C Introduction
• Introduction to C
• C Features
• Uses of C
• Structure of C program
Agenda • Variables
• Data Types
• Operators
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C Introduction
• Developed in 1972 by Dennis M. Ritchie at the Bell Telephone Laboratories.
• Known as Mother Language as it’s a base for other programming languages.
• Used to develop operating systems, databases, application etc.
• Most popular system programming language.
• UNIX operating system was totally written in C.
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C Features
• Simple and Efficient: Syntax style of implementing C language is very simple and easy.
• Portable: Programs made in it can be run on different machines.
• Function-Rich Library: Having a rich number of libraries with built-in functions.
• Memory Management: Supports Dynamic Memory Management (DMA).
• Pointers: With C pointers, we can directly interact with memory.
• Structured Language: Breaks the code into different parts using functions and stored
in the form of libraries for the reusability.
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Uses of C Language
• Computational and graphical methods.
• Applications using graphical user interfaces.
• Browsers on the internet.
• Banking.
• Compilers.
• Cloud Computing and distributed systems.
• Integrated software libraries for enterprises.
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Structure of a C Program
Documentation Section
Preprocessor Section
Definition Section
Global Declaration
Main Function
User-Defined Functions
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Demo
Creating a Hello World Program in C
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Variables and Literals
A name was given to a memory location. It is the basic unit of storage in a program.
Rules for naming a variable:
i) A variable name can only have alphabets, numbers, and the underscore _.
ii) A variable name cannot begin with a number.
iii) It is a preferred practice to begin variable names with a lowercase character. For
example, age is preferable to Age.
iv) No whitespace is allowed in the variable name.
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Variables and Literals
• A variable name cannot be a keyword.
• For example, int is a keyword that is used to denote
integers. Int age = 25; // age is 25
age = 23; // age is 23
• Can start with an underscore. However, it's not
considered a good practice. Integer: 1,2 3,4...
Floating-point: 2.4,6.0,5.6 ..
• Literals are data used for representing fixed values. They
Character: 'a','b','U','9'..
can be used directly in the code. For String: "age","" ," " ..
example: 1, 2.5, 'c' etc.
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Variables Scope
A Scope is region of the program and broadly speaking there are three places, where
variables can be declared :
• Inside a function or a block which is called local variables.
• In the definition of function parameters which is called formal parameters.
• Outside of all functions which is called global variables.
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Types of Variables
Variables
Local Global Static Automatic External
Variables Variables Variables Variables Variables
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Type of Variables
On the basis of scope, there are two types of variables:
Local Variables:
• Defined inside a function or a code block.
• Scope of these variables remain limited to block in which they are declared.
Global Variables:
• Declared outside the function or a block of code.
• We can access these variables anywhere in the program after it is declared.
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Type of Variables
On the basis of storage classes, there are two types of variables:
Static Variables:
• Defined using a static keyword.
• Scope depends upon the region where they are declared – can be local or global.
Automatic Variables:
• By default, all the local variables are automatic variables.
• Scope is local and it’s default value is a garbage value.
External Variables:
• Can be shared between multiple C files.
• Scope is global and declared using extern keyword.
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Demo
Variable Scope
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Data types
• Different sizes and values that can be stored in the variable that is made as per
convenience and circumstances to cover up all test cases.
• Can be categorized into four types:
Data types
Basic Derived Enumeration Void
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Data types
Type Data Type
Basic Data Type int, char, float, double
Derived Data Type array, pointer, structure, union
Enumeration Data Type enum
Void Data Type void
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Basic Data types
• Basic data types are integer-based and floating-point based.
• Supports both signed and unsigned literals.
• Memory size of basic data types may change according to 32 or 64 bit operating system.
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Basic Data types
Data Type Meaning Size (in Bytes)
int Integer 2 or 4
float Floating-point 4
double Double Floating-point 8
char Character 1
short int Short Integer 2
long int Long Integer 4
void Empty 0
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Operators in C++
• Operator are the symbols that are used to perform operations.
• For example: +, -, *, / etc.
• Can be categorized into following groups:
Operators
Arithmetic Relational Logical Bitwise Assignment
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Precedence of Operators
category Operators Associativity
Postfix () [] -> . ++ - - Left to right
Unary + - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof Right to left
Multiplicative */% Left to right
Additive +- Right to left
Shift << >> Left to right
Relational < <= > >= Left to right
Equality == !=/td> Right to left
Conditional ?: Right to left
Assignment = += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= Right to left
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THANKS
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