj ivó« e‡j we‡ewPZ
n‡Z cv‡i bv| iv‡ó«i Rb¨ ¯’vqx Rbmgwó Avek¨K| Z‡e Rbmgwói wbw`©ó †Kvb cwigvY †bB| †Kvb †Kvb iv‡ó«
RbmsL¨v Lye Kg n‡Z cv‡i Avevi †Kvb †Kvb iv‡ó« RbmsL¨v AwaK n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Px‡b RbmsL¨v kZ
†KvwUi Dc‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i †eªvbvB‡qi RbmsL¨v `yB jv‡Li gZ| evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v cÖvq 16 ‡KvwU| iv‡ó«i
cÖkvmb I Dbœqbg~jK KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ Rbmgwó AZ¨vek¨K|
wba©vwiZ wba©viYK…Z f~-LÛ (Land)
ivó« MV‡bi Ab¨Zg Acwinvh© Dcv`vb nj f~-LÛ | f~-LÛ ej‡Z ïay f~wg I Rjvkq‡K †evSvq bv eis GKwU
iv‡ó«i ¯’jfvM, RjfvM I Gi AvKvk mxgv‡K †evSvq| †Kvb iv‡ó«i AvqZb Lye Kg Avevi †KvbwUi Lye †ewk
n‡Z cv‡i| †hgbÑ Px‡bi AvqZb 9.6 jÿ eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| Acic‡ÿ we‡k¦i GKwU ‡QvU ivó« bvDiæ hvi
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AvqZb gvÎ 21 eM© wK.wg.| Avevi gbv‡Kvi AvqZb 2.5 eM© wK‡jvwgUvi| evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb 1 jÿ 47
nvRvi 570 eM© wK. wg.|
miKvi (Government)
ivó« MV‡bi Z…Zxq Ab¨Zg Dcv`vb nj miKvi| miKvi nj Avqbvi gZ hv‡Z iv‡ó«i B”Qv I Awb”Qv cÖKvk
cvq Ges miKv‡ii gva¨‡g Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ nq| miKvi iv‡ó«i hveZxq kvmbKvR cwiPvjbv K‡i| ZvQvov
miKvi iv‡ó«i mvgvwRK Kvh©μg cwiPvjbvi cvkvcvwk Avf¨šÍixY AvBb-k…•Ljv I wbivcËv eRvq iv‡L|
miKvi g~jZ wZbwU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| wefvM wZbwU nj: 1| AvBb wefvM 2| kvmb
wefvM 3| wePvi wefvM| ivó«‡f‡` miKvi wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgbt msm`xq miKvi, ivó«cwZ kvwmZ
miKvi BZ¨vw`|
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ (Soveneignty)
iv‡ó«i m‡e©v”P ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb nj mve©‡fŠgZ¡| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iv‡ó«i Pig I P~ovšÍ ÿgZv‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| d‡j
GKwU ivó« Ab¨ iv‡ó«i wbqš¿Ygy³ _v‡K| mve©‡fŠgZ¡nxb †Kvb f~-LÛ, Rbmgwó I miKvi‡K ivó« ejv P‡j bv|
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ `yB ai‡bi nq|
(K) Af¨šÍixY: Af¨šÍixY mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Øviv ivó« Zvi wbw`©ó mxgvbvi g‡a¨ †Kvb e¨w³ ev msL¨vi Dci Aeva I
mxgvnxb ÿgZvi AwaKvix nq Ges Av‡`k I wb‡la Rvwi K‡i| G ai‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Øviv iv‡ó«i Af¨šÍixY
k…•Ljv I wbivcËv wbwðZ Kiv nq|
(L) evwn¨K: evwn¨K Pig ÿgZv Øviv ivó« ewn:kw³i AvμgY ‡_‡K wb‡R‡K iÿv K‡i| G ai‡bi mve©‡fŠgZ¡
Avš‘R©vwZK cwigÛ‡j we¯Í…Z|
A_©vr ivóª bvgK ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvbwU Rbmgwó, wbw`©ó f~-LÛ, mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Ges G wZbwU Dcv`v‡bi mgš^‡qi
Rb¨ miKvi wb‡q ivóª MwVZ nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Avcbvi †Rjv‡K wK ivóª ejv hv‡e? hw` bv hvq Z‡e †Kb?

mvims‡ÿc
G hverKv‡j m„ó ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôv‡bi gv‡S ivóªB me©‡kÖô| Z‡e ivóª m„wói Rb¨ RbmsL¨v, f~-LÛ, miKvi
I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Acwinvh©| iv‡óªi Rb¨ RbmsL¨v I f~-L‡Ûi wbw`©ó †Kvb mxgv †bB| ivóª‡f‡` miKv‡ii aiY
wfbœ wKš‘ mve©‡fŠgZ¡ GKB iKgfv‡e †fvM K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1

eû wbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Kq ai‡bi?
(K) Pvi (L) `yB (M) cuvP (N) wZb
2| iv‡óªi Dcv`vb¸‡jv nj-
mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ii) wePvi wefvM iii) miKvi iv) Rbmgwó
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?
(K) i + ii + iv (L) i + iii + iv (M) ii + iii + iv (N) i + iv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 43

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-4.2 A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Ges ivóª (Economic System and State)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 ivóª‡K wK‡mi wfwˇZ †kÖwYwefvM Kiv nq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi wfwˇZ †kÖwYK…Z ivóª m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ÿgZv, A_©bxwZ, RbKj¨vY, m¤ú`, Drcv`b, e›Ub, mgvb

gvbe mgv‡Ri Kj¨v‡Yi ZvwM‡` ivóª bvgK cÖwZôvbwUi DrcwË n‡q‡Q| eZ©gvb c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœ
ai‡bi ivóª e¨e¯’v jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| ivóª‡K wb¤œwjwLZ wfwˇZ wewfbœfv‡e †kÖwY wefvM Kiv nq|
1| A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v
2| ÿgZvi Dr‡mi wfwˇZ
3| ÿgZv e›U‡bi wfwˇZ
4| DËivwaKvi m~‡Î
5| D‡Ïk¨ Abymv‡i

A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi wfwˇZ gvwjKvbvi Dci wbf©i K‡i ivóª‡K cÖavbZ `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_vt
1| cyuwRev`x ivóª (Capitalist state) Ges
2| mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª (Socialist state) |

cuywRev`x ivóª t cyuwRev`x ivóª e¨e¯’vq e¨w³MZfv‡e cyuwR msMÖn, wewb‡qvM I gybvdv AR©‡bi Dci iv‡óªi †Kv‡bv
n¯Í‡ÿc _v‡K bv| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨Zv _v‡K Ges Aeva cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi my‡hvM we`¨gvb| mvaviYZ cuywRev`x
ivóª gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o D‡V| G‡ÿ‡Î ivóª evRvi‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡e bv eis Pvwn`v I
†hvMvb Øviv evRvi cÖwμqv wbqwš¿Z nq| cuywRev`x iv‡óª cuywRcwZiv iv‡óªi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Dci A_©‰bwZK
wbqš¿Y cÖwZôv Ki‡Z m‡Pó nq| G ai‡bi iv‡óª RbKj¨vYg~jK e¨q Kg nq Ges miKvi cuywR wewb‡qv‡Mi
hveZxq KvVv‡gvMZ I bxwZMZ my‡hvM myweav m„wó K‡i| d‡j abx-`wi‡`ª¨i g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ e„w× cvq| hy³ivóª,
hy³ivR¨ I Ab¨vb¨ BD‡ivcxq BDwbqbfy³ †`kmg~n cuywRev`x iv‡óªi DrK…ó D`vniY|
mgvRZvwš¿K ivóªt mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª e¨e¯’vq Drcv`‡bi mKj Dcv`vb †hgb-f~wg, kÖg, g~jab Ges e¨e¯’vcbv
mewKQzi gvwjKvbv _v‡K iv‡óªi nv‡Z| mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª KvVv‡gv‡Z e¨w³¯^vZš¿¨Zv †bB| eis e¨w³i Rxe‡b
cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡Î iv‡óªi ¯^xq n¯Í‡ÿc we`¨gvb| mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óª A_©bxwZ I evRvi e¨e¯’v ivóª KZ©„K cwiPvwjZ
I wbqwš¿Z nq| G‡ÿ‡Î e¨w³i Av‡qi Dci Kiv‡ivc K‡i abx-`wi‡`ªi g‡a¨ ˆelg¨ `~i Kivi Rb¨ ivóª me©`v
m‡Pó _v‡K| ivóª kÖwg‡Ki gRywi wba©viY K‡i †`q Ges ivóª Zvi ivR¯^ Avq RbKj¨v‡Y e¨q K‡i| wejyß nIqv
†mvwf‡qZ BDwbqbf~³ †`k¸‡jv mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª KvVv‡gvi AšÍf~³ © wQj| eZ©gv‡b Pxb, †fwbRy‡qjv
mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi D`vniY|
mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óªi ˆewk󨸇jv nj
1| G ai‡bi iv‡óª GKwUgvÎ ivR‰bwZK `j _v‡K| Ab¨ `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K bv|
2| Drcv`‡bi DcKi‡Yi Dci ivóªxq KZ©„Z¡ ejer Kiv nq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 44

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3| m¤ú‡`i e¨w³MZ gvwjKvbv _v‡K bv|

4| miKvi MYgva¨g‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|
5| G ai‡bi iv‡óª `j I miKvi GKB nq| `jB me ÿgZv †fvM K‡i|

A_©vr A_©bxwZ iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ wbY©‡q ¸iæZ¡cyY© Dcv`vb| ivóªxq-m¤ú`, cyuwR, wewb‡qvM, kÖg I gybvdv Gme †ÿ‡Î
e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv _vK‡j Zv cuywRev`x ivóª Ab¨w`‡K Gme wel‡q hw` ivóª n¯Í‡ÿc K‡i Z‡e Zv mgvRZvwš¿K
ivóª|

wkÿv_©xi KvR iv‡óªi cÖKvi‡f‡`i wfw˸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
bvbvwea Kvi‡Y ivóª wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| Zvi gv‡S A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi wfwˇZ ivóª wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q
_v‡K| †hgb cyuwRev`x ivóª, mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª, wgkÖ A_©bxwZ wfwËK ivóª, Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’v wfwËK ivóª| cyuwRev`x
iv‡óªi g~j ˆewkó¨ nj m¤úwËi e¨w³ gvwjKvbv I evRv‡ii Aeva I A‡bK mgq Amg cÖwZ‡hvwMZv| e¨w³
¯^vaxbZv cÖvavb¨ cvq wKš‘ mvgvwRK ˆelg¨I cwijwÿZ nq| cÿvšÍ‡i, mgvRZvwš¿K iv‡óª m¤ú` I evRvi e¨e¯’v
ivóª gvwjKvbvq _v‡K Gi d‡j mgv‡R GKUv mgZvi cwi‡ek eRvq _v‡K| wKš‘ bvMwiKMY Pigfv‡e e¨w³
¯^vaxbZv ewÂZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| †Kvb aviYvi Dci wfwË K‡i cuywRev`x ivóª cwiPvwjZ nq|
K) gy³ evRvi A_©bxwZ L) m¤ú‡`i mylg e›Ub
M) wbqwš¿Z A_©bxwZ N) ivóªxq n¯Í‡ÿc
2| cuywRev`x ivóª I mgvRZvwš¿K ivóª Ò G ai‡bi †kÖwY wefvRb wK‡mi wfwˇZ ?
K) mve©‡fŠg‡Z¡i wfwˇZ L) ÿgZv e›Ub bxwZi wfwˇZ
M) A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi wfwˇZ N) †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 45

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-4.3 ÿgZvi Drm Ges ivóª

(Sources of Power and State)
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 ÿgZvi Dr‡mi wfwˇZ ivóª‡K KZ fv‡M fvM hvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MYZvwš¿K ivóª m¤ú‡K© AewnZ n‡eb|
 GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óªi wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

gyL¨ kã RbMY, ÿgZvi Drm, MYZš¿, cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj, GKbvqKZš¿, ˆ¯^ivPvi

iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ wbY©‡q ÿgZv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GKwU wbqvgK| ক্ষমতার Dr‡mi wfwˇZ ivóª‡K `yB fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq- 1| MYZvwš¿K ivóª (Democratic State) Ges 2| GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª (Autocratic State)|
MYZvwš¿K ivóª
MYZš¿ nj RbM‡Yi miKvi| RbM‡Yi Øviv Ges Rbগণেi Rb¨ †h ivóª cwiPvwjZ nq Zv‡K MYZvwš¿K ivóª
e‡j| jW© eªvBm Gi g‡Z, Ò‡h kvmb e¨e¯’vq kvmb ÿgZv †Kv‡bv we‡kl †kªYxi nv‡Z b¨¯Í bv †_‡K mgv‡Ri
mKj m`‡m¨i nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K Zv‡K MYZš¿ e‡j|Ó GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª mKj gvby‡li ¯^vaxbfv‡e iv‡óªi
kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges mK‡j wg‡j miKvi MVb K‡i| AvaywbK MYZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi gZvgZ
cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv i‡q‡Q| gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi †fv‡Mi gva¨‡g e¨w³i e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U Ges
miKv‡ii mgv‡jvPbvi my‡hvM _v‡K| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbev©P‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi cwiewZ©Z nq| G‡Z RbM‡Yi
¯^v_© iÿvi my‡hvM _v‡K Ges bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I AvB‡bi kvm‡bi ¯^xK…wZ †`qv _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi
AwaKvsk ivóªB MYZvwš¿K ivóª| †hgb: evsjv‡`k , fviZ, hy³ivR¨, hy³ivóª|
MYZvwš¿K ivóª e¨e¯’vi ¸bvewj
MYZš¿ RbMণেi AwaKvi, mvg¨ I ¯^vaxbZvi g~Z© প্রতীক| GwU AvaywbKKv‡j me‡P‡q RbwcÖq miKvi
e¨e¯’v| MYZ‡š¿i A‡bK fvj w`K i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ MYZ‡š¿i ¸bvewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1. `vwqZ¡kxj kvmb e¨e¯’v : G kvmb e¨e¯’vq miKvi RbMণেi cÖwZ `vwqZ¡kxj f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| miKvi
iv‡óªi †h †Kvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqx _v‡K Ges cieZ©x wbev©P‡b Rq jv‡fi Rb¨ Rb¯^v_©g~jK KvR
K‡i _v‡K| Gi d‡j †`‡k `vwqZ¡kxj kvmb e¨e¯’v cÖwZwôZ nq|
2. e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi iÿv-KeP : MYZš¿ bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi iÿv K‡i| MYZ‡š¿i gva¨‡g RbMY
gZvgZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi †fvM K‡i| d‡j e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvর weKvk N‡U| mK‡j wg‡j wbev©P‡bi gva¨‡g
miKvi MVb K‡i| G‡Z bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi iÿv nq|
3. mgvbvwaKvi : MYZ‡š¿ mevB mgvb| GKwU MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª mevB RvwZ, ag©, eY© wbwe©‡k‡l mgvb AwaKvi
†fvM K‡i| MYZvwš¿K ivóª cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡Î mevi Ask MÖnY wbwðZ K‡i|
4. miKv‡ii ¯’vqxZ¡ e„w×: RbM‡Yi Av¯’v hZ w`b _v‡K miKvi ZZ w`b ¯’vqx nq| ZvB Rbmg_©b jv‡fi
Avkvq `vwqZ¡kxj I Revew`wnZv Ges ¯^”QZvi wfwˇZ miKvi cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z ¯^‡Pó nq| G‡Z miKv‡ii
mybvg I `ÿZv e…w× cvq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 46

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

5. bvMwiK ghv©`v e„w× : ivó« cwiPvjbvi fvi _v‡K RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ Rb cÖwZwbwa‡`i nv‡Z|
AskM«nYg~jK c×wZi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi nj wbe©vPb| GwU RbMY‡K ivó«xq Kv‡R Ask MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM K‡i
†`q| d‡j bvMwiK‡`i ms¯‹…wZ DbœZ nq Ges e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U Ges bvMwi‡Ki m¤§vb †e‡o hvq|
6. wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv n«vm : MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª miKvi cwieZ©bkxj| mywbw`©ó mgq cici miKvi cwieZ©b nIqvi
my‡hvM _vKvq wecø‡e m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K|
7. ivR‰bwZK wkÿv I m‡PZbZvi gva¨g : MYZš¿ mKj‡K ivR‰bwZK PPv©i mgvb my‡hvM †`q| d‡j
mK‡jB ivRbxwZ PPv© I ivóªxq Kv‡R AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK wkÿv I m‡PZbZv jvf K‡i| ZvB
†R.Gm. wgj e‡jb, ÒMYZš¿ DËg kvmb e¨e¯’vi wkÿv `vb K‡i|Ó
MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi †`vl
MYZš¿ DËg kvmb e¨e¯’v n‡jI Gi wKQz ÎæwU Av‡Q| wb‡gœ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1. `jKvbv kvmb e¨e¯’v : MYZ‡š¿ ÿgZvkxj `j me©`vB wbR `‡ji ¯^v_© iÿv K‡i ivóª cwiPvjbv K‡i|
Ab¨vb¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖwZ A‡bKUv AeÁv K‡i|
2. AÁ I A‡hvM¨‡`i Øviv kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv : MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª wbev©P‡bi gva¨‡g kvmK g‡bvbqb Kiv
nq| d‡j A‡hvM¨ †jvK wbev©wPZ nIqvi my‡hvM cvq| ivóªweÁvbx †jwK (Lacky) e‡jb, ÒMYZš¿, `wi`ª, AÁ
I A‡hvM¨‡`i kvmb|Ó weÁ I kvwšÍwcÖq gvbyl wbe©vP‡bi RwUjZvq Ask wb‡Z Pvq bv e‡jB A`ÿ gvbyl †h
my‡hvM wb‡q _v‡K|
3. †hvM¨Zvi †P‡q msL¨vi cÖvavb¨ : MYZ‡š¿ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g RbMY Zv‡`i cÖwZwbwa wbev©wPZ K‡i| d‡j
GLv‡b ¸Y ev †hvM¨Zvi †P‡q msL¨vi ¸iæZ¡ cÖvavb¨ cvq| MYZ‡š¿ msL¨vMwiôZvi wfwˇZ miKvi wbe©vwPZ nq
weavq ‡gav I ‡hvM¨Zvi Aeg~j¨vq‡bi my‡hvM i‡q hvq|
4. Nb Nb miKvi cwieZ©b : Nb Nb miKvi cwieZ©b MYZ‡š¿i Ab¨Zg mxgve×Zv| GKwU ivR‰bwZK `j
wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi MVb Kivi ci mywbw`©ó Kg©m~Px MÖnY I cwiKíbv ‰Zwi K‡i| wKš‘ Nb Nb miKvi
cwieZ©‡bi d‡j Gme cwiKíbv mwVKfv‡e ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
5. Av‡eM Øviv cwiPvwjZ : MYZ‡š¿ Av‡e‡Mi cÖfve †ewk| A‡bK mgq e³vMY Av‡eMgq e³…Zvi gva¨‡g
RbMY‡K ek K‡i †d‡j| Gi d‡j `~b©xwZcivqY I A‡hvM¨ e¨w³ivB wbe©vwPZ nq|
ZvB ejv hvq, MYZvwš¿K ivóª e¨e¯’viI wKQz mgm¨v _v‡K| AvB‡bi kvmb, Dchy³ wkÿve¨e¯’v, evK¯^vaxbZv,
mvg¨, MYZvwš¿K HwZn¨ BZ¨vw` †UKmB MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª
GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivó« e¨e¯’v nj †hLv‡b iv‡ó«i hveZxq ÿgZv GKRb e¨w³ ev kvm‡Ki nv‡Z Awc©Z _v‡K|
wZwb GKK wm×v‡šÍ D³ ÿgZv e¨envi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G ai‡bi e¨e¯’vq gwš¿cwil` _v‡K AvÁvevnx A_©vr
kvm‡Ki Av‡`k wb‡la ‡g‡b P‡j| GKK ivR‰bwZK `j _v‡K Ges kvm‡Ki Revew`wnZv Abycw¯’Z|
GKbvqKZ‡š¿ B‡j±«wbK I wc«›U wgwWqvi (†iwWI, †Uwjwfkb I msev`cÎ) mxwgZ ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K Ges Gme
gva¨g miKv‡ii cÖPviYvi Kv‡R e¨eüZ nq| AvBb I wePvi wefvM kvmb wefvM Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq|
GKbvqKZ‡š¿i g~jgš¿ nj GK RvwZ, GK ‡bZv I GK †`k| wnUjvi, gy‡mvwjwb, d«v‡¼v wQ‡jb GKbvqK‡`i
g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg|
GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óªi myweav
GKbvqK iv‡óªi DbœwZ PvB‡j `ªæZ Dbœqb m¤¢e| Dbœqb cÖKí I aviv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K| bxwZ wba©viY I wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Y A‡bK †ewk ¯^vaxb| GKbxwZ I Av`‡k© ivóª kvwmZ nIqvq iv‡óªi HK¨ eRvq _v‡K| wewfbœ `j-Dc`j,
†Mvôx wew”Qbœev`x Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ivóª cwiPvjbv Zzjbvg~jK mij cÖK…wZ Ges e¨q eûj bq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 47

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª e¨e¯’vi ÎæwUmg~n:

GKbvqKZš¿ Pig I †¯^”QvPvix cÖK…wZi miKvi e¨e¯’v| GwU g~jZ GKwU AKj¨vYKi kvmb e¨e¯’v| Gi
ÎæwUmg~n wb‡gœ ewY©Z nj:
1. ˆ¯^ivZvwš¿K: GKbvqKZš¿ mev©Z¥K cÖK…wZi Ges ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmb cÖwZôv K‡i| KviY GKbvqK‡K KviI
wbKU Revew`wn Ki‡Z nq bv| iv‡óªi g~j ÿgZv GK R‡bi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| wZwb Zvi B”QvgZ ÿgZv
e¨envi K‡ib| wZwb msweav‡bi E‡aŸ© D‡V wb‡Ri ‡Lqvj LywkgZ ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡ib|
2. e¨w³¯^vaxbZv we‡ivax: G ai‡bi kvmb e¨e¯’v MYZš¿ I e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi we‡ivax| kvm‡Ki wb‡`©kB nj
AvBb| d‡j GwU bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi Le© K‡i| G‡Z e¨w³i ¯^vaxb I gy³eyw× PPv©i my‡hvM †bB|
3. wecø‡ei m¤¢vebv: G ai‡bi kvmb e¨e¯’vq wecø‡ei fq _v‡K KviY G‡Z RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY wbwðZ nq bv|
kvmK RbM‡Yi `ytL `y`©kvi K_v ïb‡Z Pvb bv| AvB‡bi Abykvmb I b¨vq wePvi mvaviYZ D‡cwÿZ nq|
ivóªbvq‡Ki Amxg ÿgZv Ace¨env‡ii weiæ‡× RbMY HKe× nq| cÖ‡qvR‡b Zviv wecø‡ei WvK †`q|
4. †bZ…Z¡ m„wói AšÍivq: GKbvqKZ‡š¿ GKK †bZvi †bZ…Z¡ cÖwZwôZ nq| d‡j weKí †bZ…Z¡ M‡o IVvi my‡hvM
LyeB Kg _v‡K| Dciš‘ ivR‰bwZK mvgvwRKxKiY evavMÖ¯Í nq KviY G‡Z ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û RbM‡Yi
AskMÖnY Kivi my‡hvM _v‡K bv|
5. wek¦kvwšÍi ûgwK¯^iƒc: we‡k¦ GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óªi msL¨v †ewk n‡j iv‡óªi Ges AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ webó
nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| GKbvqKZš¿ wek¦kvwšÍ we‡ivax KviY GUv DMÖRvZxqZv‡eva‡K aviY I jvjb K‡i|
Rvg©vwbi wnUjvi I BZvwji gy‡mvwjbx Ggb g‡bvfve †`wL‡q wek¦hy× D‡¯‹ w`‡qwQ‡jb|
6. AvB‡bi kvmb Dc‡ÿv : GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’vq AvB‡bi kvmb _v‡K bv| eis GK e¨w³i kvmb
cÖwZwôZ nq| e¨w³ ev GKbvqK Zvi B”Qvbyhvqx msweavb I wePvi wefvM‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|
7. iv‡óªi cÖvavb¨ : ÒivóªB me, mK‡jB iv‡óªi Rb¨, ivóªB mKj ÿgZvi DrmÓ- GKbvqKZš¿ Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ
ˆZwi K‡i| djkÖæwZ‡Z ivóª I miKv‡ii g‡a †Kvb e¨eavb _v‡K bv| ZvB RbM‡Yi AwaKvi I ¯^vaxbZv _v‡K bv|
GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª e¨e¯’v e¨w³‡K ivóªxq ÿgZvi m‡ev©”P Avm‡b AwawôZ K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î iv‡óªi Rb¨ e¨w³,
e¨w³i Rb¨ ivóª bq| G ai‡bi kvmb e¨e¯’vq wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q miKvi cwieZ©‡bi †Kvb my‡hvM _v‡K bv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR MYZvwš¿K iv‡óªi wK wK ˆewkó¨ _v‡K?

mvims‡ÿc
ÿgZvi Dr‡mi wfwˇZ ivóª cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi- MYZvwš¿K ivóª I GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª| MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª cÖvß
eq¯‹ bvMwiK cÖZ¨ÿ ev c‡ivÿfv‡e kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM jvf K‡i| G e¨e¯’v e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv, gZ
cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv, ivóªxq ÿgZvq AskMÖnY, †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvMmn ivRbxwZ PP©vi my‡hvM _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K
GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óª GK e¨w³i kvmb envj _v‡K| d‡j †mB GKbvq‡Ki Av‡`k-wb‡`©k D‡cÿv K‡i
wbR¯^ gZ cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g miKvi cwiPvjbv Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| RbMY ¯^vaxbfv‡e ivRbxwZ PP©v Ki‡Z cv‡I
bv, ZvQvov G e¨e¯’vq e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi †Kvb AeKvkI †bB|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi Dr‡mi wfwˇZ ivóª Kq ai‡bi?
K) GK L) `yB M) wZb N) Pvi

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 48

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZ Ges ivóª

cvV-4.4 (Distribution of Power and State)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZi wfwˇZ iv‡óªi cÖKvi‡f` Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ÿgZv Ac©Y, †dWv‡ikb, `ªæZ, axi, mvsweavwbK, †K›`ª I cÖ‡`k

iv‡óªi AvqZb, RbmsL¨v I RbM‡Yi B”Qv Abyhvqx ivóªxq ÿgZv wewfbœ wefvM I A‡j e›Ub Kiv
nq| ÿgZv eȇbi aiY I bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i ivóª‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq- (1) GK‡Kw›`ªK
ivóª (Unitary State) Ges (2) hy³ivóª (Federal State)|
GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª e¨e¯’v (Unitary State)
GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª mvwe©Kfv‡e †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| iv‡óªi mKj kvmbZvwš¿K ÿgZv
msweav‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii nv‡Z Ac©Y Kiv nq| G‡Z †K›`ª †_‡K ÿgZv DrmvwiZ nq Ges
ivóª cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î kvmbKv‡h©i myweav‡_© ivóª‡K wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK A‡j wef³ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K
A‡j cÖavb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM Kiv nq| cvkvcvwk RbcÖwZwbwaMYI †mme A‡ji cÖkvmwbK Ae¯’v
Z`viwK K‡ib| evsjv‡`k GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óªi D`vniY|
GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óª †K‡›`ª mKj ÿgZv b¨¯Í _vKvq mgMÖ iv‡óª GKB cÖKvi bxwZ AvBb I cwiKíbv GK‡hv‡M
ejer Kiv nq| d‡j ivóªxq KvVv‡gv‡Z cÖkvmwbK mvgÄm¨Zv iÿv cvq| GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óª wew”QbœZvev`x
g‡bvfve ˆZwi nIqvi m¤¢vebv bvB ej‡jB P‡j| KviY G ai‡bi ivóª wewfbœ †Mvôx _vK‡jI AvÂwjK
¯^vqZ¡kvmb _v‡K bv| `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª e¨e¯’v me©vwaK Dchy³ Ges GKwU RbwcÖq
ivóª e¨e¯’v|
Avevi GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª, e„n`vqZb ivóªxq KvVv‡gv‡Z Lye †ewk Kvh©Ki bq| KviY mKj A‡ji Rb¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨
bxwZ I cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv RwUj e¨vcvi| GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óª mvsweavwbKfv‡e †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z hveZxq ÿgZv b¨¯Í
nIqvq †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Dci Kv‡Ri evowZ Pvc c‡o| hvi d‡j †K›`ª Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡`k ev A‡ji w`‡K we‡kl
`„wó ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª e¨e¯’vq hLb cwiKíbv I wm×všÍ M„wnZ nq ZLb mKj cÖ‡`k ev
GjvKvi Rb¨ GKK I Awfbœ bxwZ I wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq A_P wfbœ wfbœ GjvKvq wfbœ wfbœ mgm¨v _vK‡Z
cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª K‡Vvi mgv‡jvPbvi wkKvi nq|
m‡e©vcwi GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óª D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mgv‡jvPbv _vKv m‡Ë¡I eZ©gvb we‡k¦ GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª e¨e¯’v eûj
cÖPwjZ|
hy³ivóª (Federal State)
Bs‡iwR †dWv‡ikb (Federation) k‡ãi cvwifvwlK iƒc nj hy³ivóª hvi DrcwË j¨vwUb Foedus k‡ãi A_© wgjb|
myZivs kvwãK A‡_© hy³ivóª ej‡Z GKvwaK ivóª wgwjZ n‡q GKiv‡óª cwiYZ nIqv‡K †evSvq| A_©vr †h e¨e¯’vq
GKvwaK ivóª I cÖ‡`k wgwjZ n‡q GKwU ivóª MVb K‡i Zv‡K hy³ivóª e‡j| Prof. Diceye e‡jb Òhy³ivóªxq miKvi
nj RvZxq H‡K¨i mv‡_ A½iv‡R¨i AwaKv‡ii mvgÄm¨ weav‡b MwVZ ivR‰bwZK msMVbÓ|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 49

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

G ai‡bi ivóª e¨e¯’vq msweav‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ kvmb cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© ÿgZv e›Ub Kiv nq|
hy³ivóª memgq kw³kvjx nq| KviY cvkvcvwk KZ¸‡jv ÿz`ª ivóª GKwÎZ n‡q G ai‡bi ivóª MVb K‡i| ZvQvov
hy³ivóªxq miKvi iv‡óªi wewfbœ GjvKvi m¤ú` Avni‡Yi gva¨‡g kw³kvjx I e„nr A_©bxwZ MVb K‡i †`k‡K DbœwZi
w`‡K wb‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| †m Kvi‡Y c„w_exi mKj hy³ivóªB Kg †ewk DbœZ| hy³ivóª, KvbvWv cÖf…wZ hy³iv‡óªi
D`vniY| Avgv‡`i cÖwZ‡ewk †`k fviZI GKwU hy³ivóª|
hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’vq RbMY `ywU miKv‡ii cÖwZ AbyMZ¨ †`Lvq| `yB cÖKvi AvBb I Av‡`k †g‡b P‡j| ZvQvov
hy³iv‡óª AvÂwjK ¯^vZš¿¨ I wfbœZv eRvq †i‡L RvZxq HK¨ M‡o †Zv‡j| †hgb fvlv, ag©, ms¯‹…wZ wfbœ n‡jI
RvZxq HK¨ webó nq bv|
wKš‘ hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’v RwUj cÖK…wZi| KviY evwni †_‡K GwU ïay GKwU ivóª wKš‘ †fZi †_‡K GwU eûivóª|
hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’vq ÿgZv e›U‡bi d‡j †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ Ø›Ø †`Lv w`‡j kvmbZvwš¿K APjve¯’vi m„wó nq|
ZvQvov hy³iv‡óª cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿ I ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ nIqvq †K›`ª †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqvi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
KvbvWvi KzB‡eK cÖ‡`kwU wew”Qbœ n‡Z cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡”Q| m‡e©vcwi hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’vi μzwU _vK‡jI wbtm‡›`‡n GwU
GKwU Kvg¨ kvmb e¨e¯’v|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki gZ iv‡óªi Rb¨ hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’v wK Kvh©Kix n‡e?

mvims‡ÿc
ÿgZvi e›UY bxwZ‡Z `yB ai‡Yi ivóª †`Lv hvq| GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª I hy³ivóª| GK‡Kw›`ªK iv‡óª mKj ÿgZv †K›`ª
†_‡K cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| miKvi, RbcÖwZwbwa, Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix GKwU †K‡›`ªi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K| Zzjbvg~jK ÿz`ª
AvqZ‡bi iv‡óªi †ÿ‡Î G e¨e¯’v Lye Kvh©Ki wKš‘ e„nr AvqZ‡bi iv‡óª G e¨e¯’v _vK‡j RbMY cÖK…Z Rb‡mev
†_‡K ewÂZ n‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`k, kÖxjsKv, wm½vcyi BZ¨vw` GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª| Ab¨w`‡K †h e¨e¯’vq
mvsweavwbKfv‡e ivóªxq ÿgZv †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki gv‡S wbw`©ófv‡e fvM K‡i †`Iqv nq ZvB nj hy³ivóª| Gme
iv‡óª mvaviYZ AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq Qvov Ab¨vb¨ ÿgZv cÖ‡`‡k fvM K‡i †`Iqv nq| †hgb- Av‡gwiKv, d«vÝ,
Rvg©vwb, fviZ hy³iv‡óªi D`vniY|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.4

eû wbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ÿgZv e›U‡bi aiY I bxwZi wfwˇZ ivóª Kq ai‡bi ?
K) GK L) `yB M) wZb N) Pvi
2| fviZ + evsjv‡`k njÑ
i) GK‡Kw›`ªK + hy³ivóªxq ii) MYZvwš¿K + GK‡Kw›`ªK
iii) hy³ivóªxq + GK‡Kw›`ªK iv) GK‡Kw›`ªK + GK‡Kw›`ªK
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?
K) ii L) iii M) ii+iv N) iii + iv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 50

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-4.5 DËivwaKvi Ges ivóª

(Heredity and State)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 DËivwaKvi m~‡Îi wfwˇZ ivóª KZ cÖKvi Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbi¼zk ivRZ‡š¿i g~j ˆewk󨸇jv ¯úó n‡e|
 wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿i aib eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ivRv ev ivbx, bvggvÎ, DËivwaKvi, †¯^”QvPvwiZv, mxwgZ

†Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î DËivwaKvi m~‡Îi wfwˇZ ivóªxq ÿgZv e›Ub Kiv nq| G ai‡bi ivóª e¨e¯’v‡K
ivRZš¿ bv‡g AwfwnZ Kiv nq| DËivwaKvi e‡j ivRZ‡š¿ ivRvi cyÎ A_ev Kb¨v iv‡óªi ivRv ev ivbx
wnmv‡e AwawôZ nb| Ebwesk kZvãx ch©šÍ ivRZš¿ wQj BwZnv‡mi dj I RbwcÖq ivóª e¨e¯’v| wesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m
wKQz wKQz ivóª e¨ZxZ meLv‡bB wbi®‹zk ivRZ‡š¿i Aemvb N‡U| ivRZš¿ cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi| h_vt
1| wbi®‹zk ivRZš¿ (Absolute Monarchy) Ges
2| wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ (Constitutional Monarchy)

wbi®‹zk ivRZš¿
G ai‡bi ivóª e¨e¯’vq ivRv ev ivYx iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P ÿgZvi AwaKvix| G‡Z kvmb cÖwμqvq RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY Kivi
†Kvb my‡hvM †bB| wbi®‹zk ivRZ‡š¿ Dbœqb cÖwμqv Z¡ivwš^Z nIqvi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| mKj ÿgZv GKR‡bi nv‡Z b¨¯Í
_vKvq Riæwi g~û‡Z© ivRv `ªæZ Ges PURjw` wm×všÍ MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avevi wbi®‹zk ivRZ‡š¿ ivRv
†ewk w`b a‡i ÿgZvq _vKvi `iæb AwfÁ nq| †mB AwfÁZv AZ¨šÍ `ÿZvi mv‡_ iv‡R¨i gvby‡li †mevq
wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Bsj¨v‡Ûi GwjRv‡e_, ivbx wf‡±vwiqv, mßg GWIqvW©, cÂg RR© Zviv LyeB `ÿ I
AwfÁ wQ‡jb|
Ab¨w`‡K wbi®‹zk ivRZ‡š¿i cÖavb Amyweav nj DËivwaKvi m~‡Î A‡bK mgq AbwfÁ I A‡hvM¨ e¨w³ ivRv ev ivbx
n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi RwUjZv ˆZwi nq| Avevi wbi®‹zk ivRv Zuvi ÿgZvi
Ace¨env‡ii gva¨‡g †¯^”QvPvwi nq| eZ©gvb we‡k¦ G ai‡bi iv‡óªi msL¨v LyeB Kg| D`vniY¯^iƒc R`©vb I †mŠw`
Avi‡ei kvmb e¨e¯’v †K wbi®‹zk ivRZš¿ ejv hvq|
wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿
G ai‡bi ivóª e¨e¯’vq ivRv ev ivYx DËivwaKvi m~‡Î bZzev wbqgZvwš¿Kfv‡e iv‡óªi cÖavb nb| iv‡óªi cÖK…Z kvmb
ÿgZv RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa‡`i nv‡Z _v‡K| ivRv ev ivbx G‡ÿ‡Î mxwgZ ÿgZv †fvM K‡ib|
wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿i GKwU we‡kl myweav nj G‡Z MYZš¿ myiwÿZ nq Ges cÖkvmwbK Kvh©Kjvc wbqš¿‡Y
RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i c~Y© AskMÖnY _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î ivRv ev ivYx †Kvb `‡ji cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡ib bv eis wZwb KvDwÝjmi
Ae wgwb÷vim‡`i cÖwZ cÿcvZnxb _v‡Kb| G ai‡bi ivóª e¨e¯’vq ivRv ev ivYx bvggvÎ ivóª cÖavb nb| ivRv ev

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 51

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

ivbxi m¤§vbm~PK GKwU Ae¯’vb _v‡K Ges we‡kl wKQz ÿgZv †fvM K‡ib| wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿ ivRvi KZ©„Z¡
mxwgZ _v‡K Ges gwš¿iv cÖK…Z ÿgZv PP©v K‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î gwš¿MY cvj©v‡g‡›Ui wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb ivRvi wbKU bb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR wbi¼zk ivRZš¿ Ges wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿i cv_©K¨ Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
ivRvi mšÍvb ivRv n‡e GUvB ivRZš¿ ev DËivwaKvi m~‡Î MwVZ iv‡óªi g~j ˆewkó¨| GB ivRZš¿ `yB ai‡bi n‡q
_v‡K, wbi¼zk ivRZš¿ I wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿| MYZ‡š¿i G hy‡M ivRZš¿ Lye GKUv Kvh©Ki †bB| Zey ‡mŠw`
Avie, KvZvi, Igvb, eªæbvB Gi gZ iv‡óª wbi¼zk ivRZš¿ i‡q‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K c„w_exi cÖwZwôZ MYZvwš¿K A‡bK
iv‡óª wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ i‡q‡Q| hy³ivR¨, gvj‡qwkqv, A‡÷ªwjqv, Aw÷ªqv Gi cÖK…ó D`vniY| G ai‡bi
ivRZ‡š¿ ivRv ev ivYx RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i wb‡qvM w`‡q _v‡Kb Ges ZvivB cÖK„Z ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.5

eû wbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| wbi®‹zk ivRZš¿ I wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ iv‡óªi G ai‡bi †kÖYxKiY wK‡mi wfwˇZ ?
K) D‡Ï‡k¨i wfwˇZ
L) DËivwaKvi m~‡Îi wfwˇZ
M) ÿgZv e›Ub bxwZi wfwˇZ
N) AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ

2| wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZ‡š¿ bvggvÎ I cÖK…Z ÿgZv †fvM K‡ib h_vμ‡g Kviv?

K) ivRv ev ivbx I RbcÖwZwbwa
L) RbcÖwZwbwa I b¨vqcvj
M) RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwa
N) ivRv ev ivYx I wePviwefvM

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 52

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-4.6 D‡Ï‡k¨i wfwˇZ ivóª (Types of State on Purpose)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 D‡Ï‡k¨i wfwˇZ ivóª †Kgb nq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Kj¨vY, †gŠwjK AwaKvi, wbivcËv, Rxebgvb, MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv

ivóª m„wói cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ nj gvby‡li Kj¨vY| gvbyl wb‡R‡`i AwaKvi, Kj¨vY I kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ivóª m„wó K‡i‡Q| GB D‡Ïk¨‡K wfwË K‡i MwVZ ivóª nj Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª|

Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª (Welfare State)

Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKvi wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K| gvbweK wPË weKv‡k ivóª ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv iv‡L| iv󪸇jv mvgwiK kw³ e„w× K‡i bv| D`vniY¯^iƒc- wdbj¨vÛ, AvBmj¨vÛ, KvbvWv, biI‡q, myB‡Wb
cÖf~wZ| Kj¨vYgyjK ivóª mbvZb iv‡óªi GKwU AvaywbK iƒc| GKwesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m G ai‡bi iv‡óªi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv
†e‡o‡Q| c~‡e© iv‡óªi cÖavb KvR wQj k„•Ljv iÿv I ewn:kÎæi AvμgY cÖwZnZ Kiv| ivóª GLb Avi cywjwk `vwqZ¡
cvjb Ki‡Q bv| RbKj¨vY mvabB AvR‡Ki hy‡M iv‡óªi cÖ_g I cÖavb `vwqZ¡| eZ©gv‡b ivóª kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿvi
cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK wel‡q eûwea Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi wKQz
wKQz ˆewkó¨ _v‡K hv Ab¨vb¨ ivóª †_‡K ¯^Zš¿| wb‡¤œ †m ˆewk󨸇jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv njÑ
 ivóª RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v †hgb- Lv`¨, e¯¿, wkÿv, wPwKrmv I evm¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i| ivóª RbM‡Yi mvwe©K
Kj¨v‡Y mvgvwRK wbivcËv e¨e¯’v †Rvi`vi K‡i| cvkvcvwk iv¯ÍvNvU, GwZgLvbv, mivBLvbv, Lv`¨ fZyw© K cÖ`vb
I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v QvovI †eKvi fvZv, cÖwZewÜ fvZv, AemiKvjxb fvZv cÖf„wZi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
 Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óª mvgwiK evwnbx _v‡K bv ej‡jB P‡j| Gme ivóª mvgwiK e¨q n«vm K‡i RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R
fZ©ywK e„w× K‡i|
 G ai‡bi ivóª Ki e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g (abx‡`i Dci D”Pnv‡i I `wi`ª‡`i Dci Kg nv‡i Ki avh© Kiv) Mixe,
Amnvq I `y¯’‡`i mvnvh¨ I cybe©vm‡bi e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i|
 byb¨Zg gRywi wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g K…lK kÖwgK I gRyi‡`i ¯^v_© msiÿY I RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
ZvQvov mgevq mwgwZ I kÖwgK Kj¨vY mwgwZ cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g K…lK, kÖwgK I gRyi‡`i ¯^v_© msiÿY K‡i|
 Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª me©`vB e¨w³ ¯^vZš¿¨ I AwaKvi ¯^xKvi K‡i Ges Zv msiÿ‡Yi wbðqZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
 Rbmvavi‡Yi Rxebgvb eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ ivóª bvbv ai‡bi mvgvwRK wbivcËvi e¨e¯’v K‡i| †hgb-‡cbkb
cÖ`vb, †hŠ_ exgv, †eKvi fvZv cÖ`vb, Kj¨vY fvZv cÖ`vb BZ¨vw` Kvh©μg MÖnY I cwiPvjbv K‡i|
evsjv‡`k Kx Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª?
evsjv‡`k cy‡ivcywi Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª bq| †Kbbv evsjv‡`‡k GLbI mK‡ji †gŠwjK AwaKvi myiwÿZ bq| Gwkq
Dbœqb e¨vs‡Ki Z_¨g‡Z GLb cÖvq 31 kZvsk †jvK `wi`ª mxgvi wb‡P evm K‡i| Z‡e `vwi‡`ªi nvi †h MwZ‡Z n«vm
cv‡”Q Zv‡Z evsjv‡`k GKwU Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óª cwiYZ nIqv mg‡qi e¨vcvi gvÎ| †ek wKQz RbKj¨vYg~jK Kvh©vewj
m¤úv`‡bi gva¨‡g GwU Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi KvQvKvwQ P‡j G‡m‡Q|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 53

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`k wK Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª? Avcbvi DËi e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
cÖK…Z A‡_© ivóª RbKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B m„wó n‡q‡Q e‡j ivóªweÁvbxiv g‡b K‡ib, hw`I gvK©mev`x `„wó‡Z ivóª nj
†kvl‡Yi nvwZqvi| Z‡e GUvI mwZ¨ AvaywbK Kv‡j ivóª e¨ZxZ e¨w³ I mgv‡Ri Aw¯ÍZ¡ wPšÍv Kiv hvq bv| †Kbbv
ivóª bvMwi‡Ki Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËvmn Rxe‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK Acwinvh© Pvwn`v wgwU‡q _v‡K| A‡bK myKzgvi e„wËi
weKv‡kI f‚wgKv iv‡L| Z‡e c„w_ex‡Z wKQ~ ivóª i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv RbM‡Yi Rb¨ AwaK Kj¨vYg~jK KvR K‡i _v‡K
†m¸‡jv‡KB Kj¨vY ivóª ejv nq| †hgb-myB‡Wb, AvBmj¨vÛ, †WbgvK©, wdbj¨vÛ cÖwZwôZ Kj¨vYivóª| Z‡e
A‡bK ivóª Kj¨vYiv‡óªi gZ KvR Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i hv‡”Q| wKš‘ bvbvwea mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y GLbI cy‡iv
Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª n‡q I‡Vwb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.6

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi ˆewkó¨ bq?
K) †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY Kiv
L) mvgvwRK wbivcËv †`qv
M) K…lK kÖwgK †kÖYxi ¯^v_© ÿzbœ Kiv
N) `wi`ª‡`i Dci A‡cÿvK…Z Kg nv‡i Ki avh© Kiv

2| Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª m¤ú‡K© ejv hvqÑ

i) GKwesk kZvãx‡Z Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi e¨vcK cÖmvi N‡U‡Q
ii) Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª me©`v e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZvi cwicš’x
iii) hy³ivR¨ c„w_ex‡Z GKgvÎ Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª
iv) Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª RbM‡Yi RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) iii I iv L) i+ iii M) i+ ii+ iii N) i+ iv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 54

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-4.7 miKvi (Government)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 †Kvb&& †Kvb&& wfwˇZ miKvi‡K †kÖwYe× Kiv hvq Zv ¯úó n‡e|
 miKv‡ii wefvM m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|

gyL¨ kã cwiPvjbv, wbe©vn, ÿgZvi e›Ub, GK‡Kw›`ªK, hy³ivóªxq

ivóª MV‡bi Z…Zxq Dcv`vb nj miKvi| miKvi e¨wZ‡i‡K ivóª MVb Kiv hvq bv| miKvi nj iv‡óªi
jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨g| miKv‡ii gva¨‡g g~jZ iv‡óªi B”Qv Awb”Qv cÖKvk cvq| mvgvwRK
Kvh©μg cwiPvjbvi cvkvcvwk miKvi iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i k„•Ljv I wbivcËv wbwðZ K‡i| miKvi iv‡óªi mve©‡fŠgZ¡
iÿv K‡i| wewfbœ iv‡óªi mv‡_ m¤úK© eRvq iv‡L| ewn:kÎæi AvμgY †_‡K †`k‡K iÿv KivI miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡|
Aa¨vcK Avi wR †M‡Uj e‡jb, ÒmiKvi n‡”Q iv‡óªi GKwU hš¿ ev ms¯’v|Ó (Government is the
organization or machinery of the state.)
ivóªweÁvbx Gwi÷Uj miKvi‡K gw¯Í‡®‹i mv‡_ Zzjbv K‡i‡Qb| A_©vr ivóª GKwU Rxe‡`‡ni g‡Zv n‡j Zv‡K
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †hgb gw¯Í‡®‹i cÖ‡qvRb †Zgwb ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ miKvi Acwinvh©|
miKvi g~jZ wZbwU wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| h_vÑ
1| AvBb wefvM (Legislature),
2| kvmb wefvM (Executive) Ges
3| wePvi wefvM (Judiciary)|

miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM
`vk©wbKMY miKv‡ii aviYvi m„wó Kvj †_‡K miKvi‡K wewfbœ †kÖYx‡Z fvM K‡i‡Qb| MÖxK cwÛZ Gwi÷Uj Zvi
weL¨vZ The Politics MÖ‡š’ `ywU g~jbxwZi wfwË K‡i miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_gwU nj D‡Ïk¨g~jK bxwZ I
Ab¨wU nj msL¨vbxwZ| G `ywU bxwZi Dci wfwˇK wZwb Qq ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’v D‡jøL K‡ib|

kvm‡Ki msL¨v ¯^vfvweK iƒc weK…Z iƒc

GKR‡bi kvmb ivRZš¿ ˆ¯^ivPviZš¿
K‡qKR‡bi kvmb AwfRvZZš¿ awbKZš¿
eûR‡bi kvmb MYZš¿ RbZš¿

cieZ©x mg‡q A‡bK ivóªweÁvbx wewfbœfv‡e miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefvM K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e w÷‡db jxKK cÖ`Ë miKv‡ii
†kÖwYwefvMwUB G ch©šÍ mev©waK MÖnY‡hvM¨| jxKK miKvi‡K g~jZ `y fv‡M fvM K‡i‡Qb| h_v MYZš¿ I
GKbvqKZš¿| MYZš¿‡K wZwb Avevi cÖZ¨ÿ I c‡ivÿ wn‡m‡e †kÖwYf~³ K‡i‡Qb| c‡ivÿ MYZš¿ Avevi `yÕai‡bi:
GKwU wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ Ab¨wU mvaviYZš¿| ÿgZv e›U‡bi wfwˇZ c‡ivÿ MYZš¿ Avevi GK‡Kw›`ªK I
hy³ivóªxq n‡Z cv‡i| ÿgZv ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ Abyhvqx GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq miKvi Avevi msm`xq miKvi Ges

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 55

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi bvgK `ywU iƒ‡ci K_v e‡j‡Qb| Z‡e AvaywbK Kv‡j wb¤œiƒc miKvi e¨e¯’v me©vwaK cwijwÿZ
nq|

miKvi

ÿgZv e›Ub bxwZi wfwˇZ AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi

m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ

GK‡Kw›`ªK hy³ivóªxq
msm`xq ivóªcwZ kvwmZ

miKv‡ii aiY †hgbB †nvK miKvi nj ivóª bvgK Rvnv‡Ri KvÛvix| miKv‡ii DciB wbf©i K‡i RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY|
AvaywbKKv‡j †h miKvi RbgZ I Kj¨vY‡K hZ cÖvavb¨ w`‡”Q †m miKviB †ewk RbwcÖq n‡”Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR miKv‡ii †kÖwYwefv‡Mi wfw˸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
ÿgZvi web¨vm I cÖ‡qvM‡f‡` miKvi wfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K| †Kvb e¨e¯’vq miKvi †K›`ª n‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq
Avevi †Kvb e¨e¯’vq †K›`ª I cÖ‡`k `yB Ask †_‡K; †Kv_vI miKvi AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K; Avevi
†Kv_vI GK e¨w³i wbKU `vqe× _v‡K| miKvi e¨e¯’v †h ai‡Yi †nvK me ai‡Yi miKv‡iiB AvBb wefvM,
kvmb wefvM I wePvi wefvM bv‡g wZbwU wefvM _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.7

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ÿgZv e›Ub bxwZi wfwˇZ miKv‡ii †kÖYxKiY †Kvb&&wU ?
K) GK‡Kw›`ªK I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ
L) hy³ivóªxq I msm`xq
M) GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq
N) gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ
2| †Kvb&&wU wVK?
K) fviZ t GK‡Kw›`ªK I msm`xq
L) hy³ivóª t ivóªcwZ kvwmZ I hy³ivóªxq
M) evsjv‡`k t gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ I GK‡Kw›`ªK|
N) hy³ivR¨ t msm`xq I hy³ivóªxq|
K) i I iv L) ii I iii M) ii, iv I i N) ii, iii I iv

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 56

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-4.8 ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZ Abymv‡i miKvi

(Government on Principles of Distribution of Power)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ÿgZvi e›Ub bxwZi wfwˇZ miKv‡ii †kÖYx¸‡jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKvi Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †K›`ª I cÖ‡`k, miKvi cÖavb, ivóª cÖavb, RvZxq HK¨, RwUj, †¯^”QvPvwiZv

ivóªxq ÿgZvi mvsweavwbKfv‡e GKwU As‡ki Kv‡QI ivLv hvq, Avevi ivóª cwiPvjbvi myweav‡_© Zv
†K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ fvM K‡i †`Iqv hvq| Gfv‡e ÿgZv wefvRbB ÿgZv e›Ub| ÿgZv
eȇbi bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i miKvi‡K `yB †kÖYx‡Z fvM Kiv hvq:
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi (Unitary Government) Ges
hy³ivóªxq miKvi (Federal Government)|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi (Unitary Government)
GB miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivóª mvgwMÖKfv‡e †K›`ª †_‡K cwiPvwjZ nq| GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi e¨e¯’vq cÖv‡`wkK miKvi
_v‡K bv| Z‡e cÖv‡`wkK cÖkvmb _vK‡Z cv‡i hv †Kvb cÖv‡`wkK miKvi bq| cÖv‡`wkK cÖkvmb †Kw›`ªq
cÖkvm‡bi mnvqK wn‡m‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| d‡j †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ÿgZv eȇbi cÖ‡qvRb †bB|
hy³ivR¨, evsjv‡`k, Rvcvb cÖf…wZ †`‡k GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi i‡q‡Q|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii myweavmg~n
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii †ek wKQz myweav i‡q‡Q| myweavmg~n wb‡gœ ewY©Z nj-
1. RvZxq HK¨ cÖwZôv
G ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î †K›`ª I cÖ‡`k _vK‡jI cÖ‡`‡ki ¯^vqZ¡kvmb _v‡K bv| GKvi‡Y
mviv‡`‡k GKB bxwZgvjv,cwiKíbv I AvBb cÖYqb Kiv myweavRbK nq hv ev¯Í¨evq‡bi gva¨‡g RvZxq HK¨
mycÖwZwôZ Kiv hvq|
2. `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii c‡ÿ `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv mnR| wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î AvÂwjK ev cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii
¯^v_© Avjv`vfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq bv| d‡j wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Sv‡gjv Kg nq|
3. mvsMVwbK mnR‡eva¨Zv
G ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq mKj ÿgZv †K‡›`ªi nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K Ges Gi mvsMVwbK e¨e¯’v mij cÖK…wZi nq|
†K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ †Kvb cÖKvi Ø›Ø _v‡K bv| ZvQvov mviv‡`‡k Awfbœ cwiKíbv, bxwZ I AvBb ev¯Íevqb
Kiv nq weavq wm×všÍ MÖnY I Zv ev¯Íevqb Z¡ivwš^Z nq| d‡j mvsMVwbK `…pZv I mvgÄm¨Zv wVK _v‡K|
4. miKvwi e¨q Kg
ïaygvÎ †K‡›`ª miKvi MVb Kivq GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡i cÖkvmwbK e¨q LyeB Kg| †K›`ª e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ cÖkvmwbK
A‡j †Kvb msm` ev gwš¿cwil` bv _vKvq miKv‡ii e¨q Kg nq| wbw`©ó msL¨K cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©vi mvnv‡h¨
miKvi mKj wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i Ges Zv av‡c av‡c ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii †`vl
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii myweavi cvkvcvwk †ek wKQz AmyweavI i‡q‡Q|
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 57
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi †bZ…Z¡ weKv‡ki cwicš’x| mgMÖ †`‡ki Kvh©μg GKwU gvÎ †K›`ª †_‡K cwiPvwjZ nevi
d‡j miKvwi KvR ¯’wei n‡q hvq| †K›`ª cÖvqk †¯^”QvPvwiZvi g‡bvfve †`Lvq| m‡e©vcwi GwU e„n I ˆewPΨgq
iv‡óªi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx bq|
hy³ivóªxq miKvi (Federal Government)
GKvwaK ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖ‡`k wg‡j hLb GKwU miKvi MVb K‡i ZLb Zv‡K hy³ivóªxq miKvi e‡j| e¯‘Z G
ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq msweav‡bi gva¨‡g †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ÿgZv AvswkKfv‡e cÖv‡`wkK ev AvÂwjK
miKv‡ii nv‡Z Ges RvZxq welq¸‡jv †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| cÖ‡`k I †K›`ª Df‡qB ÿgZv jvf
K‡i Ges wbw`©ó †ÿ‡Î ¯^vaxbZv eRvq †i‡L wbR wbR kvmb cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB hy³ivóªxq miKvi‡K
ˆØZ miKviI ejv nq| hy³ivóª, KvbvWv, fviZ cÖf…wZ †`‡k hy³ivóªxq miKvi c×wZ AbymiY Kiv nq|
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii myweav ev ¸Yvewj¸‡jv nj-
1. RvZxq HK¨ cÖwZôv
hy³ivóªxq miKvi e¨e¯’vq AvÂwjK ¯^KxqZv I wfbœZv eRvq _v‡K| G ai‡bi e¨e¯’v ¯^vqZ¡kvmb wbwðZKiY
I RvZxq HK¨ ‰Zwi‡Z mnvqK f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i| A_©vr RvwZMZ I fvlvMZ ‰ewPΨ _vK‡jI GK ai‡bi
HK¨ M‡o I‡V|
2. ¯’vbxq mgm¨v mgvavb
hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’vq AvÂwjK miKvi ¯’vbxq mgm¨v¸‡jv mn‡R wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡ÿc
MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡ÿ‡Î A½ivR¨¸‡jv‡K ¯’vbxq mgm¨v mgvav‡b †K‡›`ªi gyLv‡cÿx
n‡Z nq bv|
3. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Kv‡Ri Pvc n«vm cvq
hy³ivóªxq miKvi e¨e¯’vq mvsweavwbKfv‡e ÿgZv †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ fvM Kiv nq| d‡j †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
Dci †_‡K Kv‡Ri Pvc jvNe nq Ges †K›`ª Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b AwaK my‡hvM cvq|
4. kw³kvjx ivóª MV‡b Dc‡hvMx
hy³ivóª miKvi e¨e¯’vi gva¨‡g wew”Qbœ iv󪸇jv GKwÎZ nevi my‡hvM cvq| G ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq ÿz`ª
ÿz`ª iv󪸇jv‡K HK¨e×fv‡e kw³kvjx iv‡óª cwiYZ K‡i| mvaviYZ hy³iv󪸇jv Kg †ewk DbœZ nq KviY
hy³ivóªxq miKvi iv‡óªi wewfbœ GjvKvq m¤ú` Avni‡Yi gva¨‡g e„nr cywuR MVbc~e©K ivóª‡K DbœwZi w`‡K wb‡q
†h‡Z cv‡i|
5. †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡i †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U| ¯’vbxq mgm¨v¸‡jv ¯’vbxq RbmvaviYB mgvavb K‡i| d‡j Zviv
ivóªxq Kv‡h© Rwo‡q c‡o| G‡Z K‡i †bZ…‡Z¡i weKvk N‡U|
6. ivR‰bwZK †PZbv e„w× K‡i
hy³ivóªxq miKvi e¨e¯’vq RbMY `yÕwU miKv‡ii cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ †`Lvq Ges `y cÖKvi AvBb I Av‡`k †g‡b
P‡j| cvkvcvwk wecyj msL¨K gvbyl kvmbKv‡h© AskMÖnY K‡i| d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK wkÿv I †PZbvi
cÖmvi N‡U|
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii Amyweavmg~n
hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii Amyweavmg~n wbgœiƒc
1. RwUj miKvi e¨e¯’v
hy³ivóªxq miKvi e¨e¯’v AZ¨šÍ RwUj| evB‡i ‡_‡K GwU GK ivó« g‡b n‡jI †fZ‡i GwU A‡bK iv‡ó«i
mgwš^Ziƒc| G ai‡bi iv‡ó« †Kw›`ªq miKvi QvovI cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K A_©vr miKv‡ii wfZi

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 58

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

miKvi| GLv‡b AvÂwjK I †Kw›`ªq mKj ai‡bi AvBbB ejer _v‡K hv †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©
wba©vi‡Y (AvBb ˆZwiI Zv ev¯Íevqb, ÿgZv eÈb) RwUj Ae¯’vi m…wó K‡i|
2. e¨qeûj kvmb e¨e¯’v
hy³ivóªxq miKvi GKwU e¨qeûj miKvi e¨e¯’v| G‡Z RvZxq I AvÂwjK miKv‡ii `ywU Avjv`v kvmb KvVv‡gv
_v‡K| †K›`ªxq I AvÂwjK cÖkvm‡b eûmsL¨K Kg©KZv© Kg©Pvix KvR K‡i| G‡Z miKv‡ii cÖkvmwbK e¨q e„w×
cvq|
3. mvsMVwbK `ye©jZv
mvsMVwbK `ye©jZv G ai‡bi miKv‡ii GKwU Ab¨Zg mgm¨v| ÿgZv fvMvfvwM nIqvi d‡j †K›`ª I cÖ‡`k
Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB A‡cÿvK…Z `ye©j miKvi cÖwZôv jvf K‡i| d‡j `ªæZ wm×všÍ M«nY I ev¯Íevqb KwVb n‡q c‡o|
G †ÿ‡Î cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii gZvgZ cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZvB Riæwi Ae¯’vq `ªæZ wm×všÍ M«nY I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi
†ÿ‡Î cÖwZeÜKZv †`Lv ‡`q|
4. wew”QbœZvgyLx
G ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq wew”QbœZvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q| hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii cÖ‡`k¸‡jv ¯^Zš¿ I
¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ| †fŠ‡MvwjK I mvs¯‹…wZK †ÿ‡Î ¯^Zš¿ nIqvq Zv‡`i g‡a¨ AvÂwjKZvi Rb¥ nq| Gi d‡j †Kvb
†Kvb cÖ‡`k ev AÂj †K›`ª †_‡K wew”Qbœ nIqvi †Póv Ki‡Z cv‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR hy³ivóªxq miKv‡ii myweav Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
ÿgZv e›U‡Yi wfwˇZ miKvi‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv nq| GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi I hy³ivóªxq miKvi|
GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivóª †K›`ª n‡Z cwiPvwjZ nq| miKv‡ii cÖavb wbe©vnx I mKj RbcÖwZwbwa
GKB AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K| mvaviYZ ÿz`ª AvqZ‡bi iv‡óªi ‡ÿ‡Î GK‡Kw›`ªK miKvi Lye Kvh©Ki
nq| Ab¨w`‡K †h miKvi e¨e¯’vq mvsweavwbKfv‡e ÿgZv †K›`ª I cÖ‡`k GB fv‡M wef³ _v‡K ZvB
hy³ivóªxq miKvi e¨e¯’v| G‡ÿ‡Î mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi mv‡_ RwoZ welq e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ welq mvaviYZ
cÖv‡`wkK miKv‡ii wbKU n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv nq| e„nr AvqZ‡bi iv‡óª mvaviYZ hy³ivóªxq miKvi e¨e¯’v †ewk
†`Lv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.8

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU GK‡Kw›`ªK miKv‡ii myweav bq ?
K) RvZxq HK¨ cÖwZôv L) `ªæZ wm×všÍ MÖnY M) ¯’vbxq †bZ…Z¡ weKv‡ki cwicš’x N) e¨q wbqš¿Y
2| hy³ivóªxq miKviÑ
i) ¯’vbxq mgm¨v `ªæZ mgvavb K‡i|
ii) RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK †PZbv e„w× K‡i
iii) ÿgZv e›Ub wb‡q †K›`ª I cÖ‡`‡ki g‡a¨ Ø›Ø m„wó K‡i
iv) wew”QbœZvev‡`i Rb¥ †`q
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i+ iv L) ii + iii M) iii + iv N) meKwUB|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 59

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-4.9 AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤úK© Abyhvqx miKvi

(Types of Government according to Relation between
Legislature and Executive)
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤úK© Abyhvqx miKv‡ii †kÖwY Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 msm`xq miKvi I ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi m¤ú‡K© we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã msm`, gwš¿cwil`, ivóªcÖavb, AvBb cÖYqb, wbqš¿Y I fvimvg¨, `vwqZ¡kxj

miKv‡ii `yÕwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wefvM nj AvBb I kvmb wefvM| G `yÕwU wefv‡Mi m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ
miKvi‡K `y fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq h_v:
msm`xq miKvi (Parliamentary form of Government) I
ivóªcwZ kvmwZ miKvi (Presidential form of Government)|
msm`xq miKvi (Parliamentary form of Government)
msm`xq miKv‡ii Aci bvg gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi| msm`xq miKvi nj Ggb GKwU kvmb e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b
miKv‡ii mKj ÿgZv gwš¿cwil‡`i nv‡Z b¨¯Í _v‡K| wbe©vnx wefvM Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx
_v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î gwš¿mfvq gš¿xMY Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri Rb¨ e¨w³MZ I †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡`i wbKU Revew`wn K‡ib|
mvaviY wbe©vP‡b msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô Avm‡b weRqx `j gwš¿mfv MVb K‡i Ges `‡ji GKRb Av¯’vfvRb e¨w³
cÖavbgš¿x wnmv‡e wbe©vwPZ nb| cÖavbgš¿x Ab¨vb¨ gš¿x‡`i wb‡qvM cÖ`vb K‡ib| G miKvi e¨e¯’vq GKRb
wbqgZvwš¿K ivóªcÖavb _v‡Kb whwb cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿mfvi civgk© Abyhvqx KvR K‡ib| cvjv©‡g›U ev AvBbmfvi
ga¨ †_‡K gš¿x‡`i wb‡qvM Kiv nq e‡j G‡K cvjv©‡g›Uvwi ev msm`xq miKvi ejv nq| evsjv‡`k, fviZ,
hy³ivR¨ cªf…wZ †`‡k msm`xq miKvi cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
msm`xq miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj
msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v nj GKwU RbwcÖq miKvi e¨e¯’v| wb‡gœ Gi ¸Yvewj ewY©Z nj-
1. AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ myôz mgš^q
G ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ kvmbKvh© cwiPvwjZ nq|
kvmb I AvBb wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ †mŠnv`©¨g~jK Nwbô m¤úK© eRvq _v‡K| KviY kvmb wefv‡Mi m`m¨MY AvBb
mfvi m`m¨ nb|
2. `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi e¨e¯’v
msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq miKv‡ii gš¿xMY GKK I †hŠ_fv‡e AvBbmfv A_©vr msm‡`i wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb e‡j
G‡K `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi e¨e¯’v e‡j| msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq AvBbmfvi m`m¨MY RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqx
_v‡Kb|
3. we‡ivax`‡ji ¸iæZ¡
msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq we‡ivax `j nj Kvh©Ki msm` MV‡bi c~e©kZ©| we‡ivax `j‡K Qvqv miKviI ejv nq|
we‡ivax `‡ji Aw¯ÍZ¡ gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKv‡ii Rb¨ Acwinvh©| we‡ivax `j miKv‡ii †`vl-ÎæwU RbM‡Yi

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 60

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvg‡b Zz‡j a‡i| ZvQvov RvZxq msK‡U A_ev †h †Kvb Ae¯’vq ÿgZvmxb I we‡ivax `j cvi¯úwiK
Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †h †Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. bgbxqZv
msm`xq miKvi bgbxq cÖK…wZi| GLv‡b msm` RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b I †`‡ki ¯^v‡_© †h †Kvb mgq mn‡RB
msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| Aek¨ G‡ÿ‡Î msm` m`m¨‡`i `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki †fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
ZvQvov RbmvaviY cª‡qvR‡b wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q miKvi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
5. ivR‰bwZK wkÿvi we¯Ívi
msm`xq miKvi RbgZ Øviv cwiPvwjZ kvmb e¨e¯’v| miKvwi I we‡ivax `j RbgZ‡K Zv‡`i AbyKz‡j ivLvi
Rb¨ memgq Zrci _v‡K| ZvQvov miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv I bxwZgvjv Ges iv‡óªi Kvh©μg wb‡q msm‡` weZK© nq|
G‡Z K‡i RbmvaviY Zv‡`i KiYxq wVK K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i| djkÖæwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv e„w×
cvq|
6. GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Ae¯’vb
msm`xq miKvi g~jZ `jxq miKvi| G‡Z msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô `jB miKvi MVb K‡i| Avi †h `j
msL¨vMwiôZv cvq bv Zviv we‡ivax `‡ji f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Gfv‡e msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq GKvwaK `‡ji
Ae¯’vb wbwðZ Kiv nq|
7. HwZn¨ iÿv
ms`xq miKvi †`‡ki kvmbZvwš¿K HwZn¨ iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Bsj¨v‡Ûi wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿|
msm`xq miKv‡ii ÎæwU
eZ©gvb msm`xh miKvi e¨e¯’v Lye RbwcÖq| wKš‘ G miKv‡ii wKQz ÎæwU i‡q‡Q| msm`xq e¨ve¯’vq GKB e¨w³
kvmb I AvBb wefv‡Mi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K d‡j ÿgZv c„_KxKiY bxwZ Kvh©Ki m¤¢e nq bv| mKj ÿgZv msm‡`i
nv‡Z b¨¯Í _vKvq wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^ nq| msm` wbw`©ó †gqv‡`i Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ nIqvi miKv‡ii Aw¯’wZkxjZv
_v‡K bv| ZvQvov msL¨vMwió `j miKvi MVb K‡i e‡j `jxq ¯^v_© cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq Ges `yb©xwZ e„w× cvq|
ivóªcwZ kvmwZ miKvi (Presidential form of Government)
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi nj Ggb GK miKvi e¨e¯’v †hLv‡b ivóªcwZi nv‡Z iv‡óªi me©gq ÿgZv b¨¯Í _v‡K|
wZwb Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBb cwil‡`i wbKU `vqx _v‡Kb bv| A_©vr kvmb wefvM AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU `vqx
_v‡K bv| G ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivóªcÖavb Ges cªK…Z kvmK I wbe©vnx cÖavb GKB e¨w³ nb| gvwK©b
hy³iv‡óª ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi cÖPwjZ Av‡Q|
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡ii ¸Yvewj
ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKv‡ii KZ¸‡jv D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ¸Yvejx Av‡Q| wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv ewY©Z nj-
1. ¯’vqx kvmb e¨e¯’v
ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi A‡cÿvcK…Z ¯’vqx kvmb e¨e¯’v| G ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivóªcwZ GKwU wbw`©ó
†gqv‡`i Rb¨ wbev©wPZ nb| wZwb Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqe× bb| ivóªcwZ AvBbmfvi Av¯’v ev
Abv¯’vi Dci wbf©i K‡ib bv| Awfksmb (†Kv‡bv mywbw`©ó Kvi‡Y AcmviY Kiv) Qvov Zv‡K ÿgZvP~¨Z Kiv
hvq bv| ZvB wbw`©ó Kvh©Kvj †kl bv nIqv ch©šÍ miKvi cZ‡bi m¤¢vebv Lye Kg _v‡K|
2. ÿgZvi c„_KxKiY I fvimvg¨ bxwZi mnvqK
G ai‡bi miKv‡ii GKwU weavb nj ÿgZvi ¯^Zš¿xKiY bxwZ| G kvmb e¨e¯’vq miKv‡ii wZbwU wefvM A_©vr
kvmb, AvBb I wePvi wefvM‡K c„_K Kiv nq| Aciw`‡K GKwUi m‡½ AciwUi m¤úK© eRvq ivLv nq| d‡j
ÿgZvi c„_KxKiY I fvimv‡g¨i mydj cvIqv hvq|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 61

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

3. Riæwi Ae¯’v †gvKv‡ejvq Dc‡hvMx

Riæwi Ae¯’v wKsev msKU gyn~‡Z© ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi we‡klfv‡e Dc‡hvMx| G e¨e¯’vq †h †Kvb msKUgq
gyn~‡Z© Ges Riæwi Ae¯’vq ivóªcwZ AvBb wefv‡Mi mv‡_ civgk© bv K‡i `ªæZ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib| d‡j hy×,
Riæwi Ae¯’v I Ab¨ †Kvb msKUKv‡j ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi `ÿZvi cwiPq †`q|
4. `jxq cÖfvegy³
G ai‡bi miKvi `jxq cÖfvegy³| AvBb cv‡ki †ÿ‡Î msm` m`m¨‡`i †fvUvfzwU miKv‡ii ¯’vqx‡Z¡i Dci
cÖfve †d‡j bv d‡j G ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq `jxq g‡bvfve Kg cÖ`wk©Z nq| AvBbmfvq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji
mgš^‡qi Dci ivóªcwZi ¯’vqxZ¡ wbf©i K‡i bv| ZvB ivR‰bwZK `j miKv‡ii bxwZ wbav©i‡Y cÖfve we¯Ívi
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
5. `ÿ kvmb e¨e¯’v
G‡Z ivóªcwZ I gš¿xMY AvBb cwil‡`i wbKU `vqe× bb| ZvB Zv‡`i‡K AvBb cÖYqb wb‡q †ewk wPšÍv Ki‡Z
nq bv| A_©vr G kvmb e¨e¯’vq AvBb ev¯Íevqb mnR nq Ges cÖkvmwbK `ÿZv e„w×Zv cvq|
6. `ªæZ Dbœqb
G ai‡bi kvmb e¨e¯’vq `ªæZ Dbœqb m¤¢e| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKv‡i `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq|
cÖkvmwbK w¯’wZkxjZvI eRvq _v‡K| Gi d‡j `ªæZ Dbœqb wbwðZ nq|
ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKv‡ii ÎæwUmg~n
wm×všÍ MÖnY I e„nr iv‡óªi Dc‡hvMx we‡ePbvq ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eZ©gv‡b RbwcÖq kvmb e¨e¯’v| wKš‘ G
miKv‡ii Abgbxq cÖK…wZ, `y¯úwieZ©bxq msweavb, ivóªcwZi †¯^”QvPvix g‡bvfve mgv‡jvPbvq m¤§yLxb nq|
ZvQvovI A‡bK †ÿ‡Î m¤ú‡K©i Uvbv‡cv‡ob I Revew`wnZvi Afve †`Lv hvq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Avcwb †Kvb&& ai‡Yi miKvi †ewk Kvh©Ki e‡j g‡b K‡ib? hyw³mn e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
AvBb I kvmb wefv‡Mi m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ miKvi‡K `yB fv‡M Kiv n‡q‡Q| GKwU nj msm`xq miKvi I
Ab¨wU ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi| msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq miKvi mKj Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU
Z_v RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivóªcwZ GKB mv‡_ miKvi I ivóªcÖavb|
wZwb Zuvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU `vqe× _v‡Kb bv| G e¨e¯’vq ivóªcwZ †¯^”QvPvix n‡q hvevi
Avk¼v _v‡K| d‡j A‡bK iv‡óª ÔÿgZvi fvimvg¨ bxwZÕ AbymiY Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.9

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| †Kvb&&wU‡Z mKj ÿgZv gwš¿cwil‡`i nv‡Z KzwÿMZ _v‡K?
K) msm`xq miKvi L) ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi M) DfqB N) †KvbwUB bq|
2| ivóªcwZ kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vq ------------- wefvM AvBb wefv‡Mi wbKU `vqx bq|
K) kvmb wefvM L) wePvi wefvM M) kvmb I wePvi wefvM N) me¸‡jv|

BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 62

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| Rbve Ave`yjøvn mv‡ne cvi‡d± MÖæc Ae BÛvw÷ªR Gi mvaviY e¨e¯’vcK| wZwb Zvi mnKg©x I
Kg©KZv©‡`i wbKU fxwZi cvÎ| KviY wZwb Abgbxq cÖK…wZi| cÖwZôv‡bi hveZxq cÖkvmwbK wm×všÍ wZwb
GKvB ‡bb| Kg©KZ©v-Kg©Pvix‡`i civgk© wZwb MÖnY K‡ib না| Aciw`‡K ingvb mv‡ne _v‡g©· MÖæ‡ci
e¨e¯’vcK| wZwb †h †Kvb wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î Zvi Aa:¯Íb Kg©KZ©v‡`i mv‡_ Ges kªwgK‡`i mv‡_
civgk© K‡ib|
K) mve©‡fŠgZ¡ Kq ai‡Yi I Kx Kx?
L) Ave`yjøvn mv‡ne mKj cÖkvmwbK wm×všÍ GKvB †bb
M) wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿x Kx? G †cÖwÿ‡Z GKbvqKZvwš¿K ivóª e¨e¯’vi †¯^”QvPvix g‡bvfve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N) Dc‡i ewY©Z Aby‡”Q‡`i ggv_© Abyhvqx GKbvqKZvwš¿K I MYZvwš¿K ivóª e¨e¯’vi Zdvr †ei Kiæb|
2| Zcyi eo fvB Zcy‡K covw”Q‡jb- evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi‡K ejv nq msm`xq ev gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi
Aci c‡ÿ Av‡gwiKv nj ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi| Zcy wRÁvmv Kij evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi‡K †Kb ivóªcwZ
kvwmZ miKvi ejv nq bv| fvB ej‡jb, ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKv‡ii †h me ˆewkó¨ _vKvi K_v evsjv‡`k
miKv‡ii Zv †bB| wZwb AviI e‡jb msm`xq c×wZi miKvi GKwU `vwqZ¡kxj kvmb e¨e¯’v| ZvB
evsjv‡`‡k GwU‡K MÖnY Kiv nq|
K) Òmsm`xq I ivóªcwZkvwmZÓ wK‡mi wfwˇZ G ai‡bi †kªYxKiY Kiv nq?
L) msm`xq ev ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKv‡ii g‡a¨ ‡gŠwjK cv_©K¨ wK?
M) Òevsjv‡`‡ki miKvi hy³ivóªxq c×wZi bqÓ- cÖgvY Kiæb|
N) evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q †Kb?
3| wkÿK K¬v‡m G‡m ej‡jb, ÒAvR Avgiv Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡ev| GKwesk kZvãx‡Z G‡m G
ai‡bi iv‡óªi MÖnY‡hMv¨Zv AwaK e„w× †c‡q‡Q| G ai‡bi ivóª gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi Rb¨ Abœ,
e¯¿, wkÿv, wPwKrmvmn Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó K‡i| m¨vi AviI ej‡jb G ai‡bi miKvi e¨w³
¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ K‡i| me‡k‡l wZwb ej‡jb †h, hw`I evsjv‡`k RbKj¨vYg~jK KvR Ki‡Q, GwU
cy‡ivcywi Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª n‡Z cv‡iwb| GKRb QvÎ cÖkœ Ki‡jv m¨vi †Kb n‡Z cv‡i wb?
K) Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª wK?
L) K‡qKwU Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi D`vniY w`b|
M) Av‡jvP¨ DwÏc‡K ewY©Z ivóªwUi ˆewk󨸇jv wjLyb|
N) DwÏc‡K ewY©Z QvÎwUi cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b|
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.1 : 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.2 : 1| K 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.3 : 1| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.4 : 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.5 : 1| L 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.6 : 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.7 : 1| M 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.8 : 1| M 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.9 : 1| L 2| K
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv 63
 msweavb
(Constitution)

cÖ‡Z¨KwU ivóª m‡e©v”P wKQz wewa-weavb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq| G¸wj wjwLZ I AwjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i| Gme
wewae× wbqgvejxi mgwó‡K msweavb e‡j| msweavb‡K ejv nq iv‡óªªi Avqbv¯^iƒc| Avqbvi gva¨‡g Avgiv
†hgb Avgv‡`i wb‡R‡`i †Pnviv †`L‡Z cvB †Zgwb msweav‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ †f‡m I‡V|
msweav‡b bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, kvm‡Ki ÿgZv Ges bvMwiK I kvm‡Ki m¤úK© wKiƒc n‡e Zv
my¯úófv‡e wjwce× _v‡K| Kv‡RB iv‡óªªi cÖwZwU bvMwi‡Ki msweavb m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| G
BDwb‡U msweav‡bi A_© I cÖK…wZ, †kÖwYwefvM, msweav‡bi fvj-g›` bvbvw`K msweavb ˆZwii c×wZ Ges
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb m¤ú‡K© Rvbv hv‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

cvV-5.1 msweav‡bi aviYv (Concept of Constitution)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 msweavb Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 msweavb m¤ú‡K© we‡klÁM‡Yi aviYv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 msweavb I iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf Ki‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ivóª cwiPvjbv, wbqgKvbyb, ÿgZv e›Ub, Kg© wefvRb, kvmbZš¿, RbKj¨vY

gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi wbwgË cÖwZwôZ m‡e©vËg e¨e¯’v nj ivóª| AvaywbK ivóª AvqZb I RbmsL¨vq e„nr|
hv cwiPvjbv AZ¨šÍ RwUj| ZvB GwU wewfbœ wbqg-Kvby‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cwiPvwjZ nq| iv‡óª GKwU
kvmK‡Mvôx _v‡K hv miKvi bv‡g cwiwPZ| mvaviYZ miKvi ej‡Z kvmb wefvM, AvBb wefvM I wePvi
wefvM‡K †evSvq| miKv‡ii G wefvM¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ÿgZvi eÈb wKfv‡e n‡e, wKfv‡e miKvwi KvR cwiPvwjZ
n‡e Ges ivóªvaxb e¨w³mg~‡ni mv‡_ miKv‡ii m¤úK© Kx n‡e cÖf„wZ wel‡q KZ¸‡jv Kjv-Kvbyb _v‡K| Avi
Gme Kjv KvbybB n‡jv msweavb|
msweav‡bi A_© I cÖK…wZ (Meaning and Nature of Constitution)
Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Constitution. hvi gva¨‡g iv‡óªªi kvmb e¨e¯’v cwiPvwjZ nq| ivóªweÁv‡bi RbK G¨vwi÷Uj
e‡jb, msweavb nj Ggb GK Rxeb c×wZ, hv ivóª ¯^qs †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefvM Kxfv‡e
MwVZ n‡e, G‡`i MVb I ÿgZv Kx n‡e, RbMY ivóª cÖ`Ë Kx Kx AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e Ges RbMY I
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

miKv‡ii m¤úK© †Kgb n‡e- Gme welq msweav‡b D‡jøL _v‡K| A_©vr †hme wbq‡gi gva¨‡g ivóª cwiPvwjZ
nq Zv‡K msweavb e‡j| msweavb‡K ZvB iv‡óªªi PvwjKv kw³ ejv nq|
jW© eªvBm e‡jb, ÒkvmbZš¿ nj Ggb KZ¸‡jv AvBb ev cÖ_vi mgwó hvi gva¨‡g ivóªxq Rxeb cwiPvwjZ nqÓ
†K. wm. †nvqvi e‡jb, Ò†Kvb †`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’v wbqš¿YKvix mg¯Í wjwLZ I AwjwLZ wbqg-Kvbyb‡K
†evSvevi Rb¨ msweavb kãwU e¨eüZ nq|Ó
msweavb Abyhvqx miKvi ivóª cwiPvjbv K‡i| ZvB msweavb‡K Gwo‡q †Kvb KvR Kivi ÿgZv miKv‡ii _v‡K
bv|
msweavb I ivóª (Constitution and State)
cÖK…Z A‡_© msweavb nj wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ KZ¸‡jv AvB‡bi mgwó hv iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ, miKv‡ii aiY wb‡`©k
K‡i| miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi gv‡S ÿgZv wba©viY K‡i Ges kvmK kvwm‡Zi gv‡S m¤úK© wb‡`©k K‡i|
GKwU iv‡óªi msweavbB H iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi msweav‡b mKj ÿgZv RbM‡Yi
wbKU _v‡K Ges bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi I gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖwZ we‡kl `„wó ivLv nq| Ab¨w`‡K ˆ¯^ivPvix ev
GKbvqKZvwš¿K iv‡óªi msweav‡b RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi †P‡q Zv‡`i‡K wKfv‡e `wg‡q ivLv hvq, ÿgZvq Ask
MÖn‡Y evav m„wó Kivmn †gŠwjK AwaKvi ÿzbœ Kivi gZ wewa-weavb msweav‡b hy³ K‡i| G ai‡bi Rbwe‡ivax
msweavb I ˆ¯^ivPvix kvmK `xN©w`b ÿgZvq _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
wkÿv_©xi KvR msweavb I iv‡óªi m¤úK© wb‡Ri fvlvq wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc
ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ †gŠwjK wbqg-Kvbybmg~n nj msweavb| msweavb iv‡óªi Avqbv¯^iƒc| msweavb
bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, kvm‡Ki ÿgZv Ges bvMwiK I kvm‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© wK n‡e Zv wba©viY K‡i|
ZvB msweavb‡K iv‡óªi PvwjKv kw³ ejv nq| msweavb †_‡K miKvi cwiPvjbvi mKj ÿgZv DrmvwiZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ÒkvmbZš¿ nj Ggb KZ¸‡jv AvBb ev cÖ_vi mgwó hvi gva¨‡g ivóªxq Rxeb cwiPvwjZ nqÓ- msweav‡bi
GB msÁvwU †K w`‡q‡Qb?
K) †K wm †nvqvi L) jW© eªvBm M) ivg‡m gyi N) Kvj gvK©m
2| msweavb nj Ñ
(i) iv‡óªi m‡e©v”P AvBb
(ii) ivóªcÖav‡bi wb‡`©k
(iii) iv‡óªi Rxeb-cÖYvwj
†Kvb&&wU mwVK?
(K) i I ii (L) i I iii (M) i, ii I iii (N) me KÕwU

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-5.2 msweav‡bi †kÖwYwefvM (Classification of Constitution)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 msweavb †kÖwYwefv‡Mi wfwË Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 msweav‡bi mvwe©K †kÖwYwefvM Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wjwLZ I AwjwLZ msweav‡bi cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã `wjj, cÖ_v, ixwZ-bxwZ, cwieZ©bkxj, Kvh©Kwi

iv‡óªi cÖK…wZ I RbM‡Yi cQ›` Abyhvqx msweav‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi wewa-weavb hy³ Kiv nq| cÖK…Z
c‡ÿ AvB‡bi mgwóMZ iƒc| GB AvBb ev aviv¸‡jv KvM‡R (`wj‡j) GK‡Î wjwce× _vK‡Z cv‡i
ev `xN©w`‡bi cÖPwjZ welqI n‡Z cv‡i| †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î Zv cwieZ©b Kiv mnR ev KwVb n‡Z cv‡i| †m
wn‡m‡e msweavb wewfbœ ai‡bi n‡q _v‡K | msweavb‡K †gvU Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq †hgb:
msweavb

`vwjwjK wfwˇZ ms‡kva‡bi wfwˇZ

wjwLZ AwjwLZ mycwieZ©bxq `y®úwieZ©bxq

msweavb KvMR ev `wj‡j wjwce× _vK‡Z cv‡i Avevi bvI _vK‡Z cv‡i|
1| `vwjwjK wfwˇZ msweav‡bi †kÖwYwefvM : `vwjwjK wfwˇZ msweavb‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvqt K|
wjwLZ msweavb (Written Constitution) I L| AwjwLZ msweavb (Unwritten Constitution)|
wjwLZ msweavb : wjwLZ msweav‡bi aviv-Dcaviv I wbqgKvbyb¸‡jv wbw`©ófv‡e `wj‡j wjwce× _v‡K| †hgb-
evsjv‡`k, fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb I gvwK©b hy³iv‡óªªi msweavb| Zvi gv‡b GB bq †h, wjwLZ msweav‡b me welq
wjLv _v‡K| wKQz AwjwLZ Dcv`vbI _vK‡Z cv‡i|
AwjwLZ msweavb : AwjwLZ msweav‡bi wbqgKvbyb †Kvb `wj‡j ev KvM‡R wjwce× bq| cÖ_v I ixwZbxwZ,
mgv‡Ri gvby‡li AvPvi-AvPiY c«f…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i AwjwLZ msweavb ‰Zwi nq| †hgb weªwUk msweavb
GKwU AwjwLZ msweavb|
2| ms‡kva‡bi wfwˇZ msweavb: msweavb ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i `yB cÖKvi n‡q _v‡K:
mycwieZ©bxq msweavb I `y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb|
mycwieZ©bxq msweavb : G msweavb ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b Kiv A‡cÿvK…Z mnR| †Kvb ai‡bi RwUj cÖwμqv
AbymiY QvovB GB msweav‡bi †Kvb wbqg ev aviv mn‡R cwieZ©b ev ms‡kvab Kiv hvq| Z‡e AvBbmfvi
mvaviY msL¨vMwiôZv cÖ‡qvRb nq| weªwUk msweavb mycwieZ©bxq msweavb|
`y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb: †h msweav‡bi †Kvb wbqg ev aviv mn‡R cwieZ©b ev ms‡kvab Kiv hvq bv ZvB
`y®úwieZ©bxq msweavb| GwU ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ RwUj c×wZ Abym…Z nq|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

wjwLZ msweav‡bi fvj w`K

wjwLZ msweav‡bi †ek wKQz fvj w`K ev ¸Y i‡q‡Q, hv Gi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× K‡i| †m¸‡jv wb‡P eY©bv Kiv nj-
1| my¯úó : wjwLZ msweavb mvaviYZ my¯úó I †evaMg¨ nq| KviY G msweav‡bi AwaKvsk aviv my¯úófv‡e
GK ev GKvwaK `wj‡j †jLv _v‡K| ZvB msweavb ejer Ki‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n _v‡K bv|
2| w¯’wZkxj : wjwLZ msweavb mn‡R cwieZ©b ev ms‡kvab Kiv hvq| G Rb¨ A‡bK mgq RwUj cÖwμqv I
msL¨vMwiôZv cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| d‡j kvmK Zvui B”QvgZ GwU cwieZ©b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB wjwLZ
msweavb w¯’wZkxj|
3| hy³ivóªxq miKvi e¨e¯’vq †ewk Dc‡hvMx : hy³ivóªxq miKvi e¨e¯’vq wjwLZ msweavb †ewk Kvh©Kwi|
hy³iv‡óª AÂj I ÿgZv bvbvfv‡e fvM Ki‡Z nq| wjwce× n‡j mKj cÖ‡`k, wefvM, †kÖwY ‡Mvôxi
RbMY Zv †g‡b Pj‡Z eva¨ nq| d‡j iv‡óªi RvZxq HK¨ AUzU _v‡K|
4| Rbg‡Zi cÖwZdjb: wjwLZ msweavb RbM‡Yi m¤§wZi wfwˇZ M„nxZ nq| d‡j GLv‡b Rbg‡Zi
cÖwZdjb N‡U|
wewfbœ Kvi‡Y wjwLZ msweavbB DËg| c„w_exi AwaKvsk iv‡óªi msweavb wjwLZ| wKš‘ G msweav‡bi
ms‡kvabxi RwUj c×wZ, Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b Abyc‡hvMx nIqvi g‡Zv wKQz wKQz mgm¨vI i‡q‡Q|
AwjwLZ msweav‡bi fvj w`K
AwjwLZ msweav‡bi wKQz fvj w`K i‡q‡Q hv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
1| cÖMwZkxj: AwjwLZ msweavb mgv‡Ri AMÖMwZi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q mn‡R Pj‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr GwU
mgv‡Ri cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ mn‡RB Lvc LvIqv‡Z cv‡i| myZivs AwjwLZ msweavb AMÖMwZi
mnvqK|
2| wecø‡ei SyuwK Kg : AwjwLZ msweavb RbM‡Yi Avkv-AvKv•Lv Abyhvqx cwieZ©b n‡Z cv‡i weavq wecø‡ei
m¤¢vebv Kg _v‡K|
3| Riæwi cÖ‡qvR‡b mnvqK : AwjwLZ msweavb mn‡R cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| ZvB Riæwi cÖ‡qvRb wgUv‡Z
AwjwLZ msweavb AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|
AwjwLZ msweav‡bi fvj w`K _vK‡jI Nb Nb cwieZ©‡bi my‡hvM _vKvq miKvi e¨e¯’v Aw¯’wZkxj n‡q c‡o|
aviv ev wbqgKvbyb wjwce× bv _vKvq cÖvqkB A¯úóZv, AwbwðZqZv I wØav-Ø›Ø m„wó K‡i| e„nr I ˆewPΨc~Y©
ivóª cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î AwjwLZ msweavb AviI RwUjZv m„wó K‡i|
wkÿv_©xi KvR wjwLZ I AwjwLZ msweav‡bi fvj-g›` we‡kølY Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
ivóª cwiPvjbvi nvwZqvi nj msweavb| msweavb‡K †gvUv `v‡M Pvi fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq †jLvi wfwˇZ `yB
ai‡bi h_v-wjwLZ msweavb I AwjwLZ msweavb| Avevi ms‡kva‡bi wfwˇZ msweavb `yB iK‡gi h_v-
mycwieZ©bxq I `y®úwieZ©bxq| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖKv‡ii msweav‡biB wKQz mywbw`©ó myweav I mxgve×Zv i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
(1) ms‡kva‡bi wfwˇZ msweavb Kq ai‡bi?
(K) GK (L) `yB (M) wZb (N) Pvi
(2) wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU wjwLZ msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨ bq?
(K) my¯úó (L) w¯’wZkxj (M) Am¤ú~Y© (N) GKwUI bq

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-5.3 DËg msweavb (Ideal Constitution)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 DËg msweavb Kv‡K e‡j ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 DËg msweav‡bi ˆewk󨸇jv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wjwLZ, ¯úó, mswÿß, †gŠwjK AwaKvi, ms‡kvab c×wZ

†Kvb iv‡óªi kvmb e¨e¯’vi cÖK…wZ wbf©i K‡i H iv‡óªi msweav‡bi Dci| RbMY †h ai‡bi
msweav‡b ¯^vPQ›`¨‡eva K‡i ZvB †m iv‡óªi DËg msweavb| †h iv‡óªªi msweavb hZ †ewk fvj ev
DËg †m iv‡óªªi kvmbe¨e¯’vI ZZ †ewk DËgfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq|
DËg msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨
DËg msweav‡bi wb‡¤œv³ ‰ewkó¨ i‡q‡QÑ
1| wjwLZ : DËg msweavb wjwLZ n‡e| G msweav‡bi AwaKvsk aviv †Kvb KvMR ev `wj‡j †jLv _vK‡e|
d‡j G‡Z †Kvb wØav ev ؇›Øi AeKvk _v‡K bv|
2| my¯úó : DËg msweav‡bi fvlv mnR, mij I cÖvÄj nq| G msweav‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU aviv-Dcaviv
gvZ…fvlvq ¯úófv‡e wjwce× _v‡K| †Kvb GKwU aviv mnR‡eva¨ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b Dcaviv hy³ Kiv
nq|
3| mswÿß : G msweav‡b †Kvb AcÖ‡qvRbxq, AcÖvmw½K welq I †Kvb e¨vL¨v _v‡K bv| †Kej ivóª
cwiPvjbvi g~j wel‡q w`K-wb‡`©kbv _v‡K| msweav‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i ZvB bvbvwea AvBb I bxwZgvjv
ˆZwi nq|
4| †gŠwjK AwaKvi: †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ DËg msweav‡bi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| G msweav‡b
gvbevwaKv‡ii mv‡_ mgš^q K‡i mKj cÖKvi †gŠwjK AwaKvi wjwce× _v‡K Ges Zv wbwðZKi‡Y
eva¨evaKZv _v‡K|
5| fvimvg¨ iÿv : DËg msweavb fvimvg¨c~Y©| GwU Lye mycwieZ©bxq wKsev Lye †ewk `y®úwieZ©bxq n‡e bv|
Gi d‡j DËg msweavb mvgvwRK I ivóªxq cwieZ©‡bi m‡½ Zvj wgwj‡q Pj‡Z mÿg nq|
6| ¯úó ms‡kvab c×wZ: GKwU wbw`©ó c×wZi gva¨‡g DËg msweav‡bi †Kv‡bv avivi ms‡kvab ev cwieZ©b
Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr G msweav‡b ms‡kvab c×wZ my¯úófv‡e D‡jøL _v‡K| msweav‡bi †Kv‡bv Ask
Kxfv‡e ms‡kvab Kiv n‡e Zv DËg msweav‡b D‡jøL _v‡K|
7| ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ: iv‡ó«i cwiPvjbvi ‡ÿ‡Î gZv`k© ev gyjbxwZ wK n‡e Zv msweav‡b ¯úófv‡e
D‡jøL _v‡K| G ¸‡jvi wfwˇZ ivóª hveZxq Kvh©vewj m¤úbœ K‡i| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ivóª
cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ PviwU h_vt RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ I ag©wbi‡cÿZv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR DËg msweav‡bi g~j ˆewk󨸇jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mvims‡ÿc
iv‡óªi kvmb cÖK…wZi aiY wbf©i K‡i Zvi msweav‡bi Dci| msweavb hZ †ewk DËg n‡e iv‡óªi
kvmbe¨e¯’vI ZZ †ewk DbœZ n‡e| DËg msweav‡bi †ek wKQz ˆewkó¨ _v‡K| GwU mvaviYZ wjwce×, my¯úó
`y®úwieZ©bxq, mswÿß, †gŠwjK AwaKvi mwbœ‡ewkZ nq| hv ivóª cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î mwVK cš’v wba©vi‡Y
mnvqZv K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3

eûwbe©Pvbx Afxÿv
1| DËg msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨-
(i) wjwLZ
(ii) mswÿß
(iii) †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii D‡jøL
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?
(K) i + ii (L) i + iii (M) i + ii + iii
2| DËg msweav‡bi fvlv --- nq|
K) cÖvÂj L) `y‡e©va©¨ M) mvay N) we‡`kx

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 69

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-5.4 msweavb cÖYqb c×wZ

(Methods of Constitution Making)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 msweavb cÖYqb cÖwμqv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kvb c×wZwU †ewk Kvh©Ki Zv wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †KŠkj, Aby‡gv`b, Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv, wecøe, weeZ©b, MY-cwil`, cÖ_v, ixwZ-bxwZ

msweavb ivóª cwiPvjbvi nvwZqvi ¯^iƒc| ZvB msweavb cÖYq‡b m‡e©v”P Ávb I †KŠkj cÖ‡qvM Kiv
nq| msweavb ˆZwii wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c×wZMy‡jv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv
nj-
1| Aby‡gv`‡bi Øviv: GwU msweavb cÖYq‡bi cªvPxbZg c×wZ| wbi¼zk ivRZ‡š¿i mgq ivRv ev ivbx Zuv‡`i
B‡”Q gZ ivR¨ kvmb KiZ| Zuviv RbM‡Yi AwaKv‡ii K_v we‡ePbv KiZ bv| AwaKš‘ RbMY
wewfbœfv‡e wbh©vwZZ nZ| d‡j mvaviY RbMY msNe× n‡q ivRv ev ivbxi Dci Zv‡`i AwaKv‡ii
wel‡q Pvc m„wó KiZ| ZLb ivRv ev ivbx wewfbœ ai‡bi AwaKvi gÄyi ev Aby‡gv`b Ki‡Zb| G¸‡jv
g~jZ †Kvb Pzw³cÎ ev `wjj| hvi gva¨‡g ivRv ev ivbx Zuv‡`i fwel¨Z kvmb cwiKíbv I RbMY
(cÖRv) Gi mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i welqwU cyb©g~j¨vqb Ki‡Zb| 1628 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv 1g Pvj©m eva¨ n‡q
AwaKv‡ii mb` Aby‡gv`b K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b AwaKv‡ii GB mb` weªwUk msweav‡bi Acwinvh© Ask|
2| Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi Øviv : ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci bZzb †`‡k miKvi I RbMY cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ msweavb
cÖ‡qvRb nq| msweavb cÖYq‡b `ªæZ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv ïiæ nq| GwU `yÕfv‡e n‡Z cv‡iÑ
(1) MY-cwil‡`i gva¨‡g Ges
(2) AvBb cwil‡`i gva¨‡g|
Avi G msweavb cÖYq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ MwVZ MYcwil‡`i m`m¨‡`i g‡a¨ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g msweavb
iwPZ n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb I hy³iv‡óªªi msweavb Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖYqb Kiv
n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavbI Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g MYcwil` KZ©„K 1972 mv‡j cÖYxZ nq|
GwUB eZ©gv‡b mgv`„Z msweavb cÖYqb c×wZ|
3| wecø‡ei Øviv : d«vÝ, ivwkqv I Px‡bi msweavb G c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| BwZnv‡mi w`‡K jÿ¨ Ki‡j
†`Lv hvq †h, RbMY ˆ¯^ivPvix kvm‡Ki weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb K‡i bZzb kvmK †Mvôx‡K ÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
bZzb G kvmK †Mvôx mvaviY RbM‡Yi gZvgZ wb‡q msweavb ˆZwi K‡i| G c×wZ‡Z cÖYxZ msweavb
mvaviYZ ÿY¯’vqx nq|
4| μgweeZ©‡bi Øviv : msweavb †Kvb †`‡ki cÖPwjZ cÖ_v, ixwZbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i|
GLv‡b †Kvb wjwLZ msweavbI _v‡K bv| wewfbœ mg‡q wKQz G¨v± ev AvBb cvk n‡q _v‡K| Gfv‡e M‡o
IVv kvmbZš¿‡K AwjwLZ kvmbZš¿I ejv nq| †hgb- weª‡U‡bi msweavb μgweeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g ax‡i
ax‡i †jvKvPvi I cÖ_vi wfwˇZ M‡o I‡V‡Q| G †ÿ‡Î msweavb †Kv‡bv e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb KZ©„K cÖYqb

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Kiv nq bv, ax‡i ax‡i M‡o I‡V| 1215 mv‡ji g¨vMbvKvU©v †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 1949 mv‡ji cvj©v‡g›U
ms¯‹vi AvBb Gi me¸‡jvB weªwUk msweav‡bi Ask| μgweeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g msweav‡bi AvaywbKxKiY I
RbevÜeI n‡q I‡V| †hgbwU n‡q‡Q d«v‡Ýi †ÿ‡Î| eZ©gv‡b d«v‡Ý cÂg cÖRvZvwš¿K msweavb Kvh©Ki
i‡q‡Q|
me‡k‡l ejv hvq msweavb wewfbœ cÖwμqvq cÖYxZ n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e eZ©gvb MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª me cÖwμqv Kvh©Ki
m¤¢e bq| †Kej msweavb bq MYZvwš¿K iv‡óª RbM‡Yi m¤§wZ Qvov †Kvb bxwZ I AvBb cÖYqb Am¤¢e| d‡j
AvaywbKKv‡j AwaKvsk msweavbB Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖYxZ nq| MYcwil` A_ev AvBb cwil‡`i m`m¨MY
`xN© Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv I ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g msweavb cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K|

wkÿv_©xi KvR msweavb cÖYq‡bi †Kvb& c×wZ DËg ? Zvi K‡qKwU KviY e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
msweavb nj ivóªe¨e¯’vi g~j PvwjKvkw³| AvaywbK ivóª e¨e¯’vq msweavb cÖYqb Kivi †ÿ‡Î PviwU cÖeYZv
jÿ¨ Kiv hvq h_v- Aby‡gv`‡bi Øviv †hgb g¨vMbvKvU©v, Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi Øviv †hgb evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb, wecø‡ei Øviv †hgb d«v‡Ýi msweavb Ges μgweeZ©‡bi Øviv msweavb †hgb- weªwUk msweavb|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4

eûwbe©Pvbx Afxÿv
1| AvaywbK ivóªmg~‡n msweavb wb¤œwjwLZfv‡e cÖwZwôZ n‡Z †`Lv hvqÑ
(i) Aby‡gv`b
(ii) mycwiKwíZ Av‡jvPbv
(iii) wecøe

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

(K) i + ii (L) i + iii (M) i + ii + iii

2| wecø‡ei gva¨‡g wb‡Pi †Kvb&& †`‡ki msweavb ˆZwi nq wb?

K) d«vÝ L) ivwkqv M) †MÖU weª‡Ub N) Pxb

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 71

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-5.5 evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb (The Bangladesh Constitution)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖYq‡bi BwZnvm Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ¯^iƒc eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ms‡kvabxmg~n Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã Lmov, MYcwil`, MÖnY, Av`k©, g~jbxwZ, †gŠwjK AwaKvi, `y®úwieZ©bxq, Rbm¤ú`|

1971 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤^i gnvb gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci ivóª cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨ GKwU msweavb cÖ‡qvRb nq| msweavb ˆZwii Rb¨ 1972 mv‡j W. Kvgvj †nv‡m‡bi
mfvcwZ‡Z¡ 34 m`m¨wewkó Lmov msweavb cÖYqb KwgwU MwVZ nq| G Lmov KwgwUi cÖ_g
Awa‡ekb e†m 1972 mv‡ji 17 GwcÖj| G KwgwU AK¬všÍ cwikÖg K‡i evsjv‡`‡ki Lmov msweavb ˆZwi K‡i
Ges Zv MYcwil‡` DÌvwcZ nq| 19 A‡±vei †_‡K 4 b‡f¤^i ch©šÍ MYcwil‡` msweav‡bi Lmov cvV Kiv
nq| MYcwil‡` m`m¨MY c‡ÿ-wec‡ÿ gZ †`b Ae‡k‡l cwigvwR©Z n‡q D³ msweavb 4 b‡f¤^i 1972 mv‡j
MYcwil` KZ©„K M„nxZ nq Ges 16 wW†m¤^i 1972 †_‡K Zv Kvh©Ki nq| ¯^vaxbZvi ci evsjv‡`k `ªæZZg
mg‡q GKwU Av`©k msweavb cÖYqb K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ˆewkó¨
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi †ek wKQz ˆewkó¨ ev w`K i‡q‡Q| Zv‡`i g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ‰ewkó¨mg~n wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv
nj-
1| wjwLZ msweavb : evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi avivmg~n GKwU `wj‡j †jLv i‡q‡Q| G‡Z 153wU Aby‡”Q`
Ges 11wU fvM i‡q‡Q| Gi GKwU cÖ¯Ívebvmn PviwU Zdwmj i‡q‡Q|
2| `y®úwieZ©bxq : G msweav‡bi †Kvb aviv cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ GK RwUj c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| Gi
†Kv‡bv wbqg cwieZ©b ev ms‡kvab Ki‡Z RvZxq msm‡`i `yB-Z…Zxqvsk m`‡m¨i m¤§wZi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
3| †gŠwjK AwaKvi : evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b bvMwi‡Ki †gŠwjK AwaKvi my¯úófv‡e wjwce× i‡q‡Q|
bvMwiKMY Kx Kx AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e Zv msweav‡b D‡jøL _vKvq G¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
†hgb- Rxeb avi‡Yi AwaKvi, Pjv‡divi AwaKvi, evK ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi, wPšÍv I we‡e‡Ki ¯^vaxbZv,
ag©PP©vi AwaKvi, m¤úwËi AwaKvi BZ¨vw`|
4| ivóª cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ : msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi PviwU g~jbxwZ i‡q‡Q †hgb- RvZxqZvev`,
mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ I ag©wbi‡cÿZv| A_©vr ivóª cwiPvjbvi †ÿ‡Î miKvi Gme g~jbxwZi Øviv
AbycÖvwYZ I cÖfvweZ n‡q Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv K‡i|
5| cÖRvZš¿ : msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k n‡e GKwU cÖRvZš¿| GLv‡b iv‡óªi mKj ÿgZvi gvwjK RbMY|
RbM‡Yi c‡ÿ wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwaMY ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡eb|
6| msm`xq MYZvwš¿K miKvi : evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b msm`xq MYZvwš¿K miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq|
A_©vr G miKvi e¨e¯’vq gwš¿cwil` Zvi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx _v‡K| GKRb ivóªcÖavb
_vK‡jI RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ…Z¡vaxb gwš¿mfvB kvmb Kvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 72

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

7| GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª : msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª| ivóª‡K A½ivR¨ ev cÖ‡`‡k fvM Kivi
my‡hvM †bB| Z‡e cÖkvmwbK myweav‡_© wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK BDwbU i‡q‡Q| hvi me¸‡jvB †Kw›`ªq cÖkvmb
Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq|
8| GK Kÿwewkó AvBb mfv : evsjv‡`‡ki AvBb mfv GK Kÿwewkó| GwU mve©‡fŠg AvBb cÖYqbKvix
ms¯’v| Gi bvg RvZxq msm`| msm‡`i †gqv` 5 eQi| eZ©gv‡b RvZxq msm` 350 Rb m`m¨ wb‡q
MwVZ|
9| msweav‡bi cÖvavb¨ : evsjv‡`‡ki msweavbB evsjv‡`‡ki m‡e©v”P AvBb| msweav‡bi mv‡_ †`‡ki cÖPwjZ
†Kv‡bv AvB‡bi msNvZ m„wó n‡j †m†ÿ‡Î msweavb cÖvavb¨ cv‡e|
10| AvB‡bi kvmb : evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b AvB‡bi kvm‡bi K_v D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| msweav‡b ejv Av‡Q †h
AvB‡bi †Pv‡L mK‡jB mgvb I mgvb wbivcËvi AwaKvix|
11| wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv : evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 22bs Aby‡”Q‡` wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi K_v ejv
n‡q‡Q| wePvi wefvM ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡Mi cÖfvegy³ n‡q wePvi KvR cwiPvjbv
Ki‡e|
12| me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi : evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii my‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv nq| A_©vr RvwZ
ag©, eY©, wj½, †ckv wbwe©‡k‡l 18 eQi eq‡mi G †`‡ki mKj bvMwiK wbe©vP‡b †fvU w`‡Z cvi‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ms‡kvabxmg~n (Amendments)
evsjv‡`‡k 1972 mv‡j msweavb cÖYq‡bi ci †_‡K wewfbœ kvmK‡Mvôx KLbI wb‡R‡`i ¯^v_© PwiZv_© Kivi
Rb¨ Avevi KLbI RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvR‡b msweavb cwieZ©b ev ms‡kvab K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b †gvU
15wU ms‡kvabx i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 15wU ms‡kvabxi cÖavb cÖavb w`K wb‡¤œ ewY©Z nj-
ms‡kvabx mgq ms‡kvabxi g~j welqe¯‘
cÖ_g ms‡kvabx RyjvB, 1973  1971 mv‡j gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q msMwVZ gvbeZvwe‡ivax Aciva I
hy×vcivax‡`i wePv‡ii e¨e¯’v Kiv|
wØZxq ms‡kvabx †m‡Þ¤^i, 1973  Riæwi Ae¯’v ‡NvlYvi weavb Kiv nq Ges webv wePv‡i AvU‡Ki ÿgZv
Avbqb Kiv|
Z…Zxq ms‡kvabx 1974  e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb I fvi‡Zi cÖavbgš¿x Bw›`iv MvÜxi g‡a¨
m¤úvw`Z evsjv‡`k-fviZ mxgvšÍ Pyw³i ‰eaZv wbwðZ Kiv|
PZz_© ms‡kvabx Rvbyqvwi, 1975  msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v we‡jvc K‡i ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’v Avbqb Kiv|
 Dc-ivóªcwZi c` m„wó Ges evKkvj Kiv|
cÂg ms‡kvabx GwcÖj, 1979  1975 mv‡ji 15 AvM‡÷i ci ‡_‡K mKj mvgwiK Kg©Kv‡Ði ˆeaZv
†`qv Ges ivó« cwiPvjbvi gyjbxwZi cwieZ©b mvab Kiv|
lô ms‡kvabx 1981 mb  wbe©vP‡b ˆeaZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Dcivó«cwZi c`‡K AjvfRbK †NvlYv Kiv|
mßg ms‡kvabx b‡f¤^i, 1986  1982 mv‡ji 24 gvP© †_‡K 1986 mv‡ji b‡f¤^i ch©šÍ mvgwiK kvmK
Gikv‡`i hveZxq Kg©Kv‡Ði ˆeaZv †`qv nq|
Aóg ms‡kvabx Ryb, 1988  Bmjvg‡K ivó« ag© wnmv‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges XvKvi evB‡i nvB‡Kv‡Ui
QqwU ‡e cÖwZôv Kiv nq|
beg ms‡kvabx RyjvB, 1989  cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U Dc ivó«cwZ c‡` wbe©vP‡bi weavb Kiv nq|
 ivó«cwZi †gqv`Kvj AbwaK `yB †gqv‡`i (Uv‡g©i) Kiv nq|
`kg ms‡kvabx Ryb, 1990  RvZxq msm‡` 30wU msiwÿZ gwnjv Avm‡bi 15 eQ‡ii †gqv` DËxY©
nIqvq AviI 10 eQi evov‡bv nq|
GKv`k AvM÷, 1991  A¯’vqx ivó«cwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb m‡Ë¡I wePvicwZ mvnveywÏb Avng‡`i

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 73

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

ms‡kvabx wePvicwZ c‡` cÖZ¨veZ©b ˆea Kiv nq|

Øv`k ms‡kvabx AvM÷, 199  Dc-ivóªcwZi c` wejyß Kiv I msm`xq e¨e¯’v cybcÖwZôv Kiv nq|
·qv`k ms‡kvabx gvP©, 1996  myôy wbe©vPb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ZË¡veavqK miKvi e¨e¯’vv Pvjy Kiv nq|
PZz`k
© ms‡kvabx †g, 2004  gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ Avmb 30 †_‡K 45 G DbœxZ Kiv nq|
 miKvwi, AvavmiKvwi I ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvbmg~‡n ivó«cwZ I
cÖavbgš¿xi cÖwZK…wZ msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ AvBb Kiv nq|
cÂ`k RyjvB, 2011  ZZ¡veavqK miKvi e¨e¯’v evwZj Kiv nq|
ms‡kvabx  1972 mv‡ji msweavb Abyhvqx ivó« cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ cybt¯’vcb
Kiv nq Ges msiwÿZ gwnjv Avmb 50 G DbœxZ Kiv nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb Kx Av`k© msweavb ejv hvq? Dˇii c‡ÿ hy³ w`b|

mvims‡ÿc
1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i ¯^vaxbZvi ci Lmov msweavb c«Yqb KwgwU GKwU Lmov msweavb ‰Zwi Ki‡Z mÿg
nq| MYcwil` 1972 mv‡ji 4 b‡f¤^i GwU MÖnY K‡i Ges 16 wW‡m¤^i †_‡K Zv Kvh©Ki nq| evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb c…w_exi Ab¨Zg †kÖô msweavb| G ch©šÍ †lvj evi evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb KZ mv‡j M„nxZ nq?
(K) 16 wW‡m¤^i 1972 (L) 4 b‡f¤^i 1972 (M) 17 GwcÖj 1972 (N) 4 b‡f¤^i 1971
2| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi Øv`k ms‡kvabxi g~j welq Ñ
(i) ZË¡veavqK miKvi e¨e¯’v wejywßKiY (ii) msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v cyb:cÖeZ©b
(iii) bvix msiwÿZ Avmb 45-G DbœxZKiY
(iv) DcivóªcwZ c` wejywß
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?
(K) ii + iv (L) i + iii (M) iii + iv (N) †KvbwUB bq

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| msweavb nj iv‡ó«i Avqbv¯^iƒc| msweavb ‡Kv‡bv c«PwjZ c«_v, ixwZ-bxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i M‡o IV‡Z
cv‡i| we«‡U‡b mvsweavwbK msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| weª‡U‡bi msweavb wjwLZ bq| ivóª
wPšÍvwe`MY g‡b K‡ib ÒweªwUk msweavb ˆZwi nqwb, M‡o I‡V‡Q|Ó
K) msweavb wK?
L) Òmsweavb n‡jv iv‡ó«i Avqbv¯^iƒcÓ- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
M) DwÏc‡K ewY©Z †`kwUi msweavb †Kvb c×wZ‡Z ˆZwi n‡q‡Q?
N) DwÏc‡Ki me©‡kl jvBbwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 74

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2| 1971 mv‡ji 16B wW‡m¤^i evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nq| MYcwil` 4 b‡f¤^i 1972 mv‡j Lmov msweavb M«nY
K‡i Ges 1972 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i ‡_‡K Zv Kvh©Ki Kiv nq| evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb GKwU DËg
msweavb| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ivó« cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ PviwU| G ch©šÍ ‡lvj evi evsjv‡`‡ki
msweavb ms‡kvab Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e †ek K‡qKwU ms‡kvabx †Kej ÿgZvq wU‡K _vKv Ges ÿgZv †_‡K
wbivc‡` cÖ¯’vb Kivi Rb¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw`I ms‡kvabx RbKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨B Kiv DwPZ|
K) evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb †Kvb c×wZ‡Z ‰Zwi n‡q‡Q?
L) Ôevsjv‡`‡ki msweavb GKwU DËg msweavbÕ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
M) DwÏc‡K D‡jøwLZ gyjbxwZ¸‡jv wK?
N) evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi ms‡kvabx RbKj¨v‡Y Kiv nq wb Ggb K‡qKwU ms‡kvabx welqe¯‘mn D‡jøL
Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.1 : 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.2 : 1| L 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.3 : 1| M 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.4 : 1| K 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-5.5 : 1| K 2| K

BDwbU cuvP c„ôv 75

 evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’v
(The Government of Bangladesh)

iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb nj ÔmiKviÕ| we‡k¦i me †`‡kB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv miKvi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| GKwU
†`‡ki kvmbe¨e¯’v g~jZ miKv‡ii Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq| miKv‡ii gva¨‡gB iv‡óªi Aw¯ÍZ¡ †evSv hvq| mKj †`‡k
miKvi _vK‡jI Zv GK iKg bq| wbe©vnx cÖav‡bi cªK…wZi DciB miKv‡ii cÖK…wZ wbf©i K‡i| mvaviYZ wbe©vnx
cÖavb hw` ivóªcwZ nq Z‡e Zv ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi Avi wbe©vnx cÖavb cÖavbgš¿x n‡j Zv gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ
miKvi| AvaywbK ivóª e¨e¯’vq miKvi RbM‡Yi Øviv wbe©vwPZ nq Ges RbM‡Yi wewfbœ cÖwZkÖæwZ c~iY K‡i| miKvi
MYZvwš¿K, ˆ¯^ivPvwi, GK‡Kw›`ªK I hy³ivóªxq n‡Z cv‡i| Av‡jvP¨ Aa¨v‡q evsjv†`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv _vK‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV-6.1 evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ¯^iƒc

(Nature of the Government of Bangladesh)
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’vi mswÿß BwZnvm Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 miKv‡ii KvVv‡gv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vnx cÖav‡bi ¸iæZ¡ wbiæcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

A¯’vqx miKvi, A¯’vqx miKvi Av‡`k, gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ, g~jbxwZ, GK‡Kw›`ªK, ivóª
gyL¨ kã
cÖavb, wbe©vPb

cÖwZwU †`‡ki miKv‡ii gva¨‡g †m †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cÖwZdjb N‡U _v‡K| `xN© †kvlY-eÂYv
†cwi‡q 1971 mv‡j 9 gvm i³ÿqx gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g exi evOvwj G †`k‡K ¯^vaxb K‡i| hvi GKwUB
jÿ¨ wQj evOvwji b¨vqm½Z AwaKvi cÖwZôv Kiv| 1971 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj gyw³hy× PjvKvjxb cÖ_g
gwš¿mfvq evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi MwVZ nq| e½eÜz †kL gywRei ingvb wQ‡jb GB miKv‡ii ivóªcwZ Ges ZvRDÏxb
Avng` cÖavbgš¿x| Ab¨vb¨ gwš¿mfvq †gvU 8 Rb m`m¨ wQj| Zuviv 17 GwcÖj kc_ MÖnY K‡i| GB miKvi `ÿZvi
mwnZ gyw³hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i Ges c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Af~¨`q NUvq| 1972 mv‡ji 11 Rvbyqvwi
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb A¯’vqx msweavb Av‡`‡ki Øviv ivóªcwZkvwmZ e¨e¯’v †_‡K msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b
K‡ib| †m Abyhvqx 1972 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m gwš¿mfv MVb Kiv nq| G gwš¿mfv 1973 mv‡ji 16 gvP© ch©šÍ `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡ib| evOvwj‡`i Z¨v‡Mi cÖwZ kÖ×v †i‡L ¯^íZg mg‡q GKwU msweavb cÖYqb Kiv nq|
msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k GKwU MYcÖRvZvwš¿K ivóª| msweav‡b RbMY‡K m‡ev©”P cÖvavb¨ w`‡q ejv nq iv‡óªi mKj
ÿgZvi gvwjK RbMY| RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿, ag© wbi‡cÿZv, mgvRZš¿ GB PviwU g~jbxwZi Dci wfwË K‡i
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

evsjv‡`k bvgK ivóª I miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| m½Z Kvi‡YB MYZvwš¿K kvmb e¨e¯’v †e‡Q †bqv n‡q‡Q| AvqZ‡b
†QvU GKwU †`k| mvs¯‹…wZK HK¨ I †fŠ‡MvwjK HK¨I wbweo| ZvB kvmb KvVv‡gvi w`K †_‡K evsjv‡`k GKwU
GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª| Gi †Kvb cÖ‡`k bvB| ivóªxq ÿgZvi aiY Abyhvqx miKv‡ii Kvh©vewj‡K wewfbœ fv‡M fvM Kiv
n‡q‡Q| †hgb- kvmb wefvM, AvBb wefvM I wePvi wefvM|
kvmb wefv‡Mi †K‡›`ª i‡q‡Q gwš¿cwil` (Cabinet)| cÖavbgš¿x n‡jb miKvi cÖavb I gwš¿cwil‡`i †K›`ªwe›`y| Zuvi
†bZ…‡Z¡ gwš¿cwil` †`‡ki kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv K‡i| mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv
cÖavbgš¿x wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| wZwb Zvui Kv‡Ri myweav‡_© cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K m`m¨ wb‡q gwš¿cwil` MVb K‡ib|
miKv‡ii Aci GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wefvM nj AvBb wefvM| msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v
we`¨gvb| G e¨e¯’vq iv‡óªi wbev©nx ÿgZv cÖavbgš¿xi nv‡Z b¨¯Í| wZwb msm‡`i wbKU `vqe×| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k
1975 mvj †_‡K 1991 ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’v Pvjy wQj| G ai‡bi e¨e¯’vq ivóªcwZ iv‡óªi wbe©vnx ÿgZv
cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| we‡kl K‡i wRqvDi ingvb I Gikv` miKv‡ii Avg‡j ivóªcwZ c`wU‡K evsjv‡`‡k LyeB AvKl©Yxq
K‡i †Zvjv nq| G e¨e¯’vq iv‡óªi wbe©vnx cÖavb msm‡`i wbKU `vqe× _v‡Kb bv| 1975 mv‡ji 25 Rvbyqvwi
msweav‡b PZz_© ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g G e¨e¯’v ejer Kiv nq| wKš‘ 1991 mv‡ji 10 AvM÷ Øv`k ms‡kvabxi
gva¨‡g Zv evwZj Kiv nq| cybivq msm`xq c×wZi miKvi e¨e¯’v Kvh©Ki nq| d‡j ivóªcwZ bvggvÎ ivóªcÖavb
wKš‘ miKvi cÖavb bb| ivóªcwZi bv‡g cªavbgš¿x iv‡óªi wbe©vnx ÿgZv cÖ‡qvM K‡ib| cÖRvZ‡š¿i mKj Kvh©μg
ivóªcwZi bv‡gB cwiPvwjZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki msm‡` 350wU Avmb i‡q‡Q| hvi 300 wU Avm‡b m`m¨MY RbM‡Yi
mivmwi †fv‡U wbev©wPZ n‡q _v‡K Avi Aewkó 50wU Avmb gwnjv‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ| iv‡óªi we‡eK e‡j L¨vZ nj
wePvi wefvM| wePvi wefvM wewfbœ ai‡bi Av`vj‡Zi gva¨‡g b¨vq wePvi wbwðZ K‡i _v‡K| evsjv‡`‡ki m‡ev©”P
Av`vj‡Zi bvg mycÖxg †KvU©| mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i cÖavb nj cÖavb wePvicwZ| mycÖxg †KvU©‡K msweav‡bi e¨vL¨v KZ©vI ejv
nq| nvB‡KvU© wefvM, Avcxj wefvM Ges †Rjv-Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q Ab¨vb¨ Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ wb‡q wePvi wefvM MwVZ|
AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ Kiv wePvi wefv‡Mi g~j `vwqZ¡|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, ¯^vaxbZvi 45 eQ‡i evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’vq A‡bK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| A‰eafv‡e ÿgZv
`Lj I ÿgZv cvKv‡cv³ Kivi Rb¨ msweavb ms‡kvabI Kiv n‡q‡Q| A‡bK PovB-DrivB †cwi‡q evsjv‡`‡k
gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| A_v©r RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqe× GKwU miKvi e¨e¯’v
mvsweavwbKfv‡e M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| G e¨e¯’vq miKvi RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqe× wKš‘ GLbI RbM‡Yi mvwe©K AskMÖnY
P¨v‡jÄc~Y|©
wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi e¨e¯’v Kx iƒc Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
gyw³hy×Kvjxb A¯’vqx miKviB evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g miKvi| GwU ivóªcwZkvwmZ miKvi wQj| wKš‘ cieZ©x‡Z
msm`xq miKvi cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| evsjv‡`k GKwU GK‡Kw›`ªK ivóª| GB iv‡óªi kvmb wefvM, wePvi I AvBb
wefvM bv‡g wZbwU wefvM i‡q‡Q| miKvi hveZxq Kvh©vewji Rb¨ RvZxq msm‡`i wbKU `vqe×| evsjv‡`k
GKwU Av`k© MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vq DËi‡Yi †Póv Ki‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.1

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g miKvi e¨e¯’v †Kvb ai‡bi wQj?
K) ivóªcwZ kvwmZ L) msm`xq M) wbqgZvwš¿K ivRZš¿ N) GKbvqKZš¿
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 77
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-6.2 kvmb wefvM (The Executive Branch)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 kvmb wefvM Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 kvmb wefv‡Mi MVb KvVv‡gv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 kvmb wefv‡Mi KvR m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wbe©vnx wefvM, AivR‰bwZK, †Kw›`ªq cÖkvmb, cÖkvmwbK, RbKj¨vY, ¸iæZ¡|

miKv‡ii me©e„nr wefvM nj kvmb wefvM| hv‡K wbe©vnx wefvMI ejv nq| kvmb wefvM AvBb cÖ‡qvM I
AvB‡bi Av‡jv‡K iv‡óªi Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| RbMY‡K †mev cÖ`v‡bi g~j `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K kvmb
wefvM| kvmb wefv‡Mi `ywU Ask _v‡K| GKwU ivR‰bwZK Ask I Ab¨wU AivR‰bwZK Ask| ivóªcwZ, cÖavbgš¿x,
gwš¿cwil` m`m¨MY kvmb wefv‡Mi ivR‰bwZK Ask| ivR‰bwZK Ask A¯’vqx| Zuviv wbw`©ó †gqv‡`i Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ
Ges wb‡qvMcÖvß n‡q _v‡Kb| AvgjvMY kvmb wefv‡Mi AivR‰bwZK Ask, ¯’vqx I †eZbf~³|
kvmb wefv‡Mi ÿgZv wewfbœ BDwb‡U wef³ _v‡K| hv †Kw›`ªq I gvV cÖkvmb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| †K‡›`ª _v‡K wewfbœ
gš¿Yvjq I wefvM| gvV cÖkvm‡b †Rjv-Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb miKvwi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i|
kvmb wefv‡Mi KvR
AvBb wefvM KZ©„K cÖYxZ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g iv‡óªi cÖkvmwbK Kvh©μg cwiPvwjZ nq| miKv‡ii †h AskwUi mv‡_
cÖ‡Z¨K w`b RbM‡Yi mivmwi ms‡hvM N‡U Zv nj kvmb wefvM| kvmb wefv‡Mi A‡bK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q|
wb‡¤œ kvmb wefv‡Mi Kvh©vewj ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
1. kvwšÍ k„•Ljv cÖwZôv: Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËv weavb Kiv kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖavb KvR| AvBb wefvM KZ…K © cÖYxZ
wewfbœ AvBb cÖ‡qvM K‡i kvmb wefvM| iv‡óªi Af¨šÍixY kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿv K‡i| GRb¨ kvmb wefvM
cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv m„wó I Rbej wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| RbM‡Yi mv‡_ mivmwi m¤ú„³Zvi Rb¨
kvm‡bi wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|
2. ‰e‡`wkK m¤úK© iÿv: †`‡k I we‡`‡k wewfbœ K~U‰bwZK wgkb cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g kvmb wefvM ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK©
iÿv K‡i| ZvQvov msweavb Abyhvqx wewfbœ †`‡ki mKj Pzw³ ivóªcwZi bv‡g m¤úvw`Z n‡q _v‡K| Gme Pzw³
hvPvB-evQvB Gi mvwe©K `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡K ciivóª gš¿Yvjq| ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b K~U‰bwZK wgkb wewfbœ
†`‡k Ae¯’vbiZ evsjv‡`wk‡`i myweav-Amyweav †`Lfvj K‡i| A_©‰bwZK I evwYwR¨K Kvh©μg cwiPvjbvi
Rb¨I kvmb wefvM we‡kl e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡K|
3. mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iÿv: iv‡óªi ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ iÿv Kiv, ewn:kÎæi AvμgY †_‡K †`k‡K myiwÿZ ivLvi
`vwqZ¡ kvmb wefv‡Mi| cÖ‡qvR‡b hy× †NvlYv kvmb wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR|
4. AvBb cÖYqb msμvšÍ KvR: AvBb cÖYq‡bi KvRwU AvBb wefvMB K‡i _v‡K| wKš‘ †Kvb GKwU wej (AvB‡bi
Lmov) AvB‡b iƒcvšÍ‡ii c~e© ch©šÍ Zvi Lmov cÖ¯‘Z Kiv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hvPvB-evQvB, m¤¢ve¨Zv wbiæcY I
cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kva‡bi KvRwU K‡i _v‡K kvmb wefv‡Mi Kg©PvixMY| ZvQvov RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨MY kvmb
wefv‡M ¯’vqx bv nIqvq A‡bK wel‡q KvwiMwi Áv‡bi Afve _v‡K| d‡j Avgjv‡`i Dci wbf©i Kiv Qvov
Dcvq _v‡K bv| G Kvi‡YI kvmb wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ e„w× cv‡”Q|

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 78
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

5. A_© msμvšÍ KvR: ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ivR¯^ msMÖn, Dbœqb Kvh©μg cwiPvjbvq Zv e¨q Kivi ¸iæ`vwqZ¡ kvmb
wefvMB cvjb K‡i| Avq-e¨‡qi ev‡RU kvmb wefv‡Mi we‡kl K‡i A_© gš¿Yvj‡qi Kg©PvixMY cÖYqb K‡i
_v‡K|
6. RbKj¨vYg~jK KvR: kvmb wefvM g~jZ RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡Ri Rb¨B w`b w`b †ewk ¸iæZ¡ cv‡”Q| iv‡óªi
Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡Mi †P‡q kvmb wefvM RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q _v‡K| eZ©gv‡b iv󪸇jv Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óªi w`‡K avweZ
nIqvq kvmb wefv‡Mi RbKj¨vYg~jK Kvh©μ‡gi cwiwa/cwigvYI e„w× cv‡”Q|
ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, kvmb wefvM Zvi Kv‡Ri aiY I cwiwai Kvi‡YB A‡bK †ewk ÿgZvkvjx I RbwcÖq n‡”Q|
msm`xq wKsev ivóªcwZ kvwmZ †h‡Kvb ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’vq kvmb wefv‡Mi ¸iæZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR kvmb wefv‡Mi wZbwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ KvR eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
kvmb wefvM AvBb cÖ‡qvM I ev¯Íevqb, cÖwZiÿv, A_© msμvšÍ KvR ‡_‡K ïiæ K‡i miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj
KvRB K‡i _v‡K| kvmb wefv‡Mi we¯Í…Z Kg© cwiwai Kvi‡Y GwU wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK BDwb‡U wef³| ivóªcwZ KZ©„K
cÖYxZ Ôiæjm Ae weR‡bmÕ Abyhvqx kvmb wefv‡Mi Kvh©μg cwiPvwjZ nq| miKv‡ii mdjZv I ¯’vwqZ¡ kvmb
wefv‡Mi `ÿZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| kvmb wefv‡Mi KqwU Ask
K) GKwU L) `yÕwU M) PviwU N) cuvPwU
2| kvmb wefv‡Mi Ask
i. Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb
ii. Dc‡Rjv cwil`
iii. mwPevjq

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) i L. i I ii M. i I iii N. meKwU

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 79
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-6.3 ivóªcwZ (The President)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 ivóªcwZi Ae¯’vb we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivóªcwZi wb‡qvM I c`P~¨wZ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
 ivóªcwZi ÿgZv I KvR m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ivóªcÖavb, bvggvÎ, Awfksmb, Kvh©wewa, wbhyw³, c~e©vbygwZ, wej

ivóªcwZ MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcÖavb| ivóªcwZ iv‡óªi Ab¨ mKj e¨w³i E‡aŸ© Ae¯’vb K‡ib|
msm`xq MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb _vKvq evsjv‡`‡k ivóªcwZ GKwU AjsKvwiK c` gvÎ| †Kej
cÖavbgš¿x I cÖavb wePvicwZ wb‡qvM e¨ZxZ Ab¨vb¨ mKj wel‡q cÖavbgš¿xi c~e©v‡bv‡gv`b cÖ‡qvRb nq| evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡bi 48 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM jv‡fi Rb¨ Zuv‡K 35 eQi eq¯‹ n‡Z n‡e| GKB mv‡_
msm` m`m¨ nevi †hvM¨ZvI _vK‡Z n‡e| msm‡` Awfksm‡bi gva¨‡g ivóªcwZ‡K c`P~¨Z Kiv hvq|

ivóªcwZi ÿgZv I KvR (Power and Function of the President)

1| wb‡qvM msμvšÍ ÿgZv: msweavb Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ ivóª cÖavb, miKvi cÖavb bq| wZwb msL¨vMwiô `‡ji
†bZv‡K cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM K‡ib| cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k© gš¿x, cÖwZgš¿x I Dcgš¿x‡`i wb‡qvM †`b| ivóªcwZ
mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i wePvicwZ Ges Zvi mv‡_ civgk©μ‡g Avwcj wefvM I nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi wePvicwZ wb‡qvM
K‡ib| ZvQvov mvsweavwbK c` (†hgb- wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi, gnvwnmve wbixÿK, evsjv‡`k cvewjK mvwf©m
Kwgk‡bi †Pqvig¨vb BZ¨vw`) I wZb evwnbxi cÖavbMY‡K wb‡qvM †`Iqv ivóªcwZi KvR| miKv‡ii mKj
cªkvmwbK KvR ivóªcwZi bv‡g m¤úvw`Z nq|
2| AvBb cÖYqb msμvšÍ ÿgZv: RvZxq msm‡` †Kvb wej cvm n‡j Zv ivóªcwZi m¤§wZμ‡g AvB‡b cwiYZ nq|
RvZxq msm‡`i Awa‡ekb Avnevb, ¯’wMZ I cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k© †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡ib| wZwb msm‡` Dcw¯’Z bv
n‡qI evYx w`‡Z cv‡ib| †Kej A_© wej msm‡` DÌvc‡bi Rb¨ Aek¨B ivóªcwZi c~e© AbygwZ cÖ‡qvRb|
3| Avw_©K ÿgZv: ivóªcwZ miKvwi A‡_©i wbqš¿Y K‡i _v‡Kb (Aby‡”Q`-85)| †Kv‡bv Kvi‡Y msm` †Kvb A_©
gÄyi Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j ivóªcwZ 60 w`‡bi Rb¨ mswkøó Znwej n‡Z †m A_© gÄyi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4| ivóªcwZ miKvwi Kvh©vewj e›Ub I cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewamg~n (Rules of Business) cÖYqb K‡ib|
5| Riæwi Ae¯’v †NvlYv: ivóªcwZ hw` g‡b K‡ib †h hy× ev ewnivμgY ev Af¨šÍixY †Mvj‡hv‡Mi Øviv evsjv‡`k
ev Zvi †Kvb Ask †h †Kvb wbivcËv ev A_©‰bwZK Rxeb wec‡`i m¤§yLxb Z‡e wZwb m‡ev©”P 120 w`‡bi Rb¨
Riæwi Ae¯’v †NvlYv Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e G †ÿ‡Î cÖavbgš¿xi c~e©vbygwZ cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q|
6| Ab¨vb¨ KvR: ivóªcwZ Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR K‡i _v‡Kb| †hgb ivóªcwZi c~e©bvbywgZ Qvov †Kvb
bvMwiK †Kvb we‡`kx iv‡óªi wbKU n‡Z †Kvb †LZve, m¤§vb, cyi®‹vi ev f~lY MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wZwb wewfbœ
RvZxq Abyôv‡b mfvcwZZ¡ K‡i _v‡Kb| †`‡ki wewkó e¨w³‡`i ivóªxq †LZve, mg¥bbv I c`K cÖ`vb K‡ib|
ivóªcwZ evsjv‡`‡k wbhy³ we‡`kx K~UbxwZK‡`i cwiPqcÎ MÖnY K‡ib| wewfbœ ivóªxq Pzw³, `wjj Zuvi wb‡`©k
†gvZv‡eK m¤úvw`Z nq| ZvQvov wZwb cÖavbgš¿x, cÖavb wePvicwZM‡Yi kc_ evK¨ cvV Kivb|

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 80
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

7| ÿgv cÖ`k©b: ivóªcwZ †Kvb Av`vjZ, UªvBey¨bvj ev ivóª cÖ`Ë †h‡Kvb `‡Ûi gvR©bv, wej¤^b I gÄyi Ki‡Z
cv‡i| ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjbKv‡j †`‡ki †Kvb Av`vj‡Z Zuvi weiæ‡× †dŠR`vwi gvgjv `v‡qi ev †MÖdZvi ev
Kvivew›`i Rb¨ c‡ivqvbv Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
ms‡ÿ‡c ejv hvq, msweavb Abyhvqx ivóªcwZ bvggvÎ cÖavb n‡jI wZwb A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wZwb
ivóªcÖavb| iv‡óªi mKj Kvh©vewj ivóªcwZi bv‡gB m¤úvw`Z nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki ivóªcwZi cuvPwU KvR D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki ivóª cÖavb nj ivóªcwZ| GwU GKwU AjsKvwiK c`| Kgc‡ÿ 35 eQi eq¯‹ evsjv‡`wk bvMwiK
†Kvb ivóªcwZ c‡` g‡bvbxZ n‡Z cv‡ib| ivóªcwZ msm‡` wbe©vwPZ msL¨vMwiô `‡ji cÖavb‡K cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e
wb‡qvM K‡ib| ZvQvov wZwb cÖavb wePvicwZ‡K wb‡qvM †`b| ivóªcwZi m¤§wZ Qvov †Kvb wej AvB‡b cwiYZ nq
bv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ivóªcwZ c‡`i †hvM¨Zv ewY©Z i‡q‡Q msweav‡bi †Kvb Aby‡”Q`?
K) 18 Aby‡”Q‡` L) 28 Aby‡”Q‡` M) 85 Aby‡”Q‡` N) 48 Aby‡”Q‡`
2| ÔKÕ GKwU †`‡ki ivóª cÖavb| Zuvi bv‡g iv‡óªi mKj Kvh© m¤úv`b nq| wZwb iv‡óªi AvBb Aby‡gv`bKvix
KZ©„cÿ| ZvQvov miKvi cÖavbI wZwb wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb|
DÏxcKwU‡Z ÔKÕ †Kvb †`‡ki ivóªcÖavb?

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) d«vÝ L. gvjØxc M. evsjv‡`‡k N. Av‡gwiKv hy³ivóª

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 81
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-6.4 cÖavbgš¿x (The Prime Minister)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 cÖavbgš¿xi Ae¯’vb e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖavbgš¿x c‡`i †hvM¨Zv I wb‡qvM m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZv I KvR wK ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wbe©vnx cÖavb, msL¨vMwiô, msm`xq miKvi, †gqv`, cÖRvZš¿, gwš¿cwil`, msm` †bZv

evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖavb n‡jb cÖavbgš¿x| ¯^vaxbZvi ci wewfbœ mgq wbe©vnx cÖavb c‡`i cwieZ©b
n‡q‡Q| gywRebMi miKv‡ii mgq miKvi cÖavb wQj ivóªcwZ| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi c‡iB 1972 mv‡j
e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b K‡ib| cieZ©x‡Z mvgwiK kvmKMY Avevi ivóªcwZ
kvwmZ e¨e¯’v Pvjy K‡ib| wKš‘ Ae‡k‡l 1991 mv‡j cybivq msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b nq| G e¨e¯’vq
miKv‡ii †K›`ªwe›`y n‡jb cÖavbgš¿x| cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ…‡Z¡ GKwU gwš¿cwil` _v‡K hviv msm‡`i wbKU `vqe×|
msm`xq miKv‡ii †iIqvR Abyhvqx wbe©vP‡b msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv‡K ivóªcwZ cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM K‡ib|
cieZx©‡Z wZwb Zuvi cQ›` Abyhvqx RvZxq msm` m`m¨‡`i mgš^‡q gwš¿cwil` MVb K‡ib| 1991 mv‡j msm`xq
MYZš¿ cyb:cÖeZ©‡bi ci G ch©šÍ cÖvq wbqwgZfv‡eB wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g cÖavbgš¿xi †bZ…‡Z¡ miKvi cwiPvwjZ n‡q
Avm‡Q| me©‡kl `kg RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g †kL nvwmbv miKv‡ii cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb
Ki‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡k cÖavbgš¿x c‡`i †gqv` 5 eQi|
cÖavbgš¿x c‡`i †hvM¨Zv I wb‡qvM
evsjv‡`k mvaviY wbe©vP‡b msL¨vMwió `‡ji cÖavbB cÖavbgš¿x| G †ÿ‡Î msm` m`m¨ c‡`i †hvM¨Zv I cÖavbgš¿x
c‡`i †hvM¨Zv GKB| A_©vr 25 eQi eq¯‹ †h †Kvb evsjv‡`kx bvMwiK msm` m`m¨ _vKv mv‡c‡ÿ cÖavbgš¿x c‡`
wb‡qvM †c‡Z cv‡ib| msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivóªcwZ ev ivóªcÖavb msL¨vMwiô `‡ji cÖavb‡K cÖavbgš¿x wb‡qvM
K‡ib| Z‡e AcÖK…wZ¯’, †dŠR`vwi Acvivwa mvRvcÖvß Ges FY‡Ljvwc †Kvb bvMwiK cÖavbgš¿x nevi A‡hvM¨
we‡ewPZ nb|

cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj

cÖavbgš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ¯Í¤¢| Zuvi †bZ…‡Z¡B miKvi cwiPvwjZ nq| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vq
cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZv I Kvhv©ewji cwiwa e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| wb‡P evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavbgš¿xi ÿgZv I Kvhv©ewj Av‡jvPbv
Kiv nj-
K. msweavb Abyhvqx cÖRvZ‡š¿i wbe©vnx ÿgZvi AwaKvix|
L. cÖavbgš¿x gwš¿mfvi cÖavb| wZwb Zvui cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i gwš¿ wb‡q gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib Ges `ßi e›Ub K‡ib|
wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wel‡q wZwb gš¿x‡`I civgk© w`‡q _v‡Kb| wZwb gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Ri mgš^q K‡ib|
M. cÖavbgš¿x †h‡Kvb mg‡q †h‡Kvb gš¿x‡K c`Z¨v‡Mi Aby‡iva Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G Aby‡iva GK ai‡bi wb‡`©‡ki
gZ KvR K‡i| cÖavbgš¿x c`Z¨vM Ki‡j gwš¿mfvi Aw¯ÍZ¡ _v‡K bv|

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 82
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

N. cÖavbgš¿x RvZxq msm` †bZv| msm` Awa‡ekb Avnevb, ¯’wMZ ev †f‡½ w`‡Z ivóªcwZ‡K civgk© †`b| Zvi
†bZ…‡Z¡ msm‡` AvBb cÖYxZ nq|
O. AvšÍR©vwZK Pzw³ m¤úv‡b cÖavbgš¿x iv‡óªi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ K‡i _v‡Kb|
P. wewfbœ mvsweavwbK c‡` wb‡qvM ivóªcwZi GLwZqvi n‡jI wZwb cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k© wb‡qvM w`‡q _v‡Kb|
Q. cÖavbgš¿x RvZxq H‡K¨i cÖZxK| wZwb GKwU `‡ji cÖavb n‡jI cÖavbgš¿x mKj bvMwi‡Ki| RvZxq HK¨ I
¯^v_© iÿvq cÖavgš¿x me©`v AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
R. cÖavbgš¿xi civgk© ev cÖwZ-¯^vÿ‡i ivóªcwZ Riæwi Ae¯’v †NvlYv K‡ib| G‡ÿ‡Î gwš¿mfvi wm×všÍ cÖ‡qvRb
nq bv|
gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vq cÖavbgš¿x cÖf~Z ÿgZvi AwaKvix| wZwb RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK wel‡q GKKfv‡e
¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡ib| ZvQvov gwš¿mfv cÖavbgš¿xi wbqš¿‡Y _vKvq gwš¿MY Zuvi wb‡`©kbv Qvov †Kvb wm×všÍ
wb‡Z cv‡ib bv|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq gwš¿cwil` ev msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq cÖavbgš¿xB m‡e©v”P wbe©vnx ÿgZvi AwaKvix| wZwb AvBb
wefvM I kvmb wefv‡Mi ga¨gwb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡k cÖavbgš¿x c‡`i †hvM¨Zv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii cÖavb nj cÖavbgš¿x| msweav‡bi Aby‡”Q‡` ewY©Z †hvM¨Zv m¤úbœ †h †Kvb
msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv cÖavbgš¿x n‡Z cv‡ib| miKv‡ii ¯Í¤¢ wn‡m‡e gwš¿cwil`, AvBb cwil`, kvmb wefv‡Mi
mKj ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i _v‡Kb| gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi e¨e¯’vq cÖavbgš¿xi DciB GKwU †`‡ki
DbœwZ wbf©i K‡i| ZvQvov cÖavbgš¿x AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© iÿvq g~L¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib| cÖavbgš¿x c`Z¨vM Ki‡j
miKv‡ii cZb N‡U _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.4

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| msm‡`i †bZv †K?
K) ¯úxKvi L) ivóªcwZ M) wPc ûBc N) cÖavbgš¿x
2| cÖavbgš¿x †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q _v‡KbÑ
i. msL¨vMwiô `‡ji
ii. wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi
iii. AvBb wefv‡Mi

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) i L. i I ii M. i I iii N. meKwU

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 83
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-6.5 gwš¿cwil` (The Cabinet)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 gwš¿cwil‡`i MVb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gwš¿cwil‡`i ÿgZv I KvR m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ k㠯ͤ¢, bxwZ-wba©viY, Lmov AvBb, ¯^xq ¯^vÿi, cwiKíbv

evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| G e¨e¯’v‡K gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKviI ejv nq|
†Kbbv gwš¿cwil`B m‡ev©”P ÿgZvi AwaKvix _v‡K| kvmb wefv‡Mi ¯Í¤¢ nj gwš¿cwil`| evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡bi 2q cwi‡”Q‡` gwš¿cwil‡`i MVb, ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ aviv i‡q‡Q| msweavb Abyhvqx
gwš¿mfvi †K‡›`ª _v‡Kb cÖavbgš¿ªx| ZvQvovI cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K gš¿x, cÖwZgš¿x I Dcgš¿x wb‡q gwš¿mfv MwVZ nq|
mvaviY wbe©vP‡b msL¨vMwiôZv cÖvß `‡ji †bZv‡K ivóªcwZ cÖavbgš¿x wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM w`‡q _v‡Kb| cieZ©x‡Z
cÖavbgš¿x Zuvi cQ›` I cÖ‡qvRb-gvwdK msm` m`m¨ wb‡q gwš¿mfv MVb K‡ib| Z‡e RvZxq msm` m`m¨ bq Ggb
e¨w³‡KI gwš¿mfvq AšÍf~©³ Kiv hvq| gwš¿mfvi †gqv` 5 eQi| wKš‘ cÖavbgš¿x PvB‡j gwš¿mfv i`e`j I cybM©Vb
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| gwš¿mfvi m`m¨MY PvB‡j ivóªcwZi D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯^xq ¯^vÿihy³ c‡Îi gva¨‡g c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Z‡e cÖavbgš¿x c`Z¨vM Ki‡j gwš¿mfvI wejyß nq|
gwš¿cwil‡`i ÿgZv I KvR
gwš¿mfvi nv‡Z †h‡nZz kvmbwefv‡Mi PvweKvwV ZvB gwš¿mfvi ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj A‡bKUv kvmb wefv‡Mi ÿgZv I
Kv‡Ri g‡ZvB| wb‡¤œ gwš¿cwil‡`i ÿgZv I KvR Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj:
K. bxwZ-wba©viY: miKvwi bxwZ wba©vi‡Y gwš¿cwil` ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| kvmb e¨e¯’v myôz I
`ÿZvi mv‡_ cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi wm×všÍ I bxwZ MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| RbKj¨v‡Y Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri
wel‡q P‚ovšÍ wm×všÍ gwš¿cwil‡`B †bqv nq| cÖ¯ÍvweZ cwiKíbv¸‡jv weÁ gš¿x‡`i Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g P~ovšÍ
Kiv nq|
L. AvB‡bi Lmov ˆZwi: Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© †Kvb wel‡q AvBb cÖYq‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j cÖ_‡g Zv gwš¿cwil‡` Av‡jvPbv
nq| welqwU hvPvB-evQvB K‡i †hŠw³K g‡b n‡j Zv wej AvKv‡i msm‡` DÌvwcZ nq| †m wel‡q msm‡` Ges
gwš¿cwil‡` Av‡jvPbv nq|
M. ev‡RU ˆZwi: kvmb wefv‡Mi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †m±‡ii Rb¨ gš¿x wb‡qvM Kiv nq| ev‡RU cÖYq‡bi mgq A_©gš¿x
wewfbœ gš¿x‡`i wbKU Zuv‡`i gš¿Yvj‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eiv‡Ïi cÖ¯Íve Avnevb K‡ib| gwš¿cwil‡` A_© eivÏ
msμvšÍ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv nq| †m †cÖwÿ‡Z A_©gš¿x Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve K‡i _v‡Kb| hv msm‡` ev‡RU AvKv‡i
DÌvcb Kiv nq|
N. Dbœqbg~jK Kg©m~wP MÖnY: RbKj¨vY I Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ bxwZ, Kg©m~wP gwš¿cwil`B cÖYqb K‡i _v‡K|
†hgb cÙv †mZz wbg©vY cÖKí, cÂevwl©K cwiKíbv, `vwi`ª we‡gvPb Kg©m~wP, eq¯‹ I weaev fvZv Kg©m~wP G
iKg ai‡bi Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi wm×všÍ I Kg©m~wP gwš¿cwil` †_‡KB †bIqv nq|

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 84
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

O. gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Ri mgš^q: kvmb wefvM‡K GKwU BDwbU wn‡m‡e cwiPvjbv K‡i gwš¿cwil`| GLv‡b wewfbœ
gš¿Yvj‡qi bxwZ-wm×všÍ I Kg©m~wP m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv nq| cÖavbgš¿xmn gš¿xeM©I wbw`©ó wel‡qi Dci Zuv‡`i
weÁ gZvgZ w`‡Z cv‡i| GLv‡b †h †Kvb gš¿Yvj‡qi †Kvb wel‡q Zwor wm×všÍ †bIqv mnR nq|
gwš¿cwil` A‡bKUv miKv‡ii †fZi miKvi| AvBb cÖYqb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i Dbœqbg~jK KvR mKj wel‡q gwš¿mfv
cÖv_wgK wm×všÍ wb‡q _v‡K| hv A‡bK mgq msm‡` envj _v‡K| G e¨e¯’vq `ªæZ I Kvh©Ki wm×všÍ MÖnY m¤¢e nq|
d‡j Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’vi Zzjbvq gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi w`b w`b RbwcÖq n‡”Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR gwš¿cwil‡`i ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq gwš¿cwil` Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| gwš¿cwil` cÖavbgš¿xi wb‡`©kbvq cwiPvwjZ nq| wZwb
cÖ‡qvRb I cQ›` Abyhvqx gwš¿mfv MVb, †hvRb-we‡qvRb I †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡ib| AvBb cÖYqb, gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Ri
mgš^qmn mKj bxwZ-wba©viYx wm×všÍ gwš¿cwil` †_‡K †bqv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.5

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`‡k gwš¿mfvi †gqv` KZ eQi?
K) 3 eQi L) 5 eQi M) 7 eQi N) 9 eQi
2| gwš¿mfvi KvR njÑ
i. AvBb cÖYqb
ii. ev‡RU cÖYqb
iii. bxwZ-wba©viY

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) i L. i I ii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 85
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-6.6 evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv

(The Legisture of Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvBbmfvi MVb cÖYvjx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 AvBbmfvi cwiwa, ÿgZv I KvR m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Kÿ, mivmwi, wbe©vPb, msiwÿZ, ¯úxKvi, ûBc, Awa‡ekb, msm`xq KwgwU, wej, †fvU`vb

evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfvi bvg RvZxq msm`| GwU GK Kÿwewkó| RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v 350|
300wU Avm‡b mivmwi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| Ab¨ 50wU Avmb bvix‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ _v‡K| bvix msm`
m`m¨MY 300 Rb msm` m`m¨ Øviv wbe©vwPZ n‡q _v‡Kb| msweavb Abyhvqx RvZxq msm` ivRavbx‡Z Aew¯’Z|
miKvwi weÁcwË Øviv ivóªcwZ msm` Awa‡ekb Avnevb K‡ib| Awa‡ekb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ ¯úxKvi I †WcywU
¯úxKvi wbe©vPb Kiv nq| ¯úxKv‡ii Abycw¯’wZ‡Z †WcywU ¯úxKvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| ZvQvov msm` Awa‡ekb
myôzfv‡e cwiPvjbvi ¯^v‡_© m`m¨M‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K Pxd ûBcmn K‡qKRb ûBc g‡bvbqb Kiv nq| `kg RvZxq
msm‡`i cÖavb n‡jb ¯úxKvi W. wkixb kviwgb †PŠayix|

msm` m`m¨ nevi †hvM¨Zv (Qualification for Membership)

msweav‡bi 66 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx 25 eQi eq¯‹ evsjv‡`kx †h‡Kvb bvMwiK msm` m`m¨ nevi †hvM¨Zv iv‡L| Z‡e
AcÖK…wZ¯’, †`Dwjqv, we‡`kx bvMwiKZ¡ AR©b, †Kvb Aciv‡a `y&B eQ‡ii Rb¨ mvRvcÖvß bvMwiK msm` m`m¨ n‡Z
cvi‡e bv|
msm‡`i †gqv` 5 eQi| Z‡e cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k© ivóªcwZ msm` †f‡½ w`‡Z cv‡ib| Awa‡ekb Avi¤¢ Kivi Rb¨
60 m`‡m¨i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvivg c~Y© n‡Z nq| msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vq wbe©vP‡b msL¨vMwiôZv AR©bKvix `j
miKvwi `‡ji Ges wØZxq m‡ev©”P Avm‡b weRqx `j we‡ivax `‡ji f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| msm` m`m¨MY A‡b‡K
GKBmv‡_ ûBc, gwš¿cwil` m`m¨, wewfbœ msm`xq KwgwUi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb|

†Kvb msm` m`m¨ wb‡Ri B”Qvq c`Z¨vM `vwLj Ki‡j A_ev GKvav‡i 90 Kvh©w`em msm‡` Abycw¯’Z _vK‡j Zuvi
m`m¨c` evwZj n‡e| ZvQvov wZwb †h `j †_‡K m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Qb †mB `j †_‡K c`Z¨vM Ki‡j A_ev
msm‡` †m `‡ji wec‡ÿ †fvU `vb Ki‡jI Zuvi m`m¨c` evwZj n‡e|
RvZxq msm‡`i ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj
1. AvBb cÖYqb welqK: RvZxq msm‡`i cÖavb KvR AvBb cÖYqb Kiv| msm` †Kvb wel‡q bZzb AvBb cÖYqb,
cwieZ©b, cwigvR©b ev ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡ib| AvB‡bi cÖ¯Íve wej AvKv‡i msm‡` Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq|
msm‡`i msL¨vMwiô m`‡m¨i †fv‡U wejwU AvB‡b cwiYZ nq|
2. msweavb ms‡kvab: RvZxq msm` msweav‡bi 142 Aby‡”Q‡`i wfwˇZ msweavb ms‡kvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| †mRb¨
msm‡`i †gvU `yB-Z…Zxqvsk m`‡m¨i †fv‡Ui cÖ‡qvRb nq|

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 86
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. kvmb wefv‡Mi wbqš¿Y: cÖavbgš¿x I gwš¿cwil` †hŠ_fv‡e msm‡`i wbKU `vqe×| msm` †Kvb Kvi‡Y
cÖavbgš¿xi weiæ‡× Abv¯’v Avb‡j gwš¿mfv †f‡½ hvq| ZvQvov wewfbœ msm`xq KwgwUi gva‡g RvZxq msm`
wewfbœ gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Ri Revew`wnZv wbwðZ K‡i|
4. A_© msμvšÍ ÿgZv: RvZxq msm‡`i AbygwZ Qvov †Kvb Ki ev LvRbv Av‡ivc I msMÖn Kiv hvq bv| miKvwi
Avq-e¨‡qi wnmve A_©vr ev‡RU RvZxq msm` KZ©„K Aby‡gvw`Z nq| A_©gš¿x msm‡` ev‡RU DÌvc‡bi ci Zvi
Dci msm` m`m¨MY Av‡jvPbv, weZ©K I ms‡hvRb-we‡qvR‡bi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| †m Abyhvqx ev‡RUwU msm‡` cvk
nq|
5. wePvimsμvšÍ ÿgZv: msweav‡bi 16Zg ms‡kvabxi gva¨‡g msm` wePviK Acmvi‡Yi ÿgZv cvq| msm`xq
e¨e¯’vq msm`B me wKQz&i †K›`ªwe›`y| msweavb jw•NZ n‡j msm` ivóªcwZ, ¯úxKvi, †WcywU ¯úxKvi, cÖavbgš¿x,
gwš¿mfvi weiæ‡× Abv¯’v Avb‡Z cv‡i Ges Acmvi‡Yi e¨e¯’v wb‡Z cv‡i|
6. Ab¨vb¨ KvR: Dc‡i Av‡jvP¨ KvR QvovI msm` Av‡iv wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR K‡i _v‡K| ivóªcwZ wbe©vPb,
msiwÿZ gwnjv Avm‡bi m`m¨ wbe©vPb Ges Awa‡ekb bv _vK‡j †m mg‡q cÖYxZ wewfbœ Aa¨v‡`k Aby‡gv`b ev
evwZ‡ji KvR¸‡jv RvZxq msm` K‡i _v‡K|
†gv‡Ui Dci RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwa nj RvZxq msm` m`m¨MY| Zuviv msm‡` ¯^-¯^ GjvKvi mgm¨v-myweav wb‡q `vwe-
`vIqv Zz‡j a‡i| cieZ©x‡Z mswkøó gš¿Yvjq ev wefvM †m wel‡q Kvh©μg MÖnY K‡i| msm‡` Av‡jvPbvi ga¨ w`‡qB
RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqe×Zvi ewn:cÖKvk N‡U|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki AvBbmfvi MVb eY©bv Kiæb

mvims‡ÿc
msm`xq miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖvY‡K›`ª nj RvZxq msm`| RvZxq msm‡`i m`m¨ msL¨v 350 Rb| Zvi g‡a¨ 300
Rb m`m¨ mivmwi RbM‡Yi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| msm` m`‡m¨I g~j `vwqZ¡ nj AvBb cÖYqb Kiv| ZvQvov Zuviv
Zv‡`i wbe©vPbx GjvKvi wewfbœ mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡Kb| msm` m`m¨‡`i Av‡jvPbv I `vwei †cÖwÿ‡Z
miKvi wewfbœ Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| G ch©šÍ `kevi RvZxq msm` MwVZ n‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.6

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| KZ eQ‡ii mvRvcÖvß †Kvb e¨w³ msm` m`m¨ wbe©vP‡bi A‡hvM¨?
K) 1 eQi L) 2 eQi M) 3 eQi N) 4 eQi

2| imyjcyi MÖv‡gi †hvM¨ I MY¨gvb¨ e¨w³MY 15 m`‡m¨i GKwU KwgwU MVb K‡i‡Q| Zviv gv‡m GKevi MÖv‡gi
mgm¨v I myweav wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z MÖv‡gi Dbœq‡b wewfbœ mgm¨v mgvavb K‡i| †hme
mgm¨v Zuv‡`i GLwZqv‡ii evB‡i †m¸‡jv ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb‡K AewnZ K‡i|
Av‡jvP¨ DÏxc‡Ki MVb KvVv‡gv wb‡Pi †Kvb&& ms¯’vwUi gZ?
K) wek¦we`¨vjq L) Av`vjZ M) RvZxq msm` N) BDwbqb cwil`

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 87
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-6.7 evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefvM (The Judiciary of Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 wePvi wefv‡Mi MVb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wePvi wefv‡Mi KvVv‡gv wPÎvqb †c‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wePvi wefv‡Mi ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã we‡eK, ¯^vaxbZv, wePviK, UªvBey¨bvj, weÁ, wbi‡cÿ, AaŸ¯Íb, †dŠR`vix, †`Iqvbx

wePvi wefvM nj iv‡óªi we‡eK| AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvq kw³kvjx, ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ wePvi wefvM
Acwinvh©| evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi 22 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GKwU ¯^vaxb wePvi wefv‡Mi
K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| Aciw`‡K msweav‡bi cÂg fv‡M evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefv‡Mi MVb, ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K©
¯úó wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q| hv wb¤œiƒcfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv hvq

evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefvMxq KvVv‡gv


mycÖxg †KvU©

Avwcj wefvM

nvB‡KvU© wefvM

†Rjv I `vqiv RR Av`vjZ

mve RR I mnKvix RR Av`vjZ

MÖvg Av`vjZ
I
cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 88
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i MVb

evsjv‡`‡ki m‡ev©”P Av`vj‡Zi bvg mycÖxg †KvU| mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i cÖavb nj cÖavb wePvicwZ| G Av`vj‡Zi `yÕwU
wefvM i‡q‡Q h_v- nvB‡KvU© wefvM I Avwcj wefvM| G wefvM¸‡jv‡Z wePvi‡Ki wbw`©ó †Kvb msL¨v †bB|
cÖavbgš¿xi civg‡k© ivóªcwZ cÖavb wePvicwZ wb‡qvM K‡ib| cÖavb wePvicwZi civg‡k© ivóªcwZ mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i
Ab¨vb¨ wePvicwZ wb‡qvM w`‡q _v‡Kb| evsjv‡`kx †Kvb bvMwiK 10 eQi GW‡fv‡KU wn‡m‡e AwfÁZv _vK‡j ev
10 eQi wePvi wefvMxq †Kvb c‡` PvKzwi Ki‡j mycxÖ g †Kv‡U©i wePviK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM jv‡fi †hvM¨ e‡j we‡ewPZ
nb|
nvB‡KvU© wefvM
cÖv_wgK gvgjv MÖn‡Yi m‡ev©”P Av`vjZ nj nvB‡KvU©| eZ©gv‡b nvB‡KvU© wefv‡M cÖvq kZvwaK wePvicwZ i‡q‡Q|
msweav‡b nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi ÿgZv I Kvhv©ewj m¤ú‡K© wjwLZ wb‡`©kbv i‡q‡Q| nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi wb¤œwjwLZ ÿgZv
I Kvh©vewj i‡q‡Qt
K. evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ewY©Z †gŠwjK AwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Y †Kvb miKvwi Kg©Pvix ev KZ©„cÿ‡K nvB‡KvU©
Dchy³ wb‡`©k w`‡Z cv‡ib|
L. cÖRvZ‡š¿i (miKv‡ii) †Kvb Kg©Pvix ev KZ…©cÿ‡K †eAvBbx KvR eÜ Ki‡Z A_ev KiYxq m¤ú‡K© wb‡`©k
cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
M. Aa:¯Íb Av`vj‡Zi †Kvb iv‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z nvB‡Kv‡U© Avwcj Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
N. †Kvb e¨w³i Av‡e`b m‡Ë¡I hw` nvB‡KvU© g‡b K‡i Dbœqb KvR ev Rb¯^v_© evavMÖ¯’ n‡e Z‡e †Kvb Av‡`k `vb
bv Kivi ÿgZv nvB‡Kv‡U©i i‡q‡Q|
O. Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ cwiPvjbv I wbqš¿Y msμvšÍ Av‡`k, wb‡`©k Rvwi Ki‡Z cv‡i nvB‡KvU©|
Avwcj wefvM
wePvi wefv‡Mi m‡e©v”P Ges me©‡kl AvkÖq¯’j nj Avwcj wefvM| nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi Av‡`‡ki †cÖwÿ‡ZB †Kej
GLv‡b Avwcj Kiv hvq| G wefv‡Mi wePvi‡Ki wbw`©ó †Kvb msL¨v †bB Z‡e GLv‡b nvB‡KvU© wefv‡Mi †P‡q ¯^í
msL¨K wePviK _v‡K| wb‡P Avwcj wefv‡Mi ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1. nvB‡KvU wefv‡Mi ivq, wWwμ, Av‡`k ev `Ûv‡`‡ki weiæ‡× Avcxj ïbvwbi I Zvnv wb¯úwËi GLwZqvi I
ÿgZv i‡q‡Q|
2. G wefv‡Mi †Kvb †NvwlZ ivq ev cÖ`Ë Av‡`k cybwe©‡ePbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3. ivóªcwZi cÖ‡qvRb †gvZv‡eK Avwcj wefvM AvBb wel‡q gZvgZ Ávcb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. m¤ú~Y© b¨vq wePv‡ii ¯^v‡_© †Kvb e¨w³‡K Av`vj‡Z nvwRi Kiv I KvMRcÎ †ck Kivi Av‡`k w`‡Z cv‡i|
Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ
mycÖxg †KvU e¨ZxZ †`‡ki †Rjv-Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq msL¨K Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Rjv I
`vqiv RR Av`vjZ, mve RR I mnKvix RR Av`vjZ †`‡ki Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ| ivóªcwZ Aa¯Íb Av`vj‡Zi wePviK
wb‡qvM K‡i _v‡Kb| GQvovI MÖvg ch©v‡q RbcÖwZwbwa mgš^‡q MwVZ MÖvg Av`vjZ i‡q‡Q|
Aa¯Íb Av`vj‡Zi Kvh©vewj
(1) †dŠRv`vix welq A_©vr Pzwi, WvKvwZ, nZ¨v, msNl©, al©Y, cvwievwiK Kjnmn RbRxe‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó wel‡qi
cÖv_wgK gvgjv MÖnY I wePvi K‡i _v‡K|
(2) †`Iqvbx wel‡q †hgb Rwg-Rgv msμvšÍ, Pzw³, A_© FY m¤úwK©Z wel‡qi wePvi Kiv Aa¯Íb Av`vj‡Zi
¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR|

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 89
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

MÖvg Av`vjZ
MÖvgxY ch©v‡q msMwVZ wewfbœ Aciva I Rwg-Rgv msμvšÍ welq wb¯úwËi cÖv_wgK cÖ‡Póv nj MÖvgxY Av`vjZ|
BDwbqb cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb Ges ev`x-weev`x Dfq cÿ †_‡K `yB K‡i †gvU 5 cuvP Rb m`m¨ wb‡q MÖvg Av`vjZ
MVb Kiv nq| G Av`vj‡Zi iv‡qi weiæ‡× msÿzä e¨w³ ev KZ©„cÿ Rb †`‡ki †h‡Kvb Av`vj‡Z gvgjv Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj
cÖRvZ‡š¿i (miKv‡ii) K‡g© wbhy³ e¨w³e‡M©i PvKzwi msμvšÍ welqvw`, A_©`Û ev Ab¨ `‡Ûi wel‡q cÖkvmwbK
UªvBey¨bvj wb¯úwË K‡i _v‡K| G Av`vj‡Zi GLwZqvi i‡q‡Q Ggb †Kvb wel‡q Ab¨ †Kvb Av`vjZ †Kvb Kvh©μg
MÖnY ev ivq w`‡Z cv‡i bv| msweav‡bi 117 Aby‡”Q‡` cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj Gi MVb m¤ú‡K© ejv n‡q‡Q|
AvB‡bi kvmb I b¨vq wePvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ c„w_exi DbœZ †`‡ki g‡Zv evsjv‡`‡kI GKwU ¯^vaxb, wbi‡cÿ I
`ÿ wePvi e¨e¯’vi K_v msweav‡b D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| we`¨gvb wePvi KvVv‡gv QvovI RvZxq msm` AvB‡bi gva¨‡g AviI
GK ev GKvwaK UªvBey¨bvj MVb ev we‡jvc Ki‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ Kiv Ges `ÿ I
weÁ wePviK wb‡qvM Kiv eo GKwU P¨v‡jÄ|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi KvVv‡gv wPÎvwqZ Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡k GKwU ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ wePvi wefvM i‡q‡Q| hvi cÖavb nj cÖavb wePvicwZ| mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i Avwcj
wefvM, nvB‡KvU© wefvM, Aa¯Íb Av`vjZ †hgb †Rjv I `vqiv RR Av`vjZ, mve RR Av`vjZ, mnKvix RR
Av`vjZ wb‡q wePvi wefvM MwVZ| ZvQvov cÖkvmwbK UªvBey¨bvj I MÖvg Av`vjZI wePviKvh© K‡i _v‡K| ivóªcwZ
wePviK‡`i wb‡qvM K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K mycÖxg †KvU© wePvi wefv‡Mi Z`viwK K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.7

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi KvVv‡gvi m‡e©v”P wefvM †Kvb&&wU?
K) †Rjv RR Av`vjZ L) cÖkvmwbK UªvBeybvj M) nvB‡KvU© wefvM N) Avwcj wefvM
2| Aa¯Íb Av`vj‡Zi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ..........|
i. †Rjv RR Av`vjZ
ii. nvB‡KvU©
iii. bxwZ-wba©viY

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) i L. i I iii M. i, ii I iii N. meKwU

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 90
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-6.8 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv

(Administrative Structure in Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wewfbœ cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã GK‡Kw›`ªK, †Kw›`ªq, ¯’vbxq, we‡Kw›`ªKiY, Kvh©wewa, AbywefvM, Awabvgv, mwPevjq

evsjv‡`k GKwU GK‡Kw›`ªK I MYZvwš¿K ivóª| †K›`ª n‡Z kvmbKvh© cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| Z‡e miKvwi
†mev RbM‡Yi wbKU †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi we‡Kw›`ªKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi
Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ `yB ai‡Yi| GKwU nj bxwZ-wba©viYx KvVv‡gv Ab¨wU ev¯Íevqbagx©| †hgb-ivóªcwZi Kvh©vjq,
cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq, gš¿Yvjq bxwZ-wba©viYx Ask| †Rjv cÖkvmb, Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb bxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR K‡i
_v‡K| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi †Kw›`ªq I ¯’vbxq `yÕwU Ask i‡q‡Q| cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v miKv‡ii kvmb
wefv‡Mi Aaxb| miKv‡ii Kvh©vewj, mdjZv I e¨_©Zv A‡bKUv cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv

 
†Kw›`ªq cÖkvmb ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb
   
†Kw›`ªq `ßi †Kw›`ªq c`‡mvcvb ¯’vbxq `ßi ¯’vbxq c`‡mvcvb
   
ivóªcwZi Kvh©vjq ivóªcwZ wefvMxq cÖkvmb wefvMxq Kwgkbvi (hyM¥ mwPe)
   
cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq cÖavbgš¿x †Rjv cÖkvmb †WcywU Kwgkbvi (DcmwPe)
   
gš¿Yvjq gš¿x Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb AwZwi³ †Rjv cÖkvmK (wmwb: mn: mwPe)
  
wefvM wmwbqi mwPe Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v (wmwb: mn: mwPe)
  
Awa`ßi mwPe mnKvix Kwgkbvi (mnKvix mwPe)

AwZwi³ mwPe

hyM¥ mwPe

DcmwPe

wmwbqi mnKvix mwPe

mnKvix mwPe

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 91
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

gš¿Yvjq
†Kw›`ªq cÖkvm‡bi cÖavb Kvh©vjq gš¿Yvjq| Gi cÖavb nj gš¿x| Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© GK ev GKvwaK wel‡qi Kvh©μg GKwU
gš¿Yvj‡qi Dci b¨¯Í _v‡K| Kvh©cÖYvwj wewa (Rules of Business) Abyhvqx gš¿Yvj‡qi KvR fvM Kiv nq| gš¿Yvjq
wewfbœ wel‡q bxwZ wba©viY K‡i _v‡K| ZvQvov gš¿Yvjq mswkøó AvB‡bi cÖ‡hvR¨Zv, nvjbvMv`KiY I cÖ‡qvRbxq
ms‡kva‡bi D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| †hgb- wkÿv gš¿Yvjq, ms¯‹…wZ gš¿Yvjq BZ¨vw`|
wefvM: gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b GK ev GKvwaK wefvM _v‡K| hvi cÖkvmwbK cÖavb nj mwPe/wmwbqi mwPe| wZwb
gš¿Yvj‡qi mvwPweK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| GB `߇i ev BDwb‡U ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| †hgb- moK wefvM,
Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wefvM, Rb wbivcËv, †mev wefvM BZ¨vw`|
Awa`ßi: wefv‡Mi Aax‡b GKvwaK Awa`ßi _v‡K| Awa`߇ii cÖavb KvR nj gvV cÖkvm‡bi mv‡_ mivmwi hy³
†_‡K Zv mgš^q Kiv| GKRb AwZwi³ mwPe ev mwPe c`gh©v`vi Kg©KZ©v G `߇ii cÖavb| †hgb- ¯^v¯’¨ Awa`ßi,
kÖg Awa`ßi BZ¨vw`|
AbywefvM: gš¿Yvjq ev wefv‡Mi Aax‡b GK ev GKvwaK AbywefvM _v‡K| G Abywefv‡Mi wbw`©ó wKQz `vwqZ¡ _v‡K|
Abywefv‡Mi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb GKRb AwZwi³ mwPe| †hgb- ev‡RU AbywefvM
AwakvLv: Abywefv‡Mi Aaxb GKvwaK AwakvLv _vK‡Z cv‡i| AwakvLvi cÖavb DcmwPe| mvaviYZ gvV ch©v‡q
cÖ‡hvR¨ wewfbœ wel‡qi Av‡`k, weÁwß I cÖÁvcb Rvwi K‡i _v‡K| gš¿Yvjq ev wefvM cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Awagvjv
wba©viY K‡i|
kvLv: gš¿Yvjq ev wefv‡Mi Aaxb A‡bK¸‡jv kvLv _v‡K| gš¿Yvj‡qi Kv‡Ri cwiwa Abyhvqx kvLv wba©viY Kiv nq|
wefvMxq cÖkvmb
¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi m‡ev©”P ¯Íi nj wefvMxq cÖkvmb| wefvMxq cÖkvm‡bi `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb GKRb wefvMxq Kwgkbvi|
wZwb hyM¥ mwPe c`gh©v`vi Kg©KZ©v| ¸iæZ¡ I Kv‡Ri cwiwa Abyhvqx AwZwi³ mwPe c`gh©v`vi Kg©KZ©vI G c‡`
wb‡qvwRZ _vK‡Z cv‡i| wefvMxq cÖkvmb †Rjv cÖkvm‡bi Kv‡Ri Z`viwK K‡i|
†Rjv cÖkvmb
¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯Íi †Rjv cÖkvmb| †Rjv cÖkvmb †Rjvi AvBb-k„•Ljv, Rb‡mev, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨,
hvZvqvZ me ai‡bi wel‡qi Z`viwK K‡i| ZvQvov †Rjv wewfbœ ivR¯^ I LvRbv Av`vq K‡i _v‡K| miKvwi
m¤úwËi BRviv cÖ`vb †Rjv cÖkvm‡bi AvIZvaxb| †Rjv cÖkvm‡bi cÖavb DcmwPe c`gh©v`vi Kg©KZ©v|
Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb
¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi me©wb¤œ ¯Íi wKš‘ mvaviY gvby‡li Lye wbKUeZx© BDwbU nj Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb| G Kvh©μg‡K ¯’vbxq
mwPevjq ejv hvq| †Kbbv GKB ¯’v‡b bvbvgyLx †mev cÖ`vb Kiv nq| cv_©K¨ nj †Kw›`ªq mwPevjq bxwZ wba©viY K‡i
Avi Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb mivmwi †m¸‡jv ev¯Íevqb K‡i| 1982 mv‡j Dc‡Rjv e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi ci Dc‡Rjv
cÖkvm‡bi Kg©Kv‡Û AviI MwZkxjZv G‡m‡Q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi c`‡mvcvb D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU we¯Í…Z cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv i‡q‡Q| gš¿Yvjq, wefvM, Awa`ßi, wefvMxq cÖkvmb, †Rjv-
Dc‡Rjv cÖkvmb meB cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© A½| cÖ‡Z¨KwU BDwb‡Ui wbw`©ó `vwqZ¡ KZ©e¨ cvj‡b
`vwqZ¡kxj Kg©KZ©v i‡q‡Q| GB cÖkvmwbK BDwbU¸‡jvi mgwš^Z Kv‡Ri DciB miKv‡ii mdjZv I e¨_©Zv wbf©i
K‡i|

BDwbU Qq c„ôv 92
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.8

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv Kq ¯Íi wewkó?
K) `yB L) Pvi M) cuvP N) Qq
2| †Kw›`ªq cÖkvm‡bi Kg©KZ©v nj ....|
i. mwPe ii. Dc-mwPe iii. mnKvwi mwPe
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i L. i I ii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| MZ gv‡m ingvb mv‡ne GKwU †mwgbv‡i mfvcwZZ¡ KiwQ‡jb| †mLv‡b miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi DaŸ©Zb
Kg©KZ©vMY Zv‡`i Kg©cwiKíbv wel‡qi e³e¨ iv‡Lb| cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi Kg©KZ©vMYB wb‡Ri wefv‡Mi †kÖôZ¡
Dc¯’vc‡bi †Póv KiwQ‡jb| ingvb mv‡ne wefvM¸‡jvi gv‡S GKwU wefvRb jÿ¨ Ki‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z
ingvb Zuvi g~j¨evb e³…Zvi gva¨‡g eySv‡Z mÿg n‡jb †h cÖ‡Z¨KwU wefvMB RbM‡Yi †mevq wb‡qvwRZ|
†mLv‡b GKwUi †P‡q Ab¨wUi †kÖô‡Z¡i my‡hvM †bB| ZvB mKj‡K wg‡j-wg‡k KvR Kivi Ges cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ RbM‡Yi wbKU Revew`wn _vKvi civgk© †`b|
K. mvaiYZ miKv‡ii KqwU wefvM _v‡K?
L. miKv‡ii wefvM¸‡jvi bvg wjLyb|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cÖ_g welqwU Kx Ges †Kb N‡U?
N. miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi gv‡S wKfv‡e mgš^q mvab Kiv hvq? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi wkÿK †kÖwYK‡ÿ cvV`vbKv‡j ej‡jb, Zv‡`i Dc‡Rjvi wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v‡K
`yB eQi c~‡e© gš¿Yvj‡qi GKwU kvLvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z †`‡LwQ‡jb| G †cÖwÿ‡Z GKRb QvÎ cÖkœ Kij,
gš¿Yvj‡qi GKwU kvLvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z †`‡LwQ‡jb| G †cÖwÿ‡Z GKRb QvÎ cÖkœ Kij, gš¿Yvj‡qi
Kg©KZ©v n‡q wZwb Dc‡Rjvi KvR Ki‡Qb †Kb? Dˇi wkÿK ejj cÖkvmK `ywU ch©v‡q KvR K‡i| Zuviv
cÖkvmb wefv‡Mi Ask| ZvB †h‡Kvb mgq ¯’vbxq I †Kw›`ªq DfqB cÖkvm‡bB KvR Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
K. cÖkvm‡bi KqwU ch©vq _v‡K?
L. evsjv‡`‡ki wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯Íi¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|
M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb cÖkvm‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? D³ cÖkvm‡bi KvVv‡gv †Kgb?
M. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K †Kw›`ªq I ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi c`‡mvcv‡bi GKwU Zzjbv Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.1 : 1| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.2 : 1| L 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.3 : 1| N 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.4 : 1| N 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.5 : 1| L 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.6 : 1| L 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.7 : 1| N 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-6.8 : 1| K 2| N
BDwbU Qq c„ôv 93
 MYZ‡š¿ ivR‰bwZK `j I wbe©vPb
(Political Party and Election in Democracy)

ivR‰bwZK `j MYZ‡š¿i Avek¨Kxq GKwU cÖwZôvb| ivR‰bwZK `j wewfbœ bxwZ I Av`k© Øiv cwiPvwjZ nq| G
`j¸‡jv RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ges bxwZ-wba©viY K‡i RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ miKvi cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| Z‡e
h_vh_ cÖwZwbwaZ¡ I myôzfv‡e cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ myôz, wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb AZ¨vek¨K| G ai‡bi wbe©vPb
†Kej `ÿ I ¯^vaxb wbe©vPb Kwgkb w`‡qB m¤¢e bq| †m Rb¨ miKvi, ivR‰bwZK `j I RbM‡Yi B”Qv AZ¨šÍ
Riæwi| G BDwb‡U g~jZ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f‚wgKv, evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ivR‰bwZK wbe©vPb I evsjv‡`‡ki
wbe©vPb Kwgkb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

cvV-7.1 ivR‰bwZK `j
(Political Party)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewkó¨ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Kvb msMVb ivR‰bwZK `j Avi †KvbwU bq Zv wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã bxwZ-Av`©k, Kg©m~wP, mvsweavwbK, Bk‡Znvi, ¯’vbxq-RvZxq, ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ

ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ivR‰bwZK `j Ab¨Zg| GwU g~jZ GK `j Rbmgwó hviv wbw`©ó bxwZ
I Av`k© Ges j‡ÿ¨ HK¨e×| ivR‰bwZK `j g~jZ RbM‡Yi `vwe `vIqv cÖKv‡ki cøvUdi&&g| RvwZ ag©-
eY© wj½, †kÖwY †ckv wbwe©‡k‡l mKj Rb‡Mvôx †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `‡j AšÍf~©³ n‡Z cv‡i| ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖavb
D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q wbqgZvwš¿K I mvsweavwbK cš’vq ivóªxq ÿgZvq AwawôZ nIqv| A_©vr wbe©vP‡b Ask MÖnY Kiv Ges
wbe©vPwb Bk‡Znvi cÖKv‡ki ga¨ w`‡q RbMY‡K AvKl©Y Kiv| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi AwaKvsk iv‡óªB GKvwaK ivR‰bwZK
`j i‡q‡Q| MYZ‡š¿i Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j Acwinvh©| Z‡e †h me iv‡óª MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v †bB †m me iv‡óª
ivR‰bwZK `jI †bB| †hgb †mŠw` Avie, evnivBb, Igvb, KvZvi G ivRZš¿ we`¨gvb| ZvB Gme †`‡k ivR‰bwZK
`j wbwl×| ivRcwievi I cwil`B ivR‰bwZK wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| ZvQvov mvgwiK miKvi ÿgZvq _vK‡jI
ivR‰bwZK `j wbwl× _v‡K| Z‡e wkÿv, Ávb-weÁv‡bi weKv‡ki d‡j ivR‰bwZK `j m„wói cÖeYZv w`b-w`b e„w×
cv‡”Q Ges MYZš¿ cÖwZôvi c_ myMg n‡”Q|
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji msÁv
wewfbœ ivóªweÁvbx cÖ`Ë K‡qKwU msÁv wb¤œiƒc-
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

n¨viì jvmI‡qj Gi gZvbymv‡i- ÒivR‰bwZK `j nj Ggb GKwU msMVb hv wbe©vP‡b Kg©m~Px w¯’I K‡I Ges cÖv_x©
`uvo Kivq|Ó
Aa¨vcK Gjvb Avi ej e‡jb ÒhLb †Kvb RbmsMVb GKKfv‡e ev Ab¨vb¨ `‡ji m‡½ GK‡hv‡M ivR‰bwZK ÿgZv
`Lj Ki‡Z Ges Zv eRvq ivL‡Z m‡Pó nq ZLb Zv‡K ivR‰bwZK `j e‡jÓ|
A_©vr ivR‰bwZK `j nj GKwU msMVb hv †Kvb bxwZ-Av`k© I Kg©m~wPi gva‡g ÿgZv jv‡fi †Póv K‡i Ges miKvi
MVb Ki‡Z cv‡i| ‡hgb evsjv‡`‡k AvIqvgx jxM, fvi‡Zi RvZxq Ks‡MÖm, Av‡gwiKv hy³iv‡óªi †W‡gv‡μwUK cvwU©
BZ¨vw`|
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ˆewkó¨
Dc‡ii msÁv¸‡jv we‡kølY K‡i ivR‰bwZK `‡ji wb¤œiƒc ‰ewkó¨ cvIqv hvq-
(1) msNe× Rbmgwó: msNe× Rbmgwó ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| ivR‰bwZK `‡j wewfbœ RvwZ ag© eY©,
wj‡½i RbMY HK¨e× n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e A‡bK †ÿ‡Î ag©wfwËK ivR‰bwZK `jI jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
(2) wbw`©ó bxwZ I Av`©k: cÖ‡Z¨KwU ivR‰bwZK `‡jiB wbw`©ó wKQz bxwZ I Av`k© _v‡K| G bxwZ I Av`©‡ki
wfwˇZB RbMY msNe× n‡q _v‡K| mvsweavwbK cš’vq ÿgZv jvf Ki‡j `jwU Zv‡`i Av`k© ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Z
Pvq| †hgb Rvg©vwbi MÖxb cvwU©, cwi‡ek msiÿYB G ivR‰bwZK `‡ji g~j D‡Ïk¨|
(3) mvsweavwbKfv‡e ÿgZv jvf: eZ©gv‡b mvsweavwbKfv‡e ÿgZv jv‡fi †Kvb weKí †bB| ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvI
†mfv‡e Zv‡`i Kg© cwiKíbv MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| †Kvb GKwU `‡ji c‡ÿ GKKfv‡e ÿgZv jvf m¤¢e bv n‡j
†RvUMZfv‡e ÿgZv jv‡fi †Póv K‡i|
(4) mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv: ivR‰bwZK `j GKwU msMVb| ZvB GwU cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wjwLZ wbqgKvbyb (MVbZš¿)
_v‡K| hvi wfwˇZ GKwU mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv nq| Av`k© ivR‰bwZK `‡ji mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv
MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e cwiPvwjZ nq|
(5) ¯’vbxq I RvZxq Ae¯’vb: ivR‰bwZK `j ¯’vbxq, RvZxq ev Efq Ae¯’v‡bB Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv K‡i| c„w_exi
e„nr iv󪸇jv‡Z A‡bK ¯’vbxq ivR‰bwZK `j †`Lv hvq| †hgb fvi‡Zi mgvRev`x `j †Kej `wÿY fvi‡Z
mwμq|
A_©vr ivR‰bwZK `‡ji wbw`©ó bxwZ-Av`©k I Kg©m~wP _v‡K| ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi Kvh©μ‡gi Dci GKwU †`‡ki
ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi cwieZ©b I BwZevPK ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i| †gvÏvK_v ivR‰bwZK `j B‡”Q Ki‡j
GKwU †`‡ki cÖf~Z Dbœqb NUv‡Z cv‡i|
wkÿv_©xi KvR ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cuvPwU ˆewkó¨ wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc
eZ©gvb ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `j Acwinvh©| ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv Zv‡`i wbR¯^ bxwZ-Av`©k Øviv Kg©m~wP
cwiPvjbv K‡i| ivR‰bwZK `j GKwU msNe× Rbmgwó hviv mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g ¯’vbxq I RvZxqfv‡e
Zv‡`i Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv K‡i| eZ©gv‡b ivR‰bwK `j¸‡jvi Av`©kwfwËK Kvh©μg †ek jÿYxq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.1
eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ivR‰bwZK `j nj - i. msNe× Rbmgwó ii. Av`k©nxb iii. ¯’vbxq I RvZxq

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) i L. i I iii M. ii I iii N. i, ii I iii
BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 95
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-7.2 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv

(Role of Political Party)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bwZevPK w`K Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj, msMVb, MVbg~jK, we‡ivaxZv, AZš¿ cÖnix, ivR‰bwZK mwnsmZv

eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi AwaKvsk iv‡óªB cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj MYZš¿ we`¨gvb| G e¨e¯’vwU ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKvi
ga¨ w`‡qB mdj n‡q _v‡K| †Kbbv GKgvÎ ivR‰bwZK `jB RbM‡Yi cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji ¸iæZ¡ m¤ú‡K© R.M. McIver e‡jb, ivR‰bwZK `j Qvov †Kvb Av`k©, bxwZ, wbqwgZfv‡e
mvsweavwbK I msm`xq wbe©vPb, ev †Kvb cÖwZôv‡biB Kvh©Ki I cwiPvjbv m¤¢e bq| wb¤œiƒc f~wgKvi Kvi‡Y
ivR‰bwZK `j Acwinvh©|
(K) †bZ…Z¡ m„wó: ivR‰bwZK `‡ji GKwU mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv _v‡K| †hLv‡b wewfbœ BDwbU, wefvM ev ch©vq _v‡K|
cÖ‡Z¨K †ÿ‡ÎB K‡qK Rb e¨w³ †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q _v‡K| d‡j GKRb m`m¨ ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Kvh©μ‡g AskMÖnY
K‡i KLbI GKwU BDwb‡Ui †bZ…Z¡ †`evi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib| Gfv‡e ivóªxq †bZ…Z¡ †`evi g‡Zv †bZ…Z¡I m„wó
nq|
(L) RbMY‡K msNe× Kiv: ivR‰bwZK `j GKwU msNe× Rbmgwó| RvZxq I Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© wewfbœ wel‡q
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m`m¨MY mvaviY RbMY‡K HK¨e× K‡i _v‡Kb| `‡ji bxwZ Av`©k I Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g
`‡ji m`m¨ msL¨v e„w× K‡i _v‡K|
(M) ivóª cwiPvjbv: P~ovšÍ wePv‡i ivR‰bwZK `jB ivóª cwiPvjbv K‡i _v‡K| wbe©vP‡b †h `j msL¨vMwiôZv jvf
K‡i ZvivB mvaviYZ miKvi MVb K‡i| Gfv‡e Zviv bxwZ Av`k© I wbe©vPwb cÖwZkÖæwZ Abyhvqx ivóª cwiPvjbv
K‡i|
(N) ivR‰bwZK m‡PZbZv m„wó: ivóªweÁvbx I `vk©wbK Gwi÷Uj Gi g‡Z gvbyl gvÎB mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK Rxe|
ZvB ivRbxwZi cÖwZ mK‡ji GKUv AvKl©Y _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K ivR‰bwZK `j Zv‡`i e³…Zv, †mwgbvi, c_mfv,
wbe©vPbx cÖPvi I wewfbœ Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g mvaviY RbMY‡K ivR‰bwZKfv‡e m‡PZb K‡i _v‡K| d‡j †Kvb
bvMwiK mivmwi ivR‰bwZK `‡ji m`m¨ bv n‡jI Zvi ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nq| hv Zv‡K
Av`k© bvMwiK n‡Z mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
(O) RvZxq mgm¨v wPwýZKiY: we¯Í…Z mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK `j †`‡ki mvgwMÖK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K©
AewnZ _v‡K| d‡j RvZxq †Kvb mgm¨v mn‡RB wPwýZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| miKvwi `j n‡j Zv mivmwi mgvavb
Kvh©μg MÖnY K‡i Ab¨w`‡K we‡ivax `j n‡j Zv‡`i Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g mgm¨v I mgvavb m¤ú‡K© miKv‡ii Dci
Pvc m„wó K‡i|
(P) MVbg~jK we‡ivaxZv Kiv: we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv miKv‡ii Kvh©μ‡gi f~jÎæwU awi‡q w`‡q _v‡K| wewfbœ
Bm~¨‡Z miKv‡ii MVbg~jK mgv‡jvPbv K‡i|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 96

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’v ivR‰bwZK `j Qvov A_©nxb| G ‡ÿ‡Î ivR‰bwZK `j MYZ‡š¿i cÖnix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
ivóªxq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq, Rb¸iæZ¡c~Y© Bm~¨mn mKj wel‡q ivR‰bwZK `j mvaviY RbMY‡K HK¨e× K‡I _v‡K|
mvaviY RbMY GK ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK Ávb AR©b K‡i Ges ivRbxwZ‡Z RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY e„w× †c‡q MYZ‡š¿I g~j
jÿ¨ AwR©Z nq|

ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bwZevPK w`K

ivR‰bwZK `j A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wKš‘ Dbœqbkxj I AbybœZ †`k¸‡jvi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi †Zgb
DbœwZ bv nIqvq ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jv A‡bK mgq MVbg~jK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| we‡kl K‡i ÿgZvmxb
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji weiæ‡× `ybx©wZ, ¯^RbcÖxwZ, we‡ivax `j `gb Kivi g‡Zv A‡bK Awf‡hvM D‡V|
Abw`‡K we‡ivax `j¸‡jv miKvwi `j‡K mn‡hvwMZv bv K‡i we‡ivaxZvi LvwZ‡i we‡ivaxZv K‡i †`‡ki Dbœqb‡K
evavMÖ¯’ K‡i| we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `j A‡bK mgq †`k we‡ivax lohš¿, ¸ßnZ¨v, ivR‰bwZK mwnsmZv m„wó K‡i
_v‡K|
†gv‡Ui Dci eZ©gvb ivR‰bwZK `j Qvov ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’v m¤úyY© bq| Z‡e ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi Af¨šÍ‡i
MYZ‡š¿i PP©v bv _vK‡j `j †`‡ki Dbœq‡b Kvh©Ki f‚wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i bv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Dbœqbkxj †`‡k ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bwZevPK Kg©KvÛ D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
ivR‰bwZK `‡ji cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eZ©gv‡b cÖgvwYZ| Z‡e Gi ¸b I †`vl DfqB i‡q‡Q| †bZ…Z¡ m„wó,
mvsweavwbKfv‡e ÿgZvq hvIqvmn ivR‰bwZK `j Acwinvh© A‡bK KvR K‡i _v‡K| Avevi †Kvb †Kvb †ÿ‡Î
ivR‰bwZK `j miKvi‡K Amn‡hvwMZvI K‡i| we‡kl K‡i Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z msKxY© ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ
_vKvq miKvwi `j we‡ivax `j¸‡jv‡K `g‡bi †Póv K‡i| we‡ivax`jI †Kej we‡ivaxZvi Kvi‡Y we‡ivaxZv K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| †Kvb&& e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK `j Acwinvh©?
K) GKbvqKZš¿ L) ga¨Zš¿ M) MYZš¿ N) AwfRvZZš¿
2| ivR‰bwZK `j ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KviY.....|
i. †bZ…Z¡ m„wó K‡i
ii. ivóª cwiPvjbv K‡i
iii. A‡hŠw³K we‡ivaxZv K‡i

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. †KvbwUB bq

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 97

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-7.3 evsjv‡`‡ki D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ivR‰bwZK `j

(Political Parties of Bangladesh)
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Ae¯’vb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK `j m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wbeÜb, wbe©vPb, †RvU, †emvgwiKxKiY, m‡¤§jb, mfvcwZ, m¤úv`K, wefw³, cÖwZôv

¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q evsjv‡`‡k kZvwaK ivR‰bwZK `‡ji Avwef©ve n‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b AwaKvsk
`‡jiB ‡Zgb †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ cvIqv hvq bv| A‡bK¸‡jv wQj mvBb‡evW© me©¯^ †KvbwU ev e¨w³ me©¯^
†KvbwU c¨vW me©¯^| bvbv Kvi‡Y wbe©vP‡b ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi RvgvbvZ ev‡Rqvß nZ| A‡bK `j wbe©vP‡b
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖv_©x g‡bvqbI w`‡Z cv‡i wb| G ai‡bi cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wbe©vPb Kwgkb mKj ivR‰bwZK `‡ji wbeÜb
eva¨Zvg~jK K‡i| eZ©gv‡b 41wU wbewÜZ ivR‰bwZK `j i‡q‡Q| Zvi g‡a¨ †_‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© K‡qKwU `‡ji cwiwPwZ
wb‡P Zz‡j aiv nj|
evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM
1949 mv‡ji 23 Ryb cÖwZwôZ AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM †_‡KB evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Rb¥| cieZ©x‡Z 1955
mv‡j `jwUi bvg †_‡K gymwjg kãwU ev` w`‡q AvIqvgx jxM Kiv nq| gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx Ges
kvgmyj nK wQ‡jb cÖ_g mfvcwZ I mvaviY m¤úv`K| 1966 mv‡j †kL gywReyi ingvb `jwUi mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ
nb| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡× 1971 mv‡j AvIqvgx jxM AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i| evOvwj RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿, ag© wbi‡cÿZv I †kvlYgyw³ G PviwU g~jbxwZi Dci `jwU cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡K †`k cybM©Vb, ˆ¯^ivPvi we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb, MYZš¿ cÖwZôvq `jwU Abe`¨ Ae`vb †i‡L‡Q|
1981 mvj †_‡K †kL nvwmbv `jwUi mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Qb| eZ©gvb gnv‡RvU miKv‡ii g~j `j nj
evsjv‡`k AvIqvgx jxM|
evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (we.Gb.wc.)
¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mg‡q MwVZ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ e„nËg nj evsjv‡`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (weGbwc)|
ZrKvjxb ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingvb 1978 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤^‡i wewfbœ RvZxqZvev`x kwiK `j mgš^‡q evsjv‡`k
RvZxqZvev`x `j (we.Gb. wc.) cÖwZôv K‡ib| XvKvi igbv MÖx‡b wZwb G †NvlYv †`b| we.Gb. wcÕi `jxq msweavb
Abyhvqx Zv‡`i ivRbxwZi g~jbxwZ nj- me©kw³gvb Avjøvni Dci c~Y© Av¯’v I wek¦vm, RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿,
mgvRZš¿ (A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK b¨vqwePvi A‡_©)| cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K `jwU G ch©šÍ 1979, 1991 I 2001
mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf K‡i miKvi cwiPvjbv K‡i| `jwUi eZ©gvb mfvcwZ †eMg Lv‡j`v wRqv|
RvZxq cvwU©
ZrKvjxb †mbvkvmK û‡mBb gynv¤§` Gikv` 1986 mv‡ji 1 Rvbyqvwi RvZxq cvwU© cÖwZôv K‡ib| g~jZ mvgwiK
ÿgZvi †emvgwiKxKi‡Yi Ask wn‡m‡e wZwb `jwU cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb| RvZxq msm` wbe©vP‡b `jwU `yB evi (1986
I 1988) msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK `j G `yÕwU wbe©vPbB eR©b K‡i| 1990 mv‡j Ab¨vb¨
ivR‰bwZK¸‡jvi mw¤§wjZ Av‡›`vj‡b RvZxq cvwU© ÿgZv Qvo‡Z eva¨ nq| RvZxq cvwU©i †bZv û‡mBb gynv¤§`
Gikv` ˆ¯^ivPvi wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ nb| 2000 mv‡j †bZ…‡Z¡i ؇›Ø RvZxq cvwU© wZbwU As‡k fvM n‡q hvq|
eZ©gv‡b Gikv` †bZ…Z¡vaxb RvZxq cvwU© RvZxq msm‡` we‡ivax `‡ji f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 98

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evsjv‡`k Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgx

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BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 100

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BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 101

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BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 102

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eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
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BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 103

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wbe©vPb Kwgkb MwVZ n‡e| wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi MVb †Kgb n‡e Zvi wbw`©ó †Kvb AvBb †bB| G welqwU ivóªcwZi
GLwZqvivaxb| ivóªcwZ mvaviYZ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi mv‡_ Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i mvP© KwgwU MVb K‡ib| G mvP©
KwgwU wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi Rb¨ †hvM¨ m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ K‡i| ivóªcwZ Zv‡`i ga¨ †_‡K cÖavb wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi Ges
Ab¨vb¨ wbe©vPb Kwgkbvi wb‡qvM K‡ib| Zuviv mvaviYZ 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨ wb‡qvMcÖvß nb| wbe©vPb KwgkbviMY
ivóªcwZ‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡i wjwLZ ¯^xq ¯^vÿihy³ c‡Îi gva¨‡g c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z cv‡ib| XvKvi AvMviMuvI G wbe©vPb
Kwgk‡bi wbR¯^ GKwU mwPevjq i‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq I RvZxq wbe©vPb myôzfv‡e m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ mviv †`‡k Kwgk‡bi
Kvh©vjq I Rbej i‡q‡Q| wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi gZ gnvhÁ m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖkvm‡bi me©¯Í‡ii m`m¨MY wbe©vPb
Kwgkb‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K| cy‡iv cÖwμqvwU msweav‡b ewY©Z wb‡`©kvewj I Ab¨vb¨ AvBb Øviv cwiPvwjZ nq|
eZ©gv‡b (2006) †`‡k 26wU wbe©vPwb AvBb, wewa I Aa¨v‡`k Kvh©Ki i‡q‡Q|

ÿgZv I Kvh©vewj
msweav‡bi 119, 121, 122, 123 I 124 Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx wbe©vPb Kwgkb
(1) ivóªcwZ, msm` m`m¨‡`i wbe©vPb Abyôvb Ki‡e
(2) ivóªcwZ I msm` m`m¨ wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖYqb Ki‡e
(3) msm` wbe©vP‡bi Rb¨ wbe©vPbx GjvKv wba©viY Ki‡e
(4) GjvKv wfwËK †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖYqb
(5) msweav‡bi weavb mv‡c‡ÿ wbe©vPb msμvšÍ mKj wel‡q weavb cÖYqb Ki‡Z cvi‡e

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 104

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

GQvovI BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †Rjv cwil`, wmwU K‡c©v‡ikbmn me ai‡bi ¯’vbxq wbe©vPb AbyôvbI
wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡| wbe©vPb Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ Zdwmj †NvlYv, g‡bvqbcÎ MÖnY I hvPvB-evQvB, wbe©vPbx AvPiY
wewa ch©‡eÿY I †fv‡Ui kvwšÍc~Y© cwi‡ek eRvq ivLv me wel‡qB wbe©vPb Kwgkb‡K `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z nq|
evsjv‡`‡k †fv‡Ui djvdj mvaviYZ H w`bB ‡fvUvi I cÖv_x©i Dcw¯’wZ‡Z cÖKvk Ki‡Z nq| GB djvdjwU
†emiKvwi djvdj| cieZx©‡Z wbe©vPb Kwgkb †M‡RU AvKv‡i A_©vr miKvwifv‡e djvdj cÖKvk K‡i| wbe©vP‡bi
mgq wbe©vPb Kwgkb kvmb wefv‡Mi wbKU cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZv †c‡Z cv‡i|

cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’vi Rb¨ GKwU ¯^vaxb I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vPb Kwgkb Acwinvh©| evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡bi aviv Abyhvqx GKwU ¯^vaxb wbe©vPb Kwgkb i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ bvbvwea Kvi‡Y GwU GLbI †Zgb MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv
AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i wb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wbe©vPbx ms¯’v ej‡Z Kx ey‡Sb?

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPbx ms¯’vi bvg wbe©vPb Kwgkb evsjv‡`k| ivóªcwZ 5 eQ‡ii Rb¨ Kwgkbvi‡`i wb‡qvM K‡ib|
wbe©vPb Kwgkb RvZxq, ¯’vbxq, ivóªcwZ wbe©vPbmn MY‡fvU Abyôvb K‡i _v‡K| wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi wbR¯^ Kvh©vjq
I Rbej i‡q‡Q| Z‡e msweav‡bi aviv g‡Z wbe©vP‡bi mgq Kwgk‡bi Pvwn`v †gvZv‡eK kvmb wefvM wbe©vPb
Kwgkb‡K mn‡hvwMZv K‡i _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.6

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki KZ Aby‡”Q‡` wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi `vwqZ¡ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q?
(K) 117 (L) 118 (M) 119 (N) 120
2| evsjv‡`‡ki wbe©vPb Kwgk‡bi KvR njÑ
i. †fvUvi ZvwjKv cÖYqb
ii. wbe©vPb Abyôvb Kiv
iii. ivR‰bwZK `j MVb Kiv

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) i L. i I ii M. i I iii N. meKwU

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 105

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| RvZxq msm‡` bvix‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ Avmb KZwU?
(K) 45 (L) 50 (M) 300 (N) 350
QKwU gb‡hvM w`‡q ch©‡eÿY K‡i Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi mgvavb Kiæb

MYZ‡š¿ ÔKÕ `‡ji KvR

wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g MVbg~jK ivR‰bwZK RbgZ MVb †bZ…Z¡ ˆZwi

wbqgZvwš¿K Dcv‡q mgv‡jvPbv wkÿv`vb
miKvi MVb
2| MYZ‡š¿i weKv‡k ¸iæZ¡c~Y©-
i. myôz I wbi‡cÿ wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g miKvi MVb Kiv|
ii. `jxq Kg©x‡`i gZvgZ‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`Iqv|
iii. miKv‡ii Kv‡R we‡ivax `‡ji MVbg~jK we‡ivaxZv|
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L. ii I iii M. i I iii N. i, ii I iii
3| Q‡Ki `jwUi f~wgKv¸‡jv cvjb Ki‡Z mnR n‡e-
(K) ivRZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq (L) mgvRZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq
(M) GKbvqKZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq (N) MYZvwš¿K kvmbe¨e¯’vq

m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

2008 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k beg RvZxq wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| G wbe©vP‡b gqgbwms‡ni GKwU Avmb †_‡K ÔKÕ I ÔLÕ
cÖv_©x cÖwZØw›ØZv K‡i| Zviv †fvUvi‡`i evwo‡Z evwo‡Z †h‡q Zv‡`i mgm¨vi K_v †kv‡bb| GQvovI Zviv wbe©vPbx
GjvKvi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b wgwUs, mfv, gvBwKs I wgwQj Kg©m~wP cvjb K‡ib| wbe©vP‡b †fvUviMY ÔKÕ e¨w³‡K mr, †hvM¨
I wbôvevb g‡b K‡i †fvU w`‡q weRqx K‡ib|
(K) †Kvb miKvi e¨e¯’vq ivR‰bwZK `‡ji f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©?
(L) ivR‰bwZK g~j jÿ¨ †KvbwU?
(M) ÔKÕ e¨w³‡K †Kvb c×wZ‡Z wbe©vwPZ Kiv nq? eY©bv w`b|
(N) wbe©vP‡b ÔKÕ I ÔLÕ cÖv_©xi Kv‡Ri ga¨ w`‡q ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †Kvb †Kvb cÖavb Kv‡Ri cÖwZdjb jÿ¨
K‡i‡Qb? Dˇii c‡ÿ hyw³ w`b|
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.1 : 1| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.2 : 1| M 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.3 : 1| L 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.4 : 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.5 : 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-7.6 : 1| L 2| L

BDwbU mvZ c„ôv 106

 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v
(Local Government of Bangladesh)

iv‡óªi kvmbKvh© mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvq ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii Awe‡”Q` Ask wnmv‡e M‡o
D‡V‡Q| GB miKvi e¨e¯’v M‡o IVvi g~j KviY n‡”Q ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi mgm¨v ¯’vbxqfv‡e mgvavb Kiv|
evsjv‡`‡kI G ai‡bi miKvi e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q| ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vq RbMY iv‡óªi kvmb Kv‡h©
cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cvq| ZvB ivóª cwiPvjbv I Dbœq‡b ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi f‚wgKv Acwimxg|
G BDwb‡U ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi wewfbœ KvVv‡gv, MVb, ÿgZv, Kvh©vewj I Av‡qi Drm m¤ú‡K© Rvbv‡bv n‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 3 mßvn

cvV-8.1 ¯’vbxq miKvi

(Local Government)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 ¯’vbxq miKvi Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †cŠi, Dbœqb, AeKvVv‡gv, †mev, Z„Yg~j

¯’vbxq miKvi nj iv‡ó«i †fŠMwjK Ae¯’v‡bi wfwˇZ wef³ Kiv ÿy`«Zi kvmb KvVv‡gv| GwU nj
†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ewa©Z I mnvqK Ask| ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v wbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i Øviv
cwiPvwjZ nq| ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡b f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii
mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i wfwˇZ ¯’vbxq miKvi `yB iK‡gi nq h_v-¯’vbxq cÖkvmb I ¯’vbxq ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ miKvi| ¯’bxq
cÖkvmb miKv‡ii wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K| ¯’vbxq cÖkvm‡bi mvwe©K `vwq‡Z¡ _v‡Kb cÖkvmK whwb †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii Øviv
wb‡qvM cÖvß n‡q wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx hveZxq Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡Kb| evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq ¯^vqZ¡kvwmZ
miKv‡ii D`vniY nj-†Rjv cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, BDwbqb cwil`, kniv‡j †cŠimfv I wmwU
K‡c©v‡ikb Ges cve©Z¨ PÆM«v‡g we‡kl ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v| ¯’vbxq cÖkvmb I ¯’vbxq miKvi mw¤§wjZfv‡e
cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ hveZxq Kvh©vewj m¤úv`b K‡i|
¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi MVb cÖK…wZ
RbM‡Yi cÖ‡qvRb I Avkv AvKv•Lvi aviK-evnK wnmv‡e ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| ¯’vbxq miKvi
e¨e¯’v `yB ai‡bi| (K) kni ev †cŠi ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v Ges (L) MÖvgxY ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v|
(K) kni ev †cŠi ¯’vbxq miKvi; kni ev kn‡i cwiYZ n‡”Q Ggb GjvKvi Dbœqb I we‡kl †mev cÖ`v‡bi
Rb¨ G¸‡jv MVb Kiv nq| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡k †cŠimfv, weª‡U‡b e‡iv (Borough) BZ¨vw`|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

(L) MÖvgxY ¯’vbxq miKvi: MÖvg GjvKvi †mevi aiY GKUz wfbœ| ZvB MÖvgxY miKviI kû‡i ¯’vbxq miKvi
†_‡K wfbœ nq| †hgb- evsjv‡`‡k BDwbqb cwil`|
¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
MYZš¿‡K kw³kvjxKiY Ges Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vcK| eZ©gvb iv󪸇jvi AvqZb I RbmsL¨v DfqB †ewk| Ab¨w`‡K iv󪸇jv Kj¨vYg~jK
fveavivi w`‡K avweZ n‡”Q| hvi d‡j miKvi RbM‡Yi †`vi †Mvovq †mev †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cÖwZkÖæwZe×| MÖvgxY
GB Dbœqb †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii GKvi c‡ÿ m¤úbœ Kiv KwVb| Avi ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki mgMÖ cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v‡K
MÖvg ch©v‡q †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi R‡b¨ MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v| hvi Øviv Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi mKj
Kg©KvÐ cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡e| A_©vr kvmb I †mev cÖ`vb `y Kvi‡YB miKvi‡K Z…Yg~‡j n‡”Q| wb¤œiƒc
Kvi‡Y ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AcwimxgÑ
(K) MÖvgxY GjvKvi cÖwZ miKv‡ii `„wó`vb t ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v MV‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj MÖvgxb RbM‡Yi
Ae¯’v Dbœq‡b †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii `„wó`vb| †hgb- ¯^v¯’¨ Kg‡cø· ¯’vcb, K…wli Dbœq‡b †mP e¨e¯’v MÖnY
BZ¨vw`|
(L) `ªæZ I mnR wePvi e¨e¯’v t wePvi e¨e¯’v‡K RbM‡Yi `vicÖv‡šÍ †cuŠ‡Q †`evi R‡b¨ Dc‡Rjv ch©v‡q
†dŠR`vix †KvU© ¯’vcb Kiv, †QvU LvU Aciv‡ai wePv‡ii R‡b¨ mvwjkxi e¨e¯’v Kiv hv‡Z MÖvgxY RbMY
mn‡RB AvB‡bi Avkªq MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b MÖvg Av`vjZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv ivL‡Q|
(M) MÖvgxY AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb t mvgvwRK mgm¨v wbim‡bi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi c_ myMg K‡i|
¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v cjøx GjvKvi †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ mvab, miKvwi Awd‡mi kvLv m¤cÖmviY,
iv¯ÍvNvU, KvjfvU©, ¯‹zj, K‡jR ¯’vcb I Z`viwK K‡i _v‡K|
kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q MYZš¿ cÖwZôv Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i| m”QZv I Revew`wnZvi PP©v
Ges mKj Kvh©μ‡g RbM‡Yi Kvh©Ki AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g mykvmb cÖwZôvi c_ myMg Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
RbM‡Yi mv‡_ wbweo m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi D‡Ïk¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡LB ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wkÿv_©xi KvR ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
¯’vbxq miKvi nj ¯’vbxq RbM‡Yi Øviv cwiPvwjZ ÿz`ª cwim‡ii kvmb e¨e¯’v| GB miKvi wbe©vwPZ,
Awbe©vwPZ ev g‡bvbxZ n‡Z cv‡i| miKv‡ii RbKj¨vYg~jK Kvh©μg cwiPvjbvq ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii f~wgKv
Ab¯^xKvh©| kni I MÖvgxY ch©v‡qi AeKvVv‡gv Dbœqb, wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I ¯’vbxq wePvi e¨e¯’v cwiPvjbvi g‡Zv
¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR¸‡jv ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii gva¨‡g cwiPvwjZ nq| ¯’vbxq miKvi Zvi Kvh©μ‡gi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq
RbM‡Yi wbKU `vqe× _v‡K d‡j e„nËi fv‡e miKv‡ii Revew`wnZv wbwðZ nq| Gfv‡e mykvmb cÖwZôvq
eZ©gv‡b ¯’vbxq miKvi Acwinvh© n‡q DV‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi Ask bq .....|
(i) †K›`ªxq miKvi (ii) wePvi wefvM (iii) gwš¿cwil` (iv) †Rjv cÖkvmb
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?
(K) i + iv (L) iii + iv (M) ii + iii (N) i + ii + iii

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 108

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.2 evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi ¯^iƒc

(Nature of the Local Government of Bangladesh)
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi ¯^iƒc Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi mvsweavwbK wfwË ej‡Z cvieb|

gyL¨ kã msweavb, ¯Íi, Rb AskMÖnY, ¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa, Z…Yg~j, ÿgZv e›Ub

evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi BwZnvm evsjv‡`‡k Afyq`‡qi BwZnv‡mi gZB cyi‡bv| ‡gvNj
I weªwUk Avgj †cwi‡q bvbv AvbyôvwbKZv I AvBwb cÖwμqvi ga¨ w`‡q eZ©gvb KvVv‡gv cÖwZwôZ
n‡q‡Q| Awef³ cvwK¯Ív‡bI G iKg ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj Ges evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi c‡i ¯’vbxq
miKvi e¨e¯’vq bZyb gvÎv †hvM nq| hvi cÖwZdjb N‡U 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡b| evsjv‡`‡k wZb ¯Íiwewkó
¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v we`¨gvb| G ¯Íi¸‡jv nj-†Rjv cwil`, Dc‡Rjv cwil`, Ges me‡P‡q wb‡Pi BDwbU
BDwbqb cwil`| kn‡i †cŠimfv I wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g AvÂwjK cwil` I †Rjv
cwil` i‡q‡Q| MÖvg ev Gi wbKUeZ©x nj BDwbqb I Dc‡Rjv cwil`| BDwbqb cwil` ¯’vbxq miKvi
KvVv‡gvi me©‡kl I Kvh©Kix ¯Íi e‡j we‡ewPZ| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g we‡kl ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cvkvcvwk †cŠimfv I
wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb i‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi

¯’vbxq miKvi gš¿Yvjq cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg welqK gš¿Yvjq
 
kniwfwËK ¯’vbxq miKvi MÖvgwfwËK ¯’vbxq miKvi cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil`
wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb †Rjv cwil` ev›`ieb cvnvox †Rjv cwil`
†cŠimfv Dc†Rjv cwil` ivOvgvwU cvnvox †Rjv cwil`
BDwbqb cwil` LvMovQwo cvnvox †Rjv cwil`

evsjv‡`‡ki mKj ch©v‡q MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z ¯’vbxq miKvi MV‡bi weavb i‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ cÖwZwU ¯Í‡ii
GjvKv‡K IqvW© wnmv‡e fvM Kiv nq| cÖwZwU IqvW© †_‡K RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U cÖwZwbwa wbe©vwPZ nq| Z‡e
†Rjv cwil` wbe©vP‡b †Kej Iqv‡W©i m`m¨‡`i †fvUvwaKvi i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨KwU ¯Í‡iB bvix cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡bi
we‡kl weavb i‡q‡Q|
msweav‡b ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v msμvšÍ weavb
evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b Z…bg~j ch©v‡q MYZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v mycÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi‡K cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jK
cÖwZôvb Ges GKB mv‡_ RbM‡Yi AskMÖn‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gva¨g wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki
msweav‡b ¯’vbxq miKvi m¤ú‡K© 4wU Aby‡”Q` i‡q‡Q (Aby‡”Q` 9, 11, 59 Ges 60)| Gme Aby‡”Q‡` ¯’vbxq
miKv‡ii f~wgKv I Kvh©KvwiZv wel‡q my¯úó e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
we‡kl K‡i 59(1) bs Aby‡”Q‡` ejv n‡q‡Q, ÒAvBb †gvZv‡eK wbe©vwPZ e¨w³‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ
cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Dci cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖ‡Z¨K cÖkvmwbK GKvs‡ki ¯’vbxq kvm‡bi fvi cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|Ó

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 109

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

60 bs Aby‡”Q‡` Ò¯’vbxq kvmb-msμvšÍ cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K ¯’vbxq cÖ‡qvR‡b Ki Av‡ivc Kivi ÿgZvmn ev‡RU
cÖ¯‘ZKiY Ges wbR¯^ Znwej iÿbv‡eÿ‡Yi ÿgZv cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|Ó G Aby‡”Q‡` ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZôvb‡K
Avw_©K ÿgZv cÖ`v‡bi weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q|
msweav‡bi ¯’vbxq miKvi mswkøó Aby‡”Q` we‡kølY K‡i †`Lv hvq-
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb kw³kvjx ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó GjvKvi ¯’vbxq cÖwZwbwa‡`i mgš^‡q MwVZ
¯’vbxq e¨e¯’vi KvVv‡gv wbY©q K‡i w`‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b K…lK, kªwgK I bvix cÖwZwbwa‡`i mgš^‡q GB cÖwZôvb
MwVZ n‡e| ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii ÿgZvI GBfv‡e wbY©q Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, cÖRvZ‡š¿i cÖwZwU cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gvi
ÿgZv wewa †gvZv‡eK ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi Kv‡Q b¨¯Í _vK‡e| ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii wewfbœ cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K
cÖkvmwbK, wePvi wefvMxq, Avw_©K, Dbœqbg~jK f~wgKv cÖf„wZ †ÿ‡Î ¯^vqËkvmb †`qv n‡e| GB ¯^vqËkvmb
†Kw›`ªq I ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii g‡a¨ ÿgZv fvMvfvwMi gva¨‡g ïay mykvm‡b Ae`vb ivL‡e Zv bq eis DËg †mev
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Kg©m~wPmg~‡ni e¨e¯’vcbvq AwaK mvd‡j¨i wbðqZv weavb Ki‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii mvsweavwbK wfwË eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨ve¯’vi `xN© BwZnvm i‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxbZvi ci cÖYxZ msweav‡b ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii
Dci †Rvi †`qv nq| evsjv‡`‡k wZb ¯Íi wewkó ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q-BDwbqb cwil`, Dc‡Rjv
cwil` Ges †Rjv cwil`| ZvQvov cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g we‡kl ai‡bi ¯’vbxq miKvi we`¨gvb| evsjv‡`‡ki
¯’vbxq miKv‡i Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi K…lK, kÖwgK I bvixi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖwZwbwaZ¡ _v‡K|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v Kq ¯Íiwewkó?
(K) GK (L) `yB
(M) wZb (N) cuvP

(2) evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb ¯’vbxq miKvi‡K Avw_©K ÿgZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q ....|
(i) Aby‡”Q` 59(1) Øviv (ii) Aby‡”Q` 9 Øviv
(iii) Aby‡”Q` 60 Øviv (iv) Aby‡”Q` 9 I 60 Øviv

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

(K) i (L) iii (M) iv (N) i + iii

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 110

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.3 BDwbqb cwil` (Union Council)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 BDwbqb cwil‡`i MVb we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 BDwbqb cwil‡`i Kvh©vewj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 BDwbqb cwil‡`i Av‡qi Drm m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|

gyL¨ kã MÖvgxY, IqvW©, msiwÿZ, iÿYv‡eÿY, K…wl Dbœqb, Ki Av‡ivc, BRviv, †Uvj

89 nvRvi MÖvg Aay¨wlZ †`k evsjv‡`k| mvaviYZ cÖvq 15-20 nvRvi †jvK Aay¨wlZ 10-15wU
MÖvg wb‡q GKwU BDwbqb| GKwU BDwbqb 9wU Iqv‡W© wef³| cÖ‡Z¨K IqvW© †_‡K GK Rb K‡i
9wU IqvW© †_‡K 9 Rb mvaviY m`m¨ RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| GKRb wbe©vwPZ †Pqvig¨vb, bÕRb
wbe©vwPZ mvaviY m`m¨ I wZb Rb wbe©vwPZ bvix m`m¨ (msiwÿZ Avm‡b) i‡q‡Q|
cÖwZ wZb IqvW© ‡_‡K GKRb gwnjv m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ nb| Kvh©vjq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GK Rb mwPe wb‡qvM Kiv
nq| hw`I BDwbqb cwil‡`i ‡gqv` 5 eQi, m`m¨‡`i `yB-Z…Zxqvs‡ki Abv¯’v †fv‡Ui gva¨‡g ‡Pqvig¨vb I
Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡`i AcmviY Kiv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b BDwbqb cwil‡`i msL¨v 4450 wU|
Kvh©vewj
BDwbqb cwil` MÖvgxY Rb Rxe‡b Lye ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| MÖvgxY mgm¨v `~ixKiY, MYm‡PZbZv e„w×
I `vwqZ¡kxj †bZ…Z¡ ˆZwi Kivi j‡ÿ¨ BDwbqb cwil` ¸iæZ¡cyY© Ae`vb iv‡L| wb‡¤œ †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv
nj-
1| BDwbqb cwil` iv¯ÍvNvU, †mZz, KvjfvU© wbg©vY I iÿYv‡eÿY Ges iv¯Ívi av‡i e„ÿ‡ivcY K‡i|
2| Rbc_, ivRc_ I miKvwi ¯’v‡b Av‡jv R¡vjv‡bv|
3| miKvwi ¯’vb, Db¥y³ RvqMv, D`¨vb I †Ljvi gvV Gi e¨e¯’v I iÿYv‡eÿY|
4| K…wl Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ BDwbqb cwil` DbœZgv‡bi exR, mvi I KxUbvkK mieivn I AwaK Lv`¨ Drcv`‡b
Drmvn cÖ`vb K‡i|
5| grm¨ Pvl, cïcvjb I cïm¤ú` Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY|
6| Rb¯^v¯’¨ iÿvi Rb¨ BDwbqb cwil` cwi‡ek cwi¯‹vi cwiÓQbœ ivLvi e¨e¯’v K‡i| gqjv AveR©bv †djv,
cÖvYx RevB, Mevw` cïi †Mvmj, gqjv Kvco-†Pvco †avqv BZ¨vw` wbqš¿Y K‡i|
7| wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii I wbiÿiZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ BDwbqb cwil` Mwie I †gavex wkÿv_©x‡`i e„wË cÖ`vb, eq¯‹
wkÿv`vb †K›`ª I jvB‡eªwi ¯’vcb BZ¨vw` K‡i|
8| BDwbqb cwil` RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y MYm‡PZbZv ˆZwi K‡i Ges RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq
DcKiY Aí Li‡P mn‡R cvIqvi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
9| wPwKrmvi Rb¨ `vZe¨ nvmcvZvj cÖwZôv K‡i|
10| RbM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KzwUi wkí ¯’vcb I mgevq Av‡›`vjb cwiPvjbv K‡i|
11| Kei¯’vb, k¦k¥vb, Rbmvavi‡Yi mfvi ¯’vb I Rbmvavi‡Yi Ab¨vb¨ m¤úwËi iÿYv‡eÿY I cwiPvjbv
K‡i|
12| Lvevi cvwbi R‡b¨ msiwÿZ Kzc, cyKzi ev cvwb mieiv‡n Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vb msiÿY Kiv|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 111
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

13| BDwbqb cwil` Rb¥-g„Zz¨ I weevn †iwR÷vi iÿYv‡eÿY K‡i|

14| eb¨v I Ab¨vb¨ cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq BDwbqb cwil` `y:¯’‡`i mvnvq¨ I cybe©vm‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
15| BDwbqb cwil` wbR Awd‡mi e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi Ki avq© I Av`vq K‡i Ges wewfbœ ai‡bi
ivR¯^ msMÖ‡n miKvi‡K mnvqZv K‡i|
16| MÖvgxY Rxe‡bi wewfbœ we‡iva wb®úwËi e¨e¯’v Ges †`Iqvwb I †QvU Lv‡Uv †dŠR`vwi gvgjvi wePvi
BDwbqb cwil` Ki‡Z cv‡i|
17| BDwbqb cwil‡`i gZ GKB Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi mv‡_ mn‡hvwMZv ¯’vcb K‡i|
18| BDwbq‡bi evwm›`v ev cwi`k©bKvix Dbœqb, ¯^v¯’¨, wbivcËv, Avivg-Av‡qm ev my‡hvM-myweavi R‡b¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq Ab¨vb¨ e¨e¯’v MÖnY|
Av‡qi Drm
BDwbqb cwil‡`i Av‡qi Drm wb¤œiƒc:
(1) evwoNi, `vjvb-†KvVvi Dci Ki
(2) Rb¥, weevn I †fv‡Ri Dci wd
(3) MÖvg cywjk †iU
(4) Rb¯^v‡_© we‡kl Kj¨vYKi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wd
(5) nvU evRvi, Rjgnvj, †dwiNvU BRviv I †Uvj msMÖn
(6) wm‡bgv, w_‡qUvi, hvÎv, mvK©vm, †gjv BZ¨vw`i Dci Ki
(7) hvbevn‡bi Dci Ki, jvB†mÝ, cviwgU wd
(8) miKvi KZ…©K cÖ`Ë eivÏ/Aby`vb BZ¨vw`|

wkÿv_©xi KvR BDwbqb cwil‡`i Avw_©K mÿgZv eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi wb‡Pi w`‡K me‡P‡q Kvh©Ki BDwbU nj BDwbqb cwil`| BDwbqb
cwil‡`i ‡Pqvig¨vb, mvaviY m`m¨ I gwnjv m`m¨MY RbM‡bi mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| MÖvgxY mgm¨v
`~ixKiY, Dbœqb Kv‡R mnvqZv, m‡PZbZv e…w× I `vwqZ¡kxj †bZ…Z¡ ‰Zwi Ki‡Z BDwbqb cwil` ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| BDwbqb cwil‡` mvaviY m`m¨ I msiwÿZ gwnjv m`m¨‡`i Avm‡bi AbycvZ KZ?
(K) 3 t 4 (L) 2 t 3 (M) 3 t 1 (N) 4 t 2
2| BDwbqb cwil` †h me Kg©KvÐ m¤úv`b K‡i Zv nj Ñ
(i) iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY (ii) e„ÿ‡ivcb
(iii) DbœZgv‡bi exR I KxUbvkK mieivn (iv) bvix I wkï wbh©vZb †iv‡a e¨e¯’v †bqv
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?
(K) i + ii (L) iv (M) iii (N) i + ii + iii

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 112

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.4 Dc‡Rjv cwil` (Upazila Council)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i MVb Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i Kvh©vewj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i Av‡qi Drm Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã _vbv, Dc‡Rjv, wbe©vwPZ, wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v, mgš^q, Ki Av‡ivc, Dbœqb

1982 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Dc‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ nq| _vbv¸‡jv‡K Dc‡Rjv bv‡g MY¨ K‡i
me©Î wbe©vwPZ cwil‡`i e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| 1991 mv‡j Dc‡Rjv cwil` wejyß Kiv n‡jI 1998
mv‡j Avevi Dc‡Rjv MV‡bi R‡b¨ AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq|
MVb
Dc‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ nq RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ GKRb †Pqvig¨vb, `yBRb fvBm †Pqvig¨vb (G‡`i
g‡a¨ GKRb n‡eb gwnjv fvBm †Pqvig¨vb gwnjv) Ges wKQz msL¨K m`m¨ wb‡q| mswkøó Dc‡Rjvi
GjvKvfy³ cÖ‡Z¨K †cŠimfv ev BDwbqb cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb ev †Pqvig¨v‡bi `vwqZ¡ cvjbKvix e¨w³ GB
cwil‡`i m`m¨ n‡eb| G Qvov Dc‡Rjv cwil‡` msiwÿZ c‡` wZbRb bvix m`m¨ g‡bvbxZ n‡q _v‡Kb|
2009 Dc†Rjv cwil` AvBb Abyhvqx msm` m`m¨MY cwil‡`i civgk©‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib| GB
cwil‡`i Kvh©Kvj 5 eQi| Dc‡Rjv wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v (BD.Gb.I.) cwil‡`i wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡ib| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k 490 wU Dc‡Rjv i‡q‡Q|
Kvh©vewj
Dc‡Rjv cwil` AvBb 2009 Abyhvqx GB cwil` wb¤œwjwLZ Kvh© m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡KÑ
1| BDwbqb cwil‡`i Dbœqb Kvh©μ‡gi mgš^q mvab K‡i|
2| cwil‡`i wbKU n¯ÍvšÍwiZ wewfbœ miKvwi `߇ii Kg©m~Px ev¯Íevqb I D³ `߇ii KvR Kg©mg~‡ni
ZË¡veavb Kiv|
3| †hvMv‡hvM I †fŠZ AeKvVv‡gv Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AvšÍ-BDwbqb ms‡hvMKvix iv¯Ív wbg©vY, †givgZ I
iÿYv‡eÿY K‡i|
4| K…wl Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ cï cvjb, grm¨ Pvl, ebR m¤ú` Dbœqb I †mP cÖKí MÖnYmn wewfbœ Dbœqb
Kvh©μg MÖnY K‡i|
5| gwnjv I wkï Dbœqb, mgvR Kj¨vY, hye, μxov I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡b mnvqZv `vb K‡i|
6| m¨vwb‡Ukb I cqwb®‹vkb e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ mvab I my‡cq cvbxq R‡ji mieivn e¨e¯’v MÖnY|
7| wkÿv cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ RbgZ ˆZwi Ges gva¨wgK I gv`ªvmv wkÿv Kvh©μ‡gi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ mswkøó
cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi Kvh©μg Z`viwK K‡i|
8| ÿz`ª I KzwUi wkí ¯’vcb I weKv‡ki Rb¨ Kvh©μg MÖnY K‡i|
9| mgevq mwgwZ I †emiKvwi †m”Qv‡mex cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡R mnvqZv cÖ`vb I Zv‡`i Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab
K‡i|
10| bvix I wkï wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡a RbgZ MVb K‡i| bvix I wkï wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡a cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY
K‡i|
11| cÖvK…wZK cwi‡ek msiÿY I Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ mvgvwRK ebvqb Kvh©μg MÖnY K‡i|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 113
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

12| AvZ¥:Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó I `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi R‡b¨ wbR D‡`¨v‡M Kg©m~Px MÖnY I ev¯Íevqb Kiv|
13| mš¿vm, Pzwi, WvKvwZ, †PvivPvjvb, gv`K`ªe¨ e¨envi BZ¨vw` Aciva msMwVZ nIqvi weiæ‡× RbgZ
m„wómn Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡ivag~jK Kvh©μg MÖnY|
14| BDwbqb cwil‡`i Kvh©μ‡gi mgš^q mvab I cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
Av‡qi Drm
Dc†Rjv cwil` AvBb 1998 (1998 mv‡ji 24 bs AvBb) Gi PZz_© Zdwm‡j D‡jøwLZ mKj ev †h †Kvb Ki
†iBU, †Uvj Ges wdm wba©vwiZ c×wZ‡Z Av‡ivc Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Gfv‡e Av‡qi Drm ¸‡jv nj t
1) Dc‡Rjvi AvIZvfy³ GjvKvq Aew¯’Z miKvi KZ…©K wba©vwiZ nvU-evRvi, n¯ÍvšÍwiZ Rjgnj I †dwiNvU
n‡Z BRvivi Avq|
2) †h mKj Dc‡Rjvq †cŠimfv MwVZ nqwb, †mLv‡b mxgvbv wba©viYc~e©K D³ mxgvbv ev _vbv m`‡ii g‡a¨
Aew¯’Z e¨emv-evwYR¨, cÖwZôvb I wkí-KviLvbvi Dci avh©K…Z Ki|
3) †h mKj Dc‡Rjvq †cŠimfv †bB †mLv‡b _vbv m`‡i Aew¯’Z wm‡bgv n‡ji Dci Ki, bvUK, w_‡qUvi ev
hvÎvi Dci wba©vwiZ Ki|
4) †emiKvwifv‡e Av‡qvwRZ †gjv, cÖ`k©bx I we‡bv`bg~jK Abyôv‡bi Dci avh©K…Z Ki|
5) iv¯Ív Av‡jvwKZKi‡Yi Dci Ki|
6) cwil` KZ…©K cÖ`Ë †mevi Dci avh©K…Z wd BZ¨vw`|
7) Dc‡Rjvi GjvKvfy³ m¤úwË n¯ÍvšÍi eve` Av`vqK…Z †iwR‡÷ªkb wd‡mi 1% Ges Av`vqK…Z f~wg Dbœqb
K‡ii 2%|
8) miKvi KZ…©K mg‡q mg‡q wb‡`©wkZ Ab¨ †Kvb Lv‡Zi Dci Av‡ivwcZ Ki, †iBU, †Uvj, wdm ev Ab¨
†Kvb Drm n‡Z AwR©Z Avq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’¨vq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯Íi nj Dc‡Rjv cwil`| 1982 mv‡j cÖ_g Dc‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ nq| GKRb
†Pqvig¨vb, `yBRb fvBm †Pqvig¨vb, Awafy³ BDwbqb cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vbe…›`, †cŠimfvi †gqi (hw` _v‡K) I
wZbRb gwnjv m`m¨ wb‡q Dc‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ| ZvQvov ¯’vbxq msm` m`m¨ Gi civgk©‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i cÖavb KvR nj BDwbqb cwil‡`i Kvh©μ‡gi mgš^q mvab Kiv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.4

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| KZ mv‡j evsjv‡`‡k Dc‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ nq?
(K) 1982 (L) 1981 (M) 1983 (N) 1991
2| Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i Av‡qi Drm Ñ
(i) KwoNi I `vjvb-†KvVvi Dci Ki (ii) MÖvg cywjk †iU
(iii) hvbevn‡bi Dci Ki (iv) †mevi Dci avh©K…Z wd

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU wbf©yj?

(K) iv + i (L) ii + iii (M) iii (N) iv

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 114

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.5 †Rjv cwil` (District Council)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 †Rjv cwil` Kxfv‡e MwVZ nq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Rjv cwil‡`i D‡jøL‡hvM¨ Kvh©vewj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †Rjv cwil` Gi Av‡qi Drm wK wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wbe©vPKgÛjx, †Pqvig¨vb, wbe©vnx, cwiKíbv cÖYqb, Z`viwK

†Rjv cwil` n‡”Q ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi| †Rjv cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb †Rjvi RbMY
Øviv mivmwi wbe©vP‡bi weavb ivLv nq| †Rjv cwil‡`i mfvcwZ cÖwZgš¿xi gh©v`v cvb Ges †Rjv
cÖkvmK‡K Zvi Aax‡b cÖavb wbe©vnx Kiv nq| msm` m`m¨ GB cwil‡` civgk©‡Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
MVb
†Rjv cwil` AvBb 2000 Abyhvqx ‡Rjv cwil` MwVZ nq| 1 Rb †Pqvig¨vb, 15 Rb m`m¨ Ges msiwÿZ
Avm‡b 5 Rb bvix m`m¨‡`i‡K wb‡q GB ‡Rjv cwil`| Giv wbe©vwPZ n‡eb c‡ivÿ †fv‡U| †Rjv cwil`
AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ n‡e GK wbe©vPKgÛjx| cÖ‡Z¨K †Rjvi AšÍf~³ © wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi †gqi (hw` _v‡K) I
KwgkbviMY Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i †gqi, †cŠimfvi †Pqvig¨vb I KwgkbviMY Ges BDwbqb cwil‡`i
†Pqvig¨vb‡`i wb‡q n‡e GB wbe©vPKgÛjx| GKwU †Rjvq †gvUvgywU 125 Rb m`‡m¨i wbe©vPKgÐjx _vK‡e
Ges Zuviv GKzk Rb‡K wbe©vwPZ K‡i †Rjv cwil` MVb Ki‡eb|
Kvh©vewj
†Rjv cwil` AvBbwU cvk nq 2000 mv‡j| G AvB‡b †Rjv cwil‡`i Kvh©vewj wbw`©ó Kiv n‡q‡Q| Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv †Rjv cwil‡`i me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR| Ab¨vb¨ `vwqZ¡¸‡jv nj- wkí Ges evwY‡R¨i
Dbœqb, ¯^v¯’¨ ‡mev wbwðZ Ki‡Y cvwievwiK wK¬wbK I miKvwi nvmcvZvj ¸‡jvi gvb ch©‡eÿY, wkÿv cÖwZôvb
ZË¡veavb BZ¨vw`| ZvQvov mš¿vm `gb I AvBb k…•Ljv Dbœq‡b mnvqZv `vb Ges Dc‡Rjvi Kvh©μg‡K
ch©‡eÿY I mgš^q Kiv| †Rjv cwil` †Rjvi cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv ‰Zwi K‡i|
(K) †Rjvi mKj Dbœqb Kvh©μ‡gi ch©v‡jvPbv|
(L) Dc‡Rjv I †cŠimfv KZ…K © M„nxZ Dbœqb cÖKímg~‡ni ev¯Íevqb I AMÖMwZ ch©v‡jvPbv|
(M) mvaviY cvVvMv‡ii e¨e¯’v I Gi iÿYv‡eÿY|
(N) Dc‡Rjv cwil`, †cŠimfv ev miKvi KZ…©K msiwÿZ bq GB cÖKvi Rbc_ KvjfvU© I eªxR-Gi wbg©vY
iÿYv‡eÿY|
(O) iv¯Ívi cv‡k¦© Rbmvavi‡Yi e¨envh© ¯’v‡b e„ÿ‡ivcY I Dnvi msiÿY|
(P) Rbmvavi‡Yi e¨env‡h© D`¨vb, †Ljvi gvV I Db¥y³ ¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v I Dnvi iÿYv‡eÿY|
(Q) mivBLvbv, WvKevsjv I wekªvgMv‡ii e¨e¯’v I iÿYv‡eÿY|
(R) †Rjv cwil‡`i Abyiƒc Kvh©vewj m¤úv`bK…Z Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi m‡½ mn‡hvwMZv|
(S) Dc‡Rjv I †cŠimfv‡K mnvqZv, mn‡hvwMZv Ges Drmvn cÖ`vb|
(T) miKvi KZ…©K †Rjv cwil‡`i Dci Awc©Z Dbœqb cwiKíbvi ev¯Íevqb|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 115

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

Av‡qi Drm
†Rjv cwil` AvBb 1998 Abyhvqx †Rjv cwil`‡K 8wU Drm †_‡K Avq K‡i _v‡K| GB Drm¸‡jv QvovI
†Rjv cwil‡`i Rb¨ Rwg n¯ÍvšÍi K‡ii 1 kZvsk Ges 5 kZvsk f~wg K‡ii e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| GQvovI
nvU/evRvi, †dwi NvU Ges Rjgnvj †_‡K ewa©Z cwigvY jxR Gi A_© †Rjv cwil` cv‡e| wb‡P †Rjv
cwi‡l‡`i Av‡qi K‡qKwU Drm D‡jøL Kiv njÑ
(K) weÁvcb Ki|
(L) cwil‡`i iv¯Ív, cyj I †dwii Dci †Uvj|
(M) cwil‡`i RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡Ri R‡b¨ †iBU|
(N) cwil` ¯’vwcZ I cwiPvwjZ ¯‹z‡ji R‡b¨ wdm|
(O) cwil‡`i †mev mieiv‡ni R‡b¨ PvR©|
(P) cwil‡`i RbKj¨vYg~jK Kv‡R DcKv‡ii R‡b¨ wdm Ges
(Q) miKv‡ii ûKz‡g Av‡ivwcZ Ki|
miKv‡ii mKj ch©v‡q RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY e„wׇZ †Rjvcwil` Lye Kvh©Ki GKwU KvVv‡gv| MVbZš¿ Abyhvqx
†Rjv cwil` m¤ú~Y© †mfv‡e GL‡bv Kvh©Ki nqwb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †Rjv cwil‡`i MVb Kx iƒc?

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vq m‡ev”P ¯Íi nj †Rjv cwil`| 2000 mv‡j ‡Rjv cwil` AvBb cvk nq| †Rjv
cwil` (ms‡kvwaZ) GKRb ‡Pqvig¨vb, c‡bi Rb m`m¨ msiwÿZ c‡` 5 Rb bvix m`m¨ wb‡q MwVZ nq| †Rjv
cwil‡`i †Pqvig¨vb cÖwZgš¿xi gh©v`v jvf K‡ib| ‡Rjv cwil‡`i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR nj cwiKíbv I Dbœqb| †Rjv
cwil` wbR¯^ cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbv ‰Zwi K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.5

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi m‡e©v”P ¯Íi †Kvb&&wU?
(K) Dc‡Rjv cwil` (L) BDwbqb cwil`
(M) †Rjv cwil` (N) MÖvg miKvi
2| eZ©gvb †Rjv cwil` ....|
(i) 2000 mv‡ji †Rjv cwil` AvBb Abyhvqx MwVZ
(ii) GKRb †Pqvig¨vb _v‡Kb
(iii) GKRb gwš¿ GB cwil‡`i civgk©K n‡q _v‡Kb
(iv) 5 eQi †gqv`x Dbœqb cwiKíbv ˆZwi K‡i

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

(K) i (L) iii (M) ii + iv (N) i + iii+iv

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 116

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.6 †cŠimfv (Municipality)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 †cŠimfvi MVb ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †cŠimfvi Kvh©vewj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 †cŠimfvi Av‡qi Drm wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã kni GjvKv, Dbœqbg~jK Kvh©μg, iÿYv‡eÿY, RbwbivcËv, Rb¯^v¯’¨, jvB‡mÝ

kni GjvKvq ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii cÖ_g avc nj †cŠimfv| AwaKvsk †cŠimfvB Dc‡Rjv cwil‡`i
†K‡›`ª Aew¯’Z| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k 318wU †cŠimfv i‡q‡Q|
MVb
2009 mv‡ji ¯’vbxq miKvi (‡cŠimfv) AvBb Øviv ‡cŠimfv MwVZ nq| 1 Rb †gqi, †M‡RU Abyhvqx wba©vwiZ
IqvW© KvDwÝji Ges msiwÿZ Iqv‡W©i †cŠimfvi bvix KvDwÝji‡`i wb‡q †cŠimfv MwVZ nq| †cŠimfvi
Kvh©Kvj 5 eQi|
Kvh©vewj
†cŠimfv kn‡ii RbM‡Yi ¯’vbxq mgm¨v wPwýZKiY I mgvav‡bi cvkvcvwk bvbvwea DbœqbgyjK Kvh©μg
cwiPvjbvi ‡ÿ‡Î ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡K| ‡hgb-

1| mycwiKwíZ my›`i kni Mov Ges cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ iÿvi Rb¨ †cŠimfv gnvcwiKíbv MÖnY I
ev¯Íevqb K‡i|
2| †cŠimfv hvbevnb PjvPj wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges †gvUiMvwo Qvov Ab¨vb¨ hvbevn‡bi jvB‡mÝ cÖ`vb K‡i|
3| †cŠimfv kvwšÍc~Y© cwi‡ek iÿvi Rb¨ mš¿vm `gb I kvwšÍ k„•Ljv f½Kvixi weiæ‡× e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i|
4| RbM‡Yi Rb¨ wbivc` LvIqvi cvwbi e¨e¯’v Ges Ave× cvwb wb®‹vk‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
5| †cŠi GjvKvi RbM‡Yi Rxeb I m¤úwË iÿvi Rb¨ †cŠimfv ˆbk cÖnix wb‡qvM K‡i| Acivag~jK I
wec¾bK †Ljv I †ckv wbqš¿Y K‡i|
6| †cŠi GjvKvq Mevw` cï I nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, Lvgvi ¯’vcb, Mevw` cï I nuvm-gyiwMi wPwKrmvi e¨e¯’v
Kiv, Mevw` cï wewμ I †iwRwóªKiY, wec¾bK cï AvUK I nZ¨v, cïi g„Z‡`n AcmviY BZ¨vw` KvR
K‡i|
7| cwiKwíZ kni Movi Rb¨ †cŠimfv evwoNi wbg©v‡Yi AbygwZ †`q| Abby‡gvw`Z I †eAvBbx wbg©vYmg~n
†f‡½ †`q|
8| g„Z‡`n mrKv‡ii Rb¨ †Mvi¯’vb, k¥kvb wbg©vY I iÿYv‡eÿY K‡i| Abv_ I `y:¯’‡`i Rb¨ GwZgLvbv I
Abv_ AvkÖg wbg©vY K‡i|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 117

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

9| †cŠi GjvKvq wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨ wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb, wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ Aby`vb cÖ`vb,
†nv‡÷j wbg©vY, †gavex I `wi`ª wkÿv_©x‡`i e„wË cÖ`vb, eq¯‹ wkÿv †K›`ª, ˆbk we`¨vjq, cvVvMvi ¯’vcb
K‡i|
10| Lv‡`¨ †fRvj cÖwZ‡iv‡a, cuPv I †fRvj Lvevi wewμ e‡Ü cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i| gv`K RvZxq
Lv`¨ I cvbxq Aev‡a wewμ e‡Üi Rb¨ Gme `ªe¨ cÖ¯‘Z, μq-weμq Ges mieiv‡ni Dci wewa wb‡la
Av‡ivc K‡i| wewa wb‡la j•NbKvix‡K kvw¯Í †`q|
11| †cŠimfv kn‡ii Rb¯^v¯’¨g~jK Kvh©vw` m¤úbœ K‡i| Rb¯^v¯’¨ iÿvi Rb¨ iv¯ÍvNvU, cyKzi, b`©gv cwi®‹vi
I Wv÷web wbg©vY K‡i| msμvgK I gnvgvix e¨vwa cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZ‡laK `v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
nvmcvZvj, gvZ…m`b, wkï m`b, cwievi cwiKíbv †K›`ª wbg©vY I cwiPvjbvi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
12| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq †cŠimfv `yM©Z‡`i mvnvh¨, †mev Ges Îv‡Yi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
13| †cŠi GjvKvi cwi‡ek Dbœqb I †mŠ›`h©¨ ea©‡bi Rb¨ iv¯Ívi av‡i e„ÿ‡ivcY, eb msiÿY, RbM‡Yi
we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ cvK© I D`¨vb, wgjbvqZb ¯’vcb Ges Db¥y³ cÖv½b msiÿY K‡i|

Av‡qi Drm
†cŠimfvi e¨qfvi wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Av‡qi Drm ¸‡jv nj- ¯’vcbv I wewfbœ cwi‡mevi Dci avh©K…Z Ki| †hgb
Nievwo, †`vKvbcvU, cvwb, we`¨yr cÖf…wZ| ZvQvov Av‡iv wKQy Av‡qi LvZ †hgb hvbevnb wbeÜb wd, jvB‡mÝ
cÖ`vb eve` wd| cvkvcvwk miKvwi eivÏI †cŠimfvi Av‡qi GKwU cÖavb Drm|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †cŠimfv Kx Kx KvR K‡i _v‡K?

mvims‡ÿc
kn‡ii ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi me©wbgœ ¯Íi nj †cŠimfv| †cŠimfvi †gqi I KvDwÝjiMY RbM‡Yi mivmwi
†fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| †cŠimfv MwVZ nq ¯’vbxq miKvi (†cŠimfv) AvBb 2009 Abyhvqx| kn‡ii RbM‡Yi
¯’vbxq mgm¨vi mgvavb I bvbvwea DbœqbgyjK Kv‡Ri `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i †cŠimfv| GwU GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I
Kvh©Ki BDwbU|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.6

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| †Kvb&&wUi gva¨‡g †cŠimfvi m`m¨iv wbe©vwPZ nb?
(K) ivóªcwZ (L) cÖZ¨ÿ †fvU
(M) c‡ivÿ †fvU (N) cÖavbgš¿x
2| †cŠimfv MwVZ nq......|
(i) †Rjv cwil` AvBb 2000 (ii) ¯’vbxq miKvi (†cŠimfv) AvBb 2009
(iii) Dc‡Rjv cwil` AvBb 1998 (iv) †cŠimfv AvBb 2001

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

(K) i (L) ii (M) iii (N) iv

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 118

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.7 wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb (City Corporation)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi MVb m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
 wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Kvh©μg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Av‡qi Drm¸‡jv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã gnvbMi, †gqi, kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv, eR©¨ e¨e¯’vcbv, ˆbk we`¨vjq, Rb¯^v¯’¨

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb cÖavb kni †Kw›`ªK ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v n‡”Q- wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb| eZ©gv‡b
evsjv‡`‡k †gvU 11 wU wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv nj XvKv DËi, XvKv `wÿY, PÆM«vg,
Kywgjøv, ivRkvnx, wm‡jU, Lyjbv, ewikvj, bvivqYMÄ, iscyi I MvRxcyi wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb| bMivq‡bi cÖfv‡e
wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi msL¨v e„w× cv‡”Q|
MVb
cÖ‡Z¨K wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb‡K KZ¸‡jv Iqv‡W© wef³ Kiv nq| RbM‡Yi mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ GKRb †gqi
miKvwi †M‡RU cÖÁvcb Øviv wba©vwiZ KvDwÝjvi Ges me©‡gvU KvDwÝji‡`i GK Z…Zxqvsk msiwÿZ bvix
KvDwÝji mgš^‡q wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb MwVZ nq| †gqi cÖwZgš¿xi gh©v`v †fvM K‡ib| cÖ‡Z¨K IqvW© n‡Z GKRb
KvDwÝji cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i mivmwi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb|
Kvh©vewj
gnvbMi GjvKvi kvwšÍ k„•Ljv iÿv, wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb Ges Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb wewfbœ
¸iæZ¡c~Y© KvR m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K| wb‡P Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1| gnvbMixi iv¯ÍvNvU wbg©vY I iÿYv‡eÿY K‡i| †gvUi Mvwo, evm, UªvK Qvov Ab¨vb¨ hvbevn‡bi jvB‡mÝ
cÖ`vb K‡i Ges iv¯Ívq hvbevnb PjvPj wbqš¿Y K‡i|
2| Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ wbivc` LvIqvi cvwb mieivn, K~c I Mfxi bjK~c Lbb K‡i Ges Ave× cvwb
wb®‹vk‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
3| wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb Dbœqb cwiKíbv MÖnY I ev¯Íevhb K‡i|
4| cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb ÿwZM͇֯`i mvnvh¨ I cybe©vm‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡i|
5| gnvbM‡ii cwi‡e‡ki Dbœqb I †mŠ›`h©¨ ea©‡bi Rb¨ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb iv¯Ívi cv‡k I Db¥y³ ¯’v‡b
e„ÿ‡ivcY I eb msiÿY K‡i| Rbmvavi‡Yi AeKvk hvc‡bi Rb¨ D`¨vb wbg©vY K‡i|
6| gnvbMixi wbiÿiZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ eq¯‹ wkÿv †K›`ª, ˆbk we`¨vjq ¯’vcb K‡i| wkÿv we¯Ív‡ii Rb¨
bZzb wkÿv cÖwZôb ¯’vcb, wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b Aby`vb cÖ`vb, †nv‡÷j wbg©vY, e„wË cÖ`vb, cvVvMvi wbg©vY I
cwiPvjbv BZ¨vw` KvR K‡i|
7| mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb wgjbvqZb, AvU©-M¨vjvwi, Z_¨ †K›`ª, hv`yNi, gy³g BZ¨vw`
wbg©vY K‡i|
8| gnvbMixi kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv eRvq ivLvi Rb¨ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb †QvULv‡Uv wePvi KvR m¤úv`b K‡i| weev`
gxgvsmv I gnjøvq kvwšÍ iÿvi Rb¨ kvwšÍiÿx wb‡qvM K‡i| gnvbMix‡Z Pzwi-WvKvwZ, nvBR¨vK †iva I
mš¿vm `g‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 119

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

9| Rb¯^v¯’¨ iÿvi Rb¨ wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb gqjv AveR©bv †djvi Rb¨ Wv÷web wbg©vY, wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †kŠPvMvi,
¯^v¯’¨m¤§Z cvqLvbv BZ¨vw` wbg©vY K‡i| GQvovI nvmcvZvj, gvZ…m`b, wkï m`b, cwievi cwiKíbv
†K›`ª wbg©vY I cwiPvjbv K‡i|
10| wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb gnvbMi GjvKvq Nievwo wbg©v‡Yi AbygwZ cÖ`vb K‡i| Abby‡gvw`Z Nievwomn mKj
A‰ea ¯’vcbv †f‡½ †`q Ges A‰ea `Lj`vi D‡”Q‡`i e¨e¯’v K‡i|
11| gnvbMixi Mwie `y:Lx gvbyl‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv, Abv_ AvkÖg I RbKj¨vY †K›`ª ¯’vcb, wfÿve„wË I
cwZZve„wË †iva I cybe©vmb, Ryqv‡Ljv, gv`Kvkw³ I AmvgvwRK KvR cÖwZ‡iv‡ai e¨e¯’v K‡i|
12| wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb gnvbMi GjvKvq cuPv-evwm I †fRvj Lv`¨ `ªe¨ weμq I mieiv‡ni weiæ‡× e¨e¯’v MÖnY
K‡i| Lv`¨ I cvbxq mieivn wbqš¿Y K‡i| Lv`¨ I cvbxq cÖ¯‘Z, Avg`vwb I wbqš¿‡Yi †ÿ‡Î jvB‡mÝ
cÖ`vb K‡i|
Av‡qi Drm
cÖavb kni¸‡jvi ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v wmwU Ki‡cv‡ik‡bi Av‡qi wewfbœ Drm¸‡jv nj t
(K) miKvi n‡Z cÖvß Aby`vb;
(L) K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Dci b¨¯Í Ges ZrKZ©„K cwiPvwjZ mKj m¤úwË n‡Z cÖvß Avq ev gybvdv;
(M) wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb KZ©„K Av‡ivwcZ †h-†Kv‡bv Ki, DcKi, †iBU, †Uvj I wdm BZ¨vw`;
(N) ¯’vbxq KZ©„cÿ ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³ we‡kl KZ©„K cÖ`Ë `vb ;
(O) K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Dci b¨¯Í mKj Uªv÷ n‡Z cÖvß Avq;
(P) K‡c©v‡ik‡bi A_© wewb‡qvM n‡Z cÖvß gybvdv;
(R) AvB‡bi Aaxb A_©`Û †_‡K cÖvß A_© BZ¨vw`|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb Gi MVb eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
wmwU K‡c©v‡ikb nj wefvMxq kni I cÖavb kni †Kw›`ªK ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gv| evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b GMv‡ivwU wmwU
K‡c©v‡ikb i‡q‡Q| wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi †gqi I cÖ‡Z¨K KvDwÝjiMY RbM‡Yi cÖZ¨ÿ †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| wmwU
K‡c©v‡ik‡bi `vwqZ¡ nj gnvbMi GjvKvq kvwšÍ-k…•Ljv wbwðZ Kiv, bvMwiK mgm¨vi mgvavb Ges bvbvwea †fŠZ I
AeKvVv‡gvMZ Dbœq‡b mnvqZv Kiv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.7

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| eZ©gv‡b evsjv‡`‡k wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi msL¨v KqwU?
(K) 5 wU (L) 7 wU (M) 9 wU (N) 11 wU
2| wmwU K‡c©v‡ik‡bi Av‡qi Drm nj Ñ
(i) Ki I DcKi (ii) Aby`vb (iii) wbqš¿Yvaxb Uªv÷ (iv) A_©`Û
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii + iii (M) ii + iii + iv (N) me¸‡jv

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 120

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-8.8 we‡kl ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v (Special Local Government)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 we‡kl ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i MVb, Kvh©vewj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i Av‡qi Drm Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` Gi MVb, Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil‡`i Av‡qi Drm wbiƒcb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
we‡kl Pvwn`v, wfbœ ms¯‹…wZ, kvwšÍ Pzw³, ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx, cve©Z¨ †Rjv, Dbœqbg~jK
gyL¨ kã
Kg©KvÛ|

evsjv‡`‡ki cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg A‡j we‡kl ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| HwZnvwmK fv‡e RxebvPiY
I mvs¯‹…wZK w`K w`‡q cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg A‡ji gvby‡li Rxebaviv ev½vwj‡`i †P‡q Avjv`v| Zviv
Zuv‡`i Avjv`v mËvi ¯^xK…wZ Av`v‡qi Rb¨ `xN© w`b hveZ ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hv‡”Q| 1997 mv‡ji 2 wW‡m¤^i miKvi
I cve©Z¨ Awaevmx‡`i g‡a¨ kvwšÍPyw³ m¤úvw`Z nq| Gi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k we‡kl ¯’vbxq miKvi c«wZôv jvf
K‡i|
cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` (Hill Tract District Council)
ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi msL¨vMwiô RbM‡Yi emevm cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g| †mLv‡b ev½vwj‡`i emevmI i‡q‡Q| cve©Z¨
AÂj wewfbœ b„-ZvwË¡K mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vq RR©wiZ| G Kvi‡Y cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AÂj eû c~e© †_‡K
we‡kl GjvKv wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ| ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›`ievb G wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjvq wZbwU we‡kl ai‡bi
¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| we‡kl ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v M‡o I‡V‡Q Gme mgm¨vi mgvavb I Dbœqb
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨| eZ©gv‡b msm‡` 3wU Avmb Zv‡`i Rb¨ msiÿY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i †gqv`
3 eQi ‡_‡K evwo‡q eZ©gv‡b 5 eQi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
MVb-KvVv‡gv I cÖK…wZ
GKRb †Pqvig¨vb, 30 Rb m`m¨ I 3 Rb bvix m`m¨ wb‡q cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` MwVZ| Zuviv mivmwi
RbM‡bi †fv‡U wbe©vwPZ nb| RbmsL¨vi AbycvZ Abyhvqx ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx I ev½vwj‡`i cÖwZwbwa wba©vwiZ nq|
†Pqvig¨vb Aek¨B ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxfz³ n‡eb Ges 3 Rb bvix m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx I ev½vwj‡`i AbycvZ
n‡e 2t1| Zuv‡`i †gqv` 5 eQi Ges mwP‡ei `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib GKRb miKvwi gyL¨ wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v|
Kvh©vewj
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ¯’vbxq miKvi Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v †_‡K wKQzUv wfbœag©x| Avi GB A‡j wZbwU
†Rjvi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wZbwU Avjv`v †Rjv cwil`| wb‡gœ cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i Kvh©vewj D‡jøL Kiv nj-
1) ¯’vbxq cywjk I †Rjvi AvBb-k„•Ljv msiÿY, ZË¡veavb I DbœwZ mvab|
2) wkÿvi Dbœqb I we¯Ívi Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq my‡hvM-myweav m„wó|
3) ¯^v¯’¨ iÿv, Rb¯^v¯’¨ Dbœqb I cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m~wP ev¯Íevqb|
4) ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi ms¯‹…wZ msiÿY I Gi weKvk mvab| †Ljvayjvi Av‡qvRb I Dbœqb|
5) ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi ixwZbxwZ, cÖ_vi Av‡jv‡K Zv‡`i g‡a¨ we‡iv‡ai wePvi I gxgvsmv|
6) †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ mvab, ¯’vbxq ch©U‡bi Dbœqb, ¯’vbxq wkí, e¨emv I evwY‡R¨i cÖmvi|
BDwbU AvU c„ôv 121
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

7) K…wl I eb Dbœqb Ges iÿYv‡eÿY, cvwb mieivn I †mP e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb|

8) cïcvjb I grm¨ m¤ú` Dbœqb|
9) mgevq Av‡›`vj‡b Drmvn cÖ`vb|
10) f~wg I f~wg e¨e¯’vcbv, cwi‡ek msiÿY I Dbœqb|
11) †Rjvi ¯’vbxq KZ…©cÿmg~‡ni Dbœqbg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ði mgš^q mvab I ev¯Íevq‡b mn‡hvwMZv `vb|
Av‡qi Drm
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’vi wbw`©ó wKQz Av‡qi Drm i‡q‡Q| cwil‡`i Av‡qi Dr†mi g‡a¨ wb‡gœ
DwjøwLZ welqvewj AšÍfy³© Ñ
1) f~wg I `vjvb‡KvVv I wkí-cÖwZôv‡bi Dci †nvwìs Ki|
2) ¯’vei m¤úwË n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii Dci avh© K‡ii Ask
4) iv¯Ív, cyj I †dwii Dci †Uvj|
5) cY¨ μq-weμ‡qi Dci Ki, wPË we‡bv`bg~jK K‡g©i Dci Ki|
6) hvbevn‡bi †iwR‡÷ªkb wd, mvgvwRK wePv‡ii wd|
8) ebR m¤ú‡`i Dci iq¨vjwUi Ask we‡kl|
9) gvQ aiv I jUvwii Dci Ki|
12) LwbR m¤ú` A‡š^lY ev D‡Ëvj‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ miKvi KZ…©K cÖ`Ë AbygwZ cÎ ev cvÆv m~‡Î cÖvß iq¨vjwUi
Ask we‡kl|
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` (Regional Council of CHT)
cve©Z¨ wZb †Rjv ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›`ievb wb‡q AvÂwjK cwil` MwVZ n‡q‡Q| 1999 mv‡ji 27 †g
†_‡K G AvÂwjK cwil` Kvh©μg Avi¤¢ K‡i| AvÂwjK cwil‡`i D‡Ïk¨ nj Gme †Rjvi Kvh©μg mgš^q
Z`viwK I mvab Kiv|
MVb
†gvU 25 m`m¨ wewkó AvÂwjK cwil` MwVZ nq 1 Rb †Pqvig¨vb, 12 Rb ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi m`m¨, 6 Rb
evOvwj m`m¨, 2 Rb ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi gwnjv m`m¨, 1 Rb evOvwj gwnjv m`m¨ Ges wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i
3 Rb †Pqvig¨vb wb‡q| †Pqvig¨vb n‡eb ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi ga¨ ‡_‡K Ges wZwb gh©v`vi w`K w`‡q c«wZgš¿xi
mgvb| 12 Rb ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ 5 Rb PvKgv, 3 Rb gvigv, 2 Rb wÎcyiv, 1 Rb gyis I Zb‰PsMv
Ges 1 Rb jymvB, †evg, cvs‡Lv, Lygx, PK I wLqvs ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi AšÍfy³
© n‡eb| 6 Rb evOvwj m`‡m¨i g‡a¨
cÖwZwU cve©Z¨ †Rjv n‡Z 2 Rb K‡i _vK‡e| 2 Rb ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi gwnjv m`‡m¨i g‡a¨ 1 Rb PvKgv Ges
Aci Rb Ab¨vb¨ ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi g‡a¨ mxgve× _vK‡e| evOvwj gwnjv m`m¨ wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjv evOvwj
gwnjvM‡Yi ga¨ †_‡K Av‡m| AvÂwjK cwil‡`i ‡Pqvig¨vb I Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨MY †Rjv cwil`¸‡jvi
†Pqvig¨vb Øviv c‡ivÿ fv‡e wbe©vwPZ| Ab¨w`‡K ‡Rjvi †Pqvig¨vbe…›` c`vwaKvi e‡j cwil‡`i m`m¨
wbe©vwPZ| G cwil‡`i GKRb wbe©vnx Kg©KZ©v i‡q‡Q| AvÂwjK cwil` 5 eQi ‡gqv‡`i Rb¨ MwVZ nq|
Kvh©vewj
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil‡`i Kvh©vewj n‡e wbgœiƒcÑ
1) wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil`, ‡cŠimfv I ¯’vbxq cwil` mgy‡ni mKj Dbœqb Kg©Kv‡Ði mvwe©K ZË¡veavb I
mgš^q mvab Kiv |
2) ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôxi ixwZbxwZ, cÖ_v BZ¨vw` Ges mvgvwRK wePvi ZË¡veavb I mgybœZ ivLv|
4) cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg Dbœqb †evW©-Gi Kvh©vewji mvwe©K ZË¡veavb|
5) cve©Z¨ †Rjvmg~‡ni mvaviY cÖkvmb, AvBb-k„•Ljv I Dbœq‡bi ZË¡veavb I mgš^q|
6) RvZxq wkí bxwZi m‡½ m½wZ †i‡L cve©Z¨ A‡j fvix wkí ¯’vc‡b jvB†mÝ cÖ`vb|
7) `y‡h©vM e¨e¯’vcbv I ÎvY Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv I mgš^q mvab|

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 122

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Av‡qi Drm
cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` wewfbœ Drm n‡Z Avq K‡i _v‡K| wb‡gœv³ Drm n‡Z cÖvß A_© wb‡q AvÂwjK
cwil‡`i Znwej MwVZ nqÑ
K) miKvi KZ©…K wba©vwiZ cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i Znwej n‡Z cÖvß A_©|
L) cwil‡`i Dci b¨¯Í Ges ZrKZ…©K cwiPvwjZ mKj m¤úwË †_‡K cÖvß A_© ev gybvdv|
M) miKvwi FY I Aby`vb, cÖwZôvb ev e¨w³ KZ…©K cÖ`Ë Aby`vb|
O) cwil‡`i A_© wewb‡qvM †_‡K AwR©Z gybvdv|
P) cwil` KZ…©K cÖvß †h †Kv‡bv A_©|
Q) miKv‡ii wb‡`©‡k cwil‡`i Dci b¨¯Í Ab¨vb¨ Av‡qi Drm †_‡K cÖvß A_© BZ¨vw`|
cÖwZ A_© eQi ïiæ nevi c~‡e© cwil` H eQ‡ii m¤¢ve¨ Avq I e¨q m¤^wjZ weeiYx ev ev‡RU cÖYqb I
Aby‡gv`b K‡i _v‡K|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg A‡ji we‡kl Pvwn`vi Rb‡Mvôxi Rb¨B cveZ©¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil`
m„wó Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB cwil` G A‡ji Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbxq miKvi KvVv‡gvi Z`viwK K‡i| ZvQvovI cÖkvmb,
AvBb k„•Ljv, ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi mvs¯‹…wZ HwZn¨ iÿv, `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvq ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxqZv g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo I ev›`ievb wZbwU †Rjv wb‡q cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g we‡kl ai‡bi ¯’vbxq
miKvi e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q| cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` AvBb Abyhvqx wbw`©ó KZ©…Z¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1 Rb
†Pqvig¨vb, 30 Rb mvaviY m`m¨ I 3 Rb bvix m`m¨ wb‡q cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` MwVZ| AvBb k…•Ljv iÿv,
wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I bvbvwea Dbœqbg~jK KvR K‡i G cwil`| ZvQvov cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg A‡ji RbM‡Mvôxi cÖwZ
we‡kl bRi †`qvi D‡`¨v‡M 1998 mv‡j cÖYxZ AvB‡b cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` MwVZ nq| Gi m`m¨
msL¨v 25 Rb Ges †gqv` 5 eQi| wZb cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil‡`i Z`viK Kiv, ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi mvs¯‹…wZ HwZn¨
iÿv Kiv mn Zv‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b KvR K‡i| miKvi KZ©„K wba©vwiZ Znwej n‡Z cÖvß A_© Ges
Ab¨vb¨ wewb‡qvM I ¯’vbxq Drm †_‡K cÖvß A‡_©B GwU cwiPvwjZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.8

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| kvwšÍ Pzw³ ¯^vÿwiZ nq KZ mv‡j?
(K) 2000 mv‡j (L) 1999 mv‡j (M) 1998 mv‡j (N) 1997 mv‡j
2| †Kvb&&wU cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡gi ¯’vbxq miKvi e¨e¯’v Ñ
(i) cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` (ii) cve©Z¨ BDwbqb cwil` (iii) cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil`

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

(K) i (L) ii (M) i I iii (N) meKwU

3| KZ mv‡j cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil` Kvh©μg Avi¤¢ K‡i?

(K) 1997 mv‡j (L) 1998 mv‡j (M) 1999 mv‡j (N) 2000 mv‡j

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 123

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

4| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AvÂwjK cwil‡`i Aaxb i‡q‡QÑ

(i) cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` (ii) Dc‡Rjv cwil` (iii) †cŠimfv
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK
(K) i (L) ii (M) i I iii (N) iv

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| ¯’vbxq miKvi wbe©vP‡b RbM‡Yi †fvU cÖ`v‡bi nvi RvZxq wbe©vP‡bi †P‡qI †ewk| GB wbe©vP‡b †fvU
w`‡q gvbyl Zv‡`i ¯’vbxq miKvi cÖwZwbwa wbe©vPb K‡i| RvZxqfv‡e wbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwa‡`i †_‡K
¯’vbxq ch©v‡q wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwai cv_©K¨ n‡”Q Zv‡`i‡K gvbyl †ewk Kv‡Q cvq| KviY Zviv ¯’vbxq
RbM‡Yi KvQvKvwQ _v‡K| d‡j ¯’vbxq bvMwiKiv Zv‡`i Revew`wn Ki‡Z eva¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| we‡kl K‡i
BDwbqb cwil‡`i †ÿ‡Î GwU AwaKZi mwZ¨|
K) ¯’vbxq miKvi ej‡Z wK ‡evSvq?
L) evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii KvVv‡gvwU wjLyb|
M) BDwbqb cwil` AwaK cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj- †K‡bv?
N) evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb?

2| MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡bi AvIZvq we‡kl e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e cve©Z¨ †Rjv cwil` I AvÂwjK
cwil` MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q| cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg wewfbœ ÿz`ª b„-†Mvôx Aay¨wlZ GKwU AÂj| G A‡ji Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb we‡kl ai‡bi e¨e¯’v| G Kvi‡Y cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg AÂj eû c~e© †_‡K we‡kl GjvKv wn‡m‡e
cwiMwYZ|
K) †Kvb ‡Kvb †Rjv wb‡q cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg MwVZ?
L) cve©Z¨ PÆMÖv‡g ¯’vbxq miKvi wK iKg?
M) cve©Z¨ PÆMÖvg ‡Rjv cwil‡`i MVb I Kvh©vewj wjLyb|
N) ¯’vbxq miKv‡ii Ask wnmv‡e AvÂwjK cwil‡`i ¸iæZ¡ wjLyb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.1 : 1| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.2 : 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.3 : 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.4 : 1| K 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.5 : 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.6 : 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.7 : 1| N 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-8.8 : 1| N 2| N 3| M 4| K

BDwbU AvU c„ôv 124

 bvMwiK mgm¨v I Avgv‡`i KiYxq
(Civic Problems and Our Duties)

cÖwZwU ivóª‡KB Kg-‡ekx bvMwiK mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e DbœZ iv‡óªi m‡½ Dbœqbkxj iv󪸇jvi cÖavb
bvMwiK mgm¨vi wKQz gvÎvMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Dbœqbkxj iv‡óª AwaKvsk bvMwiK mgm¨vi g~‡j i‡q‡Q `vwi`ª¨,
Awkÿv, Kzms¯‹vi I mykvm‡bi Afve| f½yi Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`k AmsL¨ bvMwiK mgm¨v
†gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Q| m¤úªwZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`k bvMwiK mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejvq †ek mvdj¨ AR©b
K‡i‡Q| ZeyI AwZwi³ RbmsL¨v, †eKviZ¡, mš¿vm, Lv`¨ wbivcËvnxbZv, hvbRU, cq:wb®‹vmb cÖf…wZ mgm¨v
evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY‡K †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡”Q| GB BDwb‡U RbmsL¨v mgm¨v, †eKviZ¡, mš¿vm, Lv`¨
wbivcËvnxbZvmn wewfbœ mgm¨vi KviY I Zv cÖwZKv‡ii Dcvq m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

s
cvV-9.1 RbmsL¨v mgm¨v I cÖwZKvi
(Population Problem and Its Remedy)
D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY¸wj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RbmsL¨v e„w× †iv‡ai Dcvq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã NbZ¡, cwievi cwiKíbv, Rb¥nvi, g„Zz¨nvi, RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y

evsjv‡`‡k AvqZ‡bi Zzjbvq RbmsL¨v †ewk| ÿz`ª AvqZ‡bi GB †`‡k 2011 mv‡ji Av`g ïgvwi
Abyhvqx RbmsL¨v cÖvq 15 †KvwU| eZ©gv‡b G msL¨v Av‡iv †ewk nIqvUvB ¯^vfvweK| GLv‡b cÖwZ eM©
wK‡jvwgUv‡i 1300 Rb evm K‡i| NbemwZi w`K w`‡q evsjv‡`k c„w_exi cÖ_g `kwU †`‡ki g‡a¨B Ae¯’vb K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v e„w×i wbgœwjwLZ KviY i‡q‡QÑ
1. `vwi`ª¨
`vwi‡`ª¨i m‡½ RbmsL¨v e„w×i †Rviv‡jv m¤úK© i‡q‡Q| `wi`ª wcZv-gvZv ¯^fveZB AwaK mšÍvb Øviv cwiev‡ii Avq
e„w× Ki‡Z Pvq| Zviv wPšÍv K‡i AwaK mšÍvb gv‡bB AwaK Kg©ÿgZvI DcvR©b| Dciš‘ e„× eq‡m wbivcËvi Rb¨I
Zviv AwaK mšÍvb Rb¥ †`q| `vwi‡`ª¨i Kvi‡Y A‡bK `¤úwZ Rb¥ wbqš¿Y c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| evsjv‡`‡k
awbK I ga¨ ‡kÖYxi Zzjbvq `wi`ª ew¯Í I MÖvgxY Rbc‡` RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi †ewk|
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

2. evj¨ weevn I eû weevn

evsjv‡`‡k evj¨ weevn I GKvwaK weevn LyeB †ewk| GK w`‡K mvgvwRK cðv`c` `„wófw½ I m‡PZbZvi Afve,
BfwUwRs, †hŠb nqivwbi fq Ges Ab¨w`‡K mšÍvb‡K Acivagy³ ivLvi Zvobv †_‡K wcZv-gvZv Zv‡`i †Q‡j
†g‡q‡`i Aí eq‡mB we‡q w`‡q ‡`q| MÖvgv‡j GB cÖeYZv Lye †ewk | G‡Z K‡i `¤úwZiv AwaK mšÍvb Rb¥
†`qvi Rb¨ †ewk mgq cvq|
3. wbiÿiZv
evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv-2014 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k mvÿiZvi nvi 65 kZvsk| A_©vr †`‡ki 35 kZvsk gvbyl
GL‡bv wbiÿi| wkÿvi Afve I AÁZvi Rb¨ GBme gvbyl wb‡R‡`i fwel¨r m¤ú‡K© cwiKíbv Ki‡Z cÖvq Aÿg|
wb‡Ri Avq, mvg_¨©, m½wZi mv‡_ m¤úK© †i‡L mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi welqwU Zviv wba©viY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi d‡j
RbmsL¨v `ªæZ ev‡o|
4. cyÎ mšÍvb jv‡fi AvKv•ÿv
evsjv‡`‡k eû cwievi cyÎ mšÍvb jv‡fi Avkvq, DËivwaKvi wba©vi‡Yi ¯^‡cœ AwaK mšÍvb Rb¥ †`q| GgbwK weevn
we‡”Q`, bZzb K‡i we‡q wKsev eû weev‡ni Avkªq ‡bq| eû weev‡ni d‡j Gfv‡eB RbmsL¨v †e‡o P‡j|
5. g„Zz¨nvi n«vm
wPwKrmv weÁv‡bi Pig DbœwZi d‡j wkï g„Zz¨i nvi n«vm †c‡q‡Q| Av‡Mi Zzjbvq ¯^v¯’¨, †ivM I cywó m¤ú‡K©
Rbm‡PZbZv †e‡o‡Q| abyó¼vi, †cvwjI, wWc‡_vwiqv, Wvqvwiqvmn eû KwVb ‡iv‡M g„Zz¨nvi G‡Kev‡iB K‡g
†M‡Q| 1972 mv‡j nvRv‡i wkï g„Zz¨ nvi wQj 340 Rb| 2015 mv‡j A_©‰bwZK AMÖMwZi d‡j Zv 24-G †b‡g
G‡m‡Q| wkï g„Zz¨nvi Kg‡jI Rb¥nvi K‡gwb| GUvI RbmsL¨v e„w×i KviY|
6. cwievi cwiKíbvi Afve
¯^vaxbZvi ciB evsjv‡`‡k cwievi cwiKíbv ïiæ n‡jI wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK Kvi‡Y Gi mvdj¨ Lye ‡ekx bq| Rb¥
kvmb m¤ú‡K© `wi`ª I ew¯Íevmxi cwi®‹vi †eva Av‡mwb| G‡Z K‡i MÖvgv‡j kn‡ii ew¯Í GjvKvq Ges AwkwÿZ-
Aa©wkwÿZ cwi‡e‡k RbmsL¨v evo‡Q `ªæZ| ÔGKwU mšÍvb Kvg¨, `ywU mšÍvb h‡_óÕ GB †køvMvb MÖvgevmx I `wi`ªiv
mvgwMÖKfv‡e MÖnY K‡iwb| Rb¥ wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ †h wkÿv m‡PZbZv I D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb Zv evsjv‡`‡k Abycw¯’Z|
RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvq
`ªæZ RbmsL¨v e„w×i d‡j evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ai‡bi mgm¨vi m„wó n‡”Q| RbmsL¨v we‡klÁMY g‡b K‡ib, wecyj
cwigvY G RbmsL¨v‡K Rbm¤ú‡` cwiYZ Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j fqvbK cwiw¯’wZi m„wó n‡e| RbmsL¨v mgm¨v mgvav‡b
†hme c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv hvq †m ¸‡jv nj:
1. RbmsL¨vi cyb:eÈb
Avgv‡`i ‡`‡ki me©Î RbmsL¨vi Ae¯’vb GK iKg bq| ZvB †hLv‡b RbmsL¨vi NbZ¡ †ewk †mLvb †_‡K Aí NbZ¡
GjvKvq RbmsL¨v mwi‡q †bIqvi gva¨‡g RbmsL¨v cybe©Èb Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j RbM‡Yi Kg©ms¯’vb n‡e Ges
RxebhvÎvi gvb evo‡e|
2. Rbkw³ ißvwb
wecyj RbmsL¨v‡K Kg©ÿg kªwg‡Ki cÖwkÿY w`‡q ga¨cÖvP¨, `~icÖvP¨, Avwd«Kv I cwð‡gi DbœZ †`‡k ‡cÖi‡Yi e¨e¯’v
wb‡Z n‡e| d‡j ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi Avq evo‡e Avi †eKviZ¡ `~i n‡e| Gfv‡e RbmsL¨v mgm¨vi ¯’vqx mgvavb n‡Z
cv‡i|

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. wkÿvi cÖmvi
wkwÿZ Rb‡Mvôx RxebhvÎvi gvb Dbœq‡b m‡Pó _v‡K| RbmsL¨v we‡klÁMY g‡b K‡ib, †QvU cwiev‡ii cÖwZ AvK…ó
n‡q wkwÿZ bvix-cyiæl wb‡RivB RbmsL¨v e„w×i nvi Kwg‡q †`q|
4. A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
K…wli Dbœqb, wk‡íi Dbœqb, DbœZ evRvi m„wó Ges DbœZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi gva¨‡g A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
Z¡ivwš^Z Kiv hvq| A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb mvwaZ n‡j `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi wbivcËv evo‡e| djZ `vwi`ª¨-hv wKbv RbmsL¨v
e„w×i Ab¨Zg KviY Zv Ggwb‡ZB K‡g hv‡e|
5. RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y I cwievi cwiKíbv
we‡klÁiv g‡b K‡ib, Rb¥wbqš¿Y I cwievi cwiKíbv m¤ú‡K© e¨vcK cÖPvi MYm‡PZbZv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i| Zuviv
e‡jb, ÔGKwU mšÍvb Kvg¨ `ywU h‡_óÕ G †køvMvb evsjv‡`‡k mvgvwRKfv‡e RbwcÖq Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. RbmsL¨vbxwZ MÖnY
1976 mv‡ji RbmsL¨vbxwZ‡K AviI ms¯‹vi K‡i 2004 mv‡j miKvi bZzb RbmsL¨vbxwZ MÖnY K‡i| Z‡e Zv
RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y †Zgb †Kvb f~wgKv ivL‡Q bv| KwgDwb÷ wecø‡ei ci MYPxb RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y K‡Vvi wewa-
wb‡la Av‡ivc K‡iwQj| evsjv‡`k miKvi‡KI RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y K‡Vvi wewa-wb‡la Av‡ivc Ki‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ
ai‡bi miKvwi I ‡emiKvwi D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †mev ewÂZ GjvKvmg~‡n †mevi gvb DbœZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Mwie I
`y¯’‡`i‡K RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y D×z× Ki‡Z n‡e|
bvbvwea Kvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡k RbmsL¨v AwZ e„w× NU‡Q| ZvB RbmsL¨vi G we‡ùviY n«v‡m RbMY Ges miKvi Dfq
c‡ÿi Av‡iv m‡PZb I ewjô c`‡ÿc ‡bqv DwPZ|

wkÿv_©xi KvR RbmsL¨v we‡ùviY wbqš¿‡Yi Dcvq¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
`vwi`ª¨, Awkÿv, m‡PZbZvi Afve, A_©‰bwZK AwbðqZv , cwievi cwiKíbvi Afve, evj¨weevn, wPwKrmv,
weÁv‡bi AMÖMwZi d‡j evsjv‡`‡k `ªæZ MwZ‡Z RbmsL¨v evo‡Q| we‡k¦i me‡P‡q NbemwZc~Y© GB iv‡óª miKvwi
Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vM, wkÿvi cÖmvi m‡e©vcwi cwievi cwiKíbvi cÖmvi RbmsL¨v e„w× †iv‡a f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.1

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`k me©‡kl RbmsL¨vbxwZ MÖnY K‡i †Kvb& mv‡j?
K. 1976 L. 1978 M. 2004 N. 2014

2| evsjv‡`‡k mvÿiZvi nvi KZ?

K. 65 kZvsk L. 45 kZvsk M.35 kZvsk N. †KvbwU bq

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-9.2 Lv`¨ wbivcËv (Food Security)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 Lv`¨ wbivcËv ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËvi eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã kZ©, Lv`¨ m‡¤§jb, kvixwiK, ch©vß, ûgwK, Rjevqy cwieZ©b, DØv¯‘

Lv`¨ wbivcËv nj ¯^v¯’¨Ki Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ me mgq ch©vß cwigv‡Y wbivc` Ges cywóKi Lv`¨ cÖvwßi
wbðqZv| evsjv‡`‡k RvZxq Lv`¨ bxwZ‡Z (2006) Lv`¨ wbivcËvi wZbwU kZ© nj: Lv‡`¨i jf¨Zv, Lv`¨
cÖvwßi ÿgZv I Lv`¨ ‡fvM| mvgwMÖK Lv`¨ wbivcËv cÖ‡kœ meKÕwU kZ© ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| 1970 Gi `k‡K RvwZmsN cÖ_g
Lv`¨ wbivcËvi K_v e‡j| 1975 mv‡j RvwZms‡N AbywôZ nq ˆewk¦K Lv`¨ m‡¤§jb (world food summit)|
cieZx©‡Z RvwZmsN 1980Õi `k‡K Lv`¨ wbivcËv we‡køl‡Y wZbwU m~P‡Ki K_v e‡j| G¸‡jv nj- Lv‡`¨i ch©vßZv
(availability of food) Lv`¨ cÖvwß (access to food) Ges Lv`¨ evRv‡ii w¯’wZkxjZv (stability of food market)|
evsjv‡`k 1988 mv‡j RvwZmsN †NvwlZ Lv`¨ wbivcËv bxwZ‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡i|
1996 mv‡ji wek¦ Lv`¨ m‡¤§j‡b Lv`¨ wbivcËvi me‡P‡q eûj e¨eüZ I wek¦¯^xK…Z msÁv MÖnY Kiv nq| wKQyUv
cwieZ©bI Avbv nq c~e©eZ©x aviYvq| bZyb aviYvq ejv nq, ÔLv`¨ wbivcËv ZLbB _vK‡e, hLb me gvbyl memgq
kvixwiK, mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZKfv‡e wbivc`, ch©vß Ges cywóKi Lvev‡ii ms¯’vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †h Lvevi kvixwiK
cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi cvkvcvwk gvbyl‡K Kg©ÿg I myVvg ¯^v‡¯’¨i AwaKvix Ki‡e|Õ Ic‡ii msÁvwU Lv`¨ wbivcËvi
PviwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© gvÎv Zy‡j a‡i‡Q| cÖ_gZ, Lv`¨i mnRjf¨Zv I mnRcÖvc¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| wØZxqZ, A_©‰bwZK
mvgvwRK I kvixwiKfv‡e Lv`¨ MÖnY Kivi mvg_¨© _vK‡Z n‡e| Z…ZxqZ, Lv‡`¨i Dchy³ e¨envi n‡Z n‡e| PZy_©Z,
DcwiD³ wZbwU wel‡qi w¯’wZkxjZv _vK‡Z n‡e| evsjv‡`‡ki g‡Zv ‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv hvPvB Kivi Rb¨ G PviwU
gvÎv e¨envi Kiv Riæwi| e¯‘Z Lv‡`¨ wbivcËv‡K wZbwU cÖavb wel‡qi m‡½ m¤úwK©Z K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| Avi
G¸‡jv nj-
Lv‡`¨i ch©vßZv (food availability), Lv`¨ cÖ‡ekvwaKvi (excess to food) Ges cywó I †fvM (utilization and
nutrition)| Lv‡`¨i ch©vßZv ej‡Z eySvq Lv‡`¨i cÖPzi Drcv`b I evRv‡i Lv‡`¨i e¨vcK Dcw¯’wZ| GwU `yÕfv‡e
AwR©Z nq: cÖ_gZ, ‡`kxq Drcv`‡bi gva¨‡g wØZxqZ, Avg`vbx wKsev ˆe‡`wkK Lv`¨ mnvqZvi gva¨‡g| Lv`¨
cÖ‡ekvwaKvi gv‡b Lv`¨ μq Kivi ÿgZv ev Lv`¨ cÖvwßi A_©‰bwZK wfwË| Af¨šÍixY evRv‡i Lv‡`¨i cÖPzi mievivn
m‡Ë¡I A‡_©i Afv‡e RbM‡Yi GKwU eo Ask Lv`¨ bv †c‡Z cv‡i| evsjv‡`‡k 30 fvM gvbyl wKsev Avwd«Kvi `wi`ª
Rb‡Mvôx Gi wbg©g D`vniY| GRb¨ Lv`¨ wbivcËvi GKwU cÖavb Av‡jvP¨ welq e¨w³i Lv`¨ μq ÿgZv| Ab¨w`‡K,
cywó e¨w³i Lv`¨ MÖnY I mylg web¨v‡mi DciB wbf©i K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËvi PvjwPÎ
MZ Pvi `k‡K `vwi`ª¨ A‡a©K Kg‡jI `wi`ª gvby‡li msL¨v †e‡o‡Q D”P Rš§nv‡ii Kvi‡Y| `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi wePv‡i
fviZ I Px‡bi ci we‡k¦ Z…Zxq e„nËg †`k evsjv‡`k| m½ZKvi‡YB evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËv Pig AwbwðZ|
cywónxbZvi wePv‡i evsjv‡`k we‡k¦ cÖ_g| cÖm~wZ gv I wkï g„Zz¨i nvi GLbI †ewk| evsjv‡`k we‡k¦ Ab¨Zg

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

NbemwZc~Y© ivó«| G Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki c‡ÿ bZzb K‡i K…wl Rwg evov‡bv m¤¢e bq| †Kej DbœZ cÖhyw³ e¨envi
K‡I Drcv`b e„w× K‡i‡Z n‡e|
evsj‡`‡ki cÖvq 70 fvM f‚wg †m‡Pi AvIZvf‚³| †mP myweavi Kj¨v‡YB e‡iv av‡bi (cÖavb km¨) Drcv`b evo‡Q|
M½v-eªþcyÎ-‡gNbv AeevwnKv Avi f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb †`‡ki †m‡Pi Ab¨gZ Drm| Pxb-fviZ G AeevwnKvq cÖvq `yB
kZ euva ‰Zix K‡i cvwb Zz‡j †bevi cwiKíbv Ki‡Q| Avevi evsjv‡`‡ki f‚-Mf©¯’ cvwb ¯Íi bx‡P †b‡g hv‡”Q| G
`ywU wel‡qi Kvi‡Y fwel¨‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki cvwb Pvwn`v I †mP e¨e¯’v Pig ûgwKi gy‡L covi Avk¼v Ki‡Qb
we‡kÁiv| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y †`‡ki `wÿY-cwðgv‡ji nvRvi nvRvi †n±i K…wl Rwg jeYv³ n‡q hv‡”Q|
hvi d‡j Gme Rwg GLb K…wl dmj Drcv`‡bi Abyc‡hvMx| Rjevqy cwieZ©‡bi Kvi‡Y RvwZms‡Ni wnmve g‡Z
2050 mvj bvMv` evsjv‡`‡k Rjevqy DØv¯‘i msL¨v `uvov‡e cÖvq 1 †KvwU| m½Z Kvi‡YB Pig ûgwKi gy‡L co‡e
DØv¯Íy G Rb‡Mvôxi Lv`¨ wbivcËv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËv cwiw¯’wZ eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
Lv`¨wbivcËvi wZbwU kZ© nj: Lv‡`¨i jf¨Zv, Lv`¨ cÖvwßi ÿgZv I Lv`¨ ‡fvM| cÖ‡Z¨‡K Lv`¨ MÖnY Ki‡Z
cvi‡j Lv`¨ wbivcËv i‡q‡Q e‡j a‡i ‡bqv hvq| G A‡_© evsjv‡`‡k Lv`¨ wbivcËv i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ evsjv‡`k
A_©‰bwZK mgxÿv-2014 Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡ki 31.5 kZvsk gvbyl `vwi`ª¨ mxgvi bx‡P evm K‡i| m½Z Kvi‡YB
evsjv‡`‡ki Lv`¨ wbivcËv AwbwðZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| Lv`¨ cÖvwßi ÿgZv ej‡Z eySvq
K. Lv`¨ †fv‡Mi ÿgZv L. Lv`¨ μq ÿgZv M. Lv‡`¨i ch©ßZv N. †KvbwU bq
2| evsj‡`‡ki KZ fvM f‚wg †m‡Pi AvIZvf‚³?
K.70 fvM L. 80 fvM M. 90 fvM N. kZfvM

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-9.3 mš¿vm: KviY I cÖwZKvi (Terrorism: Causes and Remedies)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 evsjv‡`‡k mš¿vm, Gi KviY m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mš¿vm `g‡bi ev cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã AvBb we‡ivax, mvgvwRKxKiY, AwbðqZv, Aw¯’iZv, D”Q„•Lj, bxwZnxb, cÖwZK‚j

mš¿vm nj Ab¨vq ej cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g A‰ea cš’vq e¨w³MZ, A_©‰bwZK-ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨ Av`vq|
kvixwiK ev A‡¯¿i kw³, fxwZ cÖ`k©b, ûgwK w`‡q Rei`w¯Í K‡i Ab¨vqfv‡e wKQy mgvav Kiv, Av`vq
Kiv, A‡b¨i m¤ú` `Lj Kiv, wQbZvB Kiv, jyU Kiv nj mš¿vm| A_©vr mš¿vm gv‡bB n‡”Q AvBb k„•Ljv we‡ivax
KvR| GwU ˆ`wnK I gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯’¨i Dci wbh©vZbKvix| mš¿vm- †ckx kw³, Ab¨vq AvPiY I †Rvi hvi g~jøyK Zvi
bxwZi gZ| mš¿vm mgvR, RvwZ, †`k, ivóª I mf¨ gvbe mgv‡Ri kÎæ|
mš¿v‡mi Drm I KviY
mš¿v‡mi g‡Zv ¸iæZi Aciv‡ai Drm eûgyLx| wb‡¤œ mš¿v‡mi KviY m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1. A_©‰bwZK-ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_©
AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`‡k A_© I m¤ú‡`i cÖevn AwbwðZ I Aw¯’i| AbybœZ †`‡ki mxwgZ m¤ú` AwZwi³
RbmsL¨vi Pvwn`vc~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| d‡j Gme Rbc‡` †Rvic~e©K Ac‡ii m¤ú` `L‡j †bevi Ae¯’v ˆZwi nq|
mgv‡R †h †Kvb g~‡j¨ AvBb-Kvbyb j•Nb K‡i n‡jI A_©-m¤ú` `L‡ji ms¯‹…wZ M‡o D‡V|
2. cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK cÖfve
fzj mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi d‡j wkï ev wK‡kv‡ii g‡b mš¿vm weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZK~j cwi‡e‡k hLb wkï eo n‡q
D‡V, hLb ˆbwZKZv, wbqg-bxwZi cÖwZ kª×v‡eva AR©b K‡i bv, ZLb mš¿v‡mi c‡_ cv evov‡Z Zvi wØav nq bv|
mn‡RB mš¿vm‡K †m RxweKvR©‡bi, m¤ú` `L‡ji nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvwievwiK cÖfveI G‡ÿ‡Î
¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡L| †Kbbv mš¿vmxi †Q‡j-‡g‡qi mš¿vmx nevi m¤¢vebv _v‡K| Acivaxi mšÍvbiv mš¿vmx n‡eB
†mwU wVK bq; Z‡e mš¿vmx cwiev‡ii GKwU wkï‡K mn‡RB mš¿v‡mi c‡_ †V‡j †`q| evsjv‡`‡k A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB
mš¿vmxi Rb¥ Gfv‡e n‡q _v‡K|
3. `vwi`ª¨ I ‡eKviZ¡
`vwi`ª¨, †eKviZ¡, A_©‰bwZK AwbðqZv mš¿v‡mi Ab¨Zg KviY| ÿzav I `vwi`ª¨ n‡Z gyw³ †c‡Z eû †jvK mš¿v‡mi
Avkªq †bq| GQvov †eKviZ¡ Ges eÂbvI mš¿v‡mi Rb¨ `vqx| †eKvi _vK‡j, ewÂZ n‡j D”Q…•Lj Rxe‡bi w`‡K
GwM‡q gvbyl mš¿vmx Kg©Kv‡Ð hy³ n‡q c‡o|
4. mvgvwRK `ye©jZv I ˆbwZK wkÿvi Afve
cwiev‡ii fv½b, Amy¯’ mvgvwRK cwi‡ek Ges wkÿvi Afve mš¿vm e„w×i Rb¨ `vqx| hLb mšÍvb‡`i cÖwZ wcZv-
gvZvi †mœn, ggZv _v‡K bv, hLb wcZv-gvZv m¤ú` e„w×i j‡ÿ wbqg-bxwZnxb Kv‡R e¨¯Í _v‡K, †mB cwiev‡ii
mšÍvbiv AvBb‡K kª×v Kivi gvbwmKZv wb‡q †e‡o D‡V bv| Acwi®‹vi, A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek, ew¯Íi Rxeb gvby‡li †`n

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

I g‡bi Dci †bwZevPK cÖwZwμqv ˆZix K‡i| G¸‡jv gvby‡li g‡a¨, wnsmv, bxwZnxbZv, Amf¨Zv, g¯Ívbx BZ¨vw`
Rb¥ †`q| evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZK~j mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, my›`i Rxeb‡eva I ˆbwZKZvi Afve mš¿v‡mi Drm n‡q `uvwo‡q‡Q|
mš¿vm cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq-
1. `vwi`ª¨ I ‡eKviZ¡ `~ixKiY
2. ivR‰bwZK `ye„©Ëvqb eÜKiY
3. ‰bwZK wkÿvi cÖmvi
4. S‡o cov wkï I wK‡kvi‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv
5. AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv I cywjk cÖkvm‡bi cybMV©b
6. mš¿v‡mi weiæ‡× wbqwgZ mvovkx Awfhvb cwiPvjbv
7. gv`K e¨emv I †PvivPvjvb eÜKiY
8. †Q‡j-‡g‡q‡`i‡K cvwievwiKfv‡e AviI mgq †`qv

wkÿv_©xi KvR cvwievwiK mš¿vm Kxfv‡e mš¿v‡mi m„wó K‡i?

mvims‡ÿc
mš¿vm evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU Ab¨Zg mvgvwRK I bvMwiK mgm¨v| †KD mš¿vmx n‡q Rb¥ ‡bq bv; cvwicvwk¦©K
cwiw¯’wZ, mvgvwRKxKiY, AwbðqZv, `vwi`ª¨, wkÿvnxbZv I ivR‰bwZK c„ô‡cvlKZv mš¿vmx m„wó K‡i| †Kej
AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿvKvix evwnbx w`‡q mš¿vm `~i Kiv m¤¢e bq| G Rb¨ `iKvi ‰bwZK wkÿvi m¤cÖmviY Ges
e¨w³i myôz weKv‡ki wbðqZv| my›`i Kg©‡ÿ‡Îi wbðqZv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cvi‡j Ges mš¿vmx‡`i `j-gZ-ag©
wbwe©‡k‡l wePv‡ii AvIZvq Avb‡j mš¿vm A‡bKLvwb `~i n‡e e‡j Avkv ivLv hvq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| †Kvb&wU mZ¨ bq?
K. mš¿vm evsjv‡`‡ki GKwU mvgvwRK mgm¨v L. mš¿vm `~i Ki‡Z `iKvi ‰bwZK wkÿvi m¤cÖmviY
M. mš¿vmxi mšÍvb Aek¨B Acivax n‡e N. `vwi‡`ª¨i m‡½ mš¿v‡mi m¤úK© i‡q‡Q
2| mš¿vm cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Dcvq bq †Kvb&wU ?
K. gv`K e¨emv I †PvivPvjvb eÜKiY L. cywjk cÖkvm‡bi cybMV©b
M. S‡o cov wkï I wK‡kvi‡`i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv N. ew¯Í D‡”Q`

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-9.4 cwi‡ekMZ wech©q (Environmental Degradation)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 cwi‡ekMZ wech©q Kx Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cwi‡ekMZ wech©‡qi KviY¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb|
 cwi‡ekMZ wech©‡qi ÿwZKi w`K¸‡jv Kx eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cwi‡ekMZ wech©q cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã AcwiKwíZ, ivmvqwbK, `~lY, Rjevqy cwieZ©b, mgwóMZ, eR¨© †kvabvMvi

Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k `„k¨gvb I A`„k¨gvb hv wKQz Av‡Q ZvB cwi‡ek| A_©vr Avgv‡`i Pvi cv‡ki Nievwo,
`vjvb †KvUv, b`-b`x, Lvj-wej, cvnvo-ce©Z, MvQ-cvjv G mewKQz wb‡qB Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek| cwi‡ek
cÖavbZ cÖvK…wZ cwi‡ek I K…wÎg cwi‡ek| Rxeb-RxweKv I Dbœq‡bi ZvwM‡` gvbyl cÖwZwbqZ cwi‡e‡ki cwieZ©b
K‡I hv‡”Q| hvi †ewki fvMB cÖvK…wZ cwi‡e‡ki Rb¨ ÿwZKi| GB ÿwZKi cwieZ©‡bi gvÎv †ewk n‡jB
cwi‡e‡ki wech©q N‡U|
cwi‡ekMZ wech©‡qi KviY
AcwiKwíZ wkívqb: ‡hLv‡b †mLv‡b AcwiKwíZfv‡e wkí KviLvbv ˆZwii d‡j cwi‡e‡ki ÿwZ n‡”Q| Gme wkí
KviLvbvi eR¨©, evmvqwbK wgwkÖZ cvwb I Ab¨vb¨ ÿwZKi `ªe¨ gvwU‡Z I cvwb‡Z wg‡k cwi‡ek `~lY Ki‡Q| we‡kl
K‡i AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z wkí KviLvbvi eR¨© cwi‡kva‡bi Rb¨ eR©¨ †kvabvMvi (Effluent Treatment
Plant) Kg _v‡K| d‡j Gme wkí KviLvbvi eR©¨ Av‡k-cv‡ki b`x-bvjv Lvj-we‡j wM‡q c‡o Ges cwi‡e‡ki
gvivZœK wech©q NUvq| †hgb- XvKvi Pvi cv‡ki ZzivM, evjy, kxZjÿ¨v I eywoM½vi b`xi cvwb Lye `~wlZ|
cwi‡e‡ki wech©q GK A‡_© gvbe Rxe‡biB wech©q|
K…wl‡Z ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK e¨envi: AwaK RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ AwaK cwigv‡Y dmj Drcv`b Ki‡Z nq| d‡j
K…wl‡Z evmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK e¨env‡ii cwigvY †e‡o †M‡Q| Gme mvi I KxUbvkK gvwU I dmwj Rwgi
cvwb‡K `~wlZ K‡i| ‡m cvwb A‡bK mgq bvjv w`‡q b`xi cvwb‡KI `~wlZ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y b`x-bvjv I Rjvk‡q
cÖvqB gvQ g‡i †f‡m _vK‡Z †`Lv hvq| wkív‡ji cvk¦eZ©x Rjvkq I b`x‡Z eZ©gv‡b gvQ †bB ej‡jB P‡j|
ebf~wg aŸsm
ivbœvi I BU fvUvi Rb¨ R¡vjvbx wnmv‡e, feb wbg©v‡Y `iRv- Rvbvjvi Rb¨ I N‡ii AvmevecÎ ˆZwi‡Z e¨vcKnv‡i
KvV e¨eüZ n‡”Q| d‡j †Kvb †`‡ki f~-L‡Ûi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq 25 kZvsk ebf~wg Avi _vK‡Q bv| evsjv‡`‡k gvÎ
9 kZvsk ebf~wg i‡q‡Q| Gi d‡j cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q Ges evZv‡m `~wlZ M¨v‡mi (Kveb©-WvB A·vBW)
cwigvY evo‡Q|
giYv¯¿ ˆZwi I e¨envi
wewfbœ ivóª ev †Mvôxi g‡a¨ Ø›` msNvZI cwi‡e‡ki wech©q NUvq| †Kbbv AvwacZ¨ we¯Ívi Kivi Rb¨ Zviv wewfbœ
ai‡bi giYv¯¿ ˆZwi K‡i Ges Zv hyׇÿ‡Î e¨envi K‡i| †hgb K¬v÷vi †evgv, cvigvYweK †evgv| cvigvYweK
†evgvi e¨env‡ii fqvenZvi K_v Rvcv‡bi wn‡ivwkgv I bvMvwmwK kn‡ii we‡ùviY †_‡K Rvbv hvq|

BDwbU bq c„ôv 132

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

AeKvVv‡gv ˆZwi
AwaK nv‡i iv¯ÍvNvU, Ni-evwo, wewìs, †ijjvBb ˆZwii d‡j cÖvK…wZK cwi‡e‡ki fvimvg¨ bó n‡”Q|
cøvw÷K mvgMÖxi e¨envi
AvaywbKZvi Abyl½ wn‡m‡e cøvw÷‡Ki e¨envi w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| †hgb- cwjw_b e¨vM, M„n¯’vwji AvmevecÎ
wn‡m‡e cøvw÷K mvgMÖx Lye RbwcÖq| wKš‘ GwU mn‡R gvwUi mv‡_ wgwkÖZ bv nIqvq cwi‡e‡ki `xN©‡gqv`x ÿwZ K‡i|
GQvovI Lvj-wej I Rjvkq fivU, gvby‡li AwaK MwZkxjZv, cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM BZ¨vw` bvbvwea Kvi‡Y cwi‡ek bó
n‡”Q|
ÿwZKi w`K
eZ©gvb gvÎvq cwi‡ek `~wlZ n‡Z _vK‡j cwi‡ek wech©q gvby‡li Rxe‡bi Pig ÿwZi KviY n‡q DV‡e| we‡kl
K‡i-
K. cwi‡ek I Rxe‰ewPΨ aŸsm n‡”Q|
L. K¨vÝvi, ¯œvqy‡ivM, Pg©‡ivM, ni‡gvbRwbZ †ivMmn bvbvwea †iv‡Mi cÖv`yfv© e e„w× cv‡”Q|
M. evqygÛ‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq Aw·‡R‡bi cwigvY K‡g cv‡”Q Ges `~wlZ M¨v‡mi cwigvY e„w× cv‡”Q| d‡j k¦vm-
cÖk¦v‡mi mgm¨vmn bvbv RwUjZv m„wó n‡”Q|
N. Rjevqyi weiƒc cÖfv‡e mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv e„w× cv‡”Q| Dc‡P cov jeYv³ cvwb †`‡ki wb¤œv‡ji emZ evwo,
dmwj Rwg I gvby‡li Rxeb msK‡U co‡Q|
O. Lv‡`¨i cÖvK…wZK Drm K‡g cv‡”Q| d‡j Avwd«Kvi gZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z Lv`¨ msKU Pig AvKvi aviY Ki‡Q|
P. giYv¯¿, wkí-KviLvbv †_‡K wbM©Z M¨vm Gi †ZRw¯Œqvq kvwiixK I gvbwmKfv‡e weKjv½ wkïi Rb¥ n‡”Q|
cwi‡ekMZ wech©q †gvKv‡ejvq mgwóMZ D‡`¨vM:
evsjv‡`k GKwU Rbeûj †`k| GB wekvj Rb‡Mvôxi †ewkifvMB cwi‡ek `~l‡Y AvμvšÍ| ¯^í AvqZb I
RbmsL¨vi D”P Nb‡Z¡i d‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ GBme mgm¨v weivU evav n‡q `vwo‡q‡Q| ZvB evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b
cwi‡ek msiÿY Riæwi| Ggb me cwiw¯’wZ ‡_‡K DËi‡Yi Rb¨ †h me c`‡ÿc MÖnY Kiv `iKvi Zv njt-
1) mwVK cwiKíbvnxb wkí I KjKviLvbv AvBb K‡i eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2) wkí kÖwgK‡`i `ÿZv e…w×i Rb¨ Dchy³ wkÿv I cÖwkÿ‡Yi my‡hvM ‰Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
3) cwi‡ek `~lYKvix wkí¸‡jv wPwýZ K‡i ‡h ¸‡jv cwi‡e‡ki me©vwaK ÿwZ Ki‡Q †m¸‡jv eÜ †NvlYv Kiv|
4) AvevwmK GjvKvq wkíKviLvbv ¯’vc‡bi AbygwZ bv †`qv|
5) e„ÿ‡ivcY Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi Kiv Ges e„nr ebvqb Kg©m~Px MÖnY Kiv|
6) mvgvwRK ebvqb e„w× Kiv Ges mKj‡K G e¨vcv‡i DrmvwnZ Kiv|
7) †hLv‡b †mLv‡b gqjv AveR©bv bv ‡d‡j wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ‡djv|
8) cwjw_b I cøvw÷K RvZxq c‡Y¨i e¨env‡i wbiærmvwnZ Kiv|
9) cvnvo KvUv eÜ Kivi Rb¨ AvBbMZ e¨e¯’v ‡bqv|
10) ivmvqwbK mvi I KxUbvkK e¨env‡i wbiærmvwnZ Kiv Ges ˆRe mvi e¨env‡i RbMY‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
11) Rbm‡PZbZv e…w× Kiv|
e¨w³ ch©v‡q KiYxq
cwi‡ek msiÿ‡Y bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Avgv‡`i A‡bK `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ i‡q‡Q| webv cÖ‡qvR‡b MvQ bv KvUv, cwjw_‡bi
cwie‡Z© cv‡Ui e¨vM e¨envi Kiv, M„n¯’vwji gqjv Ave©Rbvi mwVK e¨e¯’vcbvi KvR¸‡jv mn‡RB Kiv hvq| wb‡R
e„ÿ‡ivcY Kiv Ges Ab¨‡K e„ÿ‡ivc‡Y DrmvwnZ Kiv| K…wl Rwg‡Z ivmvqwb‡Ki cwie‡Z© ˆRweK c×w‡Z Pvlvev`

BDwbU bq c„ôv 133

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

Kiv| we¯Í…Z cwim‡i M„nwbg©vY bv K‡i D”P `vjvb-‡KvVv wbg©vY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI e¨w³ ch©v‡q Avgiv
m‡PZb n‡q KvR Ki‡j cwi‡ek wech©q A‡bKUvB Kgv‡bv m¤¢e|
wkÿv_©xi KvR Avcbvi Pvicv‡k wK ai‡bi cwi‡ek wech©q NU‡Q? eY©bv Kiæb|

mvi-ms‡ÿc
Avgv‡`i Pvicv‡k `…k¨gvb I A`…k¨gvb mewKQy wb‡q Avgv‡`i cwi‡ek| gvwU, evqy, cvwb, MvQcvjv BZ¨vw`
cwi‡e‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb| wkívqb, AwZwi³ RbmsL¨vi Pvc, ewa©Z Lv`¨ I evm¯’vb Pvwn`v cÖf…wZi Kvi‡Y
cwi‡e‡ki Dcv`vb¸‡jv bó n‡”Q| c„w_exi ZvcgvÎv †e‡o hvIqvq mgy`ª c„‡ôi D”PZv †e‡o wbgœvÂj cøvweZ
n‡”Q| Gi d‡j cwi‡ekMZ `y‡h©vM †`Lv w`‡”Q| evsjv‡`k cwi‡ekMZ wech©q †gvKv‡ejvq cwiKíbv cÖYqb I
ev¯Íevqb Ki‡Q| bvMwiK‡`i KiYxq m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv ‰Zwi Ki‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.4

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU cwi‡ekMZ wech©‡qi KviY?
K) ebv‡ji cwigvY K‡g hvIqv L) Rjvkq AwaMÖnY M) `~lY N) me¸‡jv|
2| cwi‡ekMZ `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvi Rb¨-
i) AcwiKwíZfv‡e M‡o IVv wkíKviLvbv eÜ Ki‡Z n‡e|
ii) e¨vcK AvKv‡i ebvqb Kg©m~Px nv‡Z wb‡Z n‡e|
iii) RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e
iv) ˆRemvi e¨env‡i DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

K) i+ iii L) iii+ii +i M) ii + iv N) meKwU|

BDwbU bq c„ôv 134

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-9.5 wbiÿiZv (Illiteracy)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 wbiÿiZv Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki wbiÿiZv cwiw¯’wZ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb|
 wbiÿiZv `~ixKi‡Y miKvwi I †emiKvwi ch©v‡q KiYxq m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Aÿi Ávb, `wi`ª, e„wË, eq¯‹ wkÿv, wkÿv e¨vsK, †emiKvwi ms¯’v,

wbiÿiZv GKwU RvZxq mgm¨v| GwU GKwU RvwZi Rb¨ Awfkvc¯^iƒc| wbiÿi e¨w³ mgvR I iv‡óªi
DcKvi Kivi †P‡q eis evav n‡q `uvovq| wbiÿiZv nj Aÿi Ávb bv _vKv A_©vr wbiÿiZv ej‡Z
GKRb e¨w³i †mB Ae¯’v‡K †evSvq hvi †Kvb Aÿi Ávb †bB, GgbwK whwb Zvi bvgwUI wjL‡Z cv‡ib bv|
evsjv‡`‡ki MÖv‡gi AwaKvsk †jvKB wbiÿi|
wbiÿiZv cwiw¯’wZ
evsjv‡`‡k 1997 mvj †_‡K ¯^vÿiZv Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| m¤ú~Y© ¯^vÿiZv Av›`j‡bi cÖwZcv`¨ nj †`k †_‡K
wbiÿiZv mg~‡j `yi Kiv| evsjv‡`‡k 7 eQi †_‡K E‡aŸ© ¯^vÿiZvi nvi 57.53% Ges bvix I cyiæ‡li g‡a¨ Gi
nvi n‡”Q h_vμ‡g 60.15% Ges 54.84%| `ye©j A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’vi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ª †kÖYxi g‡a¨
wbiÿiZvi nvi LyeB †ewk| ‡gavex nIqv m‡Ë¡I A‡bK `wi`ª cwiev‡ii †Q‡j †g‡qiv covïbv Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
eZ©gv‡b eû `wi`ª QvÎ-QvÎx A‡_©i Afv‡e D”PZi wWwMÖ AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Afve-AbU‡bi g‡a¨I Gm. Gm.
wm‡Z fvj djvdj K‡i‡Q Ggb †gavex‡`i‡K Avevi wewfbœ e¨w³, †emiKvwi e¨vsK I e„wË cÖ`vbKvix dvÛ A_©
mvnvh¨ w`‡q Zv‡`i †jLvcovq mnvqZv Ki‡Q| Avkvi K_v nj, evsjv‡`‡k wbiÿiZvi nvi w`b w`b Kg‡Q|
wbiÿiZv `~ixKiY
wkÿv RvwZi ‡giæ`Û| d‡j wbiÿi mgvR KL‡bvB †mvRv n‡q `uvov‡Z cv‡i bv, DbœwZi wkL‡i †cŠQ‡Z cv‡i bv|
wKš‘ GKwU RvwZ‡K wkwÿZ Kiv I wbiÿZv `~i Kiv Lye Kómva¨ KvR| wkÿv ¯^v‡¯’¨i g‡Zv welq ¸‡jv ivóª wbwðZ
K‡i _vK‡ji iv‡óªi GKvi c‡ÿ Zv m¤¢e nq bv| ZvB G wel‡q miKvi I bvMwi‡Ki mgwóMZ D‡`¨vM Riæwi|
BD‡b‡¯‹vi 2015 mv‡ji Rwic Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k ¯^vÿiZvi nvi 61.5%| A_©vr wekvj Rb‡Mvôx GLbI wbiÿi|
ZvB G wel‡q `ªyZ cwiKwíZ I Kvh©Ki D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| wbiÿiZv `~ixKi‡Yi †ÿ‡Î miKvi I bvMwiKMY
†h me c`‡ÿc wb‡Z cv‡i Zv nj:-
K) mwVK cwimsL¨vb
wbiÿi RbM‡Yi msL¨v eqm, AÂj, bvix-cyiæl‡f‡` wewfbœ iKg nq| Gme Ae¯’v we‡ePbvq †i‡L wbiÿiZv
`~ixKiY Kg©m~wP MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| ZvB wbiÿi RbM‡Yi mvwe©K I mwVK Z_¨ Rvbv miKv†ii mswkøó wefv‡Mi
cÖv_wgK `vwqZ¡| G‡ÿ‡Î mwVK Z_¨ w`‡q miKvi‡K mn‡hvwMZv Kiv cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Aek¨ KZ©e¨|
L) Rbm‡PZbZv e„w×
RbMY‡K wkÿvi mydj I wbiÿiZvi Kzdj m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z n‡e| Zv‡`i‡K wkÿvgyLx Kivi R‡b¨ cÖPviYv Pvjv‡Z
n‡e|
M) wkÿv cÖwZôvb ¯’vcb
miKvi‡K MÖv‡g MÖv‡g eq¯‹ wkÿv I Lv‡`¨i wewbg‡q wkÿv Kg©m~Px nv‡Z wb‡Z n‡e| G Rb¨ h_vh_ wkÿv cÖwZôvb
¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| G e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡`i wkwÿZ †eKvi‡`i Kv‡R jvMv‡bv †h‡Z cv‡i|

BDwbU bq c„ôv 135

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

N) KvwiMwi wkÿvi e¨e¯’v

KvwiMwi wkÿvi cÖmvi NUv‡Z n‡e Ges wkÿv_©x‡`i KvwiMwi wkÿvq DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †ckvMZ wkÿvi gva¨‡g
gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
N) eq¯‹ wkÿv PvjyKiY
eq¯‹‡`i g‡a¨ wbiÿiZv `~ixKi‡Yi Rb¨ eq¯‹ wkÿv ‡K›`« Pvjy Kiv hvq|
O) Aby`vb I wkÿv FY PvjyKiY
wbiÿiZv `yi Kivi Rb¨ e…wËgyjK wkÿv Pvjy Kiv hvq| ZvQvov Aby`vb, wkÿvFY c«f…wZi Øviv †jLvcovi my‡hvM
‰Zwi Kiv hvq| ZvB mgv‡Ri weËevb‡`i G‡ÿ‡Î GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
P) wkÿv e¨vsK PvjyKiY
wkÿv e¨vsK Pvjyi K‡i wbiÿi‡`i FY `v‡bi gva¨‡g DrmvwnZ Kiv hv‡e| S‡o cov wkÿv_©x‡`i wb‡q G e¨vsK
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Q) bvMwiK‡`i m¤ú„³Zv e„w×
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AskMÖnY‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z n‡e| †ek wKQz GbwRI †hgbÑ eª¨vK, cÖwkKv, BD‡mc, wmWv, †Kqvi, ¯^wbf©i
evsjv‡`k cÖf…wZ G †ÿ‡Î wbijmfv‡e KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ Ò¯^wbf©i evsjv‡`kÓ bv‡g GbwRIwU 570 wU
MÖvg‡K wbiÿigy³ K‡i‡Q| Gfv‡e miKvi I bvMwiK‡`i AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wbiÿiZv `~i Kiv m¤¢e n‡j RvZxq
AMÖMwZ k³ wfwËi Dci cÖwZwôZ n‡e| d‡j wbiÿi gvbyl †ckvwfwËK wkÿv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g `ÿ Rbm¤ú‡`
cwiYZ n‡e|
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Ki‡Z n‡e Ges kw³kvjx I DbœZ RvwZ MVb Ki‡Z bvMwiK‡`i AviI Zrci n‡Z n‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR wbiÿiZv `~ixKi‡Y †emiKvwi ch©v‡q KiYxq wK wK?

mvims‡ÿc
wbiÿiZv RvwZi Rb¨ Awfkvc| wbiÿiZv evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q eo evav| `wi`ªZvi Kvi‡Y †ewki fvM
wkÿv_©x S‡i c‡o| d‡j `wi`ª †kÖYxi g‡a¨ wbiÿiZvi nvi †ewk| GQvov m‡PZbZvi Afv‡e, wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Afve,
e„wËi Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y Rb‡Mvôx wbiÿi _v‡K| wbiÿiZv `~ixf~Z Kiv miKv‡ii `vwqZ¡| eZ©gv‡b miKvi I bvMwi‡Ki
mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvi d‡j evsjv‡`‡k wbiÿiZv K‡g wkÿvi nvi evo‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.5

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`‡k `wi`ª †kÖYxi gv‡S wbiÿiZv nvi †ewk, KviY
K) bvRyK A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v L) Rwgi Afve M) wkívq‡bi Afve N) wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi Afve
2| -------- gva¨‡g wbiÿiZv I †eKviZ¡ DfqB `~i Kiv m¤¢e|
K) AvbyôvwbK wkÿv L) †ckvMZ I KvwiMwi wkÿv
M) e¨emv cÖwZôvb M‡o †Zvjv N) K + L

BDwbU bq c„ôv 136

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-9.6 bvix wbh©vZb t KviY I cÖwZKvi

(Violence against Women: Causes and Remedies)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 bvix wbh©vZb Kx ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 bvix wbh©vZb Gi KviY¸‡jv wPwýZ n‡e|
 bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã †eBwRs †NvlYv, cyiælZvwš¿K, ag©vÜZv, civaxbZv, m‡PZbZv

bvix mgv‡Ri weiæ‡× mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK I kvixwiK †h †Kvb c`‡ÿcB bvix wbh©vZ‡bi AvIZvfz³|
†eBwRs †NvlYv Abyhvqx bvix wbh©vZb ej‡Z Ggb †h †Kvb KvR ev AvPiY‡K †evSvq hv bvixi weiæ‡×
msNwUZ Kiv nq| hv bvixi kvixwiK I gvbwmK ÿwZ mvab K‡i| ZvQvov †Kvb ÿwZ mva‡bi ûgwK, †Rvic~e©K
A_ev Lvg‡Lqvjxfv‡e mgvR A_ev e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b bvixi ¯^vaxbZv niY bvix wbh©vZ‡bi AvIZvfz³|

evsjv‡`‡k bvix wbh©vZ‡bi cÖavb KviY

miKvwi-‡emiKvwi I e¨w³ D‡`¨v‡M bvixi ÿgZvqb, bvixi AwaKvi myiÿvq bvbvwea Kvh©μg MÖnY Kiv n‡”Q|
ZviciI mgv‡R bvix wbh©vZb NU‡Z †`Lv hvq| evsjv‡`‡k bvix wbh©vZ‡bi wb¤œwjwLZ KviY jÿ¨Yxq-
K) cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR e¨e¯’v
Avgv‡`i mgv‡R cyiælZvwš¿K e¨e¯’v hyM hyM a‡i P‡j Avm‡Q| cyiælZvwš¿K mgv‡R bvixiv me mgq Aejv e‡j
we‡ewPZ nq Ges wbh©vwZZ nq| cyiælZvwš¿K G e¨e¯’v KL‡bv bvixi AwaKvi‡K ¯^xKvi K‡i bv eis bvix‡`i‡K
Awab¯Í K‡i iv‡L| evsjv‡`‡ki GKB Ae¯’v Ges bvixiv me©‡ÿ‡Î Ae‡nwjZ|
L) A_©‰bwZK civaxbZv
mgv‡R Ges cwiev‡i Dfq †ÿ‡ÎB bvixi Ae¯’vb kw³kvjx Kivi ‡gvÿg nvwZqvi nj A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZv|
A_©‰bwZK ¯^vaxbZvi d‡j bvixiv AvZ¥wbf©ikxj nq| A_P Avgv‡`i ‡`‡k bvixiv A_©‰bwZKfv‡e wcZv, ¯^vgx wKsev
cwiev‡i Ab¨ cyiæl m`‡m¨i Av‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj|
M) agx©q †Mvuovwg
agx©q †Mvuovwgi Kvi‡Y bvixiv wbh©vwZZ nq| A‡bK mgq mvgvwRK k„•Ljv f‡½i `v‡q MÖvg¨ mvwj‡k d‡Zvqv Rvwi
K‡i bvix‡`i‡K kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e wbh©vZb Kiv nq|
N) `vwi`ªZv
`vwi`ªZv bvix wbh©vZ‡bi Ab¨Zg KviY| `wi`ª cwiev‡ii bvixiv wkÿvi Av‡jv †_‡K ewÂZ nq| Rxeb‡eva m¤ú‡K©
mwVK aviYv ‡_‡K AÜKv‡i _v‡K Ges A‡b¨i Dci wbf©ikxj n‡q c‡o| Avi GB my‡hvM‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q
cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR bvixi Dci gvbwmK I kvixwiK wbh©vZb Pvjvq|

BDwbU bq c„ôv 137

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq

bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iv‡a wb¤œwjwLZ c`‡ÿc MÖnb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-

bvix‡K gvbyl wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv
cÖ_gZ fve‡Z n‡e bvix GKRb gvbyl| ZviI wKQz gvbevwaKvi i‡q‡Q| bvixi Dci †hme wbh©vZb nq Zvi
AwaKvskB †Kvb gvby‡li Dci Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB cÖ_gZ bvix‡K hw` gvbyl wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kiv nq Z‡e bvix
A‡bK cvkweK wbhv©Zb †_‡K gyw³ cv‡e|
AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM
we`¨gvb AvB‡bi h_vh_ I K‡Vvi ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g bvix wbh©vZb †iva Kiv m¤¢e| ZvB miKv‡ii ¸iæ `vwqZ¡ nj
we`¨gvb AvB‡bi `ye©jZv ¸‡jv †Lvu‡R †ei K‡i Zv AviI kw³kvjx Kiv| cÖ‡qvR‡b bvix wbh©vZbKvix‡`i kvw¯Í
cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ we‡kl Av`vjZ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
cvV¨ cy¯Í‡Ki gva¨‡g m‡PZbZv e„w×
bvixi cÖwZ gvbweK nIqvi wkÿv w`‡Z n‡e| bvixi AwaKvi, ¯^vaxbZv, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© cvV¨eB‡q we‡kl
Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| ¯‹zj K‡j‡Ri cvV¨ cy¯ÍK¸‡jv‡Z bvix wbh©vZb we‡ivax †jLv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
wewfbœ mvs¯‹…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡`i gv‡S m‡PZbZv evov‡Z n‡e|
msMwVZ cÖwZev` M‡o †Zvjv
bvixi AwaKvi Av`v‡qi Rb¨ me©v‡MÖ cÖ‡qvRb msMwVZ Av‡›`vjb| ZvQov bvix wbh©vZ‡bi weiæ‡× k³ cÖwZev` M‡o
Zyj‡Z n‡e| bvix‡`i‡K AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© AewnZ K‡i m‡PZbZv evov‡Z n‡e|
AvBbx mnvqZv cÖ`vb
wbh©vwZZ bvix‡`i AvBbx mnvqZv mnRjf¨ Ki‡Z n‡e| ZvQvov b¨vqwePvi cvIqvi e¨e¯’v wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|

bvMwiK wnmv‡e Avgv‡`i KiYxq

bvixivI ‡h gvbyl Ges Zviv cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi I gh©v`vi `vwe`vi GK_v Avgv‡`i ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e| bvix-
cyiæ‡li mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ e¨vw³ ch©v‡q m‡PZbZv e…w× Ki‡Z n‡e Ges mgwóMZfv‡e bvMwiK‡`i
GwM‡q Avm‡Z n‡e| bvix‡`i m…Rbkxj Kg©‡K ¯^xK…wZ w`‡Z n‡e Ges Zv‡`i wPšÍv, we‡eK I K‡g©i ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZ
Ki‡Z bvMwiK‡`i h_vh_ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e|

wkÿv_©xi KvR †Kej AvBb cÖ‡qvM K‡i Kx bvix wbh©vZb cÖwZKvi Kiv m¤¢e? hyw³ w`b|

mvims‡ÿc
bvix wbh©vZb Avgv‡`i mgv‡Ri GKwU gvivZœK e¨vwa| Avgv‡`i mgv‡R bvixi cÖwZ mwnsmZvi cÖavb KviY nj cyiælZvwš¿K
mgvRe¨e¯’v, ag©xq †Mvuovwg, wkÿvi Afve BZ¨vw`| ZvB `…wófw½i cwieZ©b, bvixi AwaKvi wbwðZKiY, AvB‡bi K‡Vvi
cÖ‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi mwnsmZv `yi Kiv m¤¢e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.6

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`‡k bvix wbh©vZ‡bi cÖavb KviY wK?
K) wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR L) ag©xq AÜZv M) A_©‰bwZK A¯^”QjZv N) K+L +M

BDwbU bq c„ôv 138

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

2| bvix wbh©vZb e‡Ü

i) AvB‡bi K‡Vvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
ii) bvix‡`i mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
iii) cyiæl‡`i gb¯^‡Z¡i cwieZ©b NUv‡Z n‡e|
iv) bvix‡`i gvbevwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
†Kvb&wU mwVK
K) i+ ii +iii L) iv M) ii + iv N) me¸‡jv|

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| iv‡eqv im~jcyi MÖv‡gi GK `wi`ª K…lK cwiev‡ii †g‡q| `wi`ªZvi Kvi‡Y তার evev Zv‡K 14 eQi eq‡m we‡q
w`‡q †`b| wKš‘ Zvi ¯^vgx Kg©V wQj bv| †m me mgq iv‡eqv‡K ev‡ci evwo †_‡K UvKv Avb‡Z ejZ Ges Pvc
w`Z| UvKv bv Avb‡Z cvi‡j cÖPÛ kvixwiK I gvbwmK wbh©vZb KiZ| G Ae¯’vq iv‡eqvi evev AvB‡bi `vi¯’
nq| iv‡eqvi cÖwZ wbh©vZb eÜ nq|
K) evsjv‡`‡k †gvU RbmsL¨vi KZ fvM bvix?
L) evsjv‡`‡k bvix wbh©vZ‡bi cÖavb KviY¸‡jv wK wK?
M) Av‡jvP¨ DwÏcK bvix wbh©vZ‡bi †Kvb nvwZqvwU‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q|
N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K bvix wbh©vZ‡bi weiæ‡× wK wK c`‡ÿc †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i Ges G‡ÿ‡Î bvMwiK‡`i
KiYxq¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| Zv‡jevb GKwU Bmjvgx Pigcš’x msMVb| AvdMvwb¯Ívb I cvwK¯Ív‡b Gi †ek cÖfve i‡q‡Q| 2014 mv‡j
wW‡m¤^i gv‡m Zv‡jবানেi nvgjvq †c‡kvqv‡ii GKwU ¯‹z‡ji QvÎ-QvÎxmn 162 Rb wbnZ nq| cieZx©‡Z †mbv
Awfhv‡bi gva¨‡g †mbvevwnbx kZvwaK Rঙ্গি‡K nZ¨v K‡i Ges A‡bK‡K dvuwm †`q|
K) mš¿vm Kx?
L) mš¿vmx Kvh©K‡gi cuvPwU D`vniY w`b|
M) Av‡jvP¨ DwÏc‡K Zv‡jevbiv wK ai‡Yi mš¿vmx Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q?
N) DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K mš¿vm wbg~©‡j iv‡óªi f‚wgKv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.1 : 1| M 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.2 : 1| L 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.3 : 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.4 : 1| N 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.5 : 1| K 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-9.6 : 1| N 2| N

BDwbU bq c„ôv 139

 evsjv‡`‡ki Afz¨`‡q bvMwiK †PZbv
(Civic Spirit to the Emergence of Bangladesh)

cvwK¯Ív‡bi Af¨šÍixY Jcwb‡ewkK KvVv‡gv‡Z c~e© evsjvi Rb‡Mvôx‡K `xN©w`b ivRc‡_ Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q|
AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gwngvq D¾¡j ev½vwji ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vjbB GK ch©v‡q ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g iƒc †bq| mk¯¿ gyw³hy‡×i
gva¨‡g 1971 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i c„w_exi gvbwP‡Î ¯^vaxb-mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki Afy¨`q N‡U| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U
ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i cUf~wg, fvlv-Av‡›`vjb, cvwK¯Ív‡b msweavb iPbvi †Póv, cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb, mvgwiK kvmb,
cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yÕAs‡ki ˆelg¨, 6 `dv Av‡›`vjb, 1969 Gi MY-Af‚¨Ìvb, 1970 Gi wbe©vPb, e½eÜzi Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vjb, gyw³hy× I ¯^vaxb ivóª wnmv‡e evsjv‡`‡ki Af~¨`q cÖf„wZ welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 2 mßvn

cvV-10.1 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi cUf~wg

(Background of the Independence Movement of Bangladesh)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i Av_©-ivR‰bZK †cÖÿvcU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evOvwj m¤ú‡K© cwðg cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡Mvôxi g‡bvfve Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
gyL¨ kã mv¤úª`vwqK, ag©xq, †kvlY, wbh©vZb, ˆelg¨, RvZxqZvev`, ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv
mv¤úª`vwqK D‡ËRbv Avi `v½vi i³ÿqx cUf‚wg‡Z 1947 mv‡j wef³ nq fviZel©| wek¦ gvbwP‡Î
Avwef©~Z nq ag©‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o IVv bZzb GKwU ivó«- cvwK¯Ívb| Jcwb‡ewkK wefw³i ivRbxwZ,
wn›`y-gymjgv‡bi jv‡Lv i³v³ jvk Avi ev¯ÍyPz¨wZi AwZ`xN© wgwQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi GB ÔAvPgKv Afy¨`qÕ
Awbevh© K‡i †Zv‡j| wKš‘ bZzb iv‡óª AwP‡iB ev½vwj wb‡R‡K wbcxwoZ-ewÂZ Rb‡Mvôx wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z eva¨
nq| ev½vwji ¯^cœ cvwK¯Ív‡bi Af¨šÍixY Jcwb‡ewkK KvVv‡gv‡Z c~e© evsjv †Kej A_©‰bwZKfv‡e †kvwlZ nqwb|
ev½vwji ivR‰bwZK I mvs¯‹…wZK AwaKviI niY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †cÖÿvc‡U c~e© evsjvq Amv¤cÖ`vwqK ev½vwj
RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk N‡U| cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci †_‡KB cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx c~e© evsjvi RbM‡Yi cÖwZ
wegvZvmyjf AvPiY ïiæ K‡i| wewfbœ ai‡bi Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK-cÖkvmwbK bxwZ Aej¤^b K‡i| Avi Gme
ˆelg¨g~jK bxwZ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi cUf~wg wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| wb‡¤œ Zv Av‡jPbv Kiv nj-
(K) ivR‰bwZK †cÖÿvcU
cvwK¯Ív‡b c~e© evsjv eiveiB fqven ivR‰bwZK ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡q‡Q| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g MYcwil‡`i c~e© evsjvi
msL¨vMwiôZv _vKv m‡Ë¡I MfY©i †Rbv‡ij I cÖavbgš¿x Dfq c‡`B wb‡qvM Kiv nq cwðg cvwK¯Ívb n‡Z| 1947-
58 mvj ch©šÍ cvwK¯Ív‡bi 4 Rb ivóªcÖav‡bi gvÎ 1 Rb wQ‡jb c~e© evsjvi Ges wZwb wQ‡jb D`y©fvlx| cvwK¯Ív‡bi
ivRavbxI cÖwZôv Kiv nq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi KivPx‡Z| c‡i AvBq~e Lvb ivRavbx Bmjvgvev‡` ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib|
cwðg cvwK¯ÍvbxivB wQj cÖK…Z A‡_© kvmb ÿgZvq| c~e© evsjvi Rb‡bZv †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©, G. †K.
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

dRjyj nKmn †K›`ª RbwcÖq ivR‰bwZK †bZ…e„›`‡K wbw®Œq K‡i ivLv nq| GgbwK msL¨vMwiôZv m‡Ë¡I AvBb
cwil‡` c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K msL¨vmvg¨ bxwZ gvb‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq|
(L) mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK ‡cÖÿvcU
cvwK¯Ívb m„wói Av‡›`vj‡b c~e© evsjvi RbMY gyL¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ ¯^vaxb ivóªwU‡Z ïiæ †_‡KB ev½vwj
Rb‡Mvôx ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡q‡Q| mvgvwRKfv‡e cwðg cvwK¯Ívbxiv ev½vwj‡K ÔLe©vKviÕ, ÔAa©-gymjgvbÕ, Ôwn›`y-
†Nulv gymjgvbÕ cÖf„wZ e‡j Acgvb I †nq KiZ| Zviv wb‡R‡`i Z_vKw_Z †hv×v RvwZ wnmv‡e cÖPvi K‡i ev½vwj‡K
ÔfxZzÕ e‡j AeÁv KiZ| cwðg cvwK¯Ívbx‡`i cÖfymyjf g‡bvfve Avi AnsKv‡i ev½vwj‡`i mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi wfwˇZ
ivóª m„wói ¯^cœ †f‡½ hvq| Zviv AwP‡iB eyS‡Z cv‡i ag© RvwZ MV‡bi GKwU Dcv`vb n‡jI †Kej a‡g©i wfwˇZ
RvwZ ev ivóª MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i bv| RvwZ MV‡bi Rb¨ fvlv, HwZn¨, BwZnvm ms¯‹…wZi wgj _vK‡Z nq| mvgvwRK
†ÿ‡Î AeÁv Kiv QvovI cwðg cvwK¯Ívbxiv ev½vwj ms¯‹…wZi Dci bxwcob Pvwj‡q‡Q| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖ_g AvNvZ Av‡m
evsjv fvlvi Dci| evsjv fvlv‡K Zviv D`y©i g‡Zv Aviex ni‡d †jLvi lohš¿ K‡iwQ‡jv| cvwK¯Ív‡bi 56 fvM
gvbyl wQj ev½vwj Ab¨w`‡K D`y© fvlvfvlx Rb‡Mvôxi msL¨v wQ‡jv gvÎ 7 fvM| Zey evsjv‡K ev` w`‡q D`y©‡K GKgvÎ
ivóªfvlv Kivi lohš¿ K‡i cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK †Nvôx| evsjvi RbMY †kl ch©šÍ ey‡Ki i³ w`‡q 1952 mv‡j evsjv‡K
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªfvlv wnmv‡e cÖwZwôZ K‡i|
(M) A_©‰bwZK †cÖÿvcU
cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yÕAs‡k A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ wQj AZ¨šÍ cÖKU| miKvwi-‡emiKvwi cÖwZôvb, ivóªxq e¨vsK I Ab¨vb¨
e¨vsKmg~‡ni cÖavb Kvh©vjq cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b _vKvq A_© cvPvi nZ Aev‡a| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b †hme wkí-KviLvbv
M‡o I‡V Zvi †ewki fv‡Mi A_© AvmZ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AwR©Z ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv †_‡K| ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi wZb fv‡Mi
`yÕfvM AwR©Z nZ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cvU †_‡K| Avi GB A_© e¨q KiZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívb| ˆe‡`wkK F‡Yi kZKiv 90
†_‡K 85 fvM e¨q KiZ cwðg cvwK¯Ívb Avi evwK 10 †_‡K 15 fvM LiP KiZ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b evm
KiZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi kZKiv 56 fvM †jvK, A_P GB A‡j e¨q Kiv nZ Dbœqb I ivR¯^ Lv‡Zi kZKiv 30 fvM A_©|
(N) mvgwiK- cÖkvmwbK ‡cÖÿvcU
cvwK¯Ív‡bi mk¯¿ evwnbx‡Z ev½vwj‡`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wQ‡jv AZ¨šÍ bMb¨| 1965 mvj ch©šÍ GKwU cwimsL¨v‡b †`Lv
hvq, †mbv, †bŠ I wegvb evwnbx‡Z ev½vwj‡`i cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wQ‡jv h_vμ‡g 5%, 10% I 16%| cÖkvmwbK wefv‡Mi
wewfbœ ¯Í‡i evOvwjiv †hvM¨Zv _vKv m‡Ë¡I b¨vh¨ AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ n‡q‡Q| †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii cÖvq mKj EaŸ©Zb
Kg©KZ©v wQ‡jb cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb| mKj wefv‡Mi m`i `dZi wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b| †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii Kg©Pvwi‡`i
g‡a¨ 84% wQj cwðg cvwK¯Ívwb Ges 16% wQj evOvwj| we‡`‡k cvwK¯Ív‡bi wgkb¸‡jv‡ZI G ˆelg¨ Kvh©Ki
wQ‡jv| we‡`kx wgkb¸‡jv‡Z 85 fvM Kg©Pvix wQ‡jb cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi|
wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡gi †cÖÿvcU Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi m~PbvjMœ †_‡KB cwðg kvmK‡Mvôx c~e©evsjv‡K Dcwb‡ek wnmv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z _v‡K| Zviv G
A‡ji gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK, mvgvwRK, cÖkvmwbK AwaKvi niY K‡i me©‡ÿ‡Î AvwacZ¨
cÖwZôvZv K‡i| Z‡e ev½vwj Rb‡Mvôx cwðg cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡Mvôxi G AvwacZ¨‡K †g‡b †bqwb| gnvb fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g ev½vwj cÖ_g msNwUZfv‡e cwðgv PμvšÍ †kvl‡bi weiæ‡× iæ‡L `uvovq| Ae‡k‡l Pig
AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gva¨‡g 1971 mv‡j cÖwZôv K‡i ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`k|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.1
eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| cvwK¯Ív‡bi D™¢‡ei wfwË Kx?
K. ms¯‹…wZ L. mk¯¿ hy× M. ag© N. f~-LÛMZ HK¨

BDwbU `k c„ôv 141

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-10.2 cvwK¯Ív‡b we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D™¢e I f~wgKv

(Emergence and Role of Opposition Political Parties in Pakistan)

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

 cvwK¯Ív‡b gymwjg jxM we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D™¢‡ei KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwK¯Ív‡b we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `‡ji bvg I Zv‡`i Kg©KvÐ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã `gbbxwZ, mk¯¿, †Kv›`j, ¯^v_©, Av`k©, †bZvKg©x, msMVb

cvwK¯Ívb cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…Z¡ w`‡qwQj gymwjg jxM| 1946 Gi cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b †nv‡mb knx`
†mvnivIqv`x©i †bZ…‡Z¡ gymwjg jxM c~e© evsjvq Afvebxq weRq jvf K‡i| c~e© evsjvi RbMY ZLb
gymwjg jxM‡K cÖv‡Yi msMVb g‡b KiZ| wKš‘ cvwK¯Ívb ivóª cÖwZôvi ci gymwjg jxM ev½vwji AwaKvi Av`v‡q
D`vmxb n‡q c‡o| evsjv‡K ivóª fvlv Kivi cÖ‡kœ gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖwZwμqvkxj f~wgKv c~e© evsjvi Rb‡Mvôx‡K weÿzä
K‡i †Zv‡j| cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡`vbKvix ev½vwj †bZviv gymwjg jx‡M †KvYVvmv n‡q c‡ob| cwðg
cvwK¯Ív‡bI gymwjg jx‡Mi we‡ivwaZv ïiæ nq| Z‡e Zv we‡kl MwZ cvqwb| c~e© evsjvq ev¯ÍweK A‡_© gymwjg jxM
we‡ivax GKwU kw³kvjx cøvUdg© M‡o I‡V| †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©, †k‡i evsjv G‡K dRjyj nK I gvIjvbv
Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx wQ‡jb gymwjg jxM we‡ivax GB d«‡›Ui g~j wZb †bZv| G mgq gymwjg jxM I cwðgv
kvmK P‡μi we‡ivwaZvq wewfbœ QvÎ-hye-mvs¯‹…wZK msMVb M‡o I‡V| wb‡gœ cvwK¯Ív‡b K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi
Rb¥ I Zv‡`i Av`k© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
1. cvwK¯Ívb b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm
cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óª c~e© e‡½i Ks‡MÖ‡m †bZvKgx©MY cvwK¯Ívb b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm bv‡gB msMwVZ nq| b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm cÖ_g
†_‡KB cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqZ¡kvmb Av‡›`vjb I fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi c‡ÿ mwμq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| `‡ji †bZvKgx©M‡Yi
cÖvq mK‡jB wn›`y nIqvq cvwK¯Ívb miKvi `jwU‡K Ôfvi‡Zi ¸ßPiÕ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| `jwUi †bZv-Kgx©‡`i
Ici `gb bxwZ Pvjv‡bv nq| G Ae¯’v b¨vkbvj Ks‡MÖm cvwK¯Ív‡b wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb‡K my`„p Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| `‡ji
A‡bK †bZvKgx©B ax‡i ax‡i fvi‡Z P‡j hvb| cÖMwZkxj A‡b‡KB cieZx©‡Z b¨vc I AvIqvgx jx‡M †hvM`vb
K‡ib|
2. cvwK¯Ívb Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU©
1948 mv‡ji fviZxq Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU©i KjKvZv m‡¤§j‡b AbywôZ nq| fvi‡Zi DËi cÖ‡`‡ki Kg‡iW mv¾v`
Rnxi‡K mvaviY m¤úv`K wb‡qvM K‡i cvwK¯Ívb Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU© MwVZ n‡qwQj| cvwK¯Ívb Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU©i f~wgKv
cvwK¯Ívb miKvi‡K weÿzä K‡i †Zv‡j| ¯^vaxbZv cieZx©Kv‡j Kgy¨wb÷ cvwU© g~jZ mk¯¿ Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g mgvR
e¨e¯’v cwieZ©‡bi c_ †e‡Q †bq| Kg‡iW gwb wms‡ni †bZ…‡Z¡ gqgbwms‡ni nvRs GjvKvq, Lyjbvi Wygywiqv
GjvKvq Ges h‡kv‡ii bovBj GjvKvq K…lK Afy¨Ìvb NUv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv P‡j| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi AZ¨šÍ wbg©gfv‡e
cywjkx `gb-cxo‡bi gva¨‡g Gme Av‡›`vjb e¨_© K‡i †`q| cvwU©i mš¿vmev`x ZrciZvi Kvi‡Y 1954 mv‡ji 23
RyjvB cvwK¯Ívb miKvi Kgy¨wbó cvwU©‡K wbwl× †NvlYv K‡ib| Gi d‡j Kgy¨wbó cvwU©i Z¨vMx †bZ…e„›` AvZ¥‡Mvc‡bi
c_ †e‡Q †bb| A‡b‡KB wbivc` Avkªq¯’j wn‡m‡e b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© I AvIqvgx jx‡M †hvM`vb K‡ib|

BDwbU `k c„ôv 142

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM

gymwjg jx‡M wb‡R‡`i Dc`jxq †Kv›`‡j †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© I gvIjvbv Av`yj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx †KvYVvmv
n‡q c‡ob| G †cÖÿvc‡U fvmvbx I †mvnivIqv`x©i †bZ…‡Z¡ gymwjg jx‡Mi weÿzä ZiæY I cÖMwZkxj Ask c~e©
cvwK¯Ívb gymwjg jxM Z¨v‡Mi wm×všÍ †bq| 1949 mv‡ji 23 Ryb XvKvq GK ivR‰bwZK Kgx© m‡¤§j‡b MwVZ nq
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| bZzb `‡ji mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx| mvaviY m¤úv`K nb
Uv½vB‡ji kvgmyj nK| ZiæY †bZv †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K `jwUi Ab¨Zg hyM¥ m¤úv`K Ges Bqvi †gvnv¤§` Lvb‡K
†Kvlva¨ÿ Kiv nq| 1955 mv‡j ÔAvIqvgx gymwjg jxMÕ wb‡Ri fveg~wZ© Amv¤cÖ`vwqK Ki‡Z bvg †_‡KÔgymwjgÕ
kãwU ev` †`q| G mgq `jwUi g~j‡bZv wbe©vwPZ nb †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©| AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Kg©KvÐ c~e©
evsjvi ¯^v_©‡Kw›`ªK nIqvq G A‡j `jwU `ªæZ RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| `jwU MY-gvby‡li cÖv‡Yi msMV‡b cwiYZ
nq| 1954 mv‡ji hy³d«›U wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jx‡Mi civR‡q `jwU AMÖYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
4. b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (b¨vc)
fvmvbx-‡mvnivIqv`x©i †bZ…‡Z¡i ؛؇K †K›`ª K‡i AvIqvgx jxM †f‡½ MwVZ nq b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© ev b¨vc|
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ gvIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ 1957 mv‡j bZzb G `jwUi Rb¥
nq|
b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU©i cÖwZôvKvjxb †NvlYvq cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dfq A‡ji Rb¨ c~Y© AvÂwjK ¯^vqËkvmb cÖwZôvi
A½xKvi Kiv nq| †`k iÿv, ciivóªbxwZ I gy`ªv e¨ZxZ mKj welq cÖ‡`‡ki KZ…©‡Z¡ †`qv n‡e| `‡ji Kg©m~wP‡Z
f~wg ms¯‹vi, webv †Lmvi‡Z Rwg`vwi D‡”Q‡`i A½xKvi Kiv nh| ciivóªbxwZi †ÿ‡Î ¯^vaxb I †RvUwbi‡cÿ bxwZ
cÖwZôvi A½xKvi Kiv nq| b¨vc MV‡bi ci †eAvBwb †NvwlZ KwgDwb÷ cvwU©i A‡bK †bZv-Kgx© G `‡j †hvM
†`qvq `jwUi kw³ e„w× cvq| cÖMwZkxj msMVb¸‡jv G `‡j AšÍfy©³ nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi Af‚¨`q eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci evOvwj ¯^v_©-we‡ivax Ae¯’v‡bi Kvi‡Y c~e© evsjvq gymwjg jx‡Mi RbwcÖqZvq am bv‡g| G
†cÖÿvc‡U c~e©-cvwK¯Ív‡b we‡ivax ivR‰bwZK `‡ji D‡b¥l N‡U| †mvnivIqv`x© I fvmvbxi †bZ…‡Z¡ MwVZ nq
AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM| AvIqvgx jxM †f‡½ Avevi MwVZ nq b¨vkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU© (b¨vc)|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| cvwK¯Ívb miKvi Kgy¨wbó cvwU©‡K wbwl× K‡i †Kb?
K. fvi‡Zi m‡½ AuvZv‡Zi Kvi‡Y L. K…lK‡`i wb‡q Av‡›`vj‡bi Kvi‡Y
M. mš¿vmev`x ZrciZvi Rb¨ N. †KvbwU bq
2| AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖwZôvZv mfvcwZ wbe©vwPZ nb †K?
K. gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx L. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x©
M. †kL gywReyi ingvb N. kvgmyj nK

BDwbU `k c„ôv 143

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-10.3 jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve (Lahore Resolution)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei cÖavb w`Kmg~n I D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 weªwUk fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m Gi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwK¯Ívb m„wó‡Z jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei f’wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

ivR‰bwZK †PZbv, wØ-RvwZ ZË¡, wefw³, mv¤úª`vwqK, kvmbZvwš¿K mgm¨v, cÖv‡`wkK

gyL¨ kã ¯^vqZ¡kvmb, cvwK¯Ívb cÖ¯Íve

jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve weªwUk fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU NUbv| wØRvwZ ZË¡
wbf©i jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei Ici wfwË K‡iB fviZel©‡K wef³ Kiv nq|
wLjvdZ I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b e¨_©Zvi †cÖÿvc‡U fvi‡Z wn›`y gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqK
m¤cÖxwZi AebwZ N‡U| Z‡e AvBb mfvq gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ Avmb msiÿY I ¯^Zš¿ wbe©vPb AwaKvi cÖ‡kœ wn›`y-
gymjgvb we‡iva Pig AvKvi aviY K‡i| GB `yB m¤cÖ`v‡qi kvmbZvwš¿K mgm¨v mgvav‡b miKvwi †emiKvwi ch©v‡q
K‡qKwU D‡`¨vM e¨_© nq| Ae‡k‡l weªwUk miKvi 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb cÖYqb K‡i| G AvBb
fviZxq‡`i mš‘ó Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Z‡e G AvB‡bi AvIZvq 1937 mv‡j cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| cÖv‡`wkK
wbe©vP‡b AwaKvsk cÖ‡`‡k Ks‡MÖm msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| msL¨vMwiô gymwjg cÖ‡`k mg~‡ni gymwjg jxM civwRZ
nq| GgZve¯’vq gymwjg jxM Ks‡MÖ‡mi mv‡_ †Kvqvwjkb miKvi MV‡bi cÖ¯Íve Ki‡j Ks‡MÖm Zv cÖZ¨vL¨vb K‡i|
Ks‡MÖm wbqwš¿Z cÖ‡`kmg~‡n gymwjg we‡Ølx Kg©KvÐ cwiPvwjZ nq| Ôe‡›`gvZigÕ‡K RvZxq msMxZ wn‡m‡e cÖeZ©‡bi
†Póv, ¯‹zjmg~‡ni cvV¨m~Px‡Z wn›`y ag©-`k©b I mvwnZ¨‡K eva¨Zvg~jK KiY, miKvix feb mg~‡n Ks‡MÖ‡mi cZvKv
D‡Ëvjb BZ¨vw` gymwjg Abyf~wZ‡K AvnZ K‡i| †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn (whwb GK mgq wn›`y gymwjg wgj‡bi cÖe³v
wQ‡jb) Gmgq Zuvi weL¨vZ wØ-RvwZ ZË¡ †NvlYv K‡ib| wØ-RvwZZË¡ g‡Z, fvi‡Z wn›`y-gymwjg `ywU Avjv`v RvwZ|
Zv‡`i ag©, `k©b, BwZnvm-HwZn¨ m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| myZivs mv¤cÖ`vwqK RwUjZv wbim‡b `yB m¤cÖ`v‡qi Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿
ivóª MVb Acwinvh©| wØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡iB Pig ewntcÖKvk jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve| hvi gva¨‡g gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K iv‡óªi
`vwe Kiv nq|
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei g~javivmg~n
Awef³ cvÄv‡ei ivRavbx jv‡nv‡i gymwjg jx‡Mi Awa‡ek‡b Awef³ evsjvi gyL¨gš¿x †k‡i evsjv G.‡K. dRjyj
nK 1940 mv‡ji 23 gvP© jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib| wecyj Drmvn I DÏxcbvi g‡a¨ w`‡q 24 gvP© cÖ¯ÍvewU
M„nxZ nq| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei g~j aviv¸‡jv nj-
(1) wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM `„pZvi mv‡_ cybt‡NvlYv Ki‡Q †h, 1935 mv‡ji fviZkvmb AvB‡b †h hy³iv‡óªi
cwiKíbv i‡q‡Q Zv G †`‡ki D™¢~Z Ae¯’vi cwi‡cÖwÿZ Am½Z I AKvh©Ki| Zv fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i Kv‡Q
AMÖnY‡hvM¨|
(2) mg¯Í mvsweavwbK cwiKíbv bZzbfv‡e we‡ePbv bv Kiv n‡j gymwjg fviZ Amš‘ó n‡e| gymjgvb‡`i
Aby‡gv`b I m¤§wZ e¨wZ‡i‡K msweavb iwPZ n‡j Zv Zv‡`i wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e bv|
(3) fvi‡Z †Kvb kvmbZvwš¿K cwiKíbv Kvh©Ki n‡e Zvi Rb¨ gymwjg jxM `yÕwU cÖ¯Íve K‡it (K) †fŠ‡MvwjK
Ae¯’vb Abyhvqx msjMœ ev mwbœwnZ ¯’vbmg~n‡K AÂj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e, (L) cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx mxgvbv
cwieZ©b K‡i Ggbfv‡e MVb Ki‡Z n‡e †hLv‡b fvi‡Ze‡l©i DËi-cwðg I c~e©v‡ji msL¨vMwiô gymjgvb

BDwbU `k c„ôv 144

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

GjvKv¸‡jv wb‡q ¯^vaxb ivóªmg~n ‘Independent States’ MVb Kiv n‡e| mswkøó A½ivóª ev cÖ‡`kmg~n n‡e
¯^vqËkvwmZ I mve©‡fŠg|
(4) G mg¯Í A‡ji msL¨vjNy‡`i agx©q, mvs¯‹…wZK, ivR‰bwZK, cÖkvmwbK AwaKvi I ¯^v_©iÿvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i
mv‡_ civgk© mv‡c‡ÿ msweav‡b Kvh©Ki iÿvKe‡Pi e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei cÖwZwμqv
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve Abyhvqx cÖv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvmb I c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi c„_K ivóª mËvi m¤¢vebv †`Lv †`q| G †cÖwÿ‡Z G.
†K. dRjyj nK g‡b K‡ib, evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb ÿgZv evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i nv‡Z Avm‡e Ges G ÿgZv Zviv wb‡Riv
†fvM Ki‡e, †Kvb †Kw›`ªq KZ©„‡Z¡i nv‡Z Zz‡j w`‡e bv| †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© g‡b K‡ib, Gi d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K
cÖ‡`k Zvi Dc‡hvMx kvmbZš¿ cÖYqb Ki‡e| mve©‡fŠg ÿgZvi AwaKvix n‡e| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei m‡½ wØRvwZ ZË¡
hy³ Ges G‡K ÔcvwK¯Ívb cÖ¯ÍveÕ wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv Kivq G. †K. dRjyj nK cieZ©x‡Z GwU mg_©b K‡ib wb| KviY
jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡e wØ-RvwZ ZË¡ ev cvwK¯Ívb k‡ãi D‡jøL wQj bv| hw`I †kl ch©šÍ AevOvwj †bZv‡`i ZrciZvq Ges
MYgva¨‡gi cÖPv‡i `ªæZ jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve ÔcvwK¯Ívb cÖ¯ÍveÕ wn‡m‡e cwiwPwZ jvf K‡i| Gi d‡j gymwjg jx‡Mi
AevOvwj †bZ…e„‡›`i m‡½ evOvwj †bZ…e„‡›`i Ø›Ø cÖKU nq|
Ab¨w`‡K, Ks‡MÖm I wn›`y †bZv‡`i g‡a¨ jv‡nvi cÖ¯vÍ ‡ei weiæ‡× Zxeª cÖwZwμqv †`Lv hvq| GB cÖ¯Ív‡ei mgv‡jvPbv
K‡i gnvZ¥v MvÜx fviZ wefvM‡K Ôcvc KvRÕ e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib| Ks‡MÖm ‡bZv RInijvj †b‡niæ gymjgvb‡`i ¯^Zš¿
I ¯^vaxb Avevmf~wg MVb‡K AevšÍi e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib| KjKvZvi cwÎKv¸‡jv jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei Zxeª mgv‡jvPbv K‡i
Ges G‡K ÔcvwK¯Ívb cÖ¯ÍveÕ bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ K‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei cÖfve Acwimxg| G cÖ¯Ív‡ei gva¨‡g wRbœvni wØ-RvwZ ZË¡ my¯úó
iƒc jvf K‡i| gymjgvbiv gymwjg jx‡Mi †bZ…‡Z¡ Zv‡`i Rb¨ c„_K Avevm f~wg cÖwZôvi msMÖv‡g wjß nq|
kvmbZvwš¿K I mv¤cÖ`vwqK mgm¨v mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ weªwUk miKviI gymjgvb‡`i `vex †g‡b †bq| fviZ wefw³i
gva¨‡g Ges gymwjg msL¨vMwiô AÂj wb‡q GKwU ¯^vaxb ivóª MV‡bi wm×všÍ †NvlYv K‡i| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve wRbœvn
†NvwlZ wØ-RvwZ Z‡Ë¡iB GKwU ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹iY| g~jZ jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei gva¨‡g fviZe‡l© gymjgv‡`i Rb¨
AšÍZ `yÕwU ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg iv‡óªi cÖ¯Íve Kiv n‡qwQj| Aek¨ Gi wfwËg~j wQj mv¤cÖ`vwqK †PZbv| jv‡nvi
cÖ¯Ív‡ei wfwˇZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi m„wó|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1. jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei DÌvcK †K?
K. †nv‡mb knx` mnivIqv`x© L. †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK
M. gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx N. †KvbwU bq
2. jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei wfwË Kx ?
K. Amv¤úª`vwqK †PZbv L. mv¤úª`vwqK †PZbv M. RvZxqZvev` N. evOvwji ¯^vwaKvi

BDwbU `k c„ôv 145

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-10.4 fvlv Av‡›`vjb

(Language Movement)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 c~e©-evsjvq fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvcU eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwK¯Ív‡b ivóªfvlv weZK© Ges G m¤ú‡K© evOvwj-AevOvwj‡`i g‡bvfve Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ivóªfvlv, cÖ¯Íve, †NvlYv, cZvKv w`em, 144 aviv, we‡ÿvf, ZvRv cÖvY, knx` wgbvi

cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci †_‡KB kvmK †Mvôx E`y©‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv Kivi PμvšÍ ïiæ K‡i| c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi (eZ©gvb evsjv‡`k) RbMY G Pμv‡šÍi weiæ‡× ïiæ †_‡KB cÖwZev` K‡i| Zviv E`yi©
cvkvcvwk evsjv fvlv‡KI ivóªfvlv Kivi b¨vqm½Z `vwe †Zv‡j|
cvwK¯Ívb m„wói Av‡M †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b D`©y Ges evsjv fvlv wb‡q weZK© wQj| we‡klZ m¤£všÍ gymwjg cwiev‡ii
fvlv wQj E`y©| XvKvi beve cwiev‡iiI fvlv wQj E`y©| 1906 mv‡j XvKvq wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖ_g
Awa‡ek‡bI E`y©-evsjvi weZK© †`Lv †`q| gymwjg jxM cÖavb †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn E`©y‡K `‡ji †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlv
wnmv‡e Pvjyi D‡`¨vM wb‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘ ZLb †k‡i evsjv G †K dRjyj nK, Aveyj nvwkg cÖgyL †bZvi we‡ivwaZvq
†m D‡`¨vM e¨_© nq| cvwK¯Ívb m„wói c~e©v‡ý bZzb iv‡óªi Ôivóª fvlvÕ wK n‡e Zv wb‡q bZzb K‡i weZK© ïiæ nq|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi cUf~wg‡K `yÕwU fv‡M fvM K‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq|
cÖ_g ch©vq (1948-1950) : 1948 mv‡ji 23 †deªæqvwi MY cwil‡`i Awa‡ek‡b ax‡i›`ª bv_ `Ë D`y©i mv‡_
evsjv‡KI MYcwil‡`i fvlv wnmv‡e e¨env‡ii cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖavbgš¿x wjqvKZ Avjx Lvb I c~e© evsjvi
gyL¨gš¿x LvRv bvwRgyÏxb GB cÖ¯Ív‡ei we‡ivwaZv Kivq Zv evwZj n‡q hvq| Gi cÖwZev‡` 1948 mv‡ji 4 Rvbyqvwi
mgMÖ c~e© evsjvq evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe‡Z niZvj cvwjZ nq| 21 gvP© wRbœvn †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡b Ges 24 gvP©
KvR©b n‡ji mgveZ©b Abyôv‡b †NvlYv K‡ib ÔD`y© Ges D`y©B n‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv| wRbœvni 24 gvP©
e³…Zvi ZvrÿwYK cÖwZev` K‡i Dcw¯’Z QvÎiv ÔbvÕ ÔbvÕ aŸwb K‡i I‡V|
wØZxq ch©v‡q (1952 mvj): evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv Kivi e¨vcv‡i QvÎmgv‡Ri m‡½ wjwLZ Pzw³ nq|
Pzw³‡Z Ave× nIqv m‡Ë¡I (15B gvP© 1948), bvwRgyÏxb Zv f½ K‡i 1952 mv‡ji 26 Rvbyqvwi XvKvi cëb
gq`v‡b GKgvÎ D`y©‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi bZzb †NvlYv †`b| Zuvi G †NvlYv‡K †K›`ª K‡i ïiæ nq Av‡›`vj‡bi P~ovšÍ
ce©| 1952 mv‡ji 4Vv †deªæqvwi XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq PZ¡‡i AbywôZ QvÎ mgv‡ek †_‡K 21 †deªæqvwii mgMÖ c~e©
evsjvq ag©NU I mfv-mgv‡e‡ki Kg©m~wP †NvlYv Kiv nq| 21 †deªæqvwi Kg©m~wP‡K mdj K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨ 11 I 13
†deªæqvwi mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ ÔcZvKv w`emÕ cvwjZ nq| KvivMv‡i AvUK Ae¯’vq 1952 mv‡ji 16 †deªæqvwi ivóªfvlv
evsjvi `vwe‡Z †kL gywReyi ingvb I AvIqvgx jxM †bZv gwnDwÏb Avn‡g` AvgiY Abkb ïiæ K‡ib| byiæj
Avwgb miKvi 20 †deªæqvwi we‡Kj †_‡K XvKv kn‡i GK gv‡mi Rb¨ 144 aviv Rvwi K‡ib| †kvfvhvÎv wbwl×
K‡ib| msMÖvgx QvÎiv 144 aviv f½ K‡i we‡ÿvf cÖ`k©‡bi wm×všÍ †bq| GB wm×všÍ Abyhvqx 1952 mv‡ji 21
†deªæqvwi wewfbœ ¯‹zj-K‡j‡Ri wkÿv_x©iv †QvU †QvU †kvfvhvÎvmn XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q cyi‡bv Kjvfeb cÖv½‡b wgwjZ
nq| cywjwk †eóbx †f` K‡i Qv·`i kvwšÍc~Y© wgwQj †gwW‡Kj K‡jR nvmcvZv‡ji mvg‡b G‡j cywjk wgwQ‡j ¸wj
Pvjvq| cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z wbnZ nb, mvjvg, eiKZ, iwdK, kwdDi, ReŸvimn bvg bv Rvbv K‡qKRb hyeK|
cywj‡ki ¸wj‡Z AvnZ nb AšÍZ 10 Rb QvÎ | 21 †deªæqvwi QvÎ nZ¨vi cÖwZev‡` mviv‡`‡k we‡`ªv‡ni Av¸b R¡‡j

BDwbU `k c„ôv 146

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

I‡V| 22 I 23 †deªæqvwi QvÎ-kªwgK-eyw×Rxex c~Y©-w`em niZvj cvjb K‡i| fvlv Av‡›`vj‡b knx`‡`i Ae`vb I
¯§„wZ‡K A¤øvb K‡i ivLvi Rb¨ †gwW‡Kj K‡jR †nv‡÷j cÖv½‡b Qv·`i Øviv M‡o I‡V knx` wgbvi| fvlv knx`
kwdD‡ii wcZv knx` wgbvi D‡Øvab K‡ib| 21 †deªæqvwi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK †Mvôx
evsjv‡K Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wnmv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z m¤§Z nq| 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡b evsjv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóª
fvlvi gh©v`v †`qv nq|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch©
1952 mv‡ji fvlv-Av‡›`vjb bvbvwea Kvi‡Y AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wb‡gœ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
1| ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk : fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨w`‡q ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i cÖv_wgK weKvk N‡U|
ev½vwj Rb‡Mvôx mv¤cÖ`vwqK g‡bvfve Z¨vM K‡i fvlv‡K †K›`ª K‡i bZzb AvZ¥cwiPq Luy‡R cvq| ivRbxwZ
M‡elK e`iæÏxb Dg‡ii g‡Z, fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨ w`‡q ev½vwj gymjgvb wbR M„‡n cÖZ¨veZ©b K‡i| Gi
Av‡M ev½vwj gymjgvb Zvi AvZ¥cwiPq Luy‡R Avi‡ei giæf~wg‡Z| g~jZ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g wn›`y-
gymjgvb ev½vwji †PZbvq Amv¤cÖ`vwqK fvebv †cÖvw_Z nq|
2| msnwZ I GKvZ¥‡eva : fvlv Av‡›`vjb evOvwj RvwZi mKj ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ RvZxq msnwZ I GKvZ¥Zv‡ev‡ai
m„wó K‡i| wn›`y-gymjgvb mv¤cÖ`vwqK m¤cÖxwZ I †mŠnv`©¨ e„w× cvq| ïay QvÎ-RbZvB bq, K…lK, kªwgK,
eyw×Rxex †kÖYxI GK KvZv‡i kvwgj n‡q cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i weiæ‡× †mv”Pvi n‡q I‡V|
3| AwaKvi m‡PZbZv‡eva : fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g ev½vwj RvwZi ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi m‡PZbZv‡eva RvMÖZ
nq| Gi ga¨ w`‡q ev½vwj RvwZ Ab¨vq, AZ¨vPvi I ˆ¯^ivPv‡ii weiæ‡× cÖwZev‡`i wkÿv jvf K‡i|
5| hy³d«‡›Ui Rqjvf : gnvb GKz‡ki i³`v‡bi d‡j †h evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i †PZbv weKwkZ nq, †m †PZbv
†_‡KB hy³d«›U MwVZ nq| c~e© evsjvi cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³d«›U gymwjg jxM‡K
†kvPbxqfv‡e civwRZ K‡i|
9| ¯^vaxbZvi Aby‡cÖiYv : AvR‡Ki ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki exR wbwnZ wQj fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi g‡a¨| Gi Av`‡k©
AbycÖvwYZ n‡qB av‡c av‡c evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx 1971 mv‡ji ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Suvwc‡q c‡o| ¯^vaxb
evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥ †`q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Òfvlv Av‡›`vjbB evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi cÖwZaŸwb|Ó- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
1947 †_‡K 1952 mvj ch©šÍ evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe‡Z evOvwji Av‡›`vjb-msMÖvg fvlv Av‡›`vjb bv‡g
cwiwPZ| ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i D‡b¥l I weKv‡k fvlv-Av‡›`vj‡bi weivU f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| fvlv‡K †K›`ª K‡i
Av‡›`vj‡bi m~ÎcvZ n‡jI Gi ivR‰bwZK cÖfve wQj my`~icÖmvix| cvwK¯Ívb Avg‡j ev½vwji cÖwZwU ivR‰bwZK
Av‡›`vjb-msMÖvg‡K mvnm I kw³ hywM‡q‡Q fvlv Av‡›`vjb| g~jZ fvlv‡K †K›`ª K‡iB ev½vwj gymjgvb Avi‡ei
giæf‚wgi gvqv Z¨vM K‡i evsjvi Kv`v R‡j wb‡Ri wkKo LyuR‡Z ïiæ K‡i|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.4

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| cÖ_g knx` wgbvi D‡Øvab K‡ib †K?
K.fvlv knx` kwdD‡ii wcZv L. gvIjvbv fvmvbx M. Avãyj gwZb N. byiæj Avgxb

BDwbU `k c„ôv 147

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-10.5 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb (Election 1954)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi djvdj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 hy³d«›U ‡Kb wbe©vP‡b Rq jvf Kij Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cv‡eb|
gyL¨ kã wbe©vPbx †RvU, 21 `dv, cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vPb, MY‡Rvqvi, ga¨weË †kÖwY, B‡¯Ínvi
1954 mv‡ji cÖv‡`wkK wbe©vP‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi gymwjg jxM we‡ivax c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi K‡qKwU ivR‰bwZK `j
wbe©vPbx †gvP©v ev †RvU MVb K‡i| GB †RvU Ôhy³d«›UÕ bv‡g cwiwPZ| cÖavb we‡ivax `j AvIqvgx
gymwjg jxM wQj †RvU MV‡bi g~j D‡`¨v³v| 1953 mv‡j AvIqvgx gymwjg jx‡Mi KvDwÝj Awa‡ek‡b
Ôhy³d«›UÕ MV‡bi wm×všÍ M„nxZ nq| hy³d«‡›U g~jZ PviwU ivR‰bwZK `j wQj| G¸‡jv nj gvIjvbv fvmvbxi
†bZ…Z¡vaxb AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM, dRjyj n‡Ki †bZ…Z¡vaxb K…lK-kªwgK cvwU©, gvIjvbv AvZvnvi Avjxi †bZ…Z¡vaxb
wbRvg-B-Bmjvgx Ges nvRx `v‡b‡ki †bZ…Z¡vaxb evgcš’x MYZš¿x `j| wbe©vPb hy³d«›U cÖZxK wnmv‡e †e‡Q †bq
Ô†bŠKvÕ cÖZxK| gymwjg jxM I cwðg cvwK¯Ívbx cÖfv‡ei we‡ivwaZv wQj †Rv‡Ui wfwË| ev½vwj RvZxqZvev`x
†PZbv‡K ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q hy³d«›U c~e©-evsjvi Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ 21 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡i| evsjv
fvlv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ab¨Zg ivóªxq fvlv wn‡m‡e gh©v`v `vb, webv †Lmvi‡Z Rwg`vix cÖ_vi D‡”Q` mvab K‡i f~wgnxb
K…lK‡`i g‡a¨ DØ„Ë Rwg eÈb, ÔcvUÕ e¨emv‡K RvZxqKiY, c~e© evsjv‡K je‡Yi †ÿ‡Î ¯^wbf©i K‡i †Zvjv, †mP
e¨e¯’vi DbœwZ mvabmn wewfbœ `vwe-`vIqv 21 `dvq mshy³ wQj|
1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi djvdj
1954 mv‡ji 8 gvP© AbywôZ wbe©vP‡b 309wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ msiwÿZ wQj 237wU Avmb| hy³d«›U
223wU Avm‡b Rqjvf K‡i| Gi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx gymwjg jxM cvq 143wU Avmb, cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui 64 fvM jvf K‡i
gymwjg jxM we‡ivax hy³d«È| Ab¨w`‡K miKvwi `j gymwjg jxM cvq gvÎ 9wU Avmb| Zv wQj cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui 27
fvM| evwK 5wU gymwjg Avm‡bi 4wU cvq ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_x©iv| GKwU cvq †LjvdZ-B-ieŸvbx cvwU©| GQvov bvix‡`i Rb¨
msiwÿZ 9wU Avm‡bi meKwUB hy³d«›U jvf K‡i|
1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi Zvrch© I hy³d«‡›Ui weR‡qi KviY
1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b mve©Rbxb cÖvß eq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ AbywôZ cÖ_g wbe©vPb| wewfbœ
Kvi‡Y GB wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| g~jZ G wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g ev½vwj RvwZ HK¨e×fv‡e e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g
gymwjg jx‡Mi Ae‡njv, †kvlY Avi Pμv‡šÍi Reve †`q| wb‡gœ 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ ev Zvrch© Av‡jvPbv
Kiv nj|
1| ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk
wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui weRq wQj g~jZ ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`iB weKvk| GB wbe©vP‡bi ga¨w`‡q ev½vwjiv HK¨e× n‡q
ivR‰bwZKfv‡e msMwVZ nq| ev½vwj RvwZ Zv‡`i ¯^v_© mswkøó wel‡q Av‡iv m‡PZb n‡q I‡V|
2| ga¨weË †kªwYi cÖfve e„w×
1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui weRqx cÖv_x©iv wQ‡jb g~jZ ga¨weË wkwÿZ †kªwY| Ab¨w`‡K gymwjg jx‡Mi cÖv_x©iv
wQ‡jb Rwg`vi †kªwYi wKsev mv¤cÖ`vwqK †bZv| wbe©vP‡b ga¨weË cÖv_x©‡`i weR‡qi Kvi‡Y evsjvi ivRbxwZ‡Z

BDwbU `k c„ôv 148

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

ga¨weË †kªwY cÖfvekvjx n‡q I‡V| ivRbxwZ Rwg`vi-†RvZ`vi-†gvjøv‡`i nvZ †_‡K mvaviY gvby‡li nv‡Z P‡j
Av‡m|
3| Amv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZi weKvk
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g Amv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZ weKv‡ki cwi‡ek m„wó nq| hy³d‡«›Ui wbe©vP‡b
Amv¤cÖ`vwqK ivRbxwZi avivB Rqhy³ nq| Gi d‡j evsjvi ivRbxwZ‡Z Amv¤cÖ`vwqK wPšÍv-‡PZbv Av‡iv we¯Í…Z nq|
4| gymwjg jx‡Mi civRq
1952 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwii we‡qvMvšÍK NUbv, jeY msKU, cvU wkíRwbZ †K‡j¼vwi, ¯^vqËkvmb we‡ivax c`‡ÿc
MÖnY cÖf„wZi d‡j c~e© evsjvi evOvwj RbMY gymwjg jxM kvm‡bi cÖwZ weÿzä n‡q c‡o| Gi d‡j 1954 mv‡ji
wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jx‡Mi civRq I fivWywe N‡U| wbe©vP‡bi ga¨w`‡q gymwjg jxM I AevOvjx †bZ…Z¡ m¤ú‡K© evOvwj
Rb‡Mvôxi aviYv cv‡ë hvq|
5| gymwjg jx‡Mi AvÂwjK ¯^vqËkvm‡b Abxnv
1940 mv‡ji jv‡nvi cÖ¯Íve wfwËK c~Y© AvÂwjK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi cÖwZkÖæwZ ZrKvjxb c~e© evsjvi gymwjg Rb‡Mvôx‡K
cvwK¯Ívb Av‡›`vj‡b e¨vcKfv‡e DØy× K‡iwQj| wKš‘ cvwK¯Ívb m„wói ci gymwjg jxM miKvi c~Y© AvÂwjK
¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`v‡b A¯^xK…wZ Ávcb K‡i| Dciš‘ G ai‡bi wPšÍvaviv‡K wew”QbœZvev` e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡i| c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY G ai‡bi eÂbv I cÖZviYv †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb|
6| hy³d«‡›Ui Kg©m~wP
hy³d«‡›Ui wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znv‡ii g‡a¨ c~e© evsjvi mvaviY K…lK-kªwgK mK‡ji Avkv-AvKv•ÿvi cÖwZdjb N‡UwQj|
hy³d«‡›Ui Bk‡Znvi RbMY‡K Mfxifv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡iwQj|
7| gymwjg jx‡Mi AšÍØ©›Ø
gymwjg jxM †_‡K †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`x© c`Z¨vM K‡i 1949 mv‡j AvIqvgx jxM MVb K‡ib| gvIjvbv
fvmvbx I G †K dRjyj nKmn cÖgyL †bZvi gymwjg jxM Z¨vM `jwU‡K `ye©j K‡i †`q|
8| hy³d«‡›Ui RbwcÖq †bZ…Z¡
hy³d«‡›Ui R‡qi wZb cÖavb †bZv wQ‡jb- G.†K. dRjyj nK, †mvnivIqv`x© I gvIjvbv fvmvbx| GB †bZ…e„›` QvovI
eq‡m ZiæY †bZv I Qv·bZviv wQj `‡ji eo kw³| ZiæY QvÎiv G `‡ji R‡qi Rb¨ f~wgKv iv‡Lb| we‡klZ
kvgmyj nK, †kL gywReyi ingvb, AvZvDi ingvb Lvbmn Z¨vMx Kgx©iv †`ke¨vcx hy³d«‡›Ui c‡ÿ MY‡Rvqvi m„wó
K‡ib|
wkÿv_©xi KvR 1954 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b hy³d«‡›Ui weR‡qi cuvPwU KviY wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc
1954 mv‡ji wbe©vPb wewfbœ Kvi‡Y evsjvi BwZnv‡m AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡cyY©| G wbe©vP‡bi ga¨ w`‡q c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b
gymwjg jx‡Mi ivRbxwZ †kl n‡q hvq| ag© wbi‡cÿZvi Av`k© wb‡q bZzb ivR‰bwZK kw³ wnmv‡e DÌvb N‡U
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi| hy³d«‡›Ui weR‡qi ga¨ w`‡q c~e© evsjvq ag©wbi‡cÿ ivRbxwZi weKvk N‡U| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y
1954 Gi wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jxM civwRZ n‡q‡Q| evOvwj we‡ivax Ae¯’vb I c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi cÖ‡kœ
`jwUi Abxnv gymwjg jx‡Mi civRq †W‡K Av‡b|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.5
eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| hy³d«‡›U KqwU ivR‰bwZK `j wQj?
K. PviwU L. cuvPwU M. QqwU N. †KvbwU bq

BDwbU `k c„ôv 149

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-10.6 Qq `dv Kg©m~wP (Six Points Program)

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

 e½eÜzi Qq`dv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Qq `dvi weiæ‡× cvwK¯Ívbx kvmKP‡μi cÖwZwμqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evOvwji ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Qq `dvi ¸iæZ¡ ej‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ¯^vqËkvmb, hy³ivóªxq, gyw³i mb`, wew”QbœZvev`x, ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªv, cÖ‡`k, lohš¿, ¯^xK…wZ

evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmb-‡kvlY wbcxob †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z bw›`Z Rb‡bZv †kL
gywReyi ingvb HwZnvwmK Qq `dv cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi jv‡nv‡i 1966 mv‡ji 5-6
†deªæqvwi AbywôZ we‡ivax `‡ji GK Kb‡fbk‡b †kL gywReyi ingvb G cÖ¯Íve †ck K‡ib| Qq `dv cÖ¯Íve‡K e½eÜz
Ôev½vwji gyw³mb`Õ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
Qq `dv cÖ¯Íve
1| jv‡nvi cÖ¯Ív‡ei wfwˇZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóªKvVv‡gv n‡e hy³ivóªxq cÖK…wZi| miKvi n‡e msm`xq ai‡bi|
cÖ‡`k¸‡jv c~Y© ¯^vqË¡kvmb †fvM Ki‡e| mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ MwVZ AvBb mfv ev cvj©v‡g›U n‡e
mve©‡fŠg|
2| hy³ivóªxq ev †Kw›`ªq miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e †Kej †`kiÿv I ciivóª|
3| †`‡ki `yB A‡ji Rb¨ `yÕwU c„_K A_P mn‡R wewbgq‡hvM¨ gy`ªv Pvjy _vK‡e|
4| mKj cÖKvi U¨v·, LvRbv I Ki avh© Ges Av`v‡qi ÿgZv cÖv‡`wkK ev AvÂwjK miKv‡ii nv‡Z _vK‡e|
Z‡e †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii e¨q wbe©v‡ni Rb¨ Av`vqK…Z A‡_©i GKUv wbw`©ó Ask †Kw›`ªq miKvi cv‡e|
5| ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi Ici cÖ‡`k ev A½ivR¨¸‡jvi c~Y© wbqš¿Y _vK‡e| ˆe‡`wkK evwYR¨ I mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ cÖ‡`k
ev A½iv‡R¨i miKvi¸‡jv Ab¨ iv‡óªi m‡½ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv I Pzw³ Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
6| RvZxq wbivcËv iÿvi Rb¨ cÖ‡`k ev A½ivR¨¸‡jv ÔAvav-mvgwiK evwnbxÕ ev ÔwgwjwkqvÕ ivL‡Z cvi‡e|
e½eÜzi Qq`dv Av‡›`vjb
c~e© evsjvqI AvIqvgx jxM I †kL gywRe we‡ivaxiv G cÖ¯Íve‡K Ôlohš¿Õ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i cÖZ¨vLvb K‡ib|
wKš‘ †kL gywRe wQ‡jb Qq `dv cÖ‡kœ AwePj| wZwb mivmwi Qq`dv wb‡q RbM‡Yi `iev‡i nvwRi n‡jb, wZwb Qq
`dv‡K ÔAvgv‡`i euvPvi `vweÕ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| gvP© gv‡m wZwb AvIqvgx jx‡Mi KvDwÝj †W‡K 6-`dv
Kg©m~wP Aby‡gv`b Kwi‡q †bb| A_©vr †kL gywRe GKKfv‡e Qq`dv cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib, cieZx©‡Z wZwb `‡ji
¯^xK…wZ Av`vq K‡ib|
Qq `dvi weiæ‡× cÖwZwμqv
Qq `dvi cÖ‡kœ cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK P‡μi g‡bvfve wQ‡jv AZ¨šÍ †bwZevPK| cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yÕAs‡kB cÖwZwμqvkxj Pμ
Qq `dvi weiæ‡× jvMvZvi cÖPviYv Pvwj‡q‡Q| †Kbbv Qq `dv cvwK¯Ív‡bi Af¨šÍixY Jcwb‡ewkK kvmb KvVv‡gvi
g~‡j AvNvZ K‡i| AvÂwjK c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb I gy`ªv cvPvi †iv‡ai welqwU cÖvavb¨ cvIqvq cwðg cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK
Pμ w`‡knviv n‡q c‡o| jv‡nv‡i Qq `dv DÌvwcZ nevi ciw`bB cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÎ-cwÎKvq †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K
Ôwew”QbœZvev`xÕ AvL¨v †`qv nq| KivPx‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi AvBb I msm`xq gš¿x Avãyj nvB †PŠayix Qq `dv‡K
Ôivóª‡`ªvnx ZrciZvÕ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| †cÖwm‡W›U †Rbv‡ij AvBqye Lvb gšÍe¨ K‡iwQ‡jb, ÔQq `dvi cwiYwZ

BDwbU `k c„ôv 150

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

n‡e M„nhy×Õ| wZwb m¤¢ve¨ M„nhy× wbim‡b †kL gywRe I Zuvi mg_©K‡`i cÖwZ A‡¯¿i fvlv cÖ‡qv‡Mi ûgwK †`b|
cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK Pμ 1966 n‡Z 1969 ch©šÍ †ewki fvM mgqB †kL gywRe‡K KvivMv‡i AvUK iv‡L| Qq `dvi
c‡ÿ cÖPvi Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ AvIqvgx jx‡M †bZv Kgx©‡`i Dci AZ¨vPv‡ii LoM †b‡g Av‡m|
Qq `dvi ¸iæZ¡
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ¯^vwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U Qq`dvi ¸iæZ¡ wQj Acwimxg| wb‡gœ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|
1| †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× cÖwZev` : Qq`dv wQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi †K›`ªxq miKv‡i †kvl‡Yi weiæ‡× cÖwZev`| †kL gywReyi
ingvb wb‡RB Qq `dv‡K Ôevsjvi K…lK, gRyi, kªwgK, ga¨weË Z_v Avcvgi Rbmvavi‡Yi gyw³i mb` e‡j
AvL¨v w`‡q‡Qb|
2| ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe : Qq `dv g~jZ evOvwji AwaKv‡ii `vwe| e¯‘Zc‡ÿ, Qq `dvi ga¨w`‡qB c~e© evsjv‡K
GKwU c„_K AÂj wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i AwaK ¯^vqËkvmb `vwe Kiv n‡qwQj|
3| ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk : Qq `dv‡K †K›`ª K‡i ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i e¨vcK weKvk N‡U|
RvZxqZvev‡`i weKv‡k †Kej fvlv-ms¯‹…wZB f~wgKv iv‡L bv| A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_©I RvZxqZvev‡`i weKv‡ki Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq| Qq `dv wQj ev½vwji A_©‰bwZK ¯^v_©‡Kw›`ªK|
4| AvIqvgx jxM I †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi RbwcÖqZv e„w× : ev½vwji ¯^v_©‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q Qq `dv cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb
Kivq c~e© evsjvq †kL gywRe I AvIqvgx jx‡Mi RbwcÖqZv `ªæZ e„w× cvq| ivóªweÁvbx Aa¨vcK ZvjyK`vi
gwbiæ¾vgv‡bi g‡Z, Qq `dv‡K †K›`ª K‡i ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i Ôi¨vwWK¨vjÕ Av‡›`vjb †kL gywR‡ei nv‡Z
Awc©Z nq|
5| 1970 Gi wbe©vP‡b weRq : e½eÜz wbe©vPbx cÖPv‡i 1970 Gi wbe©vPb‡K Qq `dv cÖ‡kœ ÔMY‡fvUÕ e‡j
AvL¨vwqZ K‡iwQ‡jb| wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM Qq `dv cÖ¯Íve‡KB me©vwaK ¸iæZ¡ †`q| Qq `dv I e½eÜzi
fveg~wZ©‡K †K›`ª K‡i AvIqvgx jxM wbe©vP‡b wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Qq `dvi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
c~e© evsjvi ¯^vqËkvmb I A_©‰bwZK gyw³i j‡ÿ¨ e½eÜz 1966 mv‡j Qq `dv cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb K‡ib| Qq `dv
e¯‘Zc‡ÿ ev½vwji gyw³ mb`| G Kvi‡Y Qq`dv‡K weªwUk Õg¨vMbv KvU©vÕi m‡½ Zzjbv Kiv nq| cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK
Pμ Qq `dvi weiæ‡× Zxeª cÖwZwμqv e¨³ Ki‡jI evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx Qq `dv cÖ‡kœ †kL gywR‡ei †bZ…‡Z¡ HK¨e×
Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| evsjvi ivRbxwZ mie n‡q I‡V| weÿzä GB ivRbxwZB c‡i cv‡ë †`q c~e©evsjvi
ivR‰bwZK BwZnvm|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.6
eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| Qq`dvi g~j welq Kx wQj ?
K. evsjvi ¯^vqË¡kvmb I A_©‰bwZK gyw³ L. mv¤úª`vwqK m¤úªxwZ
M. mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi `vwe N. Dc‡ii meKwU
2| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kvb&& kn‡i Qq `dv DÌvwcZ nq?
K. KivPx L. Bmjvgvev`
M. ivIqvjwcwÛ N. jv‡nvi

BDwbU `k c„ôv 151

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-10.7 Ebmˇii MY-Afy¨Ìvb (Mass Upsurge of 1969)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 Ebmˇii MY-Afy¨Ìv‡bi KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 HwZnvwmK AvMoZjv gvgjv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evOvwji ¯^vaxbZv msMÖv‡g Ebmˇii-Afz¨Ìv‡bi Zvrch© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã lohš¿, ivóªÿgZv, wÎcyiv, wg_¨v Awf‡hvM, Avmvgx, MYwe‡ùviY, †Mvj‡Uwej, ˆeVK

1966 mv‡j Qq `dv DÌvwcZ nIqvi ci `ªæZ Zv evsjvi MÖvgM‡Ä RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i| 1967 mv‡ji
gvSvgvwS Qq`dv Av‡›`vjb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvBq~e we‡ivax Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ nq| GiB †cÖÿvc‡U
`v‡qi Kiv nq lohš¿g~jK AvMiZjv gvgjv| AvMiZjv gvgjv wQj mvgwiK GKbvqK AvBq~e Lv‡bi kvmbvg‡ji
GK N„Y¨ lohš¿| ev½vwji AwaKvi Av`v‡qi jovB bm¨vr Ki‡Z Ges AvIqvgx jxM †bZv †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K
ivRbxwZi gq`vb n‡Z wbg~©j Ki‡Z cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK Pμ G lohš¿g~jK gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i|
ivóª‡`vwnZvi Awf‡hv‡M 1968 mv‡ji 6 Rvbyqvwi 2 Rb wmGmwc Awdmvimn 28 R‡bi weiæ‡× gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv
nq| gvgjvi AvwR©‡Z ejv nq, Awfhy³iv cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKwU we‡kl w`‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖv‡`wkK miKvi‡K DrLvZ
K‡i ivóªÿgZv `L‡ji cwiKíbv K‡i‡Q| cwiKíbv g‡Z Zviv ivóªÿgZv `Lj K‡i (c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K) Ô¯^vaxbÕ
wnmv‡e †NvlYv Ki‡e| ivóªcÿ Awf‡hvM K‡i, 1967 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m fvi‡Zi wÎcyiv iv‡R¨i AvMiZjvq
Awfhy³iv fviZxq K‡qKRb mvgwiK Kg©KZ©vi mv‡_ G loh‡š¿i Ôbxj bKkvÕ cÖYqb K‡i| Afz¨Ìvb mdj Kivi
Rb¨ Zviv fviZxq‡`i wbKU †_‡K A_© I A¯¿ msMÖn K‡ib e‡j Awf‡hvM Kiv nq| hw`I cieZx©‡Z Zv wg_¨v
cÖgvwYZ nq| AvMiZjv gvgjvi cÖ_gw`‡K †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K hy³ Kiv nqwb| wKš‘ 1968 mv‡ji 18 Rvbyqvwi
†kL gywRe‡K cÖavb Avmvgx K‡i c~‡e©i 28 Rbmn †gvU 35 R‡bi weiæ‡× Ôlohš¿ cwiKíbv I cwiPvjbvÕi
Awf‡hvM G‡b gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Awf‡hvMbvgvq ejv nq, †kL gywR‡ei †bZ…‡Z¡ I fvi‡Zi
mn‡hvwMZvq Awfhy³ mvgwiK m`m¨iv c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K mk¯¿ Afz¨Ìv‡bi ga¨w`‡q cvwK¯Ívb n‡Z wew”Qbœ Kivi lohš¿
K‡iwQj|
AvMiZjv gvgjv‡K †K›`ª K‡i c~e© evsjvi ivRbxwZ μ‡gB weÿzä n‡q I‡V| Qq `dvi ¯^xK…wZ I †kL gywR‡ei
gyw³i `vwe‡Z RbMY HK¨e× Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡i| 1969 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡mi cÖ_g w`‡K c~e© cvwK¯Ívb
QvÎjxM, c~e© cvwK¯Ívb QvÎ BDwbqb (gwZqv I †gbb MÖæc), RvZxq QvÎ †dWv‡ik‡bi GKvsk (†`vjb MÖæc), XvKv
wek¦we`¨vjq QvÎ msm` (WvKmy) HK¨e× n‡q AvBq~e we‡ivax Ô†K›`ªxq QvÎ msMÖvg cwil`Õ MVb K‡i | AvIqvgx
jx‡Mi Qq `dv Kg©m~wPi cÖwZ c~Y© mg_©b e¨³ K‡i 1969 mv‡ji 4 Rvbyqvwi QvÎ msMÖvg cwil` msev` m‡¤§jb K‡i
11 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡i| Qq `dvi wfwˇZ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b c~Y© ¯^vqËkvmb cÖ`vb, e¨vsK, exgv I e„nr wkí
cÖwZôv‡bi RvZxqKiY, wek¦we`¨vjq AwW©‡bÝ evwZjmn mKj ivRe›`xi gyw³i `vwe‡Z G Kg©mywP †NvlYv Kiv nq|
MY-Afz¨Ìv‡bi Zvrch©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m 1969 Gi MY-Afz¨Ìvb wQj ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨gwÛZ| wb‡gœ Õ69 Gi MY-Afz¨Ìv‡bi
djvdj I Zvrch© eY©bv Kiv nj|
1| †Mvj‡Uwej ˆeV‡Ki AvnŸvb : 1969 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ìvb‡K mvgvj †`Iqvi Rb¨ AvBq~e Lvb 1969 mv‡ji
†deªæqvwi gv‡m ivIqvjwcwÛ‡Z me `‡ji Ask MÖn‡Y GK †Mvj‡Uwej ˆeVK AvnŸvb K‡ib| D³ †Mvj‡Uwej
ˆeV‡K wb‡gœv³ wm×všÍ M„nxZ nqt

BDwbU `k c„ôv 152

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

K) cÖvßeq¯‹‡`i †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ cÖZ¨ÿ wbe©vP‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡e|

L) hy³ivóªxq kvmb c×wZi cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡e|
M) gwš¿cwil` kvwmZ miKvi cÖeZ©b Kiv n‡e|
2| AvMiZjv gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi : 1968 mv‡j †kL gywRemn 35 Rb‡K Avmvgx K‡i †h lohš¿g~jK AvMiZjv
gvgjv Kiv nq| 1969 mv‡ji MYAfy¨Ìv‡bi d‡j AvBqye Lvb †m gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i| e½eÜzmn mKj‡K
gyw³ w`‡Z eva¨ nb|
3| AvBq~e Lv‡bi cZb : 1969 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ìv‡b AvBq~e miKv‡ii cZb N‡U| cwiw¯’wZ mvgvj w`‡Z AvBq~e
Lvb †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi wbKU ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i c`Z¨vM Ki‡Z eva¨ nb|
4| 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vPb : 1969 mv‡ji MYAfz¨Ìv‡bi d‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmb KvVv‡gv †f‡O c‡o| bZzb RvšÍv
miKvi 1970 mv‡j mvaviY wbe©vPb Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| G‡Z AvIqvgx jxM GKK msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i|
5| ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i weKvk : 1969 Gi MY-Afz¨Ìvb ev½vwj RvZxqZvev‡`i weKv‡k ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
†i‡L‡Q| G MY-Af~¨Ìvb wQj ev½vwji HK¨e× Av‡›`vj‡bi dj| MÖvg evsjvi cÖZ¨šÍ A‡j ch©šÍ 1969 Gi
MYwe‡ùvi‡Yi DËvc Qwo‡q c‡o|
6| e½eÜzi m‡¤§vnbx †bZ…Z:¡ 1969Gi MY-Afz¨Ìv‡bi ga¨w`‡qB †kL gywReyi ingvb ev½vwji Awemsevw`Z
†bZv wnmv‡e Avwef~©Z nb| gyw³ cvMj QvÎ-RbZv †kL gywRe‡K Ôe½eÜzÕ Dcvwa‡Z f~wlZ K‡i| e¯‘Z Õ69
Gi MY-Afz¨Ìvb †kL gywR‡ei ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡bi Ab¨Zg ÔUvwb©s c‡q›UÕ| ev½vwji ¯^‡cœi evn‡K cwiYZ nb
wZwb|
7| ivRbxwZ‡Z QvÎ mgv‡Ri Avwef©ve : evqv‡bœi fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi ci `xN©w`b RvZxq ivRbxwZ‡Z QvÎ mgv‡Ri
†Zgb †Kvb f~wgKv wQj bv| MY-Afz¨Ìvb‡K †K›`ª K‡i QvÎ mgvR wecøex f~wgKv wb‡q Avwef~©Z nq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR lohš¿g~jK AvMiZjv gvgjv Kx? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
1969-Gi MY-Afz¨Ìvb †Kvb GKwU we‡kl KviY ev nVvr K‡i msNwUZ nqwb| c~e© evsjvi cÖwZ `xN© ivR‰bwZK,
mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨, †kvlY G MY-Afz¨Ìv‡bi †ÿÎ cÖ¯‘Z K‡i| AvMiZjv lohš¿ gvgjv cÖZ¨vnvi I †kL
gywR‡ei gyw³ `vwe wQj MY-Afz¨Ìv‡bi ZvrÿwYK KviY| G Afz¨Ìv‡bi ciB evsjvi ivRbxwZi wbqš¿Y e½eÜzi
nv‡Z P‡j hvq| GKB m‡½ QvÎ-mgvR c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivRbxwZi g~j kw³ n‡q I‡V| Qq`dv I 11 `dvi wgwjZ
kw³ cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK Pμ‡Ki ÿgZv-KvVv‡gv †f‡½ †`q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.7

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjvi welqe¯‘ Kx?
K. evsjvi ¯^vqËkvmb L. †Rbv‡ij AvBq~e Lv‡bi cZb
M. fvi‡Zi mn‡hvwMZvq c~e© evsjv‡K ¯^vaxb N. †KvbwU bq
2| QvÎ mgv‡Ri 11 `dvi m‡½ †Kvb Av‡›`vjb m¤úwK©Z?
K. fvlv Av‡›`vjb L. 6-`dv Av‡›`vjb
M. Ebmˇii MY-Af~¨Ìvb N. Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb

BDwbU `k c„ôv 153

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-10.8 1970 Gi wbe©vPb I djvdj (Election of 1970 and Its Results)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡bi djvdj ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbi¼zk R‡qi KviY e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 1970 Gi wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mvgwiK kvmb, RvZxq cwil`, cÖv‡`wkK cwil`, Bk‡Znvi, wbi¼zk, AÂjwfwËK,

gyL¨ kã Rbwew”QbœZv

AkvšÍ ivR‰bwZK cwi‡e‡k 1969 mv‡ji 25 gvP© †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnhv Lvb ÿgZv MÖnY K‡ib Ges mgMÖ
cvwK¯Ív‡b mvgwiK kvmb Rvwi K‡ib| RvwZi D‡Ï‡k¨ GK †eZvi fvl‡Y wZwb 1970 mv‡ji 5B
A‡±vei me©Rbxb cÖvßeq¯‹ †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi wbe©vPb AbywôZ n‡e e‡j †NvlYv cÖ`vb K‡ib|
1970 Gi wbe©vPb I cÖwZØw›Ø ivR‰bwZK `jmg~n
RvZxq cwil‡`i wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq 1970 mv‡ji 7 wW‡m¤^i| cÖv‡`wkK cwil`mg~‡ni wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq 19
wW‡m¤^i| Aek¨ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi R‡jv”Q¡vm-`yM©Z GjvKvi Avm‡b 1971 mv‡ji 17 Rvbyqvwi wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq|
wbe©vP‡b 24wU ivR‰bwZK `j Ges †ek wKQz ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_x© cÖwZØw›ØZv K‡i| `j¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡”Q
AvIqvgx jxM, cvwK¯Ívb wccjm cvwU© (wc.wc.wc) b¨vc (Iqvjx Lvb), gymwjg jx‡Mi wewfbœ MÖæc, RvgvqvZ-B-
Bmjvgx, Rwgq‡Z Djvgv-B-Bmjvg, Rwgq‡Z DjvÕgv-B-cvwK¯Ívb, wbRv‡g Bmjvg, cvwK¯Ívb †W‡gv‡μvwUK cvwU©
(wc.wW.wc) BZ¨vw`|
wbe©vPbx djvdj
wbe©vPbx djvd‡j †`Lv hvh, RvZxq cwil‡` AvIqvgx jxM c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi 169wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 167wU Avmb (7wU
gwnjv Avmbmn) jvf K‡i| evwK `yÕwU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 1wU jvf K‡i wcwWwc †bZv byiæj Avgxb Ges Aci AvmbwU
jvf K‡ib wb`©jxq cÖv_x© ivRv wÎw`e ivq †PŠayix| RvZxq cwil‡`i 313wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 167wU Avmb †c‡q
AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv cvb| G‡Z cwðg cvK¯Ívbx kvmK Pμ wecv‡K c‡o hvq| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b gymwjg
jxM RvZxq cwil‡` †Kvb Avmb cvqwb| RvZxq cwil‡` cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Rb¨ eivÏK…Z 144wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨
88wU Avmb jvf K‡i f~‡Ævi wccjm cvwU©| GQvov 6wU Avmb cvq b¨vc (Iqvjx Lvb), 9wU gymwjg jxM (KvBDg
Lvb), 7wU gymwjg jxM (KvDwÝj), 2wU gymwjg jxM (Kb‡fbkb), 7wU Rwgq‡Z Djvgv-B-cvwK¯Ívb, 7wU Rwgq‡Z
Djvgvq-B-Bmjvg, 4wU RvgvqvZ-B-Bmjvgx Ges 13wU cvq wb`©jxq cÖv_x©| cvwK¯Ív‡bi RvZxq cwil‡`i wbe©vP‡bi
GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨ wQj AvIqvgx jxM cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b I wcwcwc c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b †Kvb Avmb jvf Ki‡Z
cv‡iwb| ¯úóZB G wbe©vPb wQj AÂjwfwËK| cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i 300wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM 288wU
Avmb jvf K‡i| cÖ`Ë †fv‡Ui 89 fvM cvq `jwU| evKx 12wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 9wU ¯^Zš¿ cÖv_x©iv, 2wU wcwWwc Ges
1wU RvgvqvZ-B-Bmjvgx| AvIqvgx jxM msiwÿZ 10wU gwnjv Avmb mn wbe©vP‡b 310wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ me©‡gvU
298wU Avmb jvf K‡i|
AvIqvgx jx‡Mi weR‡qi KviY
wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Afvebxq mvdj¨ jv‡fi †cQ‡b KZ¸‡jv welq ¸iæZ¡cyY© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iwQj| wb‡gœ Zv
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj|

BDwbU `k c„ôv 154

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1| Qq `dv cÖ¯Íve : AvIqvgx jx‡Mi wbe©vPbx Bk‡Znvi Qq `dv wfwËK `vwe c~e©evsjvi RbmvaviY‡K AvK…ó
K‡iwQj| d‡j wbe©vP‡b RbmvaviY AvIqvgx jxM‡K †fvU w`‡q g~jZ Zv‡`i `vwei cÖwZ mg_©b `vb K‡i‡Q|
3| e½eÜzi fveg~wZ© : RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡` AvIqvgx jx‡Mi weR‡qi Ab¨Zg KviY wQj e½eÜz †kL
gywReyi ingv‡bi RvZxqZvev`x fveg~wZ©| ev½vwji Awemsevw`Z †bZv e½eÜz †bZ…‡Z¡ wQ‡jb msMÖvgx I
Av‡cvlnxb| Avi G Kvi‡Y 1970 Gi AwMœMf© mg‡q ev½vwj GK ev‡K¨ gywR‡ei cÖwZ mg_©b Rvwb‡q‡Q|
4| fvmvbxi wbe©vPb eR©b: c~e© evsjvi GKwU RbwcÖq ivR‰bwZK `j b¨vc (fvmvbx) wbe©vPb eR©b K‡iwQj
Ô†fv‡Ui Av‡M fvZ PvBÕ †køvMv‡b| Kv‡RB c~e© evsjvq b¨vc wbe©vPb eR©b Kivq AvIqvgx jx‡Mi k³ †Kvb
cÖwZØw›Ø wQ‡jv bv|
5| gymwjg jx‡Mi Rbwew”QbœZv: 1947 cieZx© mg‡q MY-¯^v_© we‡ivax f~wgKvi Kvi‡Y `jwU c~e© evsjvq
Rbwew”Qbœ n‡q c‡o| wbe©vP‡b gymwjg jx‡Mi AKíbxh fivWywe AvIqvgx jx‡Mi weR‡qi Av‡iKwU KviY|
1970 Gi wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m 1970 Gi wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| Gi d‡j cwðg cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡Mvôx
wecv‡K c‡o hvq| †kL gywRe Z_v ev½vwji Kv‡Q ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi Qvov Avi †Kvb c_ †Lvjv wQj bv| wb‡gœ 1970 Gi
wbe©vP‡bi ¸iæZ¡ eY©bv Kiv nj|
(1) wbe©vP‡bi ga¨w`‡q ev½vjx RvZxqZvev‡`i Rq n‡q‡Q| KviY AvIqvgx jx‡Mi weRq wQj ev½vjx
RvZxqZvev‡`iB weRq|
(2) RbMY Qq`dv cÖ‡kœ AvIqvgx jxM‡K c~Y© mg_©b w`‡q‡Q| wbe©vP‡b Rqjvf K‡i AvIqvgx jx‡Mi Qq `dv
†_‡K m‡i Avmvi c_ †Lvjv wQj bv|
(3) GB wbe©vP‡bi gva¨‡g ¯úó n‡q hvq, cvwK¯Ívb †fŠ‡MvwjK Kvi‡Y Kvh©Z wef³ n‡q c‡o‡Q| †Kbbv
cvwK¯Ív‡bi †Kvb ivR‰bwZK `j ev †bZvi cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yÕAs‡k MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv wQj bv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR 1970 mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi weR‡qi K‡qKwU KviY D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
1970 Gi wbe©vPb wQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖ_g mvaviY wbe©vPb| wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM 313wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 167wU
(gwnjv Avmbmn) Avmb jvf K‡i wbi¼zk msL¨vMwiôZv jvf K‡i| Z‡e `jwU cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b †Kvb Avmb cvq
wb| fy‡Ævi wcwcwc cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b 88wU Avmb (gwnjv Avmbmn) jvf Ki‡jI c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b †Kvb Avmb cvq
wb| wbe©vP‡b ev½vjx Rb‡Mvôx e½eÜz I AvIqvgx jxM‡K c~Y© mg_©b cÖ`vb K‡i| RvZxq wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi
weR‡qi Ab¨Zg KviY wQj Qq `dv cÖ¯Íve I e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi m‡¤§vnbx †bZ…Z¡|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.8

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| ÔAvBbMZ KvVv‡gv Av‡`kÕ Rvwi K‡ib †K?
K. AvBq~e Lvb L. Bqvwnqv Lvb M. †kL gywReyi ingvb N. byiæj Avgxb
2| RvZxq cwil‡` AvIqvgx jxM KZwU Avmb jvf K‡i?
K. 288wU L. 167 wU M. 169 wU N. 313 wU

BDwbU `k c„ôv 155

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-10.9 Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb

(Non-cooperation Movement)

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

 Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY I Gi cÖwZ evOvwji mg_©b m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 e½eÜzi Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©m~wP I e¨vwß m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Awa‡ekb, ¯’wMZ, HwZnvwmK fvlY, AwMœMf© mgq, ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv

1970 mv‡ji RvZxq I cÖv‡`wkK cwil‡`i wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jxM wbi¼zk weRq jvf K‡i| cvwK¯Ívbx
kvmK Pμ w`‡knviv n‡q c‡o| AvIqvgx jxM wbe©vP‡b fvj djvdj Ki‡e GgbUv aviYv Kiv n‡jI
`jwU miKvi MV‡bi GKK msL¨vMwiôZv jvf Ki‡e GgbUv cvwK¯Ívbx RvšÍv miKvi fve‡Z cv‡iwb| G †cÖwÿ‡Z
AvIqvgx jxM‡K ÿgZv †_‡K `~‡i ivL‡Z Bqvwnqv Lvb 1971 mv‡ji 1 gvP© RvZxq cwil‡`i Avmbœ 3 gv‡P©i
Awa‡ekb Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ ¯’wMZ †NvlYv K‡ib| msL¨vMwiô `‡ji †bZv †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi m‡½ †Kvbiƒc
Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i Awa‡ekb ¯’wMZ Kivq c~e© evsjvi RbMY we‡ÿv‡f †d‡U c‡o| RvZxq cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb ¯’wMZ
Kivi cÖwZev‡` e½eÜz 2 gvP© XvKvq I 3 gvP© mviv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b niZv‡ji WvK †`b| e¯‘Z 1 gvP© n‡ZB c~e©
evsjvq ¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡q hvq| RbM‡Yi gvigywL g‡bvfve I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b fxZ
n‡q †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb 6 gvP© †NvlYv K‡ib, Ô25 gvP© RvZxq cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb em‡eÕ|
7 gv‡P©i HwZnvwmK fvlY I Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb
1971 mv‡ji 7 gvP© ev½vwji BwZnv‡mi GK g‡n›`ªÿY| Gw`b e½eÜz Zuvi 18 wgwb‡Ui HwZnvwmK fvl‡Y 4wU `vwe
DÌvcb K‡ib| h_v (1) mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e, (2) ˆmb¨‡`i e¨viv‡K wdwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e, (3)
MYnZ¨vi Z`šÍ I wePvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges (4) wbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwai Kv‡Q ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e|
e½eÜz Zuvi fvl‡Y Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †Mwijv hy‡×i w`K wb‡`©kbvI cÖ`vb K‡ib| wZwb †NvlYv
K‡ib, ÔN‡i N‡i `yM© M‡o †Zvj, †Zvgv‡`i hvi hv wKQz Av‡Q ZvB wb‡q kÎæi †gvKv‡ejv Ki‡Z n‡e| e½eÜz
cwi¯‹vi fvlvq Rvwb‡q †`b, wZwb hw` ûKzg (wb‡`©k) w`‡Z bvI cv‡ib, ev½vwj †hb hy× Pvwj‡h hvq| ev½vwji
g‡bvej RvMÖZ Ki‡Z wZwb †NvlYv K‡ib, ÔAvgiv hLb gi‡Z wk‡LwQ ZLb †KD Avgv‡`i `vev‡q ivL‡Z cvi‡e
bv|Õ wZwb cvwK¯Ívbx †mbv‡`i Ôfv‡Z gviviÕ Ôcvwb‡Z gviviÕ †Mwijv †KŠkj †NvlYv K‡ib| fvl‡Yi †kl w`‡K
e½eÜz †KŠkjMZ Kvi‡Y c‡ivÿfv‡e ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv e¨³ K‡i e‡jb, Ôi³ hLb w`‡qwQ, i³ Av‡iv †`‡ev| GB
†`‡ki gvbyl‡K gy³ K‡i Qvo‡ev Bbkvjøvn| Gev‡ii msMÖvg Avgv‡`i gyw³i msMÖvg| Gev‡ii msMÖvg ¯^vaxbZvi
msMÖvg|Õ
1971 Gi gv‡P©i AwMœMf© mg‡q e½eÜzi fvlY wQj AZ¨šÍ Zvrch©c~Y|© e½eÜz mivmwi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv cÖ`vb bv
Ki‡jI QvÎ-RbZv-BwcAvi-ev½vjx-‡mbv m`m¨‡`i Kv‡Q Zv wQj ÔMÖxb wmMb¨vjÕ| A_©bxwZwe` †ingvb †mvenv‡bi
g‡Z, Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi we¯Í…Z Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡i e½eÜz Kvh©Z Ôevsjv‡`kÕ ivóª cÖwZôv K‡i †d‡jb| †Kbbv
e½eÜzi wb‡`©‡kB cieZx© 19 w`b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖkvmb, Av`vjZ, e¨vsK-exgv, wkÿv cÖwZôvb, e¨vemv-evwYR¨
cwiPvwjZ n‡q‡Q| evOvwji ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m e½eÜzi Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Abb¨ ˆewkó¨gwÛZ| Amn‡hvM
Av‡›`vj‡bi ga¨w`‡q evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx wn›`y-gymjgvb-†eŠ×-L„óvb wbwe©‡k‡l ivR‰bwZK HK¨e×Zvi †h `„óvšÍ ¯’vcb

BDwbU `k c„ôv 156

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

K‡iwQj, we‡k¦ Zv bwRiwenxb| Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi mgq e½eÜzi Wv‡K mvov cÖ`vb K‡i QvÎ-RbZv-cywjk-
kªwgK-miKvix Kg©Pvix cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK Pμ‡K ivóª cwiPvjbvq Amn‡hvwMZv ïiæ K‡i| G Kvi‡Y †f‡½ c‡o
cvwK¯Ív‡bi ivóª e¨e¯’v|
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi e¨vwß
1971 mv‡ji 1 gvP© †_‡KB Kvh©Z Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb ïiæ n‡q hvq| e½eÜzi AvnŸv‡b mvov cÖ`vb K‡i c~e©
evsjvq mKj miKvwi-‡emiKvwi Awdm, mwPevjq, ¯^vqËkvwmZ cÖwZôvb, wbgœ Av`vjZ, nvB‡KvU©, cywjk cÖkvmb,
e¨vsK-exgv, wkÿv cÖwZôvb, †ijI‡q cvwK¯Ívb miKv‡ii wb‡`©k Agvb¨ K‡i| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖkvmwbK Kg©KvÐ †f‡½
c‡o| LvRbv-U¨v· Av`vq eÜ n‡q hvq| Bqvwnqv miKvi K‡Vvi ûwkqvwi D”PviY K‡i miKvix-Kg©KZ©v Kg©Pvix‡`i
Kv‡R †hvM †`qvi wb‡`©k †`q| Gi cvëv Reve wnmv‡e 14 gvP© e½eÜz 35 `dv wfwËK GK wb‡`©kbvgv Rvwi K‡ib|
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi Kvi‡Y †mbvevwnbx e¨ZxZ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î e½eÜzi wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ nq| Ae¯’v
Dcjwä K‡i †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb 15 gvP© XvKvq G‡m e½eÜzi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv ïiæ K‡ib| Av‡jvPbv Pj‡jI
e½eÜz Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ibwb| 19 gvP© f~‡Ævi †bZ…‡Z¡ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi RvZxq cwil` m`m¨‡`i
cÖwZwbwa `j XvKvq Av‡mb Ges Av‡jvPbvq †hvM †`b| `dvq `dvq Av‡jvPbv Pj‡jI Zv †Kvb HKg‡Z¨ †cuŠQv‡Z
e¨_© nq| 25 gvP© Bqvwnqv XvKv Z¨vM K‡ib| ZviciB ïiæ nq BwZnv‡mi RNb¨Zg nZ¨vKvÐ ÔAcv‡ikb
mvP©jvBU|Õ

wkÿv_©xi KvR e½eÜyi 7 gvP© Gi fvlY Gi g~j e³e¨ Kx?

mvims‡ÿc
RbcÖwZwbwai Kv‡Q ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡kœ †cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi Awb”Qvi †cÖÿvc‡U e½eÜz c~e© evsjvq
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi WvK †`b| e½eÜzi AvnŸv‡b mvov cÖ`vb K‡i QvÎ-RbZv-AvBbRxex-kªwgK-cywjk
Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡i| Gi d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b cÖkvmb cy‡ivcywi †f‡½ c‡o| Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi
Kvi‡Y †mbvevwnbx e¨ZxZ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi wbqš¿Y cÖwZwôZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.9

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| 7 gv‡P©i fvl‡Y wb‡¤œv³ †Kvb&& `vwewU wQj bv?
K) mvgwiK AvBb cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z n‡e (L) ˆmb¨‡`i e¨viv‡K wdwi‡q wb‡Z n‡e
(M) †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv‡K †cÖwm‡W›U c` Qvo‡Z n‡e Ges
(N) wbe©vwPZ RbcÖwZwbwai Kv‡Q ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍi Ki‡Z n‡e
2| RvZxq cwil‡`i Awa‡ekb Awbw`©óKv‡ji Rb¨ ¯’wMZ †NvlYv K‡ib †K?
K. †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb L. †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lvb
M. †Rbv‡ij wbqvRx N. RyjwdKvi Avjx f‡zÆv

BDwbU `k c„ôv 157

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cvV-10.10 ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv Ges 1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy×

(Declaration of Independence and Liberation War 1971)

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

 e½eÜz wKfv‡e ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv w`‡qwQ‡jb Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 gyw³hy‡× gywRebMi miKv‡ii f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 MYcÖwZ‡iva I m¤§yL hy‡× m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cvwK¯Ívbx †mbvevwnbxi AvZ¥mg©cb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

mgq‡ÿcY, bxj bKkv, Acv‡ikb, mvP©jvBU, MYnZ¨v, ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv, AvZ¥Z¨vM

gyL¨ kã ¯^xK…wZ, AvZ¥mgc©Y

†cÖwm‡W›U Bqvwnqv Lvb 1971 mv‡ji 16 gvP© †_‡K e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi m‡½ Av‡jvPbv ïiæ
K‡i| wKš‘ AZ¨šÍ †Mvc‡b mvgwiK Avμg‡Yi cwiKíbv K‡ib| e¯‘Z †kL gywR‡ei m‡½ Bqvwnqv-
fy‡Ævi Av‡jvPbv wQj mvgwiK kw³ e„w×i mgq‡ÿcY| †Kbbv G mgq cÖwZw`b 6wU †‡_‡K 17wU ch©šÍ wc.AvB.G
d¬vBU †evwqs 707 wegvb ˆmb¨ I †Mvjv-eviæ` wb‡q XvKvq AvmZ| AmsL¨ RvnvR ˆmb¨ I fvix A¯¿ wb‡q PÆMÖvg
e›`‡i fx‡o| cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi D”Pc`¯’ Rbms‡hvM Kg©KZ©v wmwÏK mvwjK ÔDBU‡bm Uz mv‡iÛviÕ MÖ‡š’ D‡jøL
K‡i‡Qb, 17 gvP© †Rbv‡ij wU°v Lvb, †j. †R. Lvw`g †nv‡mb I ivI digvb Avjx ÔAcv‡ikb mvP©jvBUÕ ev ev½vwji
Ici b„ksm nZ¨vKvÐ cwiPvjbvi Ôbxj bKkvÕ cÖYqb K‡ib| 20 gvP© †cÖwm‡W›U †Rbv‡ij Bqvwnqv Lvb Acv‡ikb
mvP©jvBU P~ovšÍ Aby‡gv`b K‡ib|
25 gvP© ivZ mv‡o GMv‡ivUvi w`‡K cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx fvix A¯¿-kv‡¯¿ mw¾Z n‡q wewfbœ `‡j wef³ n‡q iv¯Ívq
†ewi‡q c‡o| G mgq cÖ_g nvgjvi wkKvi nq dvg©‡MU GjvKvq wgwQjiZ ev½vwj QvÎ-RbZv| GKB m‡½
ivRvievM cywjk jvBb I wcjLvbvq cvK †mbvevwnbx AvμgY ïiæ K‡i| ev½vwj cywjk I BwcAvi m`m¨iv Rxeb
evwR †i‡L hy× ïiæ Ki‡jI fvix A‡¯¿i Kv‡Q civRq eiY K‡i AKvZ‡i cÖvY wemR©b †`b| XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq
GjvKvq Pvjv‡bv nq me‡P‡q b„msk nZ¨vKvÐ|
25 gvP© GKBfv‡e MYnZ¨v P‡j cyivb XvKvi ZuvwZevRvi, kvLvwi cwÆ, KPz‡ÿZ, wgicyi, iv‡qi evRvi, MYKUzwj,
avbgwÛmn ivRavbxi wewfbœ GjvKvq| Acv‡ikb mvP© jvB‡Ui nZ¨vhÁ †Kej XvKvq mxgve× wQj bv| Kzwgjøv,
ivRkvnx, PÆMÖvg, e¸ov, ˆmq`cyi, wm‡jUmn c~e© evsjvi wewfbœ kn‡i cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx b„msk MYnZ¨v msNwUZ
K‡i| ivZ †`oUvi w`‡K cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi we‡kl mvwf©m MÖæ‡ci GK cøvUzb Kgv‡Ûv ˆmb¨ avbgwÛ‡Z †kL
gywR‡ei evwo‡Z AvμgY K‡i ev½vwji Awemsevw`Z †bZv‡K †MÖßvi K‡i| Z‡e Zvi Av‡MB e½eÜz †kL gywReyi
ingvb BwcAvi (eZ©gvb wewWAvi) Gi Iq¨vi‡j‡mi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †`b|
evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv
25 gvP© ga¨iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívbx †mbviv fvix A‡¯¿ mw¾Z n‡q BwZnv‡mi RNb¨Zg MYnZ¨vq wjß nq| wbi¯¿ NygšÍ
ev½vwji Ici wefrm G AvμgY ALÛ cvwK¯Ív‡bi Kwd‡b †kl †c‡iK Vy‡K †`q| AvbygvwbK ivZ †`oUvi w`‡K
†MÖßvi nIqvi c~e© gyn~‡Z© A_©vr 26 gv‡P©i cÖ_g cÖn‡i e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv
K‡ib| GB †NvlYvwU wQj Bs‡iRx‡Z, hv‡Z ejv nq ÒThis may be my last message, from today Bangladesh
is independent. I call upon the people of Bangladesh wherever you might be and with whatever you have,
to resist the army of occupation to the last. Your fight must go on until the last soldier of the Pakistan

BDwbU `k c„ôv 158

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

occupation army is expelled from the soil of Bangladesh and final victory is achieved.Ó(m~Î : nvmvb
nvwdRyi ingvb (m¤úvw`Z), evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× `wjjcÎ : Z…Zxq LÛ, MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k miKvi, Z_¨
gš¿Yvjq, 1982, c„: 1)
Gi evsjv A_© ÔÔGUvB nq‡Zv Avgvi †kl evZ©v| AvR †_‡K evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb| evsjv‡`‡ki gvbyl †h †hLv‡b
Av‡Qb, Avcbv‡`i hv wKQz Av‡Q Zv wb‡q `Lj`vi †mbvevwnbxi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ Avwg AvnŸvb Rvbvw”Q|
cvwK¯Ívb `Lj`vi evwnbxi †kl ˆmb¨wU‡K evsjv‡`‡ki gvwU †_‡K DrLvZ K‡i P~ovšÍ weRq AwR©Z bv nIqv ch©šÍ
†`kevmx‡K msMÖvg Pvwj‡q †h‡Z n‡e|ÕÕ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv hy× `wjjcÎ : Z…Zxq LÛÕ-G ejv n‡q‡Q, 26 gvP©
cÖ_g cÖn‡i BwcAvi UªvÝwgk‡bi gva¨‡g GB evYxwUB e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb †`‡ki wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ¯’vcbvq
†cuŠ‡Q †`b|
PÆMÖvg AvIqvgx jxM †bZv Rûi Avn‡g` †PŠayix‡K e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvi evZ©vwU 25 gvP© iv‡ZB PÆMÖvg
Iq¨vi‡jm wefvM †cuŠ‡Q †`q| wZwb Ges PÆMÖvg †Rjv AvIqvgx jx‡Mi ZrKvjxb mvaviY m¤úv`K I RvZxq cwil`
m`m¨ Gg, G, nvbœvb e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvi Abyev` K‡ib| †m iv‡ZB Zv mvB‡K¬v÷vBj K‡i wjd‡jU AvKv‡i
PÆMÖv‡g wewj Kiv nq| gvBK‡hv‡MI e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv PÆMÖv‡g AvIqvgx jxM cÖPvi K‡i| 26 gvP© `ycy‡i
Kvjyi Nv‡U ¯’vwcZ Ô¯^vaxb evsjv †eZvi †K›`ªÕ n‡Z Gg, G nvbœvb me©cÖ_g e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvwU †iwWI‡Z
cvV K‡ib| cieZx©‡Z Aveyj Kv‡kg m›`xcmn Av‡iv K‡qKRb e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvwU cvV K‡ib| 1971-G
¯^vaxbZv hy‡×i m~Pbvj‡Mœ †`kevmx hv‡Z †R‡b Avk¦¯Í nb †h, cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbxi wbqwgZ cÖwkwÿZ evOvwj
RIqvbMYI RbM‡Yi mv‡_ hy‡× †b‡g c‡o‡Qb| wewfbœ A‡j cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx †_‡K we‡`ªvn K‡i †ewi‡q Avmv
evOvwj †mbv m`m¨M‡Yi g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM I HK¨e×Zv m„wói cÖ‡qvR‡b iY‡KŠkjMZ Kvi‡Y 27 gvP© Ô¯^vaxb evsjv
†eZvi †K›`ªÕ Gi we‡`ªvnx Kgx©iv †gRi wRqvDi ingv‡bi m‡½ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i e½eÜzi c‡ÿ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ
cvV Kivi Aby‡iva K‡ib| †gRi wRqv mvb›`wP‡Ë Zv MÖnY K‡i KvjyiNvU †eZvi †K›`ª n‡Z 27 gvP© mܨvq e½eÜzi
c‡ÿ ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYvcÎ cvV K‡ib|
1971 mv‡j XvKvq wb‡qvwRZ cvwK¯Ívb mvgwiK evwnbxi Rbms‡hvM Awdmvi wmwÏK mvwjK Witness to Surrender
MÖ‡š’ e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv m¤ú‡K© wj‡L‡Qb- "Soon after darkness fell on March 25 (1971) the voice of
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman came faintly through on a wavelength close to the official Pakistan Radio. In
what must have been, and sounded like, a pre-recorded message, Sheikh Mujib proclaimed East Pakistan
to be the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, He called on Bengaliz to go underground to reorganize and to
attack the invaders."
cvwK¯Ívwb mvgwiK RvšÍvi GB EaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi Dw³ †_‡K GwU ¯úó n‡q I‡V †h, e½eÜz Iq¨vi‡j‡m †`kevmxi
Kv‡Q ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv †cuŠ‡Q †`Iqvi ciB cvwK¯Ívwb †mbvevwnbxi nv‡Z e›`x nb| evsjv‡`‡k wewfbœ ivR‰bwZK
cU cwieZ©‡bi †cÖÿvc‡U cieZx©‡Z ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv wb‡q bvbviƒc weZK© I weåvwšÍ m„wó nq| GiB †cÖÿvc‡U
gnvgvb¨ nvB‡KvU© wewfbœ Z_¨-cÖgvY, `wjj ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi
†NvlK wnmv‡e ivq †`q| mycÖxg †Kv‡U©i Avcxj wefvMI e½eÜz‡K ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlK wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb K‡i|
gyw³hy× I gywRebMi miKvi
gyw³hyׇK MwZgq I mymsnZ Ki‡Z 1971 mv‡ji 10 GwcÖj gywRebMi miKvi MVb Kiv nq| Kzwóqv †Rjvi
†g‡nicy‡ii ˆe`¨bv_Zjvq gywRebMi miKvi kc_ MÖnY K‡i 1971 mv‡ji 17 GwcÖj| gywRebMi miKv‡ii cÖavb
m`i `ßi cÖ_‡g gywRebM‡i (†g‡nicyi †Rjvi ˆe`¨bv_ Zjvq) ¯’vwcZ nq| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvhy‡× cÖavbgš¿x
ZvRDwÏb Avn‡g‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡ gywRebMi miKvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| cvwK¯Ívbx nvbv`vi evwnbx‡K
civwRZ K‡i evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^vaxb KivB wQj gywRe bMi miKv‡ii cÖavb jÿ¨| e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb wQ‡jb
gyw³hy‡×i me©vwabvqK I †`‡ki cÖ_g ivóªcwZ| e½eÜzi Abycw¯’‡Z ivóªcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib DcivóªcwZ ˆmq`
bRiæj Bmjvg|

BDwbU `k c„ôv 159

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

MYcÖwZ‡iva hy× ‡_‡K ¯^vaxbZv jvf

25 †k gv‡P©i Kv‡jv iv‡Z cvwK¯Ívbx †mbvevwnbx fvix A‡¯¿ mw¾Z n‡q AvμgY Pvjv‡j ev½vwj QvÎ-RbZv, cywjk,
BwcAvi m`m¨, †mbvevwnbx mvnwmKZvi m‡½ iæ‡L `uvovq| gyw³hy‡×i G‡Kev‡i m~Pbv c‡e© ev½vwji cÖwZ‡iva
AmsMwVZ n‡jI Zv n‡Z ¯úó n‡q hvq, ev½vwj QvÎ RbZv, cywjk, BwcAvi I †mbvm`m¨ webv P¨v‡jÄ cvwK¯Ívbx
†mbvevwnbx‡K Qvo w`‡e bv| †mB cÖwZ‡iva Av‡iv ¯úó wQj ev½vwj ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ Av‡Z¥vrm‡M© cÖ¯‘Z| m~Pbv c‡e©i
mk¯¿ cÖwZ‡iva wQj ¯^Z:ù~Z© I AvZ¥Z¨v‡Mi gwngvq D¾¡j| AwaKvsk †ÿ‡ÎB cÖwZ‡ivaKvixiv e½eÜzi ¯^vaxbZvi
†NvlYv ïb‡Z cvbwb| Z_vwc cvwK¯Ívbx †mbvevwnbx‡K iæ‡L `uvovq|
gyw³hyׇK cwiKwíZfv‡e cwiPvjbvi D‡Ï‡k¨ gywRebMi miKvi †`‡ki hy× †ÿ·K 11wU fv‡M wef³ K‡i| 17
GwcÖj AvbyôvwbKfv‡e MwVZ nq gyw³‡dŠR ev gyw³evwnbx| Gi cÖavb †mbvcwZ wnmv‡e wbhy³ nb AvZvDj MwY
Imgvbx| 1971 mv‡ji 3 wW‡m¤^i cvwK¯Ívb GKZidvfv‡e fvi‡Zi weiæ‡× hy× †NvlYv K‡i| 5 wW‡m¤^i fviZ
evsjv‡`k‡K AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZ †`q| gyw³‡hv×v‡`i mn‡hvwMZvq Zv‡`i ˆmb¨ cvVvq| fviZ-evsjv‡`‡ki ˆmb¨‡`i
wb‡q MwVZ nq ÔwgÎ evwnbxÕ| wgÎ evwnbx I MYevwnbx GK‡hv‡M evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨šÍ‡i AvμgY cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z
_v‡K| gyw³evwnbx I wgÎevwnbx 7 wW‡m¤^i h‡kvi †mbvwbevm `Lj K‡i †bq| AZ:ci †hŠ_evwnbx mvZÿxiv `Lj
K‡i Lyjbvi w`‡K AMÖmi nq| wgÎ evwnbxi GKwU `j U½x, Rvgvjcyi, biwms`x, gywÝMÄ gy³ K‡i AMÖmi nq
ivRavbx w`‡K| we‡`kx bvMwiK‡`i XvKv Z¨vM Kivi my‡hvM w`‡q 10 wW‡m¤^i wgÎevwnbx me©cÖKvi wegvb nvgjv eÜ
iv‡L| 12 wW‡m¤^i gy³ nq Kzwóqv Ges gqgbwmsn| gy³ Uv½vB‡j ¯^vaxbZvi cZvKv D‡o 13 wW‡m¤^i| Uv½vBj
cZ‡bi ci cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK I ˆmb¨iv eyS‡Z cv‡i evsjv‡`k `L‡j ivLv Avi Zv‡`i c‡ÿ m¤¢e bq| ZvB 10 †_‡K
14 wW‡m¤^‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡iK `dv MYnZ¨v Pvjvq cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevnbx| G nZ¨vh‡Á Ask †bq nvbv`vi evwnbxi
G‡`kxq †`vmi Rvgvqv‡Z Bmjvgxi mn‡hvMx msMVb Avje`i, Avj kvgm evwnbx| Zviv wkÿK, mvsevw`K,
wPwKrmKmn A‡bK eyw×Rxex‡K wbg©gfv‡e nZ¨v K‡i| Z‡e †kl iÿv nqwb cvwK¯Ívbx †mbvevwnbxi| 16 wW‡m¤^i 93
nvRvi ‰mb¨ wb‡q wgÎevwnbxi Kv‡Q AvZ¥mgc©b K‡ib †Rbv‡ij G †K wbqvRx| wbqvRxi AvZ¥mgc©‡Yi ga¨w`‡q wek¦
gvbwP‡Î ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg ivóª wnmv‡e Af~¨`q N‡U evsjv‡`‡ki|
wkÿv_©xi KvR e½eÜz KZ©„K ¯^vaxbZvi †NvlYv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
`xN© ivR‰bwZK msMÖvg †k‡l 1971 mv‡j mk¯¿ hy‡×i ga¨w`‡q evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb n‡q‡Q| gyw³hyׇK MwZkxj I
mycwiKwíZ Ki‡Z gywRebMi miKvi evsjv‡`‡ki iY‡ÿ·K 11wU †m±‡i fvM K‡i| wW‡m¤^‡ii ïiæ‡Z fviZ-
evsjv‡`‡ki †mbvevwnbx wb‡h MwVZ nq wgÎ evwnbx| wgÎevwnbxi cÖPÐ Avμg‡Y cvwK¯Ívbx †mbvevwnbx nZwenej
n‡q c‡o| 16 wW‡m¤^i cvwK¯Ívb †mbvevwnbx †im‡Kvm© D`¨v‡b AvZ¥mgc©Y K‡i| 30 jvL knx‡`i AvZœ`v‡b
Afy¨`q N‡U ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.10

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| gywRebMi miKvi MwVZ nq KZ ZvwiL?
K. 4 GwcÖj L. 10 GwcÖj M. 17 GwcÖj N. 26 gvP©
2| gywRebMi miKvi †`‡ki hy× †ÿ·K KqwU †m±‡i wef³ K‡i?
K. 9 wU L. 11wU M. 21wU N. †KvbwU mZ¨ bq

BDwbU `k c„ôv 160

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-10.11 gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I Av`k©

(Spirit and Ideology of Liberation War)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy‡×i Av`k© I †PZbv m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 ivóª cwiPvjbv I msweav‡b Gme Av`k© I †PZbvi Zvrch© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Av`k©, cÖ¯Ívebv, g~jbxwZ, †gŠwjK AwaKvi, AvB‡bi kvmb, Amv¤úª`vwqKZv

evsjv‡`k GK my`xN© ivR‰bwZK msMÖvg I mk¯¿ hy‡×i ga¨ w`‡q ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i‡Q| wÎk jvL
knx‡`i i³ Ges Pvi jvL wbh©vwZZ bvixi Z¨v‡Mi gwngvq evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY jvf K‡i ¯^vaxbZv|
evOvwji nvRvi eQ‡ii BwZnv‡m Zv GK Abb¨ NUbv| †hme gnvb Av`k© evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY‡K `xN© ivR‰bwZK
msMÖv‡g DØy× K‡iwQj Ges †h me ¯^cœ (mvg¨, MYZš¿, evOvwj RvZxqZvev`, Avi ag©wbi‡cÿZv) ev¯Íevq‡b 1971
mv‡j evOvwj K…lK-kÖwgK-RbZv AKvZ‡i cÖvY w`‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvB Avgv‡`i gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I Av`k©| evsjv‡`k
msweav‡bi cÖ¯Ívebvq Zv ¯úófv‡e D‡jøL Kiv nqt
ÒAvgiv, evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY, 1971 wLª÷v‡ãi gvP© gv‡mi 26 Zvwi‡L ¯^vaxbZv †NvlYv Kwiqv RvZxq gyw³i Rb¨
HwZnvwmK hy‡×i gva¨‡g ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k cÖwZwôZ KwiqvwQ|
Avgiv A½xKvi Kwi‡ZwQ †h, †h mKj gnvb Av`k© Avgv‡`i exi RbMY‡K RvZxq gyw³i Rb¨ hy‡× AvZ¥wb‡qvM I
exi knx`w`M‡K cÖv‡YvrmM© Kwi‡Z DØy× KwiqvwQj- RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZš¿, MYZš¿ Ges ag©wbi‡cÿZvi ‡mB mKj
Av`k© GB msweav‡bi g~jbxwZ nB‡e|
Avgiv AviI A½xKvi Kwi‡ZwQ †h, Avgv‡`i iv‡óªi Ab¨Zg g~j jÿ¨ nB‡e MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z Ggb GK
†kvlYgy³ mgvRZvwš¿K mgv‡Ri cÖwZôv- †hLv‡b mKj bvMwi‡Ki Rb¨ AvB‡bi kvmb, †gŠwjK gvbevwaKvi Ges
ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv, mywePvi wbwðZ nB‡e|Ó
e¯‘Z evOvwji †PZbvq fvlv wfwËK RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿ I ag©wbi‡cÿZv mgy¾¡j _vKvq evsjv‡`k
iv‡óªi RvwZi RbK e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡b ivóªcwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wn‡m‡e G PviwU
Av`k©‡K mshy³ K‡ib| evsjv‡`k msweavb‡K G Kvi‡YB wZwb Ôknx‡`i i‡³ †jLv msweavbÕ wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ
K‡ib| GB PviwU bxwZi evB‡iI †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv ¯^vaxbZvi †PZbv I Av`‡k©i AšÍf©y³| wb‡¤œ
gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I Av`k© m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
RvZxqZvev`
RvZxqZvev` GKwU KwíZ fveg~wZ©| GK Abb¨ ivR‰bwZK †PZbv| me †_‡K ÿz`ª †h RvwZ‡Mvôx ZvivI ci¯úi‡K
†P‡b-Rv‡b bv| wKšÍy wKQy wfbœ Dcv`vb GKwU Rb‡Mvôxi g‡a¨ KwíZ m¤úª`v‡qi †eva (imagined community) m„wó
K‡i| hv Ab¨‡`i †_‡K Zv‡`i c„_K K‡i †`q| m„wó K‡i c„_K ÔAvgiv †evaÕ| Av‡ivc K‡i wfbœ mËv ev cwiwPwZ|
c‡i GB Awfbœ cwiwPwZi m~Î Rb‡Mvôx‡K RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vj‡b wb‡q hvq| RvZxqZvev` m¤^‡Ü evsjv‡`k
msweav‡b (Aby‡”Q` 9) ejv n‡q‡Q ÔÔfvlv I ms¯‹…wZMZ GKK mËvwewkó †h evOvwj RvwZ HK¨e× I msKíe×
msMÖvg K‡i RvZxq gyw³hy‡×i gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZv I mve©‡fŠgZ¡ AR©b K‡i‡Q, †mB evOvwj RvwZi HK¨ I
msnwZ n‡e evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i wfwË|ÕÕ

BDwbU `k c„ôv 161

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

mvg¨ I mgvRZš¿
mK‡ji Rb¨ mgvb my‡hvM m„wó mgvRZ‡š¿i g~j jÿ¨| G D‡Ï‡k¨ Drcv`‡bi DcKiY Ges e›Ub e¨e¯’v ivóªxq
gvwjKvbvq b¨¯Í Kiv nq| mgvRZš¿ m¤^‡Ü msweav‡b (Aby‡”Q` 10) ejv nq, ÔÔgvby‡l gvby‡l †kvl‡Yi Aemvbmn
GKwU b¨vqvbyM I mgZv wfwËK mgvR cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ †`‡k mgvRZvwš¿K A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v Kv‡qg Kiv n‡e|ÕÕ e¯‘Z,
evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¨ MYZvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z †kvlYgy³ mgvR cÖwZôv-A‡_© msweav‡b mgvRZš¿‡K MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
MYZš¿ I AvB‡bi kvmb
weªwUk Dcwb‡ewkK kvmb n‡Z evOvwj Rb‡Mvôx MYZš¿ I wbqgZvwš¿K kvmb cÖwZôvq msMÖvg Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`k
iv‡óªi ¯’cwZ‡`i GKwU cÖavbZg ¯^cœ wQj cÖRvZ‡š¿ AvB‡bi kvmb ev¯ÍweK A‡_©B cÖwZôv cv‡e| Gi ivR‰bwZK
e¨e¯’v n‡e MYZvwš¿K| cÖkvm‡bi mKj ch©v‡q wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi Kvh©Ki AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv
n‡e| msweav‡bi 11 Aby†”Q` †mB ¯^‡cœi wbðqZvI i‡q‡Q| Kv‡RB evsjv‡`‡k MYZš¿ I AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôv
gyw³hy‡×i Ab¨Zg †PZbv|
Amv¤úª`vwqKZv I ag©wbi‡cÿZv
ag©wbi‡cÿZvi A_© nj mKj cÖKvi mv¤cÖ`vwqKZvi Aemvb, ivóª KZ©„K †Kv‡bv ag©‡K ivR‰bwZK gh©v`v bv †`qv,
ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨ ag©‡K e¨envi bv Kiv Ges a‡g©i ZKgv w`‡q †Kv‡bv †Mvôx ev e¨w³i cÖwZ ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY ev
wbcxob bv Kiv| G Øviv A‡b‡K ag©nxbZv ey‡S _v‡Kb| wKš‘ Gi cÖK…Z A_© n‡”Q, a‡g©i e¨vcv‡i iv‡óªi wbi‡cÿ
Ae¯’vb, A_©vr ag© _vK‡e, Z‡e ivóª a‡g©i Kvi‡Y bvMwiK‡`i †Kvb cÿcvwZZ¡ †`Lv‡e bv| A_©vr Ôag©-hvi hvi ivóª
meviÕ| evsjv‡`k ivó«wUi cÖwZôvq evOvwj wn›`y wKsev †eŠ×, evOvwj gymjgv‡bi g‡ZvB i³ w`‡q‡Q| cvwK¯Ívwb
†mbvevwnbx agx©q cwiPq fz‡j wn›`y-gymjgvb Dfq m¤úª`v‡qi evOvwj bvix‡`iB wbh©vZb K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`k iv‡ó«
ag©wbi‡cÿZv ZvB †h †Kvb agv©ej¤^xi i‡³i `vwe|
†gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii wbðqZv
evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb cÖ‡YZvMY msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi mwbœ‡e‡ki e¨vcv‡i AZ¨šÍ m‡PZb wQ‡jb| 1789 mv‡j
gvwK©b msweavb Ges 1949 mv‡ji fviZ msweav‡b DwjøwLZ †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii Av‡jv‡K MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`k
miKv‡ii MYcwil` msweav‡b †gŠwjK AwaKvi mshy³ K‡i| evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 3q fv‡M, 26 †_‡K 47 Aby‡”Q`
ch©šÍ †gŠwjK AwaKvi m¤^‡Ü my¯úó e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q| †gŠwjK AwaKvi †gvU 18wU hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q; AvB‡bi ‡Pv‡L
mgZv (Aby‡”Q`-27), wPšÍv, we‡eK Ges evK ¯^vaxbZv (Aby‡”Q`-39.1), msMV‡bi ¯^vaxbZv (Aby‡”Q`-38),
bvMwi‡Ki m¤úwË jv‡fi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q`-42.1) ¯^vaxbfv‡e †ckv ev e„wËi wbe©vP‡bi AwaKvi (Aby‡”Q`-40),
AvB‡bi Avkªq jv‡fi AwaKvi m‡e©vcwi ag©, eY©, bvix-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l mgvb my‡hvM jvf (Aby‡”Q`-28)|
wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡k msweav‡b gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I Av`k© wKfv‡e cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q?

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY‡K †hme gnvb Av`k© I `k©b `xN© ivR‰bwZK msMÖv‡g DØy× K‡iwQj †m¸‡jvB Avgv‡`i
gyw³hy‡×i †PZbv I Av`k©| GBme Av`k© I †PZbvi g‡a¨ cÖavbZ i‡q‡Q- evOvwj RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿,
ivR‰bwZK-A_©‰bwZK mvg¨, ag©wbi‡cÿZv I †gŠwjK AwaKvi †fv‡Mi AvKv•ÿv| Kv‡RB ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡k Gme
cÖvq AMÖmi `k©b I †PZbv‡K mgy¾¡j ivLv Ges Gm‡ei weiæ‡× AvNvZ Avm‡j Zv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv gyw³hy‡×i
†PZbvi AšÍf©~³|

BDwbU `k c„ôv 162

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.11
eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`k msweavb‡K e½eÜz Kx bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib ?
K. knx‡`i i‡³ †jLv msweavb L. DËg msweavb
M. MY-gvby‡li msweavb N.wecøex msweavb
2| gyw³hy‡×i †PZbvi m‡½ AmvgvÄm¨c~Y© †Kvb&wU?
K. evOvwj RvZxqZvev` L. ag©wbi‡cÿZv
M. A_©‰bwZK gyw³ N. mv¤úª`vwqKZv
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| BqvKze mv‡ne cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ywU As‡ki Mí ejwQ‡jb bvZx wd‡ivR‡K| wd‡ivR Rvb‡Z Pvq GKB †`k nIqv
m‡Ë¡I Avgiv ‡Kb GZ Mwie wQjvg| `v`v ZLb e‡jb, c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖwZiÿv e¨e¯’v wQj cwðg
cvwK¯Ívwb‡`i nv‡Z| Ggwbfv‡e ˆe‡`wkK mvnvh¨I †ewk K‡i e¨q nZ cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dbœq‡b| Gi ci `v`v
`xN©k¦vm †Q‡o e‡jb, GZ †kvl‡Yi ciI c~e© cvwK¯Ívb KL‡bv Avjv`v ev mk¯¿ wecø‡ei K_v e‡jwb, †P‡qwQj
†Kej mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi|
(K) cvwK¯Ív‡bi `ywU Ask KZ gvBj we‡`wk AÂj Øviv wew”Qbœ wQj?
(L) cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óª c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÖK…Z gh©v`v Kx wQj? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(M) BqvKze mv‡n‡ei g‡Z ˆe‡`wkK mvnv‡h¨i wmsn fvM Kxfv‡e cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b e¨q Kiv nZ?
(N) BqvKze mv‡n‡ei †kl Dw³wU-we‡kølY Kiæb|
2| wkwki GKwU KviLvbvq PvKwi KiZ| gyw³hy‡×i mgq Zvi KviLvbvi A‡b‡KB hy‡× †hvM`vb K‡i| Zv‡`i
†`Lv‡`wL GKw`b †m evwo †_‡K cvwj‡q GKwU evwnbxi Aax‡b cÖwkÿY wb‡q gyw³hy‡× AskMÖnY K‡i|
cvwK¯Ívbx †mbv‡`i weiæ‡× hy×Kv‡j ¸wji AvNv‡Z Zvi GKwU cv nvivq| hy× †k‡l wd‡i G‡m †m Zvi PvKwi
Ges cwievi wKQyB wd‡i cvqwb|
(K) 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †K DÌvcb K‡ib?
(L) †Mwijv hy× Kx? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(M) wkwki gyw³hy‡× †Kvb evwnbxi m`m¨ wQj? e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
(N) wkwki I Zvi m½xiv G‡`‡ki †kªô mšÍvb-g~j¨vqb Kiæb|
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.1 : 1| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.2 : 1| M 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.3 : 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.4 : 1| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.5 : 1| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.6 : 1| K 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.7 : 1| M 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.8 : 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.9 : 1| M 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.10 : 1| L 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-10.11 : 1| K 2| N

BDwbU `k c„ôv 163

 evsjv‡`k I AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb
(Bangladesh and International Organization)

eZ©gvb we‡k¦i cÖwZwU ivóªB G‡K Ac‡ii Dci wbf©ikxj| GRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K ivóªB A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK
Ges mvgwiK †ÿ‡Î ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©Zv I mg„w× AR©‡bi Rb¨ Aci iv‡óªi mv‡_ ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i _v‡K|
cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv Ges mw`”Qvi Ici wfwË K‡i ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© M‡o DV‡jI mKj ivóª RvZxq ¯^v_© msiÿ‡Yi
j‡ÿ¨ AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i bxwZ I iƒc‡iLv ˆZix K‡i| c„w_exi mKj iv‡óªi b¨vq evsjv‡`‡ki wbR¯^ ˆe‡`wkK
bxwZ i‡q‡Q| ZvQvov AvšÍR©vwZK m¤ú‡K©i wbR¯^ `„wófw½I i‡q‡Q| G BDwb‡U evsjv‡`‡ki ˆe‡`wkK bxwZ Ges
wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK msMVb †hgb mvK©, RvwZmsN, KgbI‡qj_, IAvBwm-Gi m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Kiv
n‡q‡Q|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

cvV-11.1 mvK© (SAARC)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 mvK© wK Ges Gi jÿ¨mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mv‡K©i mn‡hvwMZvi †ÿÎmg~n wK wK Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mv‡K© evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã mn‡hvwMZv, cÖ¯Íve, mn‡hvMx, ch©‡eÿY, jÿ¨, mb`, kxl©, m‡¤§jb, Kb‡fkb

SAARC ev South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation `wÿY Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi msMVb|
`wÿY Gwkqv GKwU cÖvPxb HwZn¨c~Y© I ˆewPÎgq Rbc`| `wÿY Gwkqvq 8wU †`‡ki Rbmgwó GK‡Î
mgMÖ c„w_exi cÖvq GK PZz_©vsk| †`o kZ †KvwUi AwaK gvby‡li G AÂj ÿzav, `vwi`ª¨, ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv,
Awkÿv, Kzms¯‹vi Øviv Av”Qbœ| m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ AvšÍm¤úK© †Zgb †Rvi`vi bv nIqvq AvÂwjK ms¯’v wnmv‡e
mv‡K©i mdjZv †Zgb D¾j bq| evsjv‡`k mvK© cÖwZôvi D‡`¨vMx ivóª| 1985 mv‡ji 7 I 8 wW‡m¤^i XvKv
m‡¤§j‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mv‡K©i hvÎv ïiæ|
mvK© mb‡`i jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨mg~n
1980 mv‡j evsjv‡`‡ki ZrKvjxb †cÖwm‡W›U wRqvDi ingvb GKwU AvÂwjK mn‡hvwMZv ms¯’v M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨
`wÿY Gkxq †`k¸‡jvi wbKU cÖ¯Íve †ck K‡ib| G cÖ¯Íve wb‡q Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ 1981 mv‡j kªxjsKvi ivRavbx
Kj‡¤^v‡Z `wÿY Gkxq mvZwU †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaMY ˆeV‡K wgwjZ nq| cieZx©‡Z 1985 mv‡j mvZwU †`‡ki miKvi
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cÖavb‡`i GK kxl© m‡¤§j‡b XvKvq GwU MwVZ nq| mv‡K©i eZ©gvb m`m¨ †`k 8wU| †`k¸‡jv n‡jv evsjv‡`k,
fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, kªxjsKv, †bcvj, fyUv, gvjØxc I AvdMvwb¯Ívb| AvdMvwb¯Ívb mv‡K©i me©‡kl m`m¨| mv‡K©i
ch©‡eÿK †`k I ms¯’v 7wU, G¸‡jv n‡”Q; Pxb, Rvcvb, `wÿY †Kvwiqv, hy³ivóª, Bivb, gwikvm I BD‡ivcxq
BDwbqb|
mv‡K©i jÿ¨ mg~n wbgœiƒc-
1. RbRxe‡bi gv‡bvbœqb : A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK AMÖMwZ mvab K‡i mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi RbM‡Yi Rxe‡bi
gv‡bvbœqb n‡”Q mvK© mb‡`i cÖavb jÿ¨|
2. †hŠ_ ¯^q¤¢iZv AR©b : mgwš^Z Dbœqb Kg©m~wP iPbv I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g 7wU †`‡ki GKB mv‡_ ¯^q¤¢iZv
AR©b Kiv|
3. Av¯’v I mg‡SvZv m„wó : mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ weivRgvb fyj †evSveywS, Ø›Ø-we‡iva cÖf„wZ `~i K‡i
cvi¯úwiK kª×v I mg‡SvZv m„wó Kiv|
4. †hŠ_ Kvh©μg m~Pbv : A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK, cÖhyw³MZ I ˆeÁvwbK AMÖMwZi j‡ÿ¨ †hŠ_fv‡e
cwiKíbv cÖYqb I Zv ev¯ÍevwqZ Kiv|
5. cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv : mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK mym¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i mn‡hvwMZvi eÜb‡K `„p I
mn‡hvwMZvi †ÿ·K DˇivËi cÖmvwiZ Kiv|
6. AvšÍR©vwZK †ÿ‡Î mn‡hvwMZv : AvšÍR©vwZK wewfbœ Bmy¨‡Z ci¯úi‡K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb|
mv‡K©i mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv
mvK© mb‡` G ms¯’vi Rb¨ cuvP ¯Íiwewkó cÖvwZôvwbK KvVv‡gvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| h_v: ivóª I miKvi cÖavb‡`i kxl©
m‡¤§jb, 2. ciivóªgš¿x‡`i m‡¤§jb, 3. ÷¨vwÛs KwgU, 4. †UKwbK¨vj KwgwU Ges, 5. mvK© mwPevjq
mv‡K©i mn‡hvwMZvi †ÿÎmg~n
mv‡K©i mn‡hvwMZvi wb‡¤œv³ †ÿÎmg~n wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q 1. K…wl, 2. ¯^v¯’¨ I Rb‡mev, 3. AvenvIqv, 4. WvK‡mev, 5.
gv`K`ªe¨ cvPvi I Ace¨envi †iva, 6. cjøx Dbœqb, 7. weÁvb I cÖhyw³, 8. μxov, wkí I ms¯‹…wZ, 9.
†Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM, 10. hvZvqvZ I hvbevnb, 11. bvix Dbœqb, 12. AwWI wfRyqvj wewbgq, 13.msMwVZ ch©Ub, 14.
WKz‡g‡›Ukb †K›`ª, 15.¯‹jvikxc I †d‡jvwkc, 1. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, 17. cwi‡ek, 18. mš¿vmev` cÖwZ‡iva, 19. hye
†¯^”Qv‡meK wewbgq, 20.AvšÍR©vwZK A_©‰bwZK welq Ges 21. GbwRI welqK|
mvK© I esjv‡`k
mv‡K©i ¯^cœ `ªóv n‡jb evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡eK ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingvb| g~jZ evsjv‡`‡ki ZrciZv Ges Drmv‡n
Acivci †`kmg~‡ni mn‡hvwMZvq MwVZ nq GB AvÂwjK ms¯’vwU| ZvB mv‡K© evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| mv‡K©i
D‡`¨v³v wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`k mv‡K©i wewfbœ m‡¤§jb I ˆeV‡K †i‡L‡Q ewjô I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv| 1987 mv‡ji 4
b‡f¤^i KvVgÛy‡Z ¯^vÿwiZ nq Ômš¿vm `gbÕ m¤úwK©Z mvK© AvÂwjK Kb‡fbkb I mvK© Lv`¨ wbivcËv gRy` cÖwZôv
msμvšÍ Pzw³| †hLv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv wQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| 1990 mv‡ji 3 b‡f¤^i gvjØx‡ci ivRavbx
gv‡j‡Z ¯^vÿwiZ nq mvK© gv`K msμvšÍ Kb‡fbkb| gvjØx‡ci GB Pzw³i D‡`¨v³v wQj evsjv‡`k| Ab¨w`‡K,
1993 mv‡ji 11 GwcÖj XvKvq ¯^vÿwiZ nq ÔmvK© wcÖdv‡iwÝqvj †UªW GwMÖ‡g›U (mvcUv)Õ Ges mvK© mwPevjq cÖwZôv
Kivi Rb¨ ¯^vÿwiZ nq mg‡SvZv ¯§viK| GB mg‡SvZv ¯§viK ¯^vÿ‡iI evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv wQj AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
GQvovI 2004 mv‡j Bmjvgvev‡` ¯^vÿwiZ nq `wÿY Gwkqv gy³ evwYR¨ Pzw³ mvdUv| mvdUv I mš¿vm `gb
m¤úwK©Z mvK© AvÂwjK Kb‡fbk‡bi D‡`¨v³v wQj evsjv‡`k|

wkÿv_©xi KvR mv‡K©i mn‡hvwMZvi †ÿθ‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 165

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

mvims‡ÿc
mvK© `wÿY Gwkqvi †`k¸‡jvi AvÂwjK msMVb hv 1980 mv‡j MwVZ nq| mv‡K©i D‡`¨v³v evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡eK
ivóªcwZ wRqvDi ingvb| mv‡K©i eZ©gvb m`m¨ †`k¸‡jv nj evsjv‡`k, fviZ, cvwK¯Ívb, kªxjsKv, †bcvj, fyUvb,
gvjØxc I AvdMvwb¯Ívb| mvK©fy³ †`k¸‡jvi RbM‡Yi Rxe‡bi gv‡bvbœqb n‡”Q mv‡K©i cÖavb jÿ¨|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.1

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| mv‡K©i m`m¨ bq †Kvb&& ivóªwU?
K. †bcvj L. gvjØxc M. wgqvbgvi N. f~Uvb
2| mvK© MwVZ n‡q‡Q-
(i) cvi¯úvwiK mn‡hvwMZvi wfwˇZ
(ii) A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK AMÖMwZ AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
(iii) mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK AMÖMwZ AR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

(K) i (L) ii
(M) i I ii (N) i, ii I iii

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 166

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-11.2 RvwZmsN (The United Nations)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 RvwZms‡Ni cÖwZôvi †cÖÿvcU we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RvwZmsN MV‡bi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wek¦kvwšÍ, we‡iva gxgvsmv, AvUjvw›UK mb`, cwil`, gvbe Dbœqb

cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i †cÖÿvc‡U 1920 mv‡j MwVZ nq jxM Ae †bkbm ev RvwZcyÄ| wek¦kvwšÍ iÿv I
gvbeRvwZ‡K hy‡×i wefxwlKv †_‡K iÿv wQj Gi cÖavb jÿ¨| wKš‘ bvbv `ye©jZv I mxgve×Zvi Kvi‡Y
RvwZcyÄ †m jÿ¨ iÿv Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| wesk kZvãxi w·ki `k‡K BD‡iv‡ci wewfbœ iv‡óª DMÖ RvZxqZvev‡`i
we¯Ívi N‡U| Gi m‡½ hy³ wQj RvZxq ¯^v_© iÿvi AvKv•Lv| hvi Awbevh© cwiYwZ wnmv‡e 1939 mv‡j ïiæ nq wØZxq
wek¦hy×| hy‡×i fqven aŸsmhÁ n‡Z wek¦‡K iÿvi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| wek¦ †bZviv Dcjwä K‡i Ggb GKwU
Kvh©Ki ms¯’vi hv RvwZmg~‡ni we‡iva gxgvsmvq mdj f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e| GB wPšÍv †_‡KB e„‡U‡bi cÖavbgš¿x
DBb÷b PvwP©j I hy³iv‡óªi †cÖwm‡W›U d«v¼wjb wW iæR‡fë 1941 mv‡j †NvlYv †`b AvUjvw›UK mb‡`i| hy‡×i
g‡a¨B hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨ I mv‡eK †mvwf‡qZ BDwbqb wek¦ kvwšÍiÿvq RvwZmsN cÖwZôvi †NvlYv †`q| GKvwaK kxl©
ˆeVK K‡ib Gme iv‡óªi miKvi cÖavbiv| 1945 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m 50wU †`‡ki cÖwZwbwaiv hy³iv‡óªi mvbdªvwÝm‡Kv
kn‡i wgwjZ n‡q RvwZmsN (United Nations) cÖwZôvi †NvlYv †`q| GKB eQ‡ii 24 A‡±vei AvbyôvwbKfv‡e
RvwZmsN cÖwZwôZ nq| 24 A‡±vei‡K ZvB RvwZmsN w`em wnmv‡e cvjb Kiv nq| eZ©gv‡b RvwZms‡Ni †gvU
cuvPwU Kvh©Ki cwil` i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv nj-
K. mvaviY cwil`
L. wbivcËv cwil`
M. A_©‰bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil`
N. AvšÍR©vwZK Av`vjZ Ges
O. RvwZmsN mwPevjq
RvwZms‡Ni jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨mg~n
¯^vaxb ivóªmg~‡ni GKwU AwØZxq msMVb wnmv‡e RvwZmsN wek¦e¨vcx mgv`„Z| we‡k¦i ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg iv󪸇jvi
AwffveK wnmv‡e RvwZmsN‡K we‡ePbv Kiv nq| RvwZmsN †Kvb we‡kl miKvi ev †Kvb GKK RvwZi cÖwZwbwaZ¡
K‡i bv| RvwZmsN nj ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg iv󪸇jvi GKwU mwgwZ, hv Zvi m`m¨‡`i B”Qvbyhvqx KvR K‡i| wb‡¤œ
RvwZms‡Ni jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨mg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1. wek¦kvwšÍ I wbivcËv iÿv, hy× ev kvwšÍf‡½i †h‡Kvb m¤¢vebv †iv‡a †hŠ_ e¨e¯’v MÖnY|
2. kvwšÍc~Y© Dcv‡q AvšÍR©vwZK we‡iva gxgvsmvi †Póv| cÖ‡qvR‡b kvw¯Íg~jK e¨e¯’v MÖnY|
3. RvwZ, ag©, eY©, fvlv I bvix-cyiæl wbwe©‡k‡l mK‡ji ¯^vaxbZv I gvbevwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ Ges Gi cÖwZ
kª×vkxj _vKv|
4. cÖ‡Z¨K RvwZi AvZ¥wbqš¿Y AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ Ges Zv mgybœZ ivLv|
5. wek¦e¨vcx gvbe RvwZi A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‹…wZK I gvbweK mgm¨vejxi mgvav‡b cvi¯úwiK
mn‡hvwMZv M‡o †Zvjv|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 167

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

RvwZms‡Ni mdjZv: wek¦kvwšÍ cÖwZôvi D‡Ï‡k¨B RvwZms‡Ni m„wó| 1945 mv‡j cÖwZôvi ci †_‡K G ch©šÍ
RvwZmsN D‡jøL¨ †hvM¨ we‡iva gvgxsmv K‡i‡Q Ges cÖwZ‡iva K‡i‡Q| MYZš¿, AvB‡bi kvmb, gvbevwaKvi, `vwi`ª
we‡gvPb, mvs¯‹…wZK HwZn¨ iÿvq RvwZms‡Ni Rywo †gjv fvi| wek¦ e¨vcx gviYv¯¿ †iva, ejKvb MY nZ¨vi wePvi,
Avwd«Kvi wewfbœ iv‡óª kvwšÍ iÿv Kvh©μg D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

RvwZms‡Ni e¨_©Zv: RvwZmsN cÖwZôvi mKj D‡Ïk¨ mdj nqwb| GLbI we‡k¦i ÿz`v, `vwi`ª, ˆelg¨ I hy× i‡q‡Q|
we‡kl K‡i Kvk¥xi mgm¨v, BmivBj-wdwjw¯Íb mgm¨v, DËi †Kvwiqv mgm¨vmn AviI bvbv ai‡bi welq AgxgvswmZ
Av‡Q| †`Lv w`‡q‡Q bZzb A‡bK mgm¨v| hvi A‡bK¸‡jvB wbg©~j Kiv m¤¢e nqwb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR RvwZms‡Ni jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
we‡k¦i ¯^vaxb I mve©‡fŠg iv󪸇jvi me‡P‡q eo ms¯’v RvwZmsN| wek¦kvwšÍ cÖwZôv, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, bvixi
ÿgZvqb, eY©‰elg¨ `~ixKiY, wkÿvi we¯Ívi, gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôv m‡e©vcwi gvbe Dbœqb RvwZms‡Ni cÖavb jÿ¨|
195wU †`k RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨| m`m¨c` cÖvwßi ci †_‡KB evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡N Kvh©Ki I mwμq f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i Avm‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bI RvwZms‡Ni f~wgKv cÖmskbxq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| RvwZms‡Ni wbivcËv cwil‡`i ¯’vqx m`m¨ iv󪸇jv nj ....|
(K) gvwK©b hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, d«vÝ, Rvcvb I Pxb (L) gvwK©b hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, ivwkqv I Rvg©vwb
(M) hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, d«vÝ, ivwkqv I Pxb (N) hy³ivóª, hy³ivR¨, A‡÷ªwjqv, ivwkqv I Pxb

2| RvwZms‡Ni cÖwZôvi KviY wK?

(i) wbivcËv iÿv (ii) mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœqb
(iii) K~UbxwZ iÿv (iv) e„nr kw³i ¯^v_© iÿv

wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?

(K) i (L) ii
(M) i I ii (N) i I iv

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 168

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-11.3 RvwZms‡Ni mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki m¤úK©

(Relation between UN and Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b RvwZms‡Ni f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RvwZms‡N evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã A½ msMVb, Dbœqb Kg©m~Px, kvwšÍiÿx, kiYv_©x K¨v¤ú, cÖKí

evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZvi ci †_‡K RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` cÖvwßi Rb¨ m‡Pó wQj| Ae‡k‡l 1974 mv‡ji 17
†m‡Þ¤^i 136 Zg m`m¨ wnmv‡e evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` jvf K‡i| Aek¨ Gi eû Av‡MB
evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ A½ msMVb †hgb- UNCTAD, UNDP, WHO - BZ¨vw`‡Z †hvM`vb K‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ RvwZms‡Ni m¤úK©‡K `yBfv‡M Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvq| cÖ_gZ, evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b RvwZms‡Ni
f~wgKv Ges wØZxqZ RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍiÿv wgkbmn wewfbœ Kvh©μ‡g evsjv‡`‡ki AskMÖnY|
evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b RvwZms‡Ni f~wgKv
1. gyw³hy‡×i mgq gvbweK mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb
1971 mv‡ji gyw³hy‡× RvwZmsN evsjv‡`k‡K mivmwi mg_©b cÖ`vb bv Ki‡jI fvi‡Z Avkªq MÖnYKvix jvL jvL
kiYv_x© evOvwj‡K RvwZmsN Lv`¨, e¯¿ I evm¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v K‡iwQj| G‡`‡ki RbMY AvRI Zv K…ZÁwP‡Ë ¯§iY
K‡i| gyw³hy× cieZx© evsjv‡`k cybM©V‡bI RvwZmsN mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡iwQj| 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxbZvi
ci †`‡ki wecyj msL¨K DØv¯Íi mvnvh¨K‡í 1972 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m RvwZmsN gvbweK ZrciZv ïiæ K‡i| miKvwi
I †emiKvwi mvnvh¨ ms¯’vi mn‡hvwMZvq evsjv‡`‡k RvwZms‡Ni DØv¯‘ Kvh©μg cwiPvwjZ n‡”Q|
2. ¯^v¯’¨ †mev Kh©μg
evsjv‡`‡k mevi ¯^v¯’¨ wbwðZ Kivi A½xKvi wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (Work Health Organization)|
GQvov evsjv‡`k miKvi, ¯’vbxq KwgwU I Ab¨vb¨ Askx`v‡ii mv‡_ ¯^v¯’¨, cywó, wkÿv cvwb I cq:wb®‹vkb, cwi‡ek
Dbœqb, bvix I wkï‡`i Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ab¨vb¨ †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK c`‡ÿ‡ci gva¨‡g UNICEF Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q|
1980 mv‡j wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v (WHO) wek¦ †_‡K ¸wUem‡šÍi D‡”Q` †NvlYv K‡i| wek¦ ¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi mgš^‡q
evsjv‡`kmn we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ †`‡k 13 eQie¨vcx Kg©m~wP Pvjv‡bvi ci G mvdj¨ AwR©Z nq|
3. `y‡h©vM I gnvgvix †gvKv‡ejv
evsjv‡`k b`xgvZ…K †`k| cÖwZeQi eb¨v, AwZe„wó †j‡MB Av‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k R‡jv”Q¡vm, mvB‡K¬vb, U‡b©‡Wv, gnvgvix
Gme `y‡h©vMgq gyn~‡Z© RvwZms‡Ni mswkøó ms¯’vmg~n Ges RvwZms‡Ni AvnŸv‡b we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`k ZvrÿwYK I
`xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbvmn mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q| c„w_exi Ab¨ †Kv_vI Giƒc `y‡h©vM †`Lv w`‡j
RvwZms‡Ni AvnŸv‡b evsjv‡`‡kI ZvrÿwYKfv‡e mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvi nvZ evwo‡q †`q|
4. evsjv fvlvi gh©v`v `vb
Avgv‡`i gvZ…fvlv evsjv| G fvlvi Rb¨ 1952 mv‡j Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †Q‡jiv i³ w`‡qwQj| ¯^vaxbZv AR©‡bi ci
1974 mv‡ji 25 †m‡Þ¤^i e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb RvwZms‡N cÖ_g evsjv fvlY †`b| RvwZmsN 21 †deªæqvwi‡K
ÒAvšÍR©vwZK gvZ…fvlv w`emÓ cvj‡bi †NvlYv w`‡q evsjv fvlv‡K m‡e©v”P gh©v`vi Avm‡b DbœxZ K‡i‡Q|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 169

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

5. evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b f~wgKv

evsjv‡`‡k Dbœqb mvnvh¨ cÖ`vbKvix ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ RvwZms‡Ni United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)-Gi Ae¯’vb kx‡l©| `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, cwi‡ek msiÿY, PvKwii my‡hvM m„wó, bvix Dbœqb, mykvmb cÖwZôvi
cÖwμqv Z¡ivwš^ZKi‡Yi g‡Zv 5wU wel‡q we‡kl ¸iæZ¡v‡ivcmn evsjv‡`k¯’ UNDP-Gi 1999-2001 mv‡ji
mvnv‡h¨i cwigvY 85 wgwjqb Wjvi| G¸‡jvi g~jK_v nj jvMmB gvbe Dbœqb wbwðZ Kiv| miKvwi †emiKvwi
Dbœqb ms¯’v Ges Ab¨vb¨ Dbœqb mn‡hvMx cÖwZôv‡bi mnvqZvq UNDP Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv K‡i|
6. Lv`¨ NvUwZi †ÿ‡Î
Lv`¨ NvUwZ jvNe Ges Riæwi Kvh©μ‡g mvnvh¨ cÖ`v‡bi A½xKvi wb‡q wek¦ Lv`¨ Kg©m~wP (WFP) 1974 mv‡j
evsjv‡`‡k Kvh©μg ïiæ K‡i| G ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœqb Kg©KvÐ I Riæwi ÎvY Kv‡R WFP 400 †KvwU UvKvi
AwaK g~‡j¨i Lv`¨ mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| 1978 mvj †_‡K ïiæ K‡i eZ©gvb ch©šÍ evsjv‡`‡k FAO-Gi cÖK‡íi
msL¨v `uvwo‡q‡Q †`o kZvwaK|
RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ c‡` evsjv‡`k
evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ A½msMV‡bi A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` jvf K‡i‡Q Ges `ÿZvi mv‡_ `vwqZ¡ cvjb
K‡i‡Q| mv‡eK A_©gš¿x kvn G Gg Gm wKewiqv ESCAP- Gi wbe©vnx mwP‡ei c`gh©v`vq 1981-91 mvj ch©šÍ
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| wePvicwZ wU GBP Lvb International Criminal Tribunal-Gi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e 1994 mvj ch©šÍ
`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| Ab¨w`‡K, cÖqvZ ¯úxKvi ûgvqyb iwk` †PŠayix 1986-87 mv‡j RvwZmsN mvaviY cwil‡`i
41Zg Awa‡ek‡bi mfvcwZi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i‡Qb| GQvovI wePvicwZ Avey mvC` †PŠayix Human Rights
Commission-Gi †Pqvig¨vb wn‡m‡e 1985-86 †gqv‡` `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| kvwšÍ wgk‡bI evsjv‡`‡ki ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| †gRi †Rbv‡ij †gvt Avãym mvjvg UN Peacekeeping Mission-Gi KgvÛvi wn‡m‡e 1992-95
mvj ch©šÍ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib| c~e© wZgy‡i RvwZmsN wgk‡bi cÖavb mvgwiK wjqv‡Ruv Awdmvi c‡` weª‡MwWqvi
†iRvDj nvq`vi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|

wkÿv_©xi KvR gyw³hy‡×i mgq RvwZms‡Ni f‚wgKv g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`k 1974 mv‡ji 17 †m‡Þ¤^i 136Zg m`m¨ wnmv‡e RvwZms‡Ni m`m¨c` jvf K‡i| 1971 mv‡ji
gyw³hy‡× RvwZmsN fvi‡Z Avkªq MÖnYKvix evsjv‡`‡ki jvL jvL kiYv_x©‡K Lv`¨, e¯¿ I evm¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v
K‡iwQj| evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni wewfbœ A½ msMV‡b A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© c` jvf K‡i‡Q Ges `ÿZvi mv‡_ `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ cÖ`vbKvix ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ RvwZms‡Ni UNDP ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vMgq gyn~‡Z© RvwZmsN ZvrÿwYK I `xN©‡gqv`x cwiKíbvmn mvnvh¨-
mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb K‡i Avm‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡Ni KZZg m`m¨?
K. 136 L. 137 M. 138 N. 127
2| evsjv‡`‡k Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ cÖ`vbKvix RvwZms‡Ni ms¯’v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kx‡l© i‡q‡Q-
K. BD‡b‡¯‹v L. BDGbwWwc M. BDGbGBPAvi N. GdGI

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 170

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-11.4 wek¦ kvwšÍiÿx evwnbx‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv

(Role of Bangladesh in UN Peacekeeping Forces)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍiÿx evwnbx‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RvwZms‡N †hme wgk‡b evsjv‡`k Ask wb‡q‡Q †mm‡ei bvg ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RvwZMZ mwnmsZv wbim‡b kvwšÍiÿx evwnbxi Kvh©μg eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 kvwšÍiÿvq RvwZms‡Ni Abym„Z †KŠkjmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã we‡ivacyó, wgkb, hy×weiwZ, wek¦kvwšÍ, im`-miÄvg, kvwšÍ‡mbv

kÎæfvevcbœ †`k¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi we‡iva wbqš¿Y I mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ RvwZms‡Ni Aax‡b wewfbœ †`‡ki
evwnbxi AskMÖnY‡K kvwšÍiÿv Kvh©μg ejv n‡q _v‡K| AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv iÿvq RvwZms‡Ni
kvwšÍiÿv Kvh©μg AvwšÍR©vwZK m¤úª`v‡qi GKwU Kvh©Ki wewa e¨e¯’v| GB e¨e¯’vq RvwZms‡Ni †bZ…‡Z¡ we‡ivac~Y©
¯’vb¸‡jv‡Z kvwšÍiÿx wgkb †cÖiY Kiv nq| kvwšÍiÿv Kh©μ‡g AskMÖnYKvix cywjk I ˆmb¨evwnbx m`m¨ †`k¸‡jv
†¯^”QvcÖ‡Yvw`Z n‡q mieivn K‡i| wbivcËv cwil‡`i mycvwik Abyhvqx RvwZmsN gnvmwP‡ei cÖZ¨ÿ ZË¡veav‡b
kvwšÍiÿx wgkb¸‡jv KvR K‡i| RvwZmsN mb‡`i 43 I 44 bs Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx kvwšÍiÿx evwnbx we‡ivac~Y© A‡j
D‡ËRbv cÖkgb, hy× weiwZ Pzw³ Z`viwK I Kvh©Ki w¯’Zve¯’v eRvq ivL‡Z KvR K‡i| mgv‡jvPbv _vKv m‡Ë¡I
wek¦e¨vcx kvwšÍ cÖwZôvq RvwZmsN MZ cÖvq mvZ `k‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q| wek¦e¨vcx cigvYy I
gviYv‡¯¿i weKvk †iv‡a RvwZmsN Kvh©Ki f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|
wek¦kvwšÍ iÿvq RvwZmsN 1948 mv‡j ga¨cÖv‡P¨ RvwZms‡Ni hy×weiwZ ch©‡eÿK wb‡qv‡Mi ga¨ w`‡q g~jZ
RvwZmsN kvwšÍiÿv Kvh©μ‡gi ïiæ| Gi ci †_‡K cÖvq 115wU m`m¨ iv‡óª RvwZmsN kvwšÍiÿx evwnbxi 8 jÿvwaK
m`m¨ KvR K‡i‡Q| m¤cÖwZKv‡jI AZ¨šÍ mvd‡j¨i mv‡_ kvwšÍiÿx wgkb KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| RvwZmsN wek¦kvwšÍ
cÖwZôvq wdwjw¯Íb, K‡½v, Bwiwbqv, †mvgvwjqv, nvBwZ, †m‡bMvj, †Kwbqv, iæqvÛv, c~e© wZgyimn 48wU iv‡óª RvwZmsN
kvwšÍ iÿv Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q| RvwZmsN 1948 mvj †_‡K kvwšÍiÿv Kvh©μg cwiPvjbv K‡i Avm‡Q| G
`vwqZ¡ cvjbKv‡j 1650 R‡bi g‡Zv kvwšÍ †mbv gviv †M‡Qb| G‡`i Rbej, miÄvg I im` †hvMvb w`‡q‡Q we‡k¦i
180wU †`k| RvwZms‡Ni Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO)Gi Z_¨ g‡Z (gvP©, 2016),16wU
wgk‡b 128wU †`k †_‡K 1 jvL 18 nvRvi kvwšÍ †mbv Kg©iZ Av‡Q|
kvwšÍiÿv wgk‡b evsjv‡`k
weMZ Pvi `kK a‡i kvwšÍiÿv wgk‡b we‡kl Ae`vb ivL‡Q evsjv‡`k| GRb¨ evsjv‡`k RvwZms‡N gh©v`vi Avm‡b
AwawôZ n‡q‡Q| Gi djkÖæwZ‡Z, evsjv‡`k A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I wbivcËv cwil`mn RvwZms‡Ni †ek K‡qKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© msMV‡bi cÖavb ev m`m¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡q‡Q| ZvQvov evsjv‡`k eZ©gv‡b RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍiÿv evwnbx‡Z
ˆmb¨ †cÖiYKvix kxl© †`‡ki gh©v`v AR©b K‡i‡Q| 2016 mv‡ji Z_¨ g‡Z, RvwZms‡Ni 10wU iv‡óªi 11wU wgk‡b
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖvq bq nvRvi ˆmb¨ wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q| Bangladesh Armed Forces DivisionGi Z_¨ g‡Z, evsjv‡`k
1988 †_‡K 2015 mvj ch©šÍ 40 wU iv‡óª 54wU kvwšÍ wgkb Kvh©μ‡g kvwšÍ‡mbv †cÖiY K‡i‡Q| Avi Zv‡Z Ask
wb‡q‡Q mk¯¿evwnbxi (†mbv, †bŠ, wegvb evwnbx) me©‡gvU 1,19,980 Rb m`m¨| kvwšÍ wgk‡b ˆmb¨ †cÖiYKvix
†`‡ki g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki Ae¯’vb cÖ_g| GB gnvb KZ©e¨ cvjb Ki‡Z wM‡q K‡½v, wm‡qivwjIbmn †ek K‡qKwU

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 171

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

iv‡óª evsjv‡`‡ki K‡qK kZ †mbvm`m¨ cÖvY nvwi‡q‡Qb| evsjv‡`kx †mbv‡`i AvZ¥Z¨vM wek¦ m¤§v‡bi m‡½ ¯§iY
K‡i, hv evsjv‡`‡ki fveg~wZ© wek¦ `iev‡i D¾¡j K‡i‡Q|
RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍ iÿv wgk‡b evsjv‡`k wb‡¤œv³ cÖwμqvq f~wgKv ivL‡Q-
 hy× I A¯¿ weiwZ Kvh©KiKi‡Y c`‡ÿc MÖnY|
 wee`gvb MÖæc¸‡jvi gv‡S Ae¯’vb Ges D‡ËRbv cÖkgb|
 wbe„wËg~jK †mbv †gvZv‡q‡bi gva¨‡g ivR‰bwZK mgvav‡bi cwi‡ek ˆZwi Kiv|
 hy× weiwZ Kvh©Ki n‡”Q wKbv Zv ch©‡eÿY Kiv Ges wee`gvb MÖæc¸‡jv‡K Av‡jvPbvq emvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
 mgm¨v DËi‡Y wee`gvb iv‡óª wbe©vwPZ KZ„©c‡ÿi Kv‡Q ÿgZv n¯ÍvšÍ‡ii j‡ÿ¨ wbe©vPb cwiPvjbvq mnvqZv
cÖ`vb|
 hy×weiwZ †k‡l GKwU AšÍe©Zx©Kvjxb miKvi‡K cÖkvmb cwiPvjbv I kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv iÿvq mnvqZv Kiv|
 hy×weaŸ¯Í †`‡ki A_©‰bwZK cybM©Vb Ges kiYv_x© I DØv¯‘‡`i gvbweK mvnvh¨ cÖ`vb|
 hy×weaŸ¯Í †`‡k f~wg gvBb AcmviY I Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vcbv cybM©Vb Kiv|

wkÿv_©xi KvR kvwšÍiÿv wgk‡b evsjv‡`k wK wK `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i?

mvims‡ÿc
wek¦e¨vcx kvwšÍiÿvq RvwZms‡Ni f~wgKv cÖksmbxq| Avi †m‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbxi f‚wgKv AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e
¯^xK…Z| eû †`‡ki hy‡×vËi cybM©Vb †_‡K ïiæ K‡i RvwZMZ `v½v wbimb, hy‡×i gy‡LvgywL Ae¯’v †_‡K kvwšÍc~Y©
Ae¯’v Avbqb, gvbweK ÎvY ZrciZv, kvwšÍPzw³ ¯^vÿi I Zv Z`viwK, MYZvwš¿K wbe©vPb cwiPvjbvq evsjv‡`‡ki
†mbviv KvR Ki‡Q| Gme Kvh©μg wek¦e¨vcx RvwZMZ hy× I mwnsmZv Kwg‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.4

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`k kvwšÍ wgk‡b cÖ_g ˆmb¨ †cÖiY K‡i †Kvb&& mv‡j?
K. 1987 L. 1988 M. 1989 N. 1991
2| RvwZmsN mb‡`i †Kvb&& Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx kvwšÍiÿx evwnbx we‡ivac~Y© A‡j KvR K‡i?
K. 43 I 44 L. 44 I 45 M. 43 I 47 N. ‡KvbwU bq

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 172

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-11.5 KgbI‡qj_ (The Commonwealth)

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-

 KgbI‡qj_ Gi D‡Ïk¨ I Kvh©vewj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ KgbI‡qj_-Gi m¤úK© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã Dcwb‡ek, Kg©m~wP, mwPevjq, mn‡hvwMZv, gvbe Dbœqb, wkÿv ms¯‹…wZ, ¯’wMZ

mv‡eK weªwUk mvgªvR¨f~³ ¯^vaxb I AvwkªZ ivóªmg~n wb‡q KgbI‡qj_ MwVZ n‡q‡Q| weªwUk
Dcwb‡ekfy³ †`k¸‡jvi (hviv GLb ¯^vaxb) Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ KgbI‡qj_
bvgK AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi Rb¥| wkÿvi Dbœq‡b KgbI‡qj_‡qi e¨vcK Kg©m~wP i‡q‡Q| GQvovI ¯^v¯’¨‡mev, cÖwkÿY,
bvixi ÿgZvqb, cÖhyw³MZ mnvqZv `vb, cjøx Dbœqb‡K KgbI‡qj_ ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K| g~jZ m`m¨ iv󪸇jv‡K
KgbI‡qj_‡qi gva¨‡g mnvqZv `vb K‡i e„‡Ub| KgbI‡qj_ (Commonwealth) -Gi c~e©bvg weªwUk KgbI‡qj_
Ae b¨vkbm&& (Brithsh Commonwealth of Nations)| 18 b‡f¤^i 1926 mv‡j †ej‡dvi †NvlYvi gva¨‡g weªwUk
KgbI‡qj_ Ae b¨vkbm&& aviYvi cËb nq| 1931 mv‡ji 11 wW‡m¤^i weªwUk cvj©v‡g›U KZ…©K Aby‡gvw`Z AvBb
Ô÷¨vPz Ae I‡q÷ wgwb÷viÕ-G Dcwb‡ek¸‡jvi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv †`qv nq Ges AvbyôvwbKfv‡e KgbI‡qj_ ¯^Zš¿
gh©v`v jvf K‡i| 1949 mv‡ji 28 GwcÖj jÛb †NvlYv Abyhvqx AvaywbK KgbI‡qj‡_i AvZ¥cÖKvk| ZLb ms¯’vwU
†_‡K weªwUk kãwU ev` w`‡q KgbI‡qj_ Ae b¨vkbm&& Kiv nq| 1965 mv‡ji Av‡M KgbI‡qj‡_i †Kv‡bv mwePvjq
wQj bv| 1965 mv‡j jÛ‡bi gvj©e‡iv nvD‡m KgbI‡qj_ mwPevjq cÖwZwôZ nq| 1976 mv‡j KgbI‡qj_
mwPevjq RvwZmsN ch©‡eÿK gh©v`v jvf K‡i|
KgbI‡qj‡_i m`m¨ ivóªmg~n: KgbI‡qj_‡qi eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 53| wb‡gœ AÂj wfwˇZ m`m¨ †`k¸‡jvi bvg
D‡jøL Kiv nj-
Avwd«Kv (18) : K¨v‡giæb, eZ‡mvqvbv, Mvw¤^qv, Nvbv, †Kwbqv, †j‡mv‡_v, †gvRvw¤^K, bvwgweqv, wm‡qiv, wjIb,
bvB‡Rwiqv, `wÿY AvwdªKv, †mvqvwRj¨vÛ, ZvbRvwbqv, DMvÛv, Rvw¤^qv, gvjvwe, gwikvm I wm‡P‡jm|
DËi Av‡gwiKv (12) : KvbvWv, Gw›U¸qv I evieyWv, evnvgv, eve©v‡Wvm, †WvwgwbKvb wicvewjK, MÖvbvWv, R¨vgvBKv,
wÎwb`v` A¨vÛ †Uvev‡Mv, †m›U wfb‡m›U A¨vÛ MÖvbvWvBÝ, †m›U wKUm A¨vÛ †bwfm, †m›U jywmqv I †ewjR|
Gwkqv (8) : evsjv‡`k, eªæ‡bB, gvj‡qwkqv, cvwK¯Ívb, gvjØxc, wm½vcyi, fviZ I kªxjsKv|
`wÿY Av‡gwiKv (1) : Mvqvbv|
I‡kwbqv (11) : A‡÷ªwjqv, wdwR, cvcyqv wbDwMwb, †Uv½v, mv‡gvqv, m‡jvgb ØxccyÄ, wKwievwZ, fvbyqvZz, bvDiæ,
wbDwRj¨vÛ I Uzf¨vjy|
BD‡ivc (3) : weª‡Ub, mvBcÖvm I gvëv| Gi g‡a¨ weªwUk kvmbvaxb ewnf~©Z m`m¨ †gvRvw¤^K (1995)| evsjv‡`‡ki
m`m¨c` jvf K‡i 18 wdeªæqvwi 1972| evsjv‡`‡ki m`m¨ c` jv‡fi Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívb KgbI‡qj_ Z¨vM K‡i 1972
mv‡j| KgbI‡qj_ Z¨vMKvix †`k Avqvi¨vÐ (1946 mv‡j) I wR¤^vey‡q (7 wW‡m¤^i 2003)| KgbI‡qj‡_i we‡kl
m`m¨ bvDiæ (9 Rvbyqvwi 2006-eZ©gvb) eZ©gv‡b m`m¨c` ¯’wMZ wdwRi (8 wW‡m¤^i 2006-eZ©gvb)|

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 173

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

KgbI‡qj‡_i D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv: 1965 mv‡j jÛ‡b KgbI‡qj‡_i mwPevjq cÖwZwôZ n‡jI Gi †Kvb msweavb
†bB| 1971 mv‡j wm½vcyi m‡¤§j‡b m`m¨ ivóª mg~n KgbI‡qj‡_i D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv cÖYqb K‡i| bxwZgvjv
mg~n njt
1. RvwZms‡Ni cÖwZ mg_©b I wm×všÍmg~n †g‡b Pjv,
2. e¨w³ ¯^vaxbZv I †gŠwjK AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ mg_©b,
3. RvwZ-ag©-eY©-†MvÎ wbwe©‡k‡l mgAwaKvi cÖwZôv Ges
4. wewfbœ RvwZi g‡a¨ D‡ËRbv n«vm I MYZš¿vqY|
Gme bxwZgvjvi Av‡jv‡K KgbI‡qj_ m`m¨MY G‡K Aci‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z GwM‡q Av‡m| KgbI‡qj‡_i
mn‡hvwMZvi †ÿÎ mg~‡ni g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨ I cÖwkÿY, ißvwb evRvi Dbœqb, cÖhyw³MZ I KvwiMix mnvqZv,
K…wl cY¨ Drcv`‡b mnvqZv, M‡elYv, `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb, eY© ˆelg¨ †iva, MYZvwš¿K Dbœqb cÖf…wZ|
evsjv‡`k I KgbI‡qj_
KgbI‡qj‡_i g~j ivóª hy³iv‡R¨i m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki m¤úK© LyeB Nwbô| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³msMÖv‡g 1971 mv‡j †MÖU
e„‡U‡bi cÖPvi gva¨g¸‡jv we‡klZ, wewewm, jÛb UvBgm, `¨ mvb, MvwW©qvb, wgii cwÎKv ¯^vaxbZvKvgx ev½vwj
RbM‡Yi Dci cvwK¯Ívbx nvbv`vi evwnbxi wbg©g wbh©vZb cÖPvi K‡i wek¦RbgZ m„wó K‡iwQj| e„‡Ubmn
KgbI‡qj_fy³ ‡`k¸‡jv fvi‡Z Avkªq †bqv kiYv_x©‡`i Rb¨ e¨vcK mvnvh¨ w`‡qwQj| ¯^vaxbZv jv‡fi ci
evsjv‡`‡ki weaŸ¯Í A_©bxwZ cybM©V‡b KgbI‡qj_fy³ †`k¸‡jv AKvZ‡i mvnvh¨ mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q‡Q| ¯^vaxb †`k
wnmv‡e KgbI‡qj_ fy³ †`k¸‡jv evsjv‡`k‡K 1972 mv‡jB `ªæZ ¯^xK…wZ †`q| GRb¨ wÿß n‡q cvwK¯Ívb
KgbI‡qj_ Z¨vM K‡iwQj| evsjv‡`k KgbI‡qj‡_i 32Zg m`m¨| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’cwZ e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb
1973 mv‡ji A‡Uvqvq AbywôZ KgbI‡qj_ m‡¤§j‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib| evsjv‡`‡ki Aw¯’wZkxj ivRbxwZ I miKvi-
weivax`‡ji `v½vc~Y© m¤úK© Aemv‡b wewfbœ mgq KgbI‡qj_ gnvmwPe ga¨¯’Zvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb|
wkÿv_©xi KvR KgbI‡qj&&_ MV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
mv‡eK e„wUk Dcwb‡ekfy³ iv󪸇jvi mgš^‡q KgbI‡qj_ MwVZ| Gi eZ©gvb m`m¨ msL¨v 53| e„‡U‡bi ivYx
GB ms¯’vi cÖavb| 1972 mv‡ji 28 GwcÖj evsjv‡`k KgbI‡qj‡_i m`m¨c` jvf K‡i| GB ms¯’vi g~j jÿ¨
KgbI‡qj_fy³ iv󪸇jvi g‡a¨ A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK mn‡hvwMZv e„w× Kiv| evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½
KgbI‡qj_fy³ †`k ¸‡jvi eÜzZ¡c~Y© m¤úK© i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.5

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| †Kvb&&wU mZ¨ bq?
K. †ej‡dvi †NvlYv KgbI‡qj_ Gi wfwË L. KgbI‡qj‡_i mwPevjq jÛ‡b
M. KgbI‡qj‡_i †Kvb msweavb †bB N. 59 wU ivóª KgbI‡qj‡_i m`m¨
2| †Kvb&& mv‡j evsjv‡`k KgbI‡qj‡_i m`m¨c` jvf K‡i?
K. 1972 mv‡j L. 1973 mv‡j M. 1974 mv‡j N. 1975 mv‡j

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 174

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-11.6 Bmjvgx m‡¤§jb ms¯’v (OIC)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 Bmjvgx m‡¤§jb ms¯’v (IAvBwm) KLb Ges wKfv‡e cÖwZwôZ nq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 IAvBwmi jÿ¨mg~n m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYv cv‡eb|
 IAvBwmi m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki m¤úK© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã m‡¤§jb, wb›`v, mg_©b, åvZ…Z¡‡eva, AvMÖvmb, ¯^vaxb ivóª, wdwjw¯Íb, BmivBj, b¨vqm½Z

IAvBwm (OIC) Gi c~b©iƒc nj Organization of Islamic Conference| evsjvq ÔÔBmjvgx m‡¤§jb

ms¯’v|ÕÕ 1969 mv‡ji 21 AvM÷ BmivBj AZwK©‡Z †RiæRv‡j‡gi gmwR`yj AvKmvq AwMœms‡hvM
K‡i| Gi ZvrÿwYK cÖwZwμqvq mgMÖ gymwjg wek¦ †ÿvf I wb›`v cÖKvk K‡i| GB †cÖÿvc‡U AZ¨šÍ `ªæZZvi mv‡_
24 wU gymwjg †`‡ki ivóªcÖavbMY gi‡°vi ivRavbx ivev‡Z GKwU kxl© m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ nb| kxl© m‡¤§j‡bi wm×všÍ
†gvZv‡eK 1972 mv‡ji †mŠw` Avi‡ei †RÏvq Z…Zxq ciivóªgš¿x m‡¤§j‡b IAvBwmÕi GKwU Lmov mb` Aby‡gvw`Z
nq| kyiæ nq IAvBwmÕi hvÎv|
IAvBwmÕi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨
gymwjg †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ åvZ…Z¡‡eva, msnwZ I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv my`„p I †Rvi`vi Kiv Ges Bûw`ev‡`i
weiæ‡× msMÖvg Pvwj‡q hvIqv, ¯^vaxb wdwjw¯Íb ivóª cÖwZôvq wdwjw¯Íbx RbM‡Yi msMÖv‡gi cÖwZ mg_©b cÖ`vb, mgMÖ
we‡k¦i msMÖvgiZ gymwjg‡`i b¨vqm½Z `vexi cÖwZ mg_©b †`qv, I.AvB.wm. fy³ †`kmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi we‡iv‡ai
kvwšÍc~Y© mgvavb cÖ`vb cÖf„wZ ms¯’vwUi cÖavb jÿ¨|
IAvBwm-evsjv‡`k m¤úK©
evsjv‡`k gymwjg we‡k¦i Z…Zxq e„nËg †`k| G‡`‡ki cÖvq 90 fvM Rb‡Mvôx gymwjg| ZviciI K‡qKwU Kvi‡Y
evsj‡`k‡K gymwjg we‡k¦ wb‡Ri ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z mgq jv‡M| evsjv‡`‡ki gyw³hy× m¤ú‡K© gymwjg we‡k¦i åvšÍ aviYv
Ges 1971 mv‡j cvwK¯Ív‡bi cÿvej¤^bB Gi Rb¨ cÖavbZ `vqx| ÔmgvRZvwš¿K †mvwf‡qZ ivwkqv Ges wn›`ycÖavb
fviZ Bû`x‡`i †hvMmvR‡k gymwjg ivóª cvwK¯Ívb †f‡½‡QÕ- Giƒc åvšÍ aviYv ZrKvjxb cvwK¯Ívbx kvmK‡Mvôx cÖ`vb
K‡iwQj| wKš‘ μgvš^‡q G aviYvi cwieZ©b Avm‡Z _v‡K| ax‡i ax‡i wewfbœ gymwjg ivóª evsjv‡`k‡K ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb
K‡i| 1972 mv‡ji 10 Rvbyqvwi e½eÜz †kL gywReyi ingvb XvKvi †im‡Kvm© gq`v‡bi Rbmfvq evsjv‡`k‡K we‡k¦i
wØZxq e„nËg gymwjg †`k wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| 1974 mv‡ji jv‡nvi m‡¤§j‡b evsjv‡`k IAvBwmi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e
AšÍfy³© nq| eZ©gv‡b gymwjg we‡k¦i m‡½ evsjv‡`‡ki m¤úK© A‡bK Nwbô| evsjv‡`‡ki weivU msL¨K Rbkw³ cÖwZ
eQi ga¨cÖv‡P¨ cvwo Rgvq| G †_‡K evsjv‡`k Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb n‡”Q| GQvov IAvBwmi A‡bK †`‡ki mv‡_
evsjv‡`‡ki wØcvwÿK evwYR¨ m¤úK©I i‡q‡Q| `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv, Dbœqb cÖ‡Póvmn wewfbœ Lv‡Z evsjv‡`k Gme
ivv‡óªi mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q Avm‡Q|
I.AvB.wm.Õi m`m¨ nIqvi ci †_‡K evsjv‡`‡ki mv‡_ gymwjg we‡k¦i m¤ú‡K©i BwZevPK cwieZ©b Av‡m| wewfbœ
mg‡q evsjv‡`k Zvi ewjô f~wgKvi gva¨‡g GUv AR©b Ki‡Z mÿg nq| evsjv‡`k I.AvB.wm. Gi m`m¨ nIqvi
c~‡e©I 1973 mv‡ji Avie-BmivCj hy‡× Avie‡`i cÖwZ mg_©b Rvbvq Ges BmivB‡ji AvMÖvm‡bi Zxeª wb›`v
Rvbvq| ¯^vaxb wdwjw¯Íb ivóª cÖwZôv Ges BmivBjx `Lj †_‡K Avie f~wg cybiæ×v‡i evsjv‡`k AvKzÚ mg_©b e¨³

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 175

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

K‡i Avm‡Q| gymwjg we‡k¦i mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki avivevwnK I ewjô f~wgKvi ¯^xK…wZ ¯^iƒc 1976 mv‡j †m‡bMv‡ji
ivRavbx WvKv‡i Bmjvgx m‡¤§jb ms¯’vi Ôciivóªgš¿x‡`i m‡¤§j‡b MwVZ 16 m`m¨ wewkó Avj-Ky`m& ev †RiæRv‡jg
welqK KwgwU‡Z evsjv‡`k AšÍf~³ © nq| 1980 mv‡j BivK-Bivb hy× ïiæ n‡j Bmjvgx m‡¤§jb ms¯’v we‡iv‡ai
kvwšÍc~Y© mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ †h KwgwU MVb K‡i ‡mLv‡b evsjv‡`k m`m¨iƒ‡c KvR K‡i| 1983 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^‡i
XvKvq Bmjvgx ciivóªgš¿x m‡¤§jb AbwyôZ nq| IAvBwm MvRxcy‡i GKwU cÖhwy³ wek¦we`¨vjq I cÖwkÿY †K›`ª ¯’vcb
K‡i‡Q|

wkÿv_©xi KvR Bmjvgx m‡¤§jb ms¯’vi mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡ki m¤úK© g~j¨vqb Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
gymwjg †`k mg~‡ni g‡a¨ åvZ…Z¡‡eva, msnwZ I cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv my`„p I †Rvi`vi Ki‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ Ges
¯^vaxb wdwjw¯Íb ivóª cÖwZôvq wdwjw¯Íbx RbM‡Yi msMÖv‡gi cÖwZ mg_©b cÖ`vb Ki‡Z gymwjg wek¦ IAvBwm cÖwZôv
K‡i| GKBm‡½ ms¯’vwU m`m¨ †`kmg~‡ni ga¨Kvi we‡iv‡ai kvwšÍc~Y© mgvav‡b KvR Ki‡Q| gyw³hy‡× fvi‡Zi
mn‡hvwMZv Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi AccÖPv‡ii Kvi‡YB gymwjg wek¦ ïiæ‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki m‡½ m¤ú‡K©vbœq‡b wØZxq wQj|
e½eÜzi `~i`k©x †bZ…‡Z¡ evsjv‡`k GB msKU ax‡i ax‡i KvwU‡q D‡V| eZ©gv‡b IAvBwmfy³ †`kmg~‡ni mv‡_
evsjv‡`‡ki mym¤úK© i‡q‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.6

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| IAvBwm (OIC) Gi c~Y©iƒc wK?
K. Organization of Islamic Countries L. Organization of Islamic Council
M. Organization of Islamic Communities N. Organization of Islamic Conference

2| IAvBwmi D‡Ïk¨ nj-

(i) eY©‰elg¨ev` I Dcwb‡ekev` we‡jvc Kiv (ii) Bmjvgx åvZ…Z¡ I msnwZ †Rvi`vi Kiv
(iii) AvšÍR©vwZK kvwšÍ I wbivcËv wbwðZKiY
wb‡Pi †Kvb&&wU mwVK?
(K) i (L) ii
(M) i I ii (N) i, ii I iii

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| mvwe©Kfv‡e wek¦kvwšÍ cÖwZôv Kiv, wbivcËv mywbwðZ Kiv I cÖMwZi HwZn¨‡K e‡q wb‡q hvIqvi gnvb eªZ wb‡q
RvwZmsN Rb¥jvf K‡i‡Q| ZvB Rb¥jMœ †_‡K A`¨vewa G D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevqb Kivi Rb¨ RvwZmsN GKwbôfv‡e
KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q| me©‡ÿ‡Î Gi D‡Ïk¨ ev¯ÍevwqZ bv n‡jI AwaKvsk †ÿ‡Î GwU mv_©K-G K_v ejvi A‡cÿv

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 176

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

iv‡L bv| evsjv‡`k Zvi AvšÍwiKZv I ÿgZv wb‡q RvwZms‡N KvR Ki‡Q| Avi G‡ÿ‡Î evsjv‡`k me‡P‡q
†ewk mybvg AR©b K‡i‡Q kvwšÍiÿv wgkb Kvh©μ‡g| evsjv‡`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b RvwZms‡Ni †ek wKQz
A½ msMVb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q|
K. RvwZms‡Ni cÖwZôvi cUf~wg wjLyb|
L. RvwZms‡Ni kvwšÍ wgkb Kvh©μ‡gi jÿ¨ Kx?
M. evsjv‡‡ki Dbœq‡b RvwZmsN wKfv‡e Ae`vb ivL‡Q?.
N. kvwšÍ wgkb Kvh©μ‡g evsjv‡`k †mbvevwnbxi f~wgKv eY©bv Kiæb|

2| Djcyi MÖv‡gi K…lKiv GKwU e„nËi mgevq Mo‡Z cvk¦©eZ©x mvZwU MÖv‡gi K…lK‡`i GKwU cÖ¯Íve †`q| Zvici
AvUMÖv‡gi ‡gvoj, K…lK I e¨emvqxiv GKw`b weKv‡j GB mgev‡qi jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q Av‡jvPbvq e‡m|
Zviv wm×všÍ †bq mgevqwU †Kej K…wl msμvšÍ wel‡q G‡K Aci‡K Z_¨ I mn‡hvwMZv †`‡e| Zviv GKwU
mgwš^Z †mP-e¨e¯’v Pvjy KiviI wm×všÍ †bq| Zviv GB e¨vcv‡i GKgZ nq †h, MÖvg¸‡jv Ges GB mgevq
Kv‡iv Af¨šÍixY e¨vcv‡i n¯Í‡ÿc Ki‡ebv| mgev‡qi `ßiwU Djcyi MÖv‡gB cÖwZôv Kiv nq|
K. mvK© Gi c~Y©iƒc Kx?
L. I AvB wm Gi m`m¨ ivóª KqwU?
M. DÏxc‡Ki msL¨vwU‡K AvÂwjK †Kvb ms¯’vi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv hvq? ms¯’vwUi K‡qKwU D‡Ïk¨ wjLyb|
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K K…wl †ÿ‡Î mv‡K©i mn‡hvwMZvi welqwU e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.1 : 1| M 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.2 : 1| M 2| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.3 : 1| K 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.4 : 1| L 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.5 : 1| N 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-11.6 : 1| N 2| L

BDwbU GMvi c„ôv 177

 mykvmb I evsjv‡`k
(Good Governance and Bangladesh)

my-kvmb n‡”Q GK ai‡Yi kvmb cÖwμqv hvi gva¨‡g ÿgZv myôzfv‡e PP©v Kiv nq| GB kvmb cÖwμqvq RbMY
¯^vaxbfv‡e AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i, miKv‡ii bxwZ I Kg©KvÛ m¤ú‡K© AeMZ _v‡K Ges bvix -cyiæl ¯^vaxbfv‡e
gZvgZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv I AvB‡bi kvmb wbwðZ K‡i| Av_©-ivR‰bwZK AMÖMwZ‡K
cÖvavb¨ †`q| evsjv‡`‡k cuywRev‡`i myôz weKvk N‡Uwb, `v½v-nv½vgv, niZvj-Ae‡iva ivRbxwZi wbZ¨ m½x|
AvšÍR©vwZK wewfbœ wi‡cvU© Abyhvqx evsjv‡`‡k `ybx©wZi nvi AZ¨šÍ D”P| mv¤úªwZK eQi¸‡jv‡Z ivR‰bwZK I
A_©‰bwZK †ÿ‡Î wKQzUv Dbœqb n‡jI evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi gvÎv m‡šÍvlRbK bq| eZ©gvb BDwb‡U mykvm‡bi aviYv,
m~PK, Dcv`vb, evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi Ae¯’v cÖf…wZ wel‡q Av‡jvPbv _vK‡e|

BDwbU mgvwßi mgq BDwbU mgvwßi m‡e©v”P mgq 1 mßvn

cvV-12.1 mykvm‡bi aviYv (Concept of Good Governance)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
 mykvmb ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mykvm‡bi ¯Í¤¢¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wek¦e¨vsK, wm×všÍ MÖnY, e¨e¯’vcbv, KvVv‡gv, G‡RwÝ, `vZv ms¯’v

mvaviYZ kvmb n‡”Q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi GKwU cÖwμqv| kvm‡bi aviYv †Kvb bZyb welq
bq eis GUv gvbe mf¨Zvi g‡ZvB cyivZb| kvmb e¨e¯’vi A_© I gvÎv m¤ú‡K© wek¦Ry‡o wewfbœ
Av‡jvPbv I weZK© i‡q‡Q| mykvmb kãwU wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î †hgb : AvšÍR©vwZK kvmb, RvZxq kvmb, ¯’vbxq kvmb, †hŠ_
kvmb BZ¨vw` wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| eZ©gv‡b mykvmb‡K GKwU †`‡ki Dbœq‡bi w`K wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vbKvix wn‡m‡e
†`Lv nq| mykvmb cÖZ¨qwU‡K msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z n‡j kvmb ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| kvmb ej‡Z eySvq
ÿgZv‡K wKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, wKfv‡e RbM‡Yi `vwe-`vIqvi cÖwZ mvov cÖ`vb Kiv nq wKsev wKfv‡e GKwU
Rbmgwó kvwmZ I cwiPvwjZ nq| mvaviY A‡_© mykvmb nj Ggb GK cÖwμqv hv GKwU †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK,
A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœq‡b Kvh©Ki f~wgKv iv‡L| GB kvmb cÖwμqvq RbM‡Yi AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv e„w×
cvq| miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv-Revew`wnZvi m‡½ wbwðZ nq mvgvwRK b¨vq wePvi I mvgvwRK-mvs¯‹…wZK eûZ¡ev`|
mykvm‡bi aviYvwU eûgvwÎK| GwU 4 ai‡Yi aviYv wbg©vY K‡i: ivR‰bwZK mykvmb, mvgvwRK mykvmb, A_©‰bwZK
mykvmb Ges mvs¯‹…wZK mykvmb|
Z…Zxq we‡k¦i Dbœqb I kvmb cÖwμqvq mykvmb GK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| bvMwiK AwaKvi cÖwZôv, miKv‡ii Revew`wnZv,
bvixi ÿgZvqb, `ybx©wZ `~ixKiY, A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb, wkívqb me †ÿ‡ÎB mykvmb Riæwi| Z…Zxq we‡k¦ mykvm‡bi
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

mgm¨v‡K me mgm¨vi g~j KviY wnmv‡e mbv³ K‡i‡Q `vZviv| Zv‡`i g‡Z, Gme iv‡óª m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv i‡q‡Q| Z‡e
Gi †_‡KI eo mgm¨v nj m¤ú‡`i e¨e¯’vcbv I `ybx©wZ| GKwU eûgyLx aviYv wnmv‡e (Multi-dimentional)
mykvm‡bi D™¢e nq g~jZ 1989 mv‡j| wek¦e¨vsK cÖ_g GB aviYv Dc¯’vcb K‡i| ÔmeyR wecøeÕ Avi ÔKvVv‡gv
mgš^q Kg©m~wPÕi e¨_©Zvi ci wek¦e¨vsK I AvšÍR©vwZK A_© Znwej (AvBGgGd) Dbœq‡bi kZ© wnmv‡e G aviYvi
AeZviYv K‡i| †gvUv `v‡M mykvm‡bi cÖavb †ÿÎmg~n nj-(K) ivR‰bwZK: MYZš¿ I miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv-Revew`wnZv
wbwðZKiY, (L) A_©‰bwZK: gy³evRvi A_©bxwZ I †emiKvwiKiY, (M) mvgvwRK-ms¯‹…wZK: cwðgv ms¯‹…wZi cÖmvi
Ges (N) Z_¨ I cÖhyw³: wek¦Ry‡o Z_¨-cÖhyw³i cÖmvi|
mykvm‡bi msÁv
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z, mykvmb nj Ggb GK cÖwμqv †hLv‡b ivR‰bwZK KZ…©Z¡ I cÖvwZôvwbK m¤ú` mgv‡Ri mgm¨v I
Pvwn`v c~i‡Y e¨eüZ nq| ms¯’vwU mykvmb‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb Gfv‡e, "Governance is the manner in which
power is exercised in the management of a countries economic and social resources for development."
UNDP Gi g‡Z, mykvmb nj A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK Ges cÖkvmwbK KZ…©‡Z¡i wewae× PP©v hvi gva¨‡g GKwU †`‡ki
Dbœqb Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv Kiv nq|
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z, mykvmb PviwU cÖavb ¯Í‡¤¢i Dci wbf©ikxj| Avi G PviwU ¯Í¤¢ nj- `vwqZ¡kxjZv, ¯^”QZv, AvBwb
KvVv‡gv Ges AskMÖnY| G cÖm‡½ wb‡Pi mviwY‡Z Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
mviwY-1: wek¦e¨vs‡Ki aviYvq mykvm‡bi ¯Í¤¢mg~n
`vwqZ¡kxjZv ¯^”QZv AvBwb KvVv‡gv AskMÖnY
`ÿZv wbg©vY Z_¨ cÖevn AvBb cÖ‡qvM AskMÖnYg~jK Dbœqb
miKvwi LvZ e¨e¯’vcbvq Z_¨ Db¥y³KiY AvBb I Dbœqb cÖfvweZ †Mvwôi AskMÖnY
`ÿZv Avbqb B-Z_¨ †mev cÖwZôv ‡emiKvwi Lv‡Zi Dbœq‡b ivóªxq Ges †mevg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ûi
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbv `ybx©wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a AvBwb KvVv‡gv we‡Kw›`ªKiY †emiKvwi msMV‡bi
AvgjvZ‡š¿i ms¯‹vi Kvh©Ki c`‡ÿc gvbevwaKvi wbwðZKiY Askx`vwiZ¡ cÖwZôv
Z_¨: wek¦e¨vsK (1989)
myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, my-kvmb nj cÖvwZôvwbK cwi‡ek hvi gva¨‡g bvMwiK wb‡Ri mv‡_ Ges miKvwi
Kg©KZ©v ev G‡RwÝi mv‡_ GK‡Î KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv‡Z bvMwiK‡`i AvZœ-gh©v`v Dcjwä‡Z mg_©b †hvMvq I Av_©-
mvgvwRK iƒcvšÍ‡i mnvqZv K‡i| ivóªxq kvmb KvVv‡gv‡K RbM‡Yi Kj¨v‡Y Kv‡R jvMvevi Rb¨ beŸB `k‡K kvmb
e¨e¯’vq GKwU bZyb aviYvi AeZviYv n‡q‡Q| Avi GB aviYvwU nj bvbv ai‡Yi G‡RwÝ I `vZvms¯’v cÖ`Ë mykvmb
m¤úwK©Z aviYv|
wkÿv_©xi KvR mykvm‡bi ¯Í¤¢¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
mvaviYfv‡e mykvmb ej‡Z Ggb GK Av`k© kvmb e¨e¯’v‡K eySvq hv GKwU †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK,
mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK Dbœqb NUvq| Ab¨fv‡e, mykvmb ej‡Z Ggb GK ai‡Yi kvmb e¨e¯’v‡K †evSvq hv
Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv, cÖkvmwbK `ÿZv, AvB‡bi Abykvmb, gvbevwaKvi BZ¨vw` welq‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`q| mykvmb
AvB‡bi kvm‡biB Av‡iK bvg|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.1
eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| mykv‡bi aviYv cÖ_g Dc¯’vcb K‡i †K?
K. W. BDb~m L. AgZ©¨ †mb M. wek¦e¨vsK N. AvBGgGd

BDwbU evi c„ôv 179

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-12.2 mykvm‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n (Elements of Good Governmence)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 mykvm‡bi ‰ewkó¨mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 mykvm‡bi Dcv`vbmg~n wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã ¯^”QZv, Revew`wnZv, AvB‡bi kvmb, AskMÖnY, we‡K›`ªxKiY, `vwqZ¡kxjZv

†h kvmb e¨e¯’vq AvB‡bi kvmb, `vwqZ¡kxjZv, Revew`wnZv, ÿgZv we‡K›`ªxKiY Ges RbM‡Yi
AskMÖnY MbZvwš¿K Dcv‡q mywbwðZ nq Zv‡KB mykvmb e‡j| 1994 mv‡j wek¦e¨vsK wi‡cv‡U© mykvm‡bi
PviwU Dcv`v‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| G¸‡jv nj: m¤ú‡`i myôz e¨e¯’vcbv, Revw`wnZv, AskMÖnY Ges ¯^”QZv| BD‡b‡¯‹v
(UNESCO) mykvm‡bi Dcv`‡bi K_v ej‡Z wM‡q wek¦e¨vs‡Ki Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cvkvcvwk ÿz`ª b„-‡Mvôxi AskMÖn‡Yi
K_v e‡j‡Qb| BDGbwWwc (UNDP) mykvm‡bi 5wU g~j Dc`v‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| G¸‡jv nj; ‰eaZv, Revew`wnZv,
AvB‡bi kvmb, gvbevwaKvi I mvg¨| AvBwWG (International Development Agency) mykvm‡bi PviwU g~j
Dcv`v‡bi K_v e‡j‡Qb| G¸‡jv nj: Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv, AvB‡bi kvmb I AskMÖnY|

wb‡gœ mykvm‡bi cÖavb Dc`vb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-

1. ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv
¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv n‡”Q mykvm‡bi cÖavb Dcv`vb| GwU miKv‡ii ¯^”QZv I AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
Revew`wnZvi gva¨‡gB mykvmb cÖwZôv cvq| ïay miKvwi cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡ZB bq eis †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb I mykxj
mgv‡Ri Revew`wnZvI Avek¨K| `yb©xwZ Kgv‡Z I ivR‰bwZK Dbœq‡b Revew`wnZv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Ab¨w`‡K, AvBb I bxwZ gvb¨ K‡i hLb †Kvb wm×všÍ MÖnY I Zvi ev¯Íevqb Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K ¯^”QZv e‡j|
wm×všÍ ev cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b ¯^”QZv wbwðZ n‡j mn‡RB mwVK Z_¨ cvIqv hvq| ¯^PQZv cÖwZôv †c‡j miKvwi A_©
e¨‡q `ybx©wZ A‡bKvs‡k K‡g hvq|
2. AskMÖnY
cwiKíbv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevq‡b cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki AskMÖnY mykvm‡bi Ab¨Zg GKwU Dcv`vb| mykvm‡bi g~j wfwË
bvix Ges cyiæl Dfq‡iB AskMÖnY| wek¦e¨vsK g‡b K‡i, mK‡ji AskMÖ‡Yi gva¨‡gB Kvh©Kix Dbœqb m¤¢e|
AskMÖn‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q RbMY‡K AwaK ÿgZvkxj Kiv| ivR‰bwZK AskMÖn‡Yi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q Zvrch©c~Y© n‡”Q
†fvU`vb|
3. AvB‡bi kvmb
mykvm‡bi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Dcv`vb n‡”Q AvB‡bi kvmb| GwU GKwU iv‡óªi me‡P‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq I ˆea DcKiY|
gvbevwaKvi wbwðZKi‡Y me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i AvB‡bi kvmb| cÖkvm‡bi cÖ‡Z¨KwU †ÿ‡Î AvB‡bi
kvmb _vKv `iKvi| AvB‡bi gva¨‡gB †¯^”QvPvix ÿgZv I AvwacZ¨ †iva Kiv hvq| AvBb n‡Z n‡e Aek¨B
wbi‡cÿ| iv‡óªi msweavb n‡”Q GKwU iv‡óªi AvB‡bi cÖavbZg Drm|
4. wbi‡cÿZv I `vwqZ¡kxjZv
cÿcvZnxb Ae¯’v ev wbi‡cÿZvB cv‡i mykvmb wbwðZ Ki‡Z| mykvmb ZZÿY ch©šÍ cÖwZôv cv‡e bv hZÿY bv
ch©šÍ cÖkvmb wbi‡cÿfv‡e f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| wbi‡cÿZv Avm‡Z n‡j †gavi wfwˇZ miKvwi PvKzwi w`‡n n‡e|

BDwbU evi c„ôv 180

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

Ab¨w`‡K, `vwqZ¡kxjZv bv _vK‡j KL‡bvB †Kvb KvR my›`ifv‡e m¤úbœ Kiv hvq bv| miKvwi, †emiKvwi Ges
e¨w³MZ cÖ‡Z¨KwU Kv‡Ri †ÿ‡Î `vwqZ¡kxj n‡Z n‡e| GKgvÎ `vwqZ¡kxjZvB cv‡i mwVKmg‡q KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z|
5. RbcÖkvm‡bi DrKl©Zv I we‡K›`ªxKiY
mykvmb Avbq‡bi Rb¨ RbcÖkvm‡bi DrKl© mvab Ki‡Z n‡e| GB DrKl© mvab Kivi Rb¨ RbcÖkvmb‡K
AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv I MZvbyMwZK aviv †_‡K †ei n‡Z n‡e| RbcÖkvm‡bi DrKl©Zv mvab ej‡Z †evSvq
RbcÖkvm‡b `ÿZv Avbqb, cÖhyw³ e¨enviKiY I Kvh©Ki †KŠkj MÖnY Kiv| mykvm‡bi Av‡iKwU Dcv`vb n‡”Q
we‡K›`ªxKiY| ÿgZvi we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gva¨‡gB mKj wefvM myôzfv‡e `vwqZ¡ cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU cÖkvm‡bi
KZ©„Z¡ev`x cÖeYZv Kwg‡q †`q Ges cÖkvmb‡K RbM‡Yi †`vo †Mvovq †cuŠ‡Q †`q| ZvB GKwU iv‡óªi mykvmb
cÖwZôvq miKv‡ii cÖwZwU wefv‡M we‡K›`ªxKiY Acwinvh©|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq mykvmb cÖwZôv mK‡ji Kvg¨, wKš‘ GwU cÖwZôv Kiv mnR bq| mykvmb cÖwZôvq miKv‡ii
mw`”Qvi cvkvcvwk RbM‡Yi mg_©b I mn‡hvwMZv GKvšÍ Riæwi|

wkÿv_©xi KvR mykvmb cÖwZôvq AvB‡bi kvm‡bi f‚wgKv Kx?

mvims‡ÿc
mykvmb nj †hŠw³K Ges `ÿfv‡e kvmb cwiPvjbv| mykvmb Aek¨B AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Ici cÖwZwôZ| GwU
ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK Revew`wnZvi wbwðZ K‡i| Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv, AvB‡bi kvmb, gvbevwaKvi, cÖkvmwbK
we‡K›`ªxKiY, miKv‡ii `ÿZv I mvov cÖ`v‡bi ÿgZvi Dci wbf©i K‡i mykvmb cÖwμqv|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.2

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| wek¦ e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z mykvm‡bi Dcv`vb KqwU?
K. PviwU L. QqwU M. 10 wU N. †KvbwU bq

2| `ybx©wZ Kgv‡Z `iKvi-

K. ¯^”QZv L. Revew`wnZv M. AvB‡bi kvmb N. me KqwU

BDwbU evi c„ôv 181

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-12.3 evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi Ae¯’v

(The State of Good Governance in Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨

GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb

 evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi Ae¯’v Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb wKfv‡e wech©¯Í n‡”Q Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

¯^RbcÖxwZ, ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ, AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv, Revew`wnZv, `yb©xwZ,

gyL¨ kã gvbevwaKvi j•Nb

evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb me©Rb MÖvn¨ †¯øvMvb n‡jI Zv GLbI wbwðZ nqwb| evsjv‡`‡k cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v
Ges ivR‰bwZK KZ…©c‡ÿi Revew`wnZvi Afve i‡q‡Q| AwZgvÎvq AvgjvZvwš¿KZv, ¯^RbcÖxwZ I
`ybx©wZi Rb¨ cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©viv Zv‡`i KvRK‡g©i Revew`wn K‡i bv| ivR‰bwZK †bZviv Kvh©Z Revew`wnZvi
D‡aŸ©| ZvQvov wbgœgv‡bi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ Revew`wnZvi †ÿ‡Î AšÍivq m„wó Ki‡Q| Revew`wnZvi Afve
evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi Ab¨Zg cÖavb AšÍivq| Ab¨w`‡K, AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZvq RbMY †mev †_‡K ewÂZ
nq| †Zwi nq c‡` c‡` Nyl †`evi ms¯‹…wZ| cÖkvm‡bi A‡bK RwUj I KwVb KvR Avgjviv AwZ mn‡R cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Z cv‡i| KviY cÖkvmwbK Kvh©μ‡g Zuviv A‡bK AwfÁ e¨vcK| GB AwfÁZv I Ávb K‡‡R jvwM‡q Avgjviv
bxwZ cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| mykvmb cÖwZwôZ n‡j Ges ¯^”Q cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v Kv‡qg n‡j
Avgjv‡`i ÿgZv n«vm cvevi Avk¼v _v‡K| cÖkvmwbK `jxqKiY G Ae¯’v‡K Av‡iv Lvivc K‡i | mKj ivR‰bwZK
`jB cÖkvmb‡K wb‡R‡`i AvZœiÿvi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Ki‡Z Pvq| Avi Gi d‡j A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †hvM¨ †jvK
wb‡qvM cvq bv| wb‡qvM †c‡jI ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `vwqZ¡ cvq bv| Avi G Kvi‡Y ivó« GKw`‡K ‡gavex cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v‡`i
†mev †_‡K ewÂZ n‡”Q, Ab¨w`‡K Zv `ybx©wZi Rš§ w`‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡k AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î cyi‡bv, Ach©vß
I AcÖvmw½K eû AvBb GKwU eo evav| Rbmvavi‡Yi c‡ÿ G mKj AvB‡bi mwVK e¨vL¨v I h_v_© A_© wbiƒcY Kiv
m¤¢e nq bv| Avi G Kvi‡Y Avgjviv `ybx©wZ, ¯^RbcÖxwZ, AbvPvi e„w×i my‡hvM _v‡K, hv mykvm‡bi AšÍivq m„wó
K‡i| ivRbxwZwe` I Avgjviv hw` `ybx©wZ Ges ¯^RbcÖxwZ K‡i Z‡e mykvmb cÖwZôv Am¤¢e e¨vcvi|
mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î ivR‰bwZK Revew`wnZv I ¯^”QZv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡ki cÖkvmwbK KvVv‡gv‡Z
mykvm‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZvi Afve i‡q‡Q| MYZvwš¿Kfv‡e wbe©vwPZ miKviI G cÖwμqv
†_‡K A‡bK `~‡i i‡q‡Q| MZ PviwU msm`xq miKv‡iiI G †ÿ‡Î A‡bK e¨_©Zv wQj| mykvm‡bi AvaywbK aviYv nj
wbe©vnx wefvM †_‡K wePvi wefvM‡K c„_K Kiv| ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZv wbwð‡Z wePvi wefvMB P~ovšÍ cÖwZôvb| ZvB
mykvm‡bi Rb¨ ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM AZ¨vek¨K| msweav‡b my¯úó wb‡`©kbv _K‡jI evsjv‡`‡k wb¤œ Av`vjZ GLbI
cy‡ivcywi ¯^vaxb nqwb|
†`kx-we‡`kx A‡bK M‡elK `vwe K‡ib, evsjv‡`k mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q eo evav nj `ybx©wZ| mykvm‡bi c~e© kZ©
nj miKv‡ii mKj Kvh©Kjvc †_‡K `ybx©wZ `~i Kiv| ¯^vaxbZvi 35 eQi c‡i GKwU ¯^vaxb `ybx©wZ `gb Kwgkb
MwVZ n‡q‡Q 2006 mv‡j| AvB‡bi kvmb cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡ÎI evsjv‡`k wcwQ‡q i‡q‡Q| wePvi ewnf~©Z nZ¨vKvÛ I
AvBb-k„•Ljv iÿvKvix evwnbxi wbh©vZb evsjv‡`‡k GKwU mvaviY NUbvq cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| djZ evsjv‡`‡k
gvbevwaKvi gvivZœKfv‡e jw•NZ n‡”Q| MZ wZb `kK a‡iB G Ae¯’v Pj‡Q| wbivcËv evwnbxi m`m¨iv wewfbœ
ai‡bi wePvi ewnf~©Z nZ¨vKvÛ K‡i hv‡”Q| AvBb cÖ‡qvMKvix ms¯’vmg~n wbwe©Pv‡i mvaviY gvbyl AvUK K‡i kvixwiK

BDwbU evi c„ôv 182

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

I gvbwmK wbh©vZb K‡i| mvsweavwbKfv‡e evsjv‡`k miKvi RbM‡Yi †gŠwjK Pvwn`v Lv`¨, e¯¿, wkÿv wPwKrmv I
evm¯’vb BZ¨vw`i †hvMvb †`qvi cÖwZkÖæwZ _vK‡jI Zv c~i‡Y e¨_© n‡”Q|
RbM‡Yi Kvh©Ki AskMÖn‡Yi Afv‡e evsjv‡`k Zvi Kvw•LZ mykvmb AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY
e¨vcK nv‡i †fvU w`‡jI Zv ÔwbQK AskMÖnYÕ-‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Q| wbQK AskMÖnY ej‡Z †evSv‡bv n‡”Q RbMY ïay
cÖwZwbwa wbe©vP‡b †fvU ‡`q wKš‘ wbe©vwPZ cÖwZwbwai Dci Zv‡`i †Kvb wbqš¿Y _v‡K bv| Zviv †Kej †fvU †`q,
miKv‡ii bxwZ wba©vi‡Y RbM‡Yi †Kvb wbqš¿Y †bB| evsjv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z †Kvb ai‡Yi mg‡SvZv bv nIqvI
mykvb cÖwZôvq GKwU AšÍivq|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡k wK mykvmb cÖwZôv n‡q‡Q? Avcbvi DËi we‡kølY Kiæb|

mvims‡ÿc
wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK cÖwZeÜKZvi Rb¨ evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cy‡ivcywi wbwðZ nqwb| wbgœgv‡bi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ,
Revew`wnZvi Afve, we¯Í…Z `ybx©wZ, AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î AšÍivq m„wó K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k MZ
cÖvq 25 eQi wbe©vwPZ miKvi ivóª cwiPvjbv Ki‡jI mykvmb cÖwZôvq A‡bK †ÿ‡Î e¨_©Zvi cwiPq w`‡q‡Q|
cÖwZwU ivR‰bwZK miKvi Kzkvm‡bi Rb¨ †Kej c~e©eZx© miKvi‡K †`vlv‡ivc K‡i‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.3

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| evsjv‡`‡k †Kvb& ai‡bi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ we`¨gvb ?
K. wb¤œ gv‡bi L. ga¨g gv‡bi M. wgkÖ gv‡bi N. D”Pgv‡bi

2| ¯^vaxb `ybx©wZ `gb Kwgkb MwVZ n‡q‡Q ‡Kvb& mv‡j?

K. 2004 L. 2006 M.2008 N. 2014

BDwbU evi c„ôv 183

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-12.4 evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi AšÍivqmg~n

(Obstacles of Good Governance in Bangladesh)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi AšÍivqmg~n m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 A¯^”QZv, AvgjvZvwš¿KZv, ivR‰bwZK `ye„Ëvqb wKfv‡e mykvmb‡K wech©¯Í Ki‡Q Zv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã wb¤œ ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ, `yb©xwZ, Abxnv Revew`wnZv, mykxj mgvR, wm×všÍ, P¨v‡jÄ

evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î mgm¨v A‡bK †ewk| †ek wKQz Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK-cÖkvmwbK mgm¨v
evsjv‡`‡ki mykvm‡bi c‡_ weivU evav wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| wb‡¤œ G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj-
1. ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK Revew`wnZvi Afve
evsjv‡`‡ki mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄ Revew`wnZvi Afve| evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK I cÖkvmwbK †ÿ‡Î
Revew`wnZvi Afv‡ei Rb¨ wKQz welq KvR K‡i| G¸‡jv nj: cÖkvmwbK RwUjZv, `yej © msm`, AbybœZ ivR‰bwZK
`j, wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi Afve Ges `ye©j wbe©vPb e¨e¯’v| ¯^vaxbZv cieZ©x mgq †_‡K G ch©šÍ †ek K‡qKwU
msm‡` †Kvb kw³kvjx we‡ivax`j wQj bv| G Kvi‡Y msm` Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv| Avgjviv A‡bK
mgq RbM‡Yi mvg‡b mwVK I mZ¨ Z_¨ cÖPvi Ki‡Z Pvq bv| kvmK ‡kªYxiI GKwU Ask Z_¨ †Mvc‡bi gva¨‡g
wb‡R‡`i ¯^v_© iÿv Ki‡Z Pvq| GB Am¦”QZv `yb©xwZi Rb¥ †`q Ges mykvm‡bi AšÍivq wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
2. AskMÖn‡Yi Afve
evsjv‡`‡ki mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av‡iKwU eo mgm¨v n‡”Q RbM‡Yi Kvh©Ki AskMÖn‡Yi Afve| RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY bv
_vK‡j KL‡bvB †hvM¨ cÖv_©x wbe©vwPZ Kiv hvq bv| RbM‡Yi gZvgZ ev AskMÖnY †fvU`v‡bi †ÿ‡ÎB mxgve×|
†`‡ki A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb ev †Kvb mgm¨v mgvav‡b RbM‡Yi gZvgZ †bIqv nq bv| G‡ÿ‡Î ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q AskMÖnY
G‡Kev‡iB Kg|
3. AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Afve
evsjv‡`‡ki mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î Av‡iKwU eo P¨v‡jÄ n‡”Q AvB‡bi kvm‡bi Afve| evsjv‡`‡k AvB‡bi kvm‡bi
Afve †Zv i‡q‡QB; ZvQvov GLv‡b †h AvBb¸‡jv we`¨gvb i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi mwVK PP©v Kiv nq bv|
4. we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi Afve
mwVKfv‡e wm×všÍ cÖYqb I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ we‡K›`ªxKiY GKwU Acwinvh© kZ©| evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq miKvi‡K
cÖkvmwbK I A_©‰bwZK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii `vi¯’ n‡Z nq| G Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡ki ¯’vbxq
miKv‡ii cÖwZôvb¸‡jv Kv‡Ri ‡ÿ‡Î ¯^vaxb n‡Z cv‡i wb| GLv‡b wm×všÍ cÖYqY I Zv ev¯Íevqb nq AvgjvZ‡š¿i
gva¨‡g|
5. `ybx© wZ
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î `yb©xwZ me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄ| `yb©xwZi Kvi‡Y MYZš¿, Dbœqb I
mykvm‡bi c_ iæ× n‡q c‡o‡Q| RbM‡Yi miKvwi my‡hvM-myweav K‡g hv‡”Q| ÿgZvevb wKQz e¨w³ dvq`v jyU‡Q|
evsjv‡`k 2001 †_‡K 2005 ch©šÍ Uvbv cuvPevi `yb©xwZ‡Z P¨vw¤úqb n‡qwQj| wkÿv, ¯^v¯’¨LvZ, f~wg cÖkvmb, Rb

BDwbU evi c„ôv 184

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

cÖkvmb, e¨vswKs, we`y¨r ‡m±i, ¯’vbxq miKvi- GK K_vq evRvi e¨e¯’vcbv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i agx©q cÖwZôvb wbg©vY,
mKj †ÿ‡ÎB `yb©xwZi ms¯‹…wZ jÿYxq|
6. gvbevwaKvi j•Nb I ÿgZvi Ace¨envi
evsjv‡`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e gvbevwaKvi j•Nb n‡”Q| wkï I bvix wbh©vZb, bvixi AwaKvi j•Nb, wkïkªg Ges bvMwi‡Ki
¯^vaxbZvniY gvbevwaKvi j•N‡bi my¯úó D`vniY| cÖ‡Z¨K miKviB mš¿vmx‡`i wePv‡ii cwie‡Z© μm-dvqv‡ii
gva¨‡g †g‡i †dj‡Q| ZvQvov ¸g, AcniY evsjv‡`‡k gvbevwaKvi cÖwZôvi †ÿ‡Î Av‡iKwU evav|
7. AvgjvZvwš¿KZv I `ye©j mykxj mgvR
ivR‰bwZK `ye©jZvi Kvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k Avgjv‡`i KZ…©Z¡ev` cÖwZwôZ n‡q‡Q| Zuviv wb‡R‡`i B”Qv Abyhvqx ÿgZv I
bxwZgvjv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Q| †`‡ki mykxj mgvR AZ¨šÍ `ye©j| Zviv A‡bK wel‡q ivR‰bwZK gZvgZ e¨³ K‡i
miKv‡ii wewfbœ Ab¨vq Kvh©μ‡gi mgv‡jvPbv bv K‡i wbw®Œq f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki mykxj mgvR Kvh©Z
miKvi I we‡ivax `‡j wef³ n‡q c‡o‡Q| djZ mykxj mgvR Kvw•ÿZ f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡Q bv|
8. `vwi`ª¨ I wbgœgv‡bi ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi cÖvq GK-Z…Zxqvsk `vwi`ª¨mxgvi wb‡P emevm K‡i| `vwi`ªmxgvi wb‡P emevmKvix
G mKj †jvK wewfbœ Ab¨vq Kv‡R Rwo‡q c‡o| GwU mykvm‡bi Rb¨ GKwU eo euvav| Dciš‘ Zv‡`i Lv`¨, ¯^v¯’¨,
wkÿv, evm¯’vbmn †gŠwjK AwaKvi iÿv Kiv miKv‡ii Rb¨ gvivZ¥K P¨v‡jÄ| Ab¨w`‡K `vwi`ª¨ wb¤œgv‡bi
ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZi Rb¥ w`‡”Q|
9. wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZvi Afve
mykvm‡bi Rb¨ wePvi wefvM‡K kvmb wefvM †_‡K c„_K Kiv cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k wePvi wefv‡Mi c„_KxKiY
cy‡iv Kvh©Ki nqwb| D”P Av`vjZ ¯^vaxbZv †fvM Ki‡jI wb¤œ Av`vjZ Kvh©Z kvmb wefv‡Mi Aaxb|

wkÿv_©xi KvR mykvmb cÖwZôvq cuvPwU AšÍivq wK wK?

mvims‡ÿc
`vwi`ª¨, AvgjvZvwš¿KZv, `ybx©wZ, ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv, wbe©vPbx we‡iva, RbM‡Yi Kvh©Ki AskMÖn‡Yi Afve
m‡ev©cwi cÖkvmwbK Ges ivR‰bwZK KZ…©c‡ÿi Revew`wnZvi Afve evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvq eo evav|
`yb©xwZI evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î eo P¨v‡jÄ| `ybx© wZi Kvi‡Y MYZš¿, Dbœqb I mykvm‡bi c_ iæ× n‡q
c‡o‡Q| cÖkvmwbK I ivR‰bwZK Am¦”QZv mykvm‡bi AšÍivq wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.4

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| esjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi AšÍivq †Kvb&wU
K. Revew`wnZvi Afve L. `ybx©wZ M. AvgjvZvwš¿KZv N. meKqwU
2| wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î me‡P‡q eo P¨v‡jÄ Kx?
K. `yb©xwZ L.¯^RbcÖxwZ M. ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’iZv N. Revew`wnZvi Afve

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-12.5 evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi Dcvq

(Measures to Establish Good Governance in Bangladesh)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi w`K wb‡`©kbv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
 evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi mgm¨vmg~n wKfv‡e `~i Kiv hvq Zv we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

gyL¨ kã AšÍivq, c`‡ÿc, cÖwZ‡iva, wbwðZ, ÿgZvqb, mw`”Qv, GbwRI

evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi †ÿ‡Î A‡bK AšÍivq i‡q‡Q| `yb©xwZ, AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv, cÖkvm‡b ivR‰bwZK
n¯Í‡ÿc, ¯^RbcÖxwZ, ÿgZv I m¤ú‡`i Ace¨envi, kvmbixwZi Awbqg, cÖkvm‡b Revew`wnZv I
¯^”QZvi Afve evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’vi ¯^vfvweK wPÎ| G †ÿ‡Î hw` miKvi msm`‡K Kvh©Kwi Kivi h_vh_
c`‡ÿc †bq Ges msm` Zvi Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i Z‡e mykvmb cÖwZôv m¤¢e| wb‡gœ mykvmb wbwðZ Kivi Dcvq
Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
1. `~b©xwZ cÖwZ‡iva
`yb©xwZ mykvm‡bi cÖavb AšÍivq| evsjv‡`‡ki wewfbœ †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK `yb©xwZ cwijwÿZ nq| †hgb cÖK‡í `~bx©wZ ,
miKvwi ivR¯^ Av`v‡q `yb©xwZ, miKvwi-‡emiKvwi Avw_©K cÖwZôv‡b `yb©xwZ, f‚wg Rwi‡c `yb©xwZ cªf…wZ| AZGe,
evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvK‡í Aek¨B e¨w³†Kw›`ªK I ¯^RbcÖxwZ cwinvi K‡i MYZvwš¿K PP©v e„w× Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Revew`wnZv wbwðZKiY
Revew`wnZv ej‡Z Avgiv eywS wb‡Ri KvR m¤ú‡K© A‡b¨i Kv‡Q e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Kiv| evsjv‡`‡ki Revew`wnZvi
Afve i‡q‡Q| ¯^RbcÖxwZ I `ybx©wZi Rb¨ cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©viv Zv‡`i KvRK‡g©i Rb¨ Revew`wn K‡i bv| mykvmb
cÖwZôvq cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v Ges ivR‰bwZK KZ…©c‡ÿi Revew`wnZv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. GbwRI‡`i f‚wgKv cvj‡bi my‡hvM m„wó
wek¦e¨vs‡Ki g‡Z, cÖe„w×i avivevwnKZv I fwel¨‡Zi P¨v‡jÄ †gvKvwejv Ki‡Z n‡j GbwR¸‡jv‡K ¯’vb w`‡Z n‡e|
wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k kvm‡bi g~j `vwqZ¡ miKv‡ii wbe©vnx wefv‡Mi Ici| GLv‡b GbwR¸‡jv‡K KvR Ki‡Z nq miKv‡ii
wewfbœ iKg evav wb‡l‡ai AvIZvq| ZvB evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi j‡ÿ¨ GbwR¸‡jv‡K Zv‡`i f‚wgKv cvj‡bi
Rb¨ h‡_ó my‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e|
4. ¯^vaxb wePvi wefvM cÖwZôv
c„w_exi A‡bK iv‡óªB wePvi wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g AvgjvZš¿‡K wbqš¿Y Kiv nq| mvaviYZ wePvi e¨e¯’vi AvIZvq A_ev
we‡kl wePv‡ii AvIZvq Avgjv‡`i Ab¨vq ev `ybx©wZi wePv‡ii gva¨‡g AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
Avi Gi gva¨‡gB cÖwZôZ nq mykvmb|
5. MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv wbwðZKiY
gvby‡li evK¯^vaxbZv I RbM‡Yi m‡PZbZvi Rb¨ MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv Acwinvh©| wKš‘ evsjv‡`‡k ÿgZvq
AwawôZ n‡q ‡Kvb †Kvb miKvi MYgva¨‡gi KÚ‡iva Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i, hv mykvm‡bi AšÍivq| mykvmb cÖwZôvi
j‡ÿ¨ miKv‡ii ÎæwU wKsev `yb©xwZ RbM‡Yi mvg‡b Dc¯’vc‡bi j‡ÿ¨ wcÖ›U I B‡jKUªwbK wgwWqv‡K ¯^vaxbZv w`‡Z
n‡e| GQvovI cÖPvigva¨‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Lye mn‡R Rbm‡PZbZv e„w× Kiv hvq| ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖn‡Y
Zv‡`i‡K DØy× Kiv hvq| Dciš‘ cÖPvigva¨g `ybx©wZ †iva I cÖkvm‡bi Revew`wnZv wbwðKi‡Y f~wgKv iv‡L| ZvB
cªPvi gva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv cÖwZôvi gva¨‡g †`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôv Kiv m¤¢e|

BDwbU evi c„ôv 186

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv

6. bvixi ÿgZvqb
MYcÖRvZš¿x evsjv‡`‡ki msweav‡b ejv n‡q‡Q cyiæl I gwnjv bvMwiK‡`i g‡a¨ †Kvb ai‡bi ˆelg¨ Kiv hv‡e bv
(Aby‡”Q` 28.L)| wewfbœ ai‡bi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y bvix‡`i AskMÖnY evov‡Z n‡e| bvix‡`i AvaywbK wkÿvq wkwÿZ
Ki‡Z n‡e, evj¨ weevn †iva Ki‡Z n‡e| wewfbœ mg‡q †`Lv hvq ¯^vgxi AZ¨vPv‡i ¯¿x AvnZ n‡q‡Qb, GgbwK gviv
ch©šÍ hvq| †hŠZzK cÖ_vi weiæ‡× e¨e¯’v wb‡Z n‡e| RbM‡Yi A‡a©K Ask‡K ÿgZv †_‡K `~‡i †i‡L mykvmb cÖwZôv
Am¤¢e|
7. ivR‰bwZK cÖvwZôvwbKxKiY
mykvm‡bi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK cÖvwZôvwbKKxKiY GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© kZ©| ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb¸‡jv ‡hgb- ivR‰bwZK `j,
msm`, AvgjvZš¿, wbe©vPb Kwgkb cÖf…wZ hw` Zv‡`i f~wgKv mwVKfv‡e cvjb K‡i, Z‡e evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôv
Kiv mnR n‡e|
8. ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qv
†`‡k mykvm‡bi Rb¨ ivR‰bwZK mw`”Qv me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq|| GKgvÎ ivR‰bwZK `j¸‡jvi HKgZ¨B cv‡i
†`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvi c_ Db¥y³ Ki‡Z|
‡gvU K_v evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZwôZ †nvK GwU mK‡jiB cÖZ¨vkv| †m j‡ÿ¨ miKvi Ges RbMY‡K GK‡Î Kvh©Ki
f‚wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i ivR‰bwZK Kg©Kv‡Û AskMÖnY, ivRbxwZwe` I AvgjvZ‡š¿i Revew`wnZv I
¯^”QZv wbwð‡Z Av‡iv m‡Pô n‡Z n‡e| B‡Zvg‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki kvmb e¨e¯’vq ¸bMZ A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| ZvB
mykvmb cÖwZôv GLb mg‡qi e¨vcvi gvÎ|

wkÿv_©xi KvR evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb cÖwZôvq cuvPwU Dcvq wjLyb|

mvims‡ÿc
evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb wbwðZ Ki‡Z ivR‰bwZK I AvgjvZvwš¿K Revew`wnZv, ¯^vaxb I `ÿ wePvi e¨e¯’v,
MYgva¨‡gi ¯^vaxbZv, kw³kvjx msm`, myôz wbe©vPb, ¯^”Q I `ybx©wZgy³ cÖkvmb cÖwZôv Riæwi| `ye©„Ëvqb, Kvj
UvKvi cÖfve, †jRyoe„wËi ivRbxwZ `yb©xwZi KviY hv Kz-kvm‡bi Rb¥ w`‡”Q| G †ÿ‡Î miKv‡ii mr gvbwmKZv
wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡e| m‡e©vcwi wb¤œ ivR‰bwZK ms¯‹…wZ †_‡K †ewi‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.5

eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv
1| Aeva Z_¨ cÖvwßi gva¨‡g †Kvb&wU wbwðZ n‡Z cv‡i?
K) AvB‡bi kvmb L) Revew`wnZv M) cÖwZ`vb N) k„•Ljv
2| mykvmb cÖwZôvq cÖ‡qvRbÑ
i) `yb©xwZ cÖwZ‡iva
ii) bvixi ÿgZvqb
iii) ˆelg¨
wb‡Pi †Kvb&wU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) meKwU

BDwbU evi c„ôv 187

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb

m„Rbkxj iPbvg~jK cÖkœ

1| Pi Wzewiqv I RjWv½v cvkvcvwk Aew¯’Z `ywU Øxc| RbmsL¨v I AvqZb cÖvq mgvb n‡jI Øxc `y‡Uvi †ek wKQy
wel‡q cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| Pi Wzewiqvq wbe©vwPZ miKvi _vK‡jI `vwi`ª¨ we`¨gvb| Z‡e †mLvbKvi miKvi
RbMY‡K m‡½ wb‡q Dbœq‡bi †Póv Ki‡Q| †mLv‡b miKvi RbM‡Yi Pvwn`v I Amyweavi cÖwZ mRvM `„wó iv‡L|
ÿgZvevbiv mn‡R ivR‰bwZK-cÖkvmwbK ÿgZvi Ace¨envi K‡i cvi cvq bv| wKš‘ RjWv½v Gi wecixZ|
ØxcwU‡Z GKmgq RbMY `ªæZ A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb Ki‡jI miKv‡ii †¯^”QvPvig~jK ÿgZv PP©vi Kvi‡Y GLb
AZ¨šÍ nZvk| RbMY miKv‡ii wm×všÍ MÖnY I Zv ev¯Íevqb m¤ú‡K© †Zgb wKQz Rv‡b bv| miKvi G wel‡q
Lye K‡Vvifv‡e Z_¨ †Mvcb K‡i| fxZ-mš¿¯¿ RjWv½vi G Rbc‡` RbM‡Yi †Zgb †Kvb gvbevwaKvi †bB|
Zviv †KejB Ki †`q| wKš‘ Rv‡b bv wKfv‡e Zv‡`i KóvwR©Z A_© miKvwi Kv‡R e¨q n‡”Q|
K. mykvmb Kx?
L. mykvmb I Kzkvm‡bi cv_©K¨¸‡jv wbw`©ó Kiæb|
M. Øxc `y‡Uvi †Kvb&wU‡Z Kzkvmb we`¨gvb Ges gvÎv †Kgb?
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K mykvm‡bi Dcv`vb¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

2| ¯‹z‡ji iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq Kwig I mvbwR`v †hŠ_fv‡e cÖ_g ¯’vb `Lj K‡i‡Q| `yRbB mykvm‡bi Dci iPbv
wj‡L‡Q| Kwi‡gi iPbvwU evsjv‡`‡k mykvm‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv‡K †ewk ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`‡ki miKvi
mykvmb cÖwZôvq †hme Av_©-mvgvwRK-ivR‰bwZK mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv K‡i Zvi wek` eY©bv w`‡q‡Q Kwig| Zvi
g‡Z, ¯^”QZv I Revew`wnZvi Afve, `ybx©wZ, `vwi`ª¨, AvgjvZvwš¿KZv, ivRbxwZi `ye©„Ëvqb evsjv‡`‡k mykvmb
cÖwZôvq me‡P‡q eo evav| mvbwR`vi iPbvwU AZ¨šÍ MVbg~jK GB wePv‡i †h, †m GBme mgm¨v wKfv‡e `~i
Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q| mvbwR`vi g‡Z, `ybx©wZ `~i Ki‡Z wePvi wefv‡Mi ¯^vaxbZv I Kvh©Ki
`ybx©wZ `gb Kwgkb `iKvi| †mB m‡½ `iKvi ivR‰bwZK miKv‡ii mw`”Qv| evsjv‡`‡k AvgjvZvwš¿KZv `~i
Ki‡Z †m we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi c‡ÿ| mykvmb cÖwZôvq wbi‡cÿ mykxj mgvR I MYgva¨‡gi DciI †Rvi w`‡q‡Q
mvbwR`v|
K. mykvmb Kx?
L. `vwi`ª¨ wKfv‡e mykvmb cÖwZôvq cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i?
M. `ybx©wZ cÖwZ‡iv‡a mvbwR`vi cÖ¯Íve e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
N. DÏxc‡Ki Av‡jv‡K we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi f‚wgKv wjLyb|

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.1 : 1| M
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.2 : 1| K 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.3 : 1| K 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.4 : 1| N 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-12.5 : 1| L 2| K

BDwbU evi c„ôv 188