EMOTIONAL STATES AS CORRELATES TO

PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG

CHILDREN-IN-CONFLICT-WITH-THE-LAW:
BASIS FOR A WELLNESS PROGRAM

PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL

Volume: 15
Pages: 838-865
Document ID: 2023PEMJ1413
DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.10402267
Manuscript Accepted: 2023-01-12
Psych Educ, 2023, 15(8): 838-865, Document ID:2023 PEMJ1413, doi:10.5281/zenodo.10402267, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

Emotional States as Correlates to Psychological Well-Being Among Children-In-

Conflict-With-The-Law: Basis for a Wellness Program
Aida V. Monterozo*
For affiliations and correspondence, see the last page.
Abstract
The current study aimed to better understand the correlation of emotional states and psychological
well-being among children- in-conflict-with-the-law. Participants were 71 children-in-conflict-with-
the-law detained at Manila Youth Reception Center. This study utilized correlation research design.
They have completed a battery of tests that are highly reliable and valid examining the socio-
educational profile such as length of stay, educational level and family structure, their emotional
states (depression, anxiety & stress) and the components of Ryff’s psychological well-being.
Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation and rank were used to
determine the level of desired constructs. Since the data is non- linear, the non-parametric test-
Spearman rho rank was used to determine the degree and significant relationship between variables
under study. Data analysis revealed that children in conflict with the law have mild, stress, moderate
depression and severe anxiety. Correlational analysis shows that psychological well-being is
inversely and largely correlated with anxiety and stress thus with high psychological well-being there
could be great propensity of lower anxiety and stress. Explanations for these findings, conclusions
and recommendations were discussed.

Keywords: emotional states, depression, anxiety, stress, psychological well-being, children-in-

conflict-with-the-law

Introduction As a Psychology Club adviser, the Researcher, along

with Psychology students had the chance to visit the
Manila Youth Reception Center. The color-coated
This section presents the background of the study to environment will always be the first to catch the eyes
give context to the problem at hand, the research of any visitor, not the so much the plight of the
questions that are intended to be answered in the children. Needless to say, the condition of the children
succeeding chapters, the significance of the study in the facility needs to be examined, but collecting
enumerating individuals and institutions that will related data is a challenge, since mere visitors focus
benefit from this research, and the scope and more on what is seen or observed, instead of asking
limitations that define the boundaries of this study. the children about their emotional state inside the
facility. Hence, the Researcher thought of doing an
The number of children in conflict with the law investigation in order to know how the present
continues to rise in the Philippine society. News and condition of the CICL affects them psychologically.
features covering such story are rampant in social The Researcher was also moved when one of the
media, and on television where children can be seen detainees approached the visiting group, with the
being chased by the police. Kids committing violations children asking for their next visit. Upon query, one of
of the law are even sensationalized in tabloids. the detainees remarked that the mere presence of the
group lessened how they felt at that moment. Indeed,
As a former Guidance Counselor for 25 years and the one-day program was not enough to alleviate the
Psychology Club Adviser for fourteen years, the sadness of the children. Notably, the spontaneous
researcher met a lot of adolescents with different answers during the informal talks gave the Researcher
concerns in life. One remarkable experience was being an idea that there was an immediate need to study the
with a group of children in conflict with the law at the different factors that affect these children
Manila Youth Reception Center. The researcher was psychologically and emotionally. How the internal and
made to realize that these children in conflict with the external factors affect their psychological well-being
law do not only need rehabilitative measures while and their current emotional state that impact their lives
they are being incarcerated spending their formative inside the facility.
years of life in the juvenile justice homes. They also
need to be subjected to intervention programs, with a These children, pushed into criminal activities, are
series of individualized treatment activities or influenced by internal and external factors (Abella,
programs designed to address issues that caused these 2016). Internal factors are those that these children
children to commit serious offenses. have little or no control such as, hereditary factors,
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Research Article

intelligence, emotional, and social maturity. External institutions that will choose the facility for their
factors are those related to their education and outreach program, just like what the researcher did
neighboring environment, as well how these children years back. It is for this reason that this study has been
were raised or the kind of family who raised them. conceptualized. It is due to the researcher emotional
Some who already committed heinous crimes were attachment to the subjects of this study. This
caused by their troubled transition from childhood to investigated the day-to-day life of children in conflict
adulthood, aggravated by poor family structure. These with the law inside the facility, and how they survive
children are then considered as juvenile delinquents, emotionally counting the number of days of their
and are sent to a lodging facility or a rehabilitation detention.
center.
The children in conflict with the law who are in the
It is due to these dark realities, that the researcher has facility are individuals below the age of 18. Those who
been moved to conduct a study where children in are 21 years old are completing their detention for an
conflict with the law is the center target, in hopes that offense they committed when they were still 15 years
they would be given more attention, and consequently old, Sanchez (2017). They are minors who come in
salvage them from their distressing condition. Indeed, contact with the justice system as a result of
if these young adolescents are given good committing an illegal activity or being suspected of
opportunities in life, they will not be isolated in committing such acts. Children in conflict with the law
societies and would not spend their prime years in are still growing and developing as individuals, and
lodging facilities and rehabilitation centers. They will their imprisonment and feelings of guilt greatly
surely be significant contributors in the advancement influence the outcome of their future life. UNICEF
of the society – with the future on their hands. emphasized, as cited in the work of Atienza and
Magkilat (2019) that children in conflict with the law
Hence, it cannot be denied that ways and means have (CICL) are victims of circumstance, mostly of poverty,
to be planned and implemented in order to better the and non-access to a caring, nurturing, and protective
lives of these children kept in rehabilitation centers. environment both in the community and at home.
Researches play an important role in laying the
groundwork for programs and projects for these Inside the facility, children’s mental health issues and
children. However, most studies conducted, along the their psychological well-being are not being given
lines of juvenile delinquency, merely point out the much focus. The researcher believes that
number of children committing crimes and their understanding the children’s psychological well-being
offenses, but few, if none had ventured into knowing and their unfavorable experiences as they live in the
the present emotional state of these children while care centers is of primary importance, for it can impact
confined in a facility. their potential to thrive as adolescents and later on as
adults in a decent society. Another factor that is critical
The inhibited emotions, such as anger and fear of to their mental health and needs to be considered is
children in conflict with the law confined in the their family dynamics or the kind of family system
custodial centers, can exhaust their mental energy, they have.
negatively affect their body, and may later on lead to
health problems Thomas (2021). Mental health in In the light of the contexts mentioned, the researcher
children significantly depends upon affective states compared points of view relating to good family
such as, emotions, stress responses, impulses and structure producing a good kid with sound mental
moods. These states shape how they think, feel, and health. She also investigated if educational background
behave. Often, they support adaptive functioning has something to do with one’s psychological well-
(Gross et al, 2019). Truly, juvenile delinquency or being or if educational background could be a
children in conflict with the law is a serious social predictor of having a sound mind that deters one to
concern; however, it is also a serious mental health commit a crime.
concern.
Research Questions
With all these in mind, the researcher could not
imagine what will happen to these children if they stay This research aimed to find out the correlation of
longer in the facility, considering their emotional state, emotional states to psychological well-being of
especially that they only depend on each other’s children in conflict with the law. To fulfill this
company and the care given to them by the local objective, this research sought answers to the
government. It is fortunate if there are schools and following questions:

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Research Article

1. What was the level of emotional state among the near the Central Station of LRT 1. The Manila Youth
participants in terms of: Reception Center (MYRC) is an institution under the
1.1 Depression; Manila Government Unit managed by the Manila
1.2 Anxiety; and, Department of Social Welfare, directly supervised by
1.3 Stress? the MYRC Officer In-Charge. This is an institution
2. What was the psychological well-being profile of that provides temporary care and shelter to Children in
the participants according to the following scales: Conflict with the Law (CICL) ages 15 years old to
2.1 Autonomy; below 18 years of age for offences or crimes
2.2 Environmental Mastery; punishable by more than six (6) years of imprisonment
2.3 Personal Growth; (Revised Penal Code). This institution, which operates
2.4 Positive Relations with others; 24 hours a day has one Officer In-Charge (Social
2.5 Purpose in Life; and, Welfare Officer IV) and 79 personnel. The Center
2.6 Self-Acceptance? maintains separate dormitory for male and female, as
3. Was there a significant relationship between well as for the LGBTQ+ adolescents. Only female
emotional states and the following? house parent and staff are allowed at the female
3.1 Autonomy; dormitory. The mission of the Center is to provide
3.2 Environmental Mastery; shelter, utmost care, protection, and guidance to its
3.3 Personal Growth; residents through ministerial programs and services
3.4 Positive Relations with others; that will adequately prepare them for upright living
3.5 Purpose in life; and, and good citizenry at the time they are united with
3.6 Self-Acceptance? their families and reintegrated into the community.

Samples and Sampling Techniques

Methodology
The Researcher used the purposive sampling of
children in conflict with the law aged 15-21, regardless
This section presents the discussion of the method,
of their gender. A purposive sampling is a non-
approach, and specific research design that the
probability sample that is selected based on
Researcher employed in this study. Target respondents
characteristics of a population and the objective of the
of the study are also discussed as well as the sampling
study, Ashley Crossman (2020).The researcher chose
techniques, instruments used and data gathering
the following criteria of the respondents, their length
procedure and analysis.
of detention ( See appendix K) , the educational level
Research Design (See appendix O), and the kind of family relations( See
appendix V). The study included all detained
Correlational descriptive research design was utilized respondents and limited to the children in conflict with
in this study. Wilson and Joye (2016) defined this as a the law at Manila Youth Reception Center. The study
design that examines the relationship between and involved 71 detainees, sixty-one (61) males and ten
among variables that are already existing. The (10) females.
correlational research designs measure two or more
The socio-educational background explored in this
relevant variables and assess a relationship between or
study are the length of detention, education, and the
among them (Charles Stangor, 2019). In the study the
family relation of the respondents. In the facility, the
socio-educational profile were used as characteristics
longest duration is forty (40) months while the least is
of the respondents. There is also an intent to see the
one (1) month. The following were explored in the
relationship between emotional states, psychological
length of stay: 1 to 6 months; 7 to 12 months; 13 to 18
well-being and among the aforementioned respondents
months; 19 to 24 months; and 25 and above. There are
characteristics profile to come up with a data-driven
twenty-seven or 38% are new in the facility with less
wellness program.
than six months of detention but were previously
Research Locale detained in Bicutan or other precincts. This is followed
by those who have been in the facility for seven (7) to
The research was conducted at the Manila Youth 12 months. The least frequent are the respondents who
Reception Center located in Arroceros, Ermita Manila have the longest stay in the facility for twenty-five
(25) months or more.

The educational attainment of respondents shows that

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Research Article

thirty-seven or 52% of the respondents attained For this study, data were gathered through the use of
elementary education level followed by those who the two (2) standardized tests which were translated to
managed to finish junior high school and some reached the Filipino language: The Depression, Anxiety and
senior high school and the rest weren’t able to study. Stress (DASS) and Ryff Psychological Well-Being
Children who attained elementary are mostly primary (PWB); while, separate paper for the socio-educational
schoolers who had just finished grades two and three. profile was also administered. The Researcher again
explained the tests and their instructions. Those who
Ethical Considerations cannot read and write were properly guided by slowly
reading the questions twice. The Researcher encoded
The study protocol was approved by Manila Social all the responses in the computer to facilitate the
Welfare and Development housed at Manila City Hall scoring. The application already determined the high
and a researcher’s confidentiality undertaking was and low scores using the local norm, following the
signed by the Researcher. To protect confidentiality, suggestions of Ryff on how to determine and treat high
identifiable details are excluded or disguised. Since the and low scores.
Researcher made used of Depression, Anxiety and
Stress Scale, a discreet approach will be done for those
with severe or moderate scores of depression, anxiety, Results and Discussion
and stress. Likewise, identified psychological needs
will be addressed properly through referral to their in-
This study includes the presentation, analysis, and
house psychologist.
interpretation of the data to know the level of
psychological well-being, level of depression, anxiety
Data Gathering Procedure
and stress, and the correlation of psychological well-
being, depression, anxiety and stress level of the
To gather data about the respondents, the Researcher
respondents. The socio-educational profile were
properly followed protocols and sought permission and
explored in the discussion to better understand the
approval from the head of Municipal Social Welfare
underlying factors that affect the emotional states and
and Development of Manila City Hall, Ms. Asuncion
psychological well-being. Both descriptive and
“Re” G. Fugoso. Upon approval, the Researcher was
inferential statistics were used to analyze the gathered
endorsed to the Capacity Building unit assigned in
data.
forwarding the letter of Confidentiality Undertaking
for the student researcher. After signing the
What is the level of emotional states among the
confidentiality letter, the endorsement letter was
participants in terms of: Depression, Anxiety and
forwarded to Ms. Lorna A. Escuril, the Social Welfare
Stress
Officer III/Head of the Manila Youth Reception
Center. The first day was devoted to scheduling and
Table 1. Level of Depression, Anxiety and Stress
orientation on the nature of children inside the facility.
Details as to the limited number of detainees that can
be allowed to be out of the dormitory were discussed,
as well as, the standard operating procedure to be
followed during the data gathering. It was instructed
that for every group of two or four respondents there
must be a guard and a houseparent present in the
testing venue. During the administration of
questionnaires, every time tool was given, the
researcher carefully explained to the respondents the Table 1 presents the level of depression, anxiety and
purpose of the researcher’s presence in the facility, and stress of the children in conflict with the law. The
the benefit of answering the tools. The respondents overall mean score revealed that participants have
were also informed of the objectives of the study. moderate depression with a mean score of 13.82 and
SD of 7.292. Anxiety was interpreted as severe with a
Face-to-face interview using a set of structured mean score of 15.57 and SD of 6.660; whereas stress
questionnaires was utilized for data collection. Face- has a mean score of 16.55 and SD of 6.878 interpreted
to-face interaction was followed in this study because as mild.
some of the respondents were illiterate or do not know
how to read and write well Also, oral reading of Data imply the need to prioritize resolving the anxiety
instructions was carefully done to avoid confusion. issues of the respondents wherein more than half was

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reported having moderate anxiety (34%). They are volunteered to clean the comfort room for several
those who can perform tasks inside the facility but hours and sang at the top of his voice to release his
worried about what will happen to them as days pass emotions. This is a sample adaptive tool to cope with
by. Those with severe (25%) and extremely severe depression, anxiety, and stress. Those with moderate
anxiety (24%) are CICL who prefer to stay inside the depression have a feeling of hopelessness but still can
dormitory peeping through the grill of their dormitory, function normally. They can participate in daily
stare blankly, and take a bath several times, and activities and can still blend with their co-detainees.
unwilling to participate in activities in the care center.
Depression must be targeted next since almost half Children in conflict with the law who suffer from
(44%) of the respondents was reported having excessive anxiety regularly experience a range of
moderate to extremely severe cases. However, the physical symptoms. They have muscle tension at
issue of stress is still manageable since only 9% was times, or suffer from stomachache, headache, fatigue,
reported having severe to extremely severe levels. This and may feel extremely shy. They usually avoid usual
corroborates the findings of Dominguez (2020), activities or refuse to engage in new experiences.
Urminita (2016), and White (2010) that the Inside the facility, the CICL made use of sign language
incarcerated youth suffer from some mental health as their way of coping, and to lessen depression and
issues like depression and anxiety. They found out that anxiety. Even while resting, they keep on practicing
institutional confinement may make youth anxious their sign language as their means of releasing their
because of fears of victimization or depression, anxiety. As for the others, they sleep for a long period
because of a sense of isolation and helplessness, which of time, while some put their sound system into full
are usually felt by CICL who are new in their volume.
environment. Even the National Institute of Mental
Health (NIMH) in the Philippines, noted that 13.3% of During the casual conversation with the detainees as to
adolescents aged 12 to 17 had “at least one major their feelings, those who were guided in answering
depressive episode.” In 2017, about 1 in 10 Filipino their questionnaires barely talked when asked, and had
young adults experienced moderate to severe difficulty explaining the reasons for their behavior.
depression. Dealing with the CICL in the facility, their They just shrugged their shoulders. Eight of the
depression, anxiety and stress were not too obvious, respondents who were guided as they answer were
but the researcher noticed that they had repressed asked to expound their answers, like on number 8 of
traumatic experiences as revealed on the way they DASS-42 “I found it difficult to relax.” They encircled
shared their stories of what had happened to them, why number 2 which means that it applies to them to a
they were brought in the facility, and how some of considerable degree. A follow-up question was asked
their significant others abandoned them. to one of the respondents to know the reason why it
was difficult for him to relax. He responded revealing
Inside the facility, children in conflict with the law the source of his suffering, saying, “Kung hindi ako
were asked as to what they usually do if they feel sad
bumalik sana hindi ako nakapatay at wala ako dito.”
or depressed. Studies show that those who suffer from
The other respondents were also being bothered by
severe anxiety are likely to avoid social interactions
their guilt. Their regret was on not listening to their
with their usual friends inside the center communicate
parents or elders, saying if they only did, they would
through their own modified sign language and peeping
not be detained. The only girl who was interviewed
through the grills of their dormitory and staring
was very vocal about her feelings, she retorted, “How
blankly (DiMaria, 2020). They experience lack of
can I relax? My mother is already old and the only
interest and pleasure in daily activities. Some were
way we can survive is to be a scavenger in the streets.
thinking of how to get out of the facility in any way
they can which may cause jailbreak as a worse Now that I am here, it is only my nanay who earns for
scenario (American Psychological Association, 2021). a living and she still has to provide some of my needs
The facility should recognize this behavior and should here at the center. She sleeps in a small pushcart
address this immediately to avoid chaos in the facility. beside a supermarket in Blumentritt. My mother needs
Meanwhile, those CICL who were classified as having me, nobody will take care of her.” These respondents
moderate to mild depression and anxiety said that they also answered 2, in item number 24, “I couldn’t seem
take a bath several times, cry at times, sleep several to get any enjoyment out of the things I did.” Most of
hours, watch television, and play “dama,” ( a game the respondents were fully bothered by guilt. Looking
with leaping captures played in the Philippines). One at Ryff’s scale number 3, which states, “I am not
of the detainees shared how he went about his feeling interested in activities that will expand my horizon,”
of being depressed and anxious. He said that he most of them answered 4 which is slightly agree, 5

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agree somewhat and 6 strongly agree. None of them co-detainees who would still stay in the facility that
answered 3 or disagree slightly. Another item that could be their support system. Also, during Christmas
caught the attention of the researcher was, when one of season, there are many benefactors who send gifts and
the guided respondents said “Mommy, totoo po yan!” words of encouragement to the detainees. The head of
referring to item number 66 “Ulitin mo po ng basa, the custodial center, together with other facility
Mommy.” Item number 66 as stated in the personnel, yearly organize activities for them to
questionnaire, “Many days I wake up feeling overcome some negative feelings the detainees feel
discouraged about how I have lived.” This item was during Christmas season.
translated into Filipino as, “Maraming mga araw na
In relation to the length of stay (See appendix L) in
ako’y gumigising at ang pakiramdam ko’y walang
terms of depression, respondents who have been in the
sigla sa kung paano ako nabubuhay.” As the statement
institution for 13 to 18 months scored the highest
was being read to them, the rest in the testing table
(M=17.13, SD=9.553) while all other categories for
nodded their heads in agreement. The researcher felt length of stay have mild depression (10-13). Those
where this boy was coming from – it was the burden who have stayed in the center for 1-6 months and 19 to
and guilt that made him feel that way. According to 24 months appeared to have severe and the rest have
Andy Greene (2018), guilt is a powerful emotion. moderate anxiety. Children who stayed in the facility
Regardless of where the guilt comes from, the stress for 1-6 months were still hesitant to ask questions
brought about by guilt itself can have a serious effect during the examination. They could not feel at ease
on the detainees. Guilt happens to be one of the since they were new in the environment, and did not
symptoms of depression; likewise, depression can know yet what adjustments they have to do, to feel
develop with someone with severe guilt issues. accepted by the group. Whereas the 19-24 months
were already losing hope, so severe anxiety was felt.
The qualitative study of Midgley, et al. (2015) Respondents who have been in the institution for 19 to
revealed that young people ages 11-17 expressed and 24 months have mild stress while those who have
released their feelings of sadness in a different way stayed the longest (25+ months) have normal stress.
such as self-harm, thoughts of death and feeling of Despite this, no significant difference was found in the
nonexistence. For the group of children in the facility, level of depression, anxiety and stress of respondents
they found some healthful ways to withstand their based on length of stay in the center, implying that this
present emotional states. To release negative emotions, factor does not affect the depression, anxiety, and
they watch television, talk to the house parent, others stress level of respondents.
volunteer to clean the rest room, and some girls in the
dormitory beautify themselves. This can be compared In the study made by Prendi (2014), he purported that
to the study of Thorsteinsson, et al. (2013) on the being incarcerated is a stressful experience for many
mediating effects of social support and coping with children in conflict with the law. He asserted that
stress and depression. The study shows that well- imprisonment had negative psychological and physical
adapted adolescents use more mature coping strategies effects on inmates, considering that they came from
than poorly adapted ones. The risk factor for different environments. Likewise, the process of
depression is common to adolescents who lack social institutionalization can be difficult for them to discern
support. Hence, the community where they are in has which may lead to depression, anxiety, and stress. The
to be a sturdy source of social support. length of detention can affect their psychological well-
being since most of them could already feel the self-
In the casual conversation with the children in conflict imposed withdrawal and isolation from societies or
with the law (CICL), the researcher studied their communities they used to live in. As effect, they
responses about their emotional state. They were asked retreat deeply into themselves, trusting no one, and
if they experienced any of these: breathing difficulty, adjusting to prison stress by leading isolated lives of
difficulty to relax, feeling of faintness, trembling and quiet desperation. The same thought can be noted in
being easily agitated. They admitted that they feel the study of Chavez (2011). She found out that
these things especially when December is already juveniles feel worthless and helpless because they are
approaching. They were already thinking and wishing forced to spend their time inside the rehabilitation
that they will be included in the list of those who will center instead of enjoying their lives outside, where
be released. As a follow-up question, they were asked they can gain more experiences and chances to
what if they would not get lucky. One of the CICL enhance their skills, and improve their ability.
said, “Okey lang po, kasi marami pa rin kami ditong
matitira at maraming bagong pasok,” referring to their Same holds true for the present study. The length of

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detention greatly affects the CICL who have stayed for madalas tumatahimik ako kasi kadarating ko lang.” In
13 to 18 months already. The hope of being released other words, he chose to be quiet because he was just
and be with their family becomes a source of new at the center. He also wondered how long would
desperation for them. Those belonging to this group he stay at the dormitory, hoping and wishing to be
were already thinking of ways on how to leave the released. He even said, “I was groping in the dark
place, although it was a drastic idea to get out of the thinking of what will happen to me inside the center.”
facility, especially during the Christmas season. He even added that he was confused advice to follow:
to plead guilty or to fight the case. He was told that if
According to White, et al. (2010), the mental health he pleads guilty, he will stay longer in the facility but
effects of confinement may depend, in part, on the if he pleads otherwise, there is a possibility that he will
nature of the institution. During the research process, be released soon. During the days when the researcher
children were observed to have enjoyed mental health was conducting the study, the researcher observed that
benefits. Each of the dormitories has an assigned the sense of morality among CICL were twisted
social worker who is in-charge of counseling, group already. Though they committed a crime, they would
therapy, home visits and sessions with parents of the choose to claim not guilty in hopes of getting released.
residents. They also spearhead social activities that
allow residents to interact with each other. In the For those who were in the center for 19 to 24 months,
meantime though, these social activities were put on they were already dreaming of going out of the facility
hold because of the pandemic. The CICL fondly to be with their family. But, were they hoping for
recalled these activities, claiming that they had learned nothing? The CICL who had stayed in the custodial
a lot from them and hoped that the center would center for almost two (2) years were isolated. They
continue these activities when the pandemic ends. were placed in a separate dormitory. In fact, one of the
According to one of the detainees, the pandemic detainees was so restless and got really loud while the
hampered their social interactions. The only means to research respondents were answering questionnaires.
communicate was using the sign language that they The researcher always reprimanded him to keep quiet
had learned but prohibited to use inside the facility. since his dorm was near the testing place. When the
houseparent was asked about his behavior, the house
The data revealed that Children in Conflict with the parent said that it was his way of releasing his pent- up
Law who stayed in the center have moderate emotions. The detainee had no idea when he would be
depression, where the feeling of sadness, social released from the center. He missed his wife and son.
withdrawal, and low motivation to continue is average. Gonzales (2017) and Johnson et al. (2010) emphasized
A notably mild score in stress was also noted, where how the length of detention affects the children in
they could sustain the different psychological conflict with the law. They concluded that the longer
pressures inside the facility and even the tension that one had been in prison, the greater psychological
they experienced inside the center. But the severe effect it would have on the individual. It was also
anxiety was reflected in the score, where Children in shown in the study that age is related to psychological
Conflict with the Law feel worried about what will distress because older inmates are likely to feel
happen to them after they leave the center or they have traumatic cognition and symptoms, such as depression
excessive worrying about what will happen to them in and anxiety, as they age in prison. So, the manifested
and out of the center, especially those who were just behavior of the detainee who stayed the longest in the
new in the facility (1 to 6 months and 19 to 24 dormitory was a sign for help. He needs help from the
months). in-house psychologist or the assigned social worker so
he could process his emotions and experiences. As
During the interview with the respondents, those who time passes, those who stayed for almost two
were just new (1 to 6 months of stay) in the facility
were really shy and could hardly speak when asked (2) years or so at the center were already bothered by
about their reason of being at the center. Most of them whether they could be released, or if they would be
were worried about what their parents or significant transferred to Tanay. Tanay is an extension center for
others feel about their present predicament. They were CICL who are already 18 and above and still have to
bothered with questions, such as: What is life inside finish detention. The Tanay facility offers educational
the custodial center? How can they live and adapt to and vocational programs to prepare them for the
their new environment? Will they be accepted by the outside world. Despite these programs, the transfer to
group in the center? When one of the new detainees the new facility still affects the stress level of the
was asked about how life was inside the facility, he detainees, since they feel a greater separation from
replied, “Nakikipag kwentuhan po ako sa kanila, pero their loved ones and significant others. The data

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Research Article

cannot be taken for granted; intervention is deemed avoid risky decisions. These CICL are unable to see
necessary. The researcher also observed that those things in a different perspective and they cannot fully
CICL who stayed for more than two (2) years at the evaluate a situation because of lack of cognitive
facility just accepted their fate, in order to avoid experiences. This lack hampers their decision making.
depression, anxiety and stress. They chose to look for In fact, there were several attempts made to escape
the gains of being confined for a longer period of time. from the facility, mostly done by those with low level
The hollow eyes of the CICL while talking to the of education. The data show that those who attained
researcher evokes pity. The researcher sensed the elementary education had moderate depression and
sleepless nights of waiting for their release, although with severe anxiety. This emotional state could trigger
the suffering is not apparent because they can still them to do un wise d ecisio n s. Du rin g the
function well and can participate in the activities inside administration of the questionnaires, detainees with
the facility. low level of education solicited assistance from their
co-detainees who were independently answering the
In terms of educational attainment (See appendix O), it questionnaire. They even looked at their co-detainees’
is assumed that the higher the educational attainment, papers seeking for information, despite the fact that the
the lower the scores in depression, anxiety, and stress. researcher was already assisting them and reading the
However in this study, no significant difference was items for them.
found in the anxiety and stress scores of the
respondents based on educational level. Notably, there The researcher kept reminding them to listen to what
is a significant difference in terms of level of was being read. The questionnaire was repeatedly read
depression with, F (2, 65) =3.70, p=.03. In the and explained to them to let them fully understand the
custodial center, CICL superficially hid their items. While the researcher was doing this, one
depression by being stubborn at times, doing things in detainee said, “Mommy, naiinis ka na ba?” The
their own way like using their modified sign language, researcher asked, “Why?” To which the detainee
being noisy, creating noise, and sleeping several hours. responded,“Kasi ang bagal kong umintindi.” From the
situation, it could be inferred that they have difficulty
Post hoc analysis via Tukey HSD revealed that understanding and evaluating information they have
respondents who are elementary graduates scored read or heard. Like the translation of Ryff scale
significantly as more depressed than those who have number 61 “I often change my mind about decisions if
finished junior high school (See Appendices P & Q). my friends or family disagree,” which was translated
This finding is supported by the study of Puyat, et al. into Filipino as “Kalimitan kong binabago ang aking
(2021) wherein their study addresses an important gap desisyon sa tuwing di sang-ayon ang aking mga
in knowledge about the prevalence depressive
kaibigan o pamilya.” Most of the detainees found
symptoms in the Philippines. The results indicate that
difficulty understanding the words, “kalimitan” and
the prevalence of moderate to severe depressive
“sang-ayon,” so the researcher had to think of similar
symptoms are higher in individuals with less
words for them to understand the statement. During
education, particularly with no schooling or those who
testing, the researcher could feel that detainees’ self-
had completed elementary education, only. Mariano
esteem got affected in times when their co-detainees
(2018) confirmed the results of the study of Puyat, that
looked at them with critiquing eyes, whenever they
low educational attainment and delinquency may be
had difficulty understanding statements. The scenario
explained by lower levels of cognitive development
leading to poor moral competence. The CICL have is a typical instance when psychological well-being
difficulty addressing moral issues logically, so they are gets affected by one’s educational attainment. This
easy to persuade, and even to deceive. During testing, strengthened the study of Melkevik, et al. (2016)
one respondent could hardly follow instructions. He which focused on the importance of educational level
looked very shy and the researcher could see from his as predictors of depression and anxiety. The study
eyes that he felt sorry for himself looking illiterate in concluded that lower educational attainment was
the eyes of his co-detainees. To boost his confidence, associated with higher symptom levels of anxiety and
the researcher tapped his shoulder to encourage him, depression, and that delayed completion of high school
and made an affirmative look, assuring him that he was associated with relatively higher symptom levels
could finish the task. of both, as compared to normative high school
completion. All these were observed during testing.
Inside the center, children in conflict with the law with
a low level of education need support from social Bauldry (2015) discussed the protective effect of
workers, house parents, and in-house psychologists to education against depression. In the said study, the

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Research Article

researcher compared a low level of education to the getting upset rather easily, with feeling of faintness
development of the sense of mastery and self-efficacy. and could not find enjoyment out of the things they do.
The researcher revealed in the study that those in the These were the group of CICL who have not
disadvantaged background or those who were not able experienced to be loved at all. When asked whether
to reach a higher level of education, are more likely to they understood the word dysfunctional family, one
lack sense of mastery and self-efficacy, which help detainee defined it in a different way. He explained the
individuals cope with life’s problems and stresses. The term, according to his experience that although both
study reiterated that adolescence is a critical period for parents live under one roof, yet no love exists inside
the development of mastery and self-efficacy. Both the house, so he prefers to be out of the house, instead
studies emphasized the importance of education to of staying inside. With this in mind, he still considered
one’s emotional state. This was again seen during the himself as belonging to a dysfunctional family. He
administration of the test questionnaires. Those who even narrated that his parents were sleeping in separate
reached grades 1 to 6 or no education at all marked rooms. While the other detainee said, “We have food
number 17 and 34, between 0 and 1, only. These items to eat. We have a nice house, but we live on our own.”
emphasized one’s worth as a person, with 0 as “did not One detainee shared, “I used to live on my own, since
apply to me at all,” while 1 as “applied to some my parents got separated.” Whereas, respondents
degree, or some of the time.” While those whose from intact family felt scared without any good reason
length of detention was from 7 to 12 months and 25 and felt some physiological symptoms. The CICL
months, encircled answers were from 0 to 3, but from intact family worried about matters like, how his
mostly 3 which means “Applied to me very much, or family would treat him after being detained, what his
most of the time.” Their level of education and their relatives and neighbors would say about his family.
length of stay affect how they see their worth as a However, the statistical analysis revealed that the
person. The data support the studies of Gonzales difference is not significant (p>.05) signaling that
(2017) and Johnson et al. (2010) on the effects of family relationship does not affect the level of
detention to adolescents. They both affirmed that the depression, anxiety, or stress of the respondents. Even
longer one had been in prison, the greater the in the study made by Nasir et al. (2010), they found
psychological effect. Inmates who stayed longer in the out that family functioning for both the Malay and the
facility likely to feel traumatic cognitions and Indonesian delinquents did not have a significant
symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, as they age effect on depression, but environment has. Other
in prison. As for the CICL in the center, their sunken detainees even felt that they belong to the same group,
eyes show as if they had not slept well. and it does not matter whether they are from a
dysfunctional or an intact family; inside the center,
It can be noted that those with low levels of
they are all equal.
educational attainment need support from social
workers, house parents, and in-house psychologist to
In the thorough analysis of the data, the researcher
avoid risky decisions. This was observed before
found out that most of the respondents came from a
Christmas when a group of respondents during testing
dysfunctional family. It can be noted that the family is
planned to escape. Willing participants were mostly
the most important predictor of deviant behavior
with low level of education. It can be concluded that
(Mendoza, 2017). His study indicated that an intact,
since they have low level of education, they do not
two-parent family is an essential factor in protecting
have a protective effect in meeting negative emotional
juveniles from involvement with gangs or associations
states and they tend to be gullible when it comes to
with deviant peers. The researcher perceived the
decision making (Bauldry, 2015). It can be suggested
importance of family as a potent factor to avoid
that in order to assist this special group, a granular
delinquent behavior and a stronghold to emotional
guidance program for Depression and Anxiety should
connection. This holds true to one of the detainees who
be planned well to meet their needs.
was very noisy during the d istribu tion of
Another socio-educational profile which was included questionnaires. His co-detainees and the house parent
in the study is family relations. Respondents from said that it was his way of releasing his pent-up
dysfunctional families scored higher in terms of feelings especially when he misses his wife and son.
depression and stress, while in terms of anxiety, This was his stronghold to still hope that he will be
respondents from intact family scored a little higher released soon. Another detainee shared his experience
than those from dysfunctional families (See appendix about how he felt about his family, that though he
X). Those who belong to the dysfunctional family who belongs to an intact family, he could not feel any
scored high in depression and stress found themselves strong emotional bond. He shared, “Ako ang bunso,

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pero ‘di ko naramdaman kasi walang nagparamdam. detainees leave the place and go back again. The house
Sabi nila ‘pag bunso pinaka mahal, ‘di po yun totoo. parent said, “Dito, kain- tulog sila, nakakapag aral…
Kaya nung nahuli ako alam ko na walang dadalaw sa yung walang gaanong damit, dito maraming
akin. Pakiramdam ko wala akong halaga.” (I am the nagbibigay at maraming nakakausap.” Even one of
youngest in the family but I never felt it, because the respondents shared that when he came to the
nobody cared. They say that if you are the youngest facility he was really pale, skinny, and sickly. The
you are the most loved. It isn’t true. When I got medical officers attended to his needs, at once. He was
caught, I knew no one will bother to visit. I feel grateful of the gesture shown by the custodial center
neglected.) The other one said, “Ako nga, mommy and even wondered what would happen to him, if the
walang pumunta nung grumadweyt ako ng elementary center was not there for him.
at saka hindi uso sa amin ang birthday, kaya mas
madalas na lang ako sa labas ng bahay namin mas During the conversation with most of the respondents,
marami pa akong kausap.” He narrated that no one it was disclosed that the CICL clings to the hope of a
brighter future, where they can finish their studies
showed up in his elementary graduation. They never
inside the center, and be productive, find work, and be
celebrate birthdays. He prefers to stay out of the house,
successful. They dream of being like those successful
so he would have people to talk with. While the other
detained youth who were ones in facility but went
detainee said he stopped schooling because of the lack
back to the center as benefactors and sponsors.
of financial support from his family: “Tatay ko po
namatay sa loob ng kulungan, nanay ko po All socio-educational profile mentioned in the study
nakakulong, kaya ako nasanay akong buhayin ang are important factors to consider in understanding the
sarili ko. Kahit may problema po ako pero emotional states of the CICL, like their length of
ginagawaan ko ng solusyon, pero parang lalo lang detention, educational level, and their family structure.
itong lumalala dahil siguro wala akong kwenta… wala It was proven here that educational background can be
akong tinapos.” The detainee devalued himself a predictor of having a sound mind that deters one to
because of low educational attainment and because of commit a crime. In one of the situations inside the
his family structure. His self-efficacy, self-worth and facility, those who planned to escape were mostly with
even his emotional states were affected by the two low educational attainment. These were the CICL who
factors. had difficulty evaluating critical situations. Their
schemas were distorted since they lack cognitive
Inside the center, family structure does not make any experiences to help them process their thoughts. They
impact on the detainees’ emotional states. There were could hardly identify their dysfunctional beliefs,
those who belong to dysfunctional family and those in thoughts, and patterns of behavior which caused
an intact family but still are second and third offenders perception and unrealistic thinking. Their low self-
inside the facility. The third offender, a recidivist, had efficacy also influence how they reflect on their
his first case dismissed. He stayed for five (5) months performance and how they effectively strategize to
at the center for snatching. On his second offence, he combat depression, anxiety and stress that they
stayed in the center for eight (8) months with the same experienced inside the facility. Length of stay also
case. His third case was robbery with homicide. contributed to their mental health. Even those who
During the testing, he was considered as a new were just new in the facility had their mental health
detainee. The other recidivist belongs to an intact affected, too. They felt to be groping in the dark on
family but also go back and forth to the facility. He is what will their life be inside the center. Added factor
now 18 years old and will be placed in Tanay. All in to emotional state is the family structure. Those who
all, there were seven (7) recidivists in the facility, six experienced to be neglected by their own family were
(6) belonging to dysfunctional families and one from able to find a second home in the facility. Hence,
an intact family. The latter seems to have an “I don’t family relationships do not have impact on their
care attitude.” He was answering the questionnaire, emotional states. Moreover, those who gave
because he was asked by their assigned social worker importance to their family relationship and stayed the
and house parent to cooperate. He was very silent in longest in the facility, found ways to cope with the
the entire testing. He was one of those who felt debilitating effect of boredom, unperceived fear,
worthless. worries and sadness. Some found some healthy ways
like singing at the top of their voice while cleaning the
The house parents and other detainees claimed that restroom, some made use of their time watching
these were just common scenarios in the facility, television.

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The one who missed his family chose to create noise certain responsibility by the center.
that could attract the attention of others, while others
thought of escaping from the facility. All the subcomponents were also described as average.
Table 2 shows the mean score, standard deviation,
What is the psychological well-being profile of the rank, score description and the frequency or number of
participants according to the following scales: respondents who have below average, average and
Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Personal above average psychological wellbeing and the
Growth, Positive Relations with others, Purpose in subcomponents.
life, and Self-Acceptance?
Participants highly endorsed Personal Growth as the
Table 2. Psychological Well Being Profile of the highest, followed by Purpose in Life and Positive
Participants Relations to Others. These components scored above
the overall mean average (M=59.81, SD=5.75). It
could be observed from the CICL that they appreciate
all the in-house activities and considered all these for
their own benefit. Likewise, all the activities gave
them a sense of direction and helped them to establish
good relationship with others. The components that
scored lower than the mean average are Environmental
Mastery (M=58.68, SD=6.618), Self-Acceptance
(M=56.90, SD=7.65) and the least endorsed is
Autonomy (M=54.28, SD=6.85). It should be noted
though that following the instruction of scoring Ryff’s
Psychological Well-Being wherein the bottom 25% of
the scores were described as below average and the top
The table above presents the level of psychological 25% are described as above average, the overall and
well-being of children in conflict with the law. The per component mean scores yielded an average
respondents of the study are considered to have description. But in the above table, local norming
average overall psychological well- being. This considering the standard error, implies the need to
implies that the children in conflict with the law feel focus on developing a program on the least endorsed
happy, capable of facing life adversities inside the components – Autonomy, Self-Acceptance and
facility, and can endure negative experiences in life. Environmental Mastery. These CICL with highly
This can be observed when all the facility personnel endorsed score in Personal Growth, Purpose in Life
were busy preparing some activities for the CICL
and Positive Relations to Others were performing and
during the Christmas season. They were allowed to
participating in the activities at the center. These were
hold their Christmas party. Most of them received
the CICL who were assigned in the different offices at
gifts. Their families were also allowed to visit. For
MYRC and most of the time being trusted by the
many, the most important gift that they received was to
center to do tasks in the assigned offices. While those
be with their family. The MYRC personnel worked
with low score in Autonomy, Self-Acceptance and
double time to release them before Christmas.
Environmental Mastery need to be guided, since they
During the study, an atmosphere of acceptance can be could not regulate their behavior and they can easily
felt inside the facility, where the respondents could be influenced by others. The facility should focus on
feel that they share a common fate, whether belonging these CICL to avoid being the victim of bullying and
to an intact or a dysfunctional family, rich or poor – being part of a jail break. The low endorsed
individuals can still commit an offense and can be a subcomponents can be seen during the administration
wayward. One of the detainees said, “Lahat naman of questionnaires, CICL with low endorsement
dito, mommy, may kasalanan kaya nandito. Pero, manifested in some of detainees who could easily be
marami akong natutunan. Lahat pwedeng magbago. influenced by their co-detainees. One of the CICL
Dito natuto akong magpakumbaba.” He felt that even said, “Wala akong maipagmamalaki. Maliit pa lang
though he committed an offense, he was not the only ako, sinasabihan na nila akong magiging kriminal
one who committed a crime. According to him, ako.” He emphasized as he had nothing to be proud of,
everyone in the facility has a criminal offense, but they because as a child he was already predicted to be a
can all change. He was one of those who were given a criminal. “Lagi pa akong kinukumpara sa mga kapatid

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ko. Buti pa sa labas, sa mga barkada ko, ako ang who have the highest score in Autonomy as revealed
bida.” One of the CICL felt unfavorably compared to by the Tukey Post Hoc Analysis (See appendix N).
his siblings. Hence, being the leader of his friends, he This means that those who have been in the center the
could gain acceptance. At that point during the longest: are much concerned about the expectations
conversation, he could not say whether he was able to and evaluation of others; rely on judgments of others
improve himself. He could not determine if he is to make important decisions; and, conform to social
loving, affectionate and able to do things on his own. pressures to think and act in certain ways. Based on
All these affect his Personal Growth, Purpose in Life the researcher’s observation, those who stayed longest
and Self-Acceptance. Other detainees’ unfavorable in the center tend to become gullible and eventually,
lose their sense of purpose. For them, to be released
experiences with their family hampered the
they need to accept whatever situations and decisions
development of latter subcomponents.
there are in the center. Their relationship with others
In the data analysis made on the length of stay, it are already sugar coated in order to create a good
impression.
reveals that there is no significant difference in the
overall scores in psychological well-being based on
The newest clients (1 to 6 months) scored significantly
length of detention: F (4, 66) =1.42, p=.24. The
higher in terms of Purpose in Life compared to those
interpretation per component was also explored in this
who have been in the center for 13 to 18 months. This
research (see appendix M). Most of the literature
could imply that the new ones: have higher goals in
pointed out that the length of incarceration would have
life and a sense of directedness; feel that there is
a negative impact on the psychological well-being of
meaning to present and past life; hold beliefs that give
the person specially if the detainee stays longer in the
life purpose; and, have aims and objectives for living.
facility. In this study, the length of stay did not make
The newest clients are still in the process of adjusting,
any impact on the CICL’s psychological well-being.
they do not have any idea on their possible length of
There are factors that can explain these. One is the stay in the facility. Good memories of their life outside
adequate supply of their physiological needs such as, the facility are still in mind; things do not sink in, yet.
food, water and even means of recreation, like As time passes by, the sense of purpose gradually
television and radio. Also, their medical needs are diminishes and they begin to be aware of what is at
sufficiently attended. Another is the homey stake for them inside the facility. They learn to adapt
environment inside the facility. Lastly, they feel they and cope up, in order to survive inside the center. As
are all equal in the facility, that they belong to one time goes by all the CICL learn to immerse themselves
group or status. with all the rules, practices, activities in the center and
make them part of their daily lives. Then,
No significant difference can be found as well in terms
psychological changes follow. “Institutionalization”
of Environmental Mastery, Personal Growth, Positive
happens with the long process of detention in the
Relations with Others, and Self-Acceptance based on center in which children in conflict with the law are
length of detention in the center. Thus, the clients’ already shaped and transformed by the institutional
tenure does not impact Psychological Wellbeing and environments in which they live (Prendi, 2014).
its aforementioned component. It can be gleaned from Further analysis reveals that the longer they stay, the
the data that the longer the length of stay has no easy for them to be swayed by other residents, and
significant difference on the Environmental Mastery how they view life gets affected as seen in their
because the most CICL already adapted to the Autonomy and Purpose in Life scores. This was
environment. They know what to do inside. They are observed to the isolated detainee in the facility. He was
fully aware of the rules and routines inside the facility. the one who was very noisy in the dormitory. Every
This further proves the study of Wiliyanarti et al. time that the researcher passed by his dormitory, he
(2018) which conclude that when the individual has never failed to greet in a loud manner to catch
been living for a long time enough to have an effective attention.
attachment to the situation around, it may help the
person to adapt to the surrounding environment. The CICL have to blend with the group. Some may
still act independently, even with the set of rules, while
Interestingly, significant difference was found in terms others remarked, “Bukod sa marami akong kakosa
of Autonomy and Purpose in Life. In terms of dito… Kasi kailangan dito mukha kang matapang para
Autonomy, those who have stayed the longest (25 hindi ka maagrabyado.” This means that in order for
months and above) scored significantly lower than other detainees not to take advantage of them, they
those who have been in the center for 19 to 24 months need to create a larger social circle, and have to look

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tough. the law build a favorable personality like, being good

at managing the responsibilities of daily life, having
Among the six (6) subscales, only Autonomy and good relationship with others, and being satisfied with
Purpose in Life show significant difference. This one’s own life. This can be observed on the CICL who
connotes that as the detainees stayed for a long time in were assigned in the different offices. One of the
the facility, children can be swayed by others' opinions detainees proudly said that she learned a lot when the
and could not resist social pressures. While a center assigned her in an office. The lost self-worth
significant score in Purpose in Life would mean that as and self-esteem were regained.
they stay longer in the facility, the CICL eventually
lose purpose in life. Whereas, other subscales have no The study of Robst et al. (2017) emphasized the
impact on the length of stay in the facility. Meanwhile, impact of physical facilities on youth with mental
quite a similar result can be observed for level of health problems and the separation from support
psychological well-being (see appendix N). The least systems (such as, family members and friends).
endorsed is Autonomy (M=54.28, SD=6.85). In the Analysis of the scores, why the children in conflict
study of Abbott (2020) the results are glaring in the with the law got average scores in all subscales,
sense that Autonomy is one of the subscales that should reveals that almost all of the detainees' basic human
be dealt with independently and be given focus in the needs are fully met like, adequate supply of food,
wellness program. It was also noted in the study that space to sleep which is well-ventilated and with
positive relation is key to working independently. This television. Edgemon et al. (2019) said that access to
holds true to the CICL in the center. It can be inferred television, which is a recreational activity may reduce
that this is one of the reasons for several attempts to inmate boredom. This can lessen the stress that they
escape. The center does not allow them to use their feel inside the center. Furthermore, each quarter has an
own sign language as their means of communicating assigned house parent to check on their needs plus
with co-detainees, but still, there are those who go Special Education teachers, social workers, and a
against the norms set in the facility. This should be psychologist who attend to their educational and
given attention by the center. The divergent ones tend emotional needs. Another is the presence of congenial
atmosphere where all of the staff are addressed as
to influence other CICL to go against the norm.
“mommy” and “daddy” by the detainees, as if they
With time, they become aware and accept their found an extended home. It should be noted that one
strengths and weaknesses, although self-regulation or important aspect of managing inmate behavior is
sense of autonomy was given the last preference understanding what motivates human behavior. In the
among the respondents. It appears that there might be casual conversation with the CICL, they even shared
tendencies that children can be swayed by opinions of that when they were still out, food and other basic
co-detainees or might not withstand pressures inside needs were part of their daily problem. This was one
the facility, whether physical, social, or psychological. of the causes of family argument. One of the detainees
The center should consider this, since as time passes commented, “Tatay ko walang trabaho, pero hindi mo
by in the facility, boredom sets in and the CICL might ma kikita sa b ahay. Si nanay lang po ang
irrationally think of leaving, as what had happened nagtratrabaho… ‘pag nagkita sila away kaagad. Mas
during a frustrated plan to escape. maganda kung pareho na lang silang wala.” This is
the usual scenario at home. When the detainee
These children in conflict with the law naturally find compared his previous and present environment, the
social support and the domain of belonging is detainee preferred the present. When further asked, the
important. Likewise, it has to be fulfilled. Good detainee had ambivalent feelings about his present
attachment with significant people such as peers or co- situation, uncertain whether to appreciate the present
detainees will help them lead a happy life. This social environment or not.
support enhances the quality of life and provides a
buffer against adverse life events (Pitman & Scharfe, Those who study behavior suggest that the drive to
2010) as cited in the work of Mariani (2017). satisfy basic human needs is a prime motivator behind
Likewise, the sense of autonomy was still on a what people do and the choices they make (Scott &
moderate level same with Environmental Mastery and Demory, 2014). Added to this, Maslow’s original
Self-Acceptance. Further interpretation of the scores hypothesis stated that having one’s basic needs met is
could mean that children in conflict with the law have a necessary prerequisite to pursuing a fulfilling life
good psychological well- being as seen in their (Maslow, 1943), as cited in the work of Scott and
average mean scores, following the findings of Demory (2014). In the same study, Maslow
Galderisi et al. (2015), where children in conflict with hypothesized that a person’s ability and desire to grow

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Research Article

is related to his or her unmet needs. Moreover, people (M=60.26, SD=5.89). Despite this obvious difference,
are more likely to enjoy positive psychological well- no significant difference was detected when analyzed
being when they have their basic needs met (Morin, using ANOVA on the overall scores of the respondents
2020). (2, 65) =.87, p=.42, since most of the Senior High
School students were more matured and have enough
In terms of educational attainment, this profile is cognitive experiences to process things.
divided into three (3) groups namely, Elementary,
Junior High School and Senior High School. ANOVA The result made sense because the description of all
was also used to determine the significant difference in scores fall under having average psychological
the psychological wellbeing (PWB) of students in wellbeing. With a p value greater than .05, there is also
view of the fact that the independent categorical no significant difference in the scores of respondents
variable (educational level) has more than two (2) based on their educational level in terms of
groups. There is also no serious violation of the Environmental Mastery, Personal Growth, Positive
assumptions of parametric test which can be verified in Relations with Others, Purpose in Life, and Self-
the Appendix section for hypothesis testing. Acceptance.

Respondents who have Senior High School level of Notably, significant difference in scores was found in
education (M=63.93, SD=9.36) appeared to have high Autonomy or F (2, 65) =3.49, p=.04. The respondents
level of psychological wellbeing compared to with the highest educational attainment scored above
Elementary (M=59.47, 5.48) and Junior High School average in terms of Autonomy which means senior
(M=60.26, SD=5.89) levels. Despite this obvious high school respondents are: possibly self-determining
difference, no significant difference was detected and independent; able to resist social pressures to think
when analyzed using ANOVA on the overall scores of and act in certain ways; regulate behavior from within;
the respondents; F (2, 65) =.87, p=.42. This make and, evaluate self by personal standards. The
sense because the description of all scores fall under respondents with elementary and junior high school
having average psychological wellbeing. All these level attainment scored average in Autonomy. Post hoc
were vividly observed during the distribution and analysis via Tukey HSD failed to track which groups
administration of questionnaires. The Senior High have significantly different scores (See Appendix S).
School students were considered elders of the group. This was observed during administration of
When some detainees could not understand some of questionnaires. Those who reached Junior and Senior
the items in the questionnaire, they asked help from high school took their tests with ease and manage to
the Senior High School students, even when the assist their co-detainees to understand the tests.
researcher was just a sit apart from them. Most of
these detainees were given responsibilities in the In the profile of students in terms of family relation,
facility. Moreover, these Senior High School students groups were classified into two (2), namely:
were already aware of their surroundings and dysfunctional and intact. Independent sample t-test
somehow know their goals. was used to determine the significant difference in the
psychological wellbeing of the students since family
With a p-value greater than .05, there is also no relation is one independent categorical variable with
significant difference in the scores of respondents two (2) groups and one dependent variable which is
based on educational level in terms of Environmental the score of PWB. Respondents with intact family
Mastery, Personal Growth, Positive Relations with relation scored higher than those from dysfunctional
Others, Purpose in Life, and Self-Acceptance (See families; however, the difference is not significant
appendix R). The educational level has no impact on which means family relation does not impact
the following subcomponents since respondents were psychological wellbeing (See Appendix V). In the
able to feel the importance given to them by the analysis of the scores, results show that among
custodial center and considered it beneficial. Though children in conflict with the law in MYRC, family
most of the activities were temporarily on hold due to relation is immaterial to their psychological well-
pandemic, other alternative activities were given to being. This can be observed in the CICL who had been
them to enhance their well-being. detained in lieu of their parents. They felt that family
structure was not that important in attaining happiness
Respondents who have Senior High School level of in life. Some of them found a family inside the facility
education (M=63.93, SD=9.36) appeared to have high and built good relationship with them. The CICL were
level of Psychological wellbeing compared to disciplined by the people inside the facility in an
Elementary (M=59.47, 5.48) and Junior High School authoritative way, so the facility personnel were

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Research Article

obeyed and respected. conflict with the law learned to empathize and blend
with the group as if they found an extended family,
It can be construed that peer effects are one of the they were able to manage their life inside the custodial
“strongest” influences in the lives of these detainees center, and learned to appreciate their surroundings.
(Boman, 2018). In criminological literature, selective
mixing has been used to explain the well-documented The results in the study of Urminita (2016) show that
finding that individuals who engage in delinquency the influence of the people around the children greatly
tend to have friends who are delinquents, as well. In affect their attitude and approach in life. These
their groundbreaking work, Unraveling Juvenile residents learned to blend in with their community as
Delinquency, the Gluecks (1950), as cited in the work time goes by to be able to have a harmonious
of Young (2011) found out that 98% of the delinquents relationship with their co-detainees. The children in
in their sample had delinquent friends. They concluded conflict with the law felt that they fit in, and are no
that, “as far as delinquency is concerned, ‘birds of a longer afraid to share their views or opinions to the
feather flock together’.’’ Since the Gluecks’ (1950) group. Likewise, they were able to maintain close
study, peer behavior has emerged as one of the relationship with their co-detainees so Personal
strongest known to be correlative to individual Growth was enhanced, along with confidence and
behavior. Adolescents who spend time together shape positive self-concept. These findings are similar to the
each other’s behavior and attitudes. In the case of study of Mariani (2017) where respondents viewed
mental health, homophily suggests that individuals psychological well-being not as a pursuit of pleasure,
with mental health problems are reliant upon friends but as an important predictor of one’s trust and
with similar problems. For relatively healthy confidence. Moreover, this group of adolescents is still
individuals, homophily shields them from others with quite immature to stand alone and they must seek
mental health problems (Schaefer et al., 2011). Inside support from their ecological surroundings. In the
the center, children in conflict with the law feel that personal observation of the researcher, CICL cling to
they are all coming from the same direction. It does their co-detainees because they trust them and feel
not matter whether the detainees are from an intact confident with them. They believe they can face life
family, having finished a certain level of education, or adversities even without their parents and can endure
new in the institution, what matters is that they belong negative experiences in the facility, for as long as their
to one special group – all of them committed an peers are with them. It could also be the reason why
offence. In the casual conversation with them, one Autonomy was endorsed last. Each detainee creates a
remarked, “Dito sa loob matututo kang makisama. strong impact in the life of a co-detainee.
Dati sa labas pag may ginawa sa aking di maganda,
iniisip ko Is there a significant relationship between
e m o t i o n a l s t a t e s a nd the f o l l o w i n g :
kaagad paano makaganti. Pero dito pare-pareho
Autonomy, Environmental Mastery, Personal
kaming matatapang at hindi pwede laging matapang.”
Growth, Positive Relations with others, Purpose in
In other words, when he was not yet detained in the
life, and Self-Acceptance?
facility, in instances when people make fool of him, he
would surely find ways to get even. But, things
Table 3. Relationship between Emotional States and
changed for him having been detained and admitted
Overall Psychological Well Being
that he was able to tame himself and learned to be
humble.

The results of the psychological well-being profile

show that children in conflict with the law have
feelings of continued growth both for themselves and
others. With time inside the center, they see
themselves as developing individuals who perceive the
activities given to them as beneficial. They could
understand the reason why things are happening to
them and find a sense of direction to continue life.
When casually asked about the lesson they learned
Spearman Rho rank was used to investigate the
from being incarcerated, most of the detainees said, “I
significant relationship between Depression, Anxiety,
have learned to become humble and to plan things so
Stress and Psychological Well-Being. This is the non-
that this (offense) will not happen again.” Children in

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Research Article

parametric counterpart of Pearson Product Moment of depression and anxiety were compensated by the
Correlation. It is used because the data from the given established relationship in their dormitory, plus the
variables were scattered; thus, violating the activities prepared for them by MYRC.
assumption of linearity. Furthermore, some of the
dimensions of DASS-42 and Psychological Well-being Those without significant others during visitation
are not normally distributed (see test of normality hours were still able to feel the Christmas spirit with
Appendix AA). This is further supported by a graph on their co-detainees around. Besides, the custodial center
observed value plot and its deviation from normal line. let them feel important. During the Christmas season,
For reference, please see Appendix Z. they were groomed, and were given free haircut.
Benefactors were allowed to visit and gave them
Table 3 showed that there is a statistically significant Christmas gifts.
relationship between emotional states and overall
psychological well-being of the respondents (p<.01) Diener and Iran-Nejad (1986) as cited in the study of
thus, null hypotheses are rejected. There is a Rapheal et al. (2014) explained that the elements of
well-being and distress (anxiety) can co-occur in an
significant, inverse and large correlation between
individual or a group, and that positive or negative
depression and psychological well-being (r=-0.501,
emotions as effects can often co-occur at “moderate”
p=0.00, n=71). The same is true with Anxiety
levels. Further, results of their study revealed that the
(r=-0.306, p=0.01, n=71) and Stress (r=-0.479, p=0.00,
presence of anxiety can decrease the overall
n=71), but the extent is moderate. This implies that as
psychological well-being of an individual. From the
psychological well-being increases, depression
result, anxiety and stress were noted as significant but
decreases to a large extent, while anxiety and stress
a negatively moderate correlation was reflected. This
decrease to a moderate extent, and vice versa. The
means that since all the physiological needs were
research gave us an idea that in order to be fully
addressed plus some supporting activities given by the
functioning individuals, people must have positive
center, psychological well-being was not totally
emotional states. People may enjoy positive
affected. In the study of Mariani et al. (2017), they
psychological well-being when they have their basic
claimed that adolescents like the children in conflict
needs met, living in a safe area, having enough food,
with the law are still immature to stand alone and they
and having adequate shelter as what had been observed
must seek support from their ecological surroundings.
in the facility.
The social support that they have found, made them
feel that they are loved, esteemed and valued. With
Looking at the scores of the respondents in the
these, the emotional states might not be much affected
Psychological Well-being and Depression, both are
since psychological well-being is given attention by
described as moderate or average. The results showed
the center.
how the children in conflict with the law evaluate their
lives inside the facility as to whether they are capable Table 4. Relationship between Emotional States and
of facing life adversities and how they can endure
Autonomy
negative experiences in life. So, when things get
depressing, especially being away from the family
during the Christmas season, their psychological well-
being is affected. The researcher had seen how the
children in conflict with the law tried to adjust with the
help of their co-detainees. They organized a simple
Christmas party to somehow ease the emotional
emptiness they feel.

The researcher had observed how happy they were No statistically significant relationship was found
during the holiday season. One of the CICL shared her between emotional states and Autonomy (p>.05),
overwhelming feelings when her mother and her sister Depression (r=-0.195, p=0.102, n=71), Anxiety
visited her for the first time, though she felt that she (r=-0.053, p=0.661, n=71), and Stress (r=-0.07,
does not deserve to be in the facility, because she was p=0.561, n=71). These factors have negative and weak
detained in place of her mother. The other one whose correlation with psychological well-being. This
mother was very old felt the otherwise. The mother implies that high levels of Autonomy is associated with
came in and brought food for her but she knew the low levels of Depression, Anxiety and Stress but to a
difficulty of her mother bringing all the stuff since her very small extent only and vice versa.
mother was just a scavenger. Nonetheless, the feelings

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Research Article

The results mean that even if the children in conflict Table 5. Relationship between Emotional States and
with the law are experiencing a negative emotional Environmental Mastery
state, their autonomy is not much affected. In the
facility, there were children with severe depression as
seen in SOP 1, wherein 9 or 13% of the respondents
are classified under the category and 18 or 25% were
classified under severe anxiety and 17 or 24% were
classified under extremely severe anxiety. But still,
children in conflict with the law can function and think
normally. Even inside the facility, these children
actively participate in activities and can think and Data analysis reveals that there is no significant
decide independently. So, even though children in relationship between emotional states and
conflict with the law are depressed, anxious, or Environmental Mastery. Depression (r=-0.174,
stressed they can still regulate their behavior. In this p=0.146, n=71), Anxiety (r=-0.039, p=0.747, n=71),
case, Autonomy should be treated independently to and Stress (r=-0.196, p=0.102, n=71) have negative,
know the effect of emotional states on this component.
inverse and weak relationships with Environmental
Autonomy, though not intimately related to
Mastery which implies that while emotional states go
depression, anxiety, and stress, is best understood as a
down when Environmental Mastery is high, the
separate phenomenon, not entirely defined by the
strength of the correlation is negligibly weak.
absence of negative emotional states. The findings
demonstrate that autonomy may not play a significant
The result means that despite having depression,
role in the detection of depression, anxiety, and stress.
anxiety, and stress, children in the facility can still
This can be seen in the way the CICL deal and blend
manage their life inside the custodial center. They can
with their co-detainees. It can be noted that despite the
still appreciate their surroundings and still see
prohibition on the use of their sign language, they still opportunities as they arise. For those experiencing
kept on doing it. This is a proof that the CICL can negative emotional states, their environmental mastery
perform and act independently. is not affected. This can be the result of being in the
custodial center for some time along with a peer or
Opree (2018) asserted that Autonomy and Positive peers, belonging to the same age group. In the study of
Relations with Others, performed well in terms of test- Wiliyanarti et al. (2018), they found out that when an
retest reliability and construct validity but lagged individual has been living long enough to have an
behind in internal consistency. Therefore, it was affective attachment to the situation around, it helps
recommended to researchers to focus on one of these the individual adapt to the surrounding environment.
two dimensions to complement the existing subscales
with new items. Even Lee et al. (2019) confirmed that Hence, an individual will be able to display mastery of
Autonomy performed well on construct validity but not the environment which may help him avoid
on internal consistency. depression. In their study on the elderly, the ability of
the elderly to adapt protect the elderly from
Autonomy is seen as one of the dimensions that depression. Individuals who have the mastery of the
constitute psychological well-being (Ryff, 1989) as environment are the individuals who can manage the
cited in the study of De-juanas, et al. (2020). They environment, as revealed in the research results of
further described autonomy as an integral construct of Wiliyanarti (2018). However, findings taken from this
well-being that describes people’s positive functioning research would mean that adaptation to the
based on their ability to maintain their individuality in environment has no relationship or has nothing to do
different contexts and situations. So, autonomy can be with depression, anxiety, and stress. These can be
seen in a different perspective like a person’s ability to noted on those who had been in the center for a long
make decisions to maintain individuality. In the period and not feeling the negative emotional states.
performance of tasks inside the facility and despite They have already accepted their fate of being
some restrictions imposed by the center, the CICL still detained for several years already. Looking back at the
results of those who stayed the longest or 25+ months,
are able to decide on their own. Since, Autonomy may
with time, they were able to accept what was going on
not play a significant role in the expression of
in the facility. Though slight depression was noted,
depression, anxiety, and stress, those who participated
these respondents was able to manage life inside the
in the risky decision of escaping detention may not
center.
mean that they were depressed, anxious or stressed.

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Research Article

Table 6. Relationship between Emotional States and

Personal Growth family, have finished a certain level of education, and
are new in the institution; what matters is that they
belong to one special group, who all committed an
offense.

In the center, some children were recidivists or re-

offender. When asked what happened, one detainee
said that even his father is a re-offender and locked up
in jail. They shared a common fate, so he has nothing
to lose. Achakanallil & Kumbhar (2017) stated that the
effect of a distorted family is the most potent reason
Personal growth has statistically significant
for juvenile delinquency. Likewise, Cabildo (2019)
correlation with emotional states. Stress has the
reiterated that children in conflict with the law
highest yet moderate correlation with Personal Growth
typically come from dysfunctional families. Even
(r=-0.412, p=0.00, n=71). This is followed by
those who belong to an affluent family but came from
Depression (r=-0.338, p=0.01, n=71) and Anxiety
a dysfunctional one can commit crime and be detained.
(r=-0.312, p=0.00, n=71). This means that when
But results cannot be generalized that family structure
respondents have high Personal Growth, their was the main reason why CICL at MYRC were
Depression, Anxiety and Stress moderately decrease. detained, because there were CICL from intact family
This can be observed when the CICL feel valued who still committed an offense were also big in
inside the center, or feel that people around trust them number. There were other reasons behind their
to do certain tasks. detention.

The result can give us an idea that children in the In the casual interview with the detainees, during the
facility who lack personal growth would feel a sense time that they were sharing their stories, the researcher
of personal stagnation, lack interest in life, feel bored
sensed that the CICL prefer to stay in the facility rather
and uninterested in life, and find it difficult to change
than roam in the streets to sustain their basic needs.
current negative thought patterns (Lauren Di Maria,
Meeting the physiological and psychological needs
2020). So, those with an issue on this component most
adequately can help these children improve their
likely are depressed, have anxiety, and are stressed.
personal growth. Having somebody with them during
This was observed in one of the detainees whose
their low moments is very significant for them.
mother was a scavenger and felt that the world and
God were not fair to her. She said nothing will happen Children in conflict with the law inside the facility
even if she will do well; they will remain poor. In this admitted that they realized some important values in
case, self-efficacy is affected. She even asked the life, so they see some improvements in themselves and
researcher to visit her mother sleeping in a small their behavior. One respondent said he realized why
pushcart beside a supermarket in Blumentritt. his parents were very strict and voluntarily confined
him in the center. He became rebellious on how he
Children who have average personal growth can easily was treated at home, he felt he was unloved and
blend with the group and after a few months, children unattended. He was just 15 years old but had lots of
can verbally say that something had changed in them. tattoos in his body. The researcher became curious of
During the dissemination of instruments to the group, his tattoos and asked, “Hindi ba masakit yan? Ano ang
most of them openly shared their experiences of why nagawa sayo ng tattoo mo?” He replied that those
they were detained and the learning insights gained tattoos were reminders of what had happened to him,
from being incarcerated in the facility. Most of them and his wrong choice of friends that landed him at
have friends who also committed an offense. This can MYRC. While the other one whose parents were
be construed that peer effects are one of the
detained could still recall the kind of relationship he
“strongest” influences on the lives of these detainees
had with the family. He disclosed that it was from his
(Boman, 2018). Adolescents who spend time together,
parents where he learned about drugs. He started with
shape each other’s behavior and attitudes. Inside the
a petty crime then it elevated into a serious offense.
center, children in conflict with the law feel that they
are they all coming from the same direction. It does Also, he wondered where he would go, when released.
not matter whether the detainees are from an intact

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Table 7. Relationship between Emotional States and establish rapport with various people, even with ranks
Positive Relations to Others or positions.

Inside the custodial center, children usually engage in

activities with their friends. Playing “dama” and doing
beatbox increases their energy and releases their
tension. Even with simple activities, they find social
connection and can boost their emotional states.
Morrish et al. (2018) had shown in their study that
social connection is essential to physical and
There is a significant relationship between emotional emotional health; thus, positive relation with others
states and positive relations to others. Positive will be developed.
Relations to Others has negative, inverse and large
Table 8. Relationship between Emotional States and
correlation with Depression (r=-0.559, p=0.00, n=71)
Purpose in Life
and Stress (r=-0.500, p=0.00, n=71) while has
moderate correlation (r=-0.312, p=0.008, n=71) with
Anxiety. This signals that as the score in Positive
Relations to Others elevates, there is also a significant
and large decrease in Depression and Stress while the
decrease in Anxiety is medium or moderate.

The article about health and wellness on “Building

Healthy Relationship can Increase Mental Health”
(2017) stated that people with strong, supportive
relationships live healthier, longer lives. It claims that
people with healthy relationships are less likely to Having high Purpose in Life may result in moderately
experience depression and are less likely be anxious. A lower Emotional States. Data analysis revealed that
healthy positive relation also provide people with
Depression (r=-0.450, p=0.00, n=71), Anxiety
purpose and meaning. All these claims were observed
(r=-0.301, p=0.008, n=71), and Stress (r=-0.312,
in the facility.
p=0.00, n=71) have significant, moderate and inverse
The children in conflict with the law usually address relationship with Purpose in Life. Hence, if these
their friends and co-detainees as “kosa,” while the emotional states increase, Purpose in Life may
house parents and the assigned social workers are significantly decrease to a moderate extent.
addressed as “mommy” or “daddy.” The detainees can
feel some sense of affection. Samantha Rodes (2017) The result of this component is really meaningful to
in her article, emphasized the need for affection in one’s emotional state. If children in conflict with the
human beings, that we are social species who require law will find purpose in life, wherein they could have
certain degree of contact with other people. An a positive reflection of what happened to them before
individual can feel a sense of emptiness when he/she and would have a clear perspective of their choices, if
isolates himself/herself from human interaction. It was met with the same situation, it will assist them to have
observed that when visitors arrive, the CICL feel a sense of direction and goal in life. Most likely, their
happy not because of the gifts but the presence of other emotional states will not be affected. Hence,
people in the facility. When they see someone new in depression, anxiety, and stress will not be part of their
the facility, they feel excited, just like when the lives in the center. Crego (2021) noted in his study that
researcher came. They asked the researcher a lot of a higher level of purpose could be connected to better
questions as if they were very familiar with each other. physical health and well-being outcomes. In his study,
One early morning during the examination, the he found out that having a purpose in life is negatively
researcher thought there was a party downstairs, connected with various pathological problems, such as
because the detainees were laughing and having a depressive symptoms, suicidal thoughts, anxiety-
related responses, post- traumatic stress disorder,
good time. The researcher later on learned that it was
social anxiety, and sleep disturbances among other
“grooming day” for the detainees, and they were
issues. Morin (2020) stated in her study, that living a
having fun because of the haircut of one of them. The
life with meaning and purpose is key to improving
researcher instantly felt that the environment was not
one’s psychological well-being.
like a detention facility but a place where one can
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Research Article

White et al. (2010) stated in their study that mental facility know when to be strict and when to play jokes
health effects of confinement may depend, in part, on with the detainees. All these help the children in
the nature of the institution. During the research conflict with the law feel that there are people
process, CICL at MYRC were observed to have concerned with their well-being.
experienced mental health support. Each of the
dormitories has an assigned social worker who is in- They know the structured discipline imposed by the
charge of counseling, group therapy, home visits and custodial center was for their own good. Thus, a sense
sessions with parents of the residents. Other social of direction in life is subtly shown.
activities that allow residents to interact with each
other are also provided but were put on hold due to the Table 9. Relationship between Emotional States and
pandemic. There are also house parents who act as Self-Acceptance
surrogate caregivers who attend to the basic needs of
the residents like food, clothing, and referral for
medical and dental care, work assignments, and
initiate tutorial activities for slow learners. Then, they
also have Medical Services; the center has an in-house
medical officer responsible for the health and physical
well-being of residents. Lectures are held on various
issues such as personal hygiene, sanitation, and health
education. The CICL even made mentioned that during
the surge of the Covid-19, those who need isolation
There is a significant relationship between Depression,
and confinement were immediately attended to.
Furthermore, the DepEd, through the DCS – Manila, Stress and Self-Acceptance while no significant
provides special education services to the residents. correlation was found with Anxiety. All emotional
Teachers of the Silahis ng Karunungan program use a states are negatively and moderately correlated with
curriculum emphasizing basic literacy skills, Self-Acceptance however, only Depression and Stress
citizenship training, and an integrated vocational showed statistical significance thus, the observed
program. It is also intended to prepare the residents for correlation with Anxiety is negligible.
the Philippine Educational Placement Center. This is
also where the residents learned their own modified The result revealed that the higher the self-acceptance,
sign language. It could also be the reason why some of the lower the depression and stress, but anxiety is not
the residents were already tagged as recidivist- correlated with self-acceptance component. This
children. They repeatedly commit crimes and keep implies that the positive mind set of the children in the
coming back to the same center, since they find facility will make them enthusiastic and optimistic
meaning of life inside the custodial center. The about life, possess positive attitude about self, able to
Alternative teachers remarked that those students understand themselves, and believe in their own ability
religiously attend classes and express willingness to which will lessen their depression and stress.
finish their studies. The teacher even made mention
that there were detainees who successfully finished Tiwari (2015) found out that students with depression
their studies inside the facility then now enjoying a had many difficulties to accept real conditions (often a
good life outside, and became benefactors of the negative or uncomfortable situation), and when
facility. They made a visit to donate something for depression is high, autonomy, positive relations and
their co-detainees. This has served as an inspiration to self-acceptance dimension of well-being are found to
other CICL. Added to this, the center also provides be low.
opportunity to acquire social and occupational skills in
preparation for their gainful integration upon release as The custodial center assists CICL to build self-
part of the program of MYRC. Also, female CICL accep tan ce by assig n in g them to certain
were given special attention as to their personal needs responsibilities that they are capable of doing. Some
and problems. detainees are assigned for errands, and stay in the
office from 8 AM to 5 PM and some are working as
There are times that even the researcher was given kitchen helpers, while others are assigned to do
some of their food supply from morning till noon plus meager work. A significant social support gained from
additional snacks. Every time the researcher entered the environment help them to develop self-acceptance
the facility, a homey environment can be felt. The (Mami & Yuniawati, 2015) as cited in the study of
assigned social workers and other personnel inside the

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Research Article

Wiliyanarti (2018). It was proposed that those with The results validated the study of Tiwari (2015), when
higher self-acceptance and get social support feel that he found out that students with depression had many
they receive good treatment and fun. These children in difficulties accepting real conditions (often a negative
the facility are really developing positive attitude or uncomfortable situation). In the result of the study,
about themselves and being honed to become good it was noted that when depression is high, autonomy,
citizens of the society. positive relation, and self-acceptance of well-being are
found to be low. Though in the recent study, the scores
During questionnaire administration, there were were not that low. Differences were noted on the
respondents who openly said that they dislike mostly similar dimensions. While the study of Grant, et al.
part of themselves especially the female respondents. (2013), showed that well-being distinctly predicts
They were disappointed with what happened with their future depression risk, and it remained a significant
life. Female detainees have separate dormitory and predictor of depression. These findings suggest that
restroom. Only female house parent and staff are knowing the scores of well-being may add important
allowed at the female dormitory. There is a separate data to assess and prevent depression. The result of
reception area for visitors of female and male CICL. their study revealed that having an idea that low well-
The importance given to them by the center helps them being may increase the chances of developing
learn to form a positive attitude toward the self and depression. A preventive measure before the onset of
build their self-worth and self-esteem. depressive symptoms can be done immediately. Even
Wood (2010) suggested that people with low levels of
To illustrate the relationship between all the major positive well- being are at a substantially higher risk of
variables of the study, SPSSv25 was used (See being depressed.
Appendix Y). This confirms the significant, large, and
positive correlation between emotional states. Results Another study confirmed the negative correlation
revealed that participants have severe levels of anxiety between anxiety and psychological well-being, which
and majority have manageable levels of depression means the higher the anxiety lower the psychological
well-being and the lower the anxiety the higher the
and stress. Thus, establishing a program to address
psychological well-being (Nagaraj, 2017). The result
anxiety will be helpful to those with severe depression
gave us an idea that individuals with negative
and stress.
emotional state will not enjoy a positive well-being.
Data analysis revealed that psychological well-being is They would not feel good and could not function
effectively.
inversely and largely correlated with depression (r=-
.50) while it is also inversely and moderately
correlated with anxiety (r=-.31) and stress (r=.48). Conclusion
This implies that as psychological well-being
increases, depression decreases as well to a large
extent while anxiety and stress goes down as well but This section contains the summary of the study, its
to a moderate extent only. findings, conclusions, and recommendations, not only
for consideration of concerned institutions, but also for
In terms of individual components, psychological use in future researches and investigations.
well-being is positively and largely correlated with
having Positive Relations with Others (r=.84) followed Based on the results presented in this study, the
by Self- Acceptance (r=.80), Purpose in Life (r=.79), following conclusions were drawn: (1) There is a
significant inverse relationship between emotional
Personal Growth (r=.74), and Environmental Mastery
states and psychological well- being. This means that
(r=.60). This means that psychological well-being
as emotional states like depression, anxiety and stress
increases when the positive relations to others, self-
decreases, psychological well-being increases, and
acceptance, purpose in life, personal growth, and
vice versa. (2) Respondents need help on improving
environmental mastery increase and vice versa. This
their level of Autonomy since it is the least endorsed
can be seen in the Senior High School detainees since Psychological Well-Being (PWB). The respondents
they are mature enough and they know their goals are not so confident with their opinions, and are
already, adding to enough cognitive experiences in concerned with the expectations and evaluation of
life, so positive well-being is formed. Even their co- others. These individuals just conform to social
detainees respect them and they even ask for help from pressures. (3) The importance of having higher
them for some items in the questionnaire. Most of educational attainment has been reinforced in this
these detainees are given tasks inside the facility. study, since those with the highest educational

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Psych Educ, 2023, 15(8): 838-865, Document ID:2023 PEMJ1413, doi:10.5281/zenodo.10402267, ISSN 2822-4353
Research Article

attainment scored the highest in wellbeing most emotional states and their psychological well-being.
especially in Autonomy and lowest in Depression, (5) A regular counseling session must be conducted
Anxiety and Stress. On the other hand, those who are with the CICL to allow them to release any negative
elementary graduates/level scored significantly higher feelings they are hiding. This will improve their
in depression. (4) All the major null hypotheses of this emotional states and psychological well-being.
study have been rejected. Negative, yet significant
relationships were found most especially with
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