Poce 24M BES ign) A section which meets these requirements and is in accordance with industry standard depths and widths measu =28.1ind indsty a Pt veastres 3X9, A= 28.1 in. 2. Check for combined stresses. P_ 57,600 050 psi 210 psi 15 (030(2.000,000) ° [3.390129] F, = 2,800 psi > 2,190 psi 190 psi 2,190 psi Use Ft = _ 57,600, (28.1)(2, 190)" (42.2)(2,740) Try aShX 12, A = 97.5 ine, $= 75.0ind 5 (0.8)(2,000,000) 1 [3.8)(12y 127 2. Use Fy! __57,600 67.5)(2,300) 986+0.440=1.376>1 NG. F, 900 psi W916 <1 OK, 5: Gheck for radial stess. Moment is tending to decrease the radius, therefore, radial stress is compressive and allowable radial stress — Fe =410 pai (860,900) Hena2ye Use a $4X 12 glued laminated top chord. QI2psi< 470 OK. 4. Une pottom cnora Is GesigHeu wr wiLeLe eeNsON Yin, HILL CHIL ae no ceiling loads, The center panel is critical. Required 4 = ‘A. 31xc7h section would be adequate to meet this requirement. How- ever, the section size reduced by the projected area of the fastenings at that section must meet net section requirements (see page 8-13) If ceiling loads are present, bending is induced in the member, and the bottom chord must be designed for combined loading. ‘The complete design of 2 truss includes other factors noted in the general design procedure beginning on page 4-88, POLE-TYPE FRAMING Pole-type frame structures employ preservatively treated timber poles or sawn timber posts set in the ground as'main structural members. Usually, the hole in which the pole or post is set furnishes both vertical and hori- zontal support for the pole in supporting the structure, Setting the pole in the ground tends to’ prevent rotation of the bottom of the pole and thereby provides some or all of the required ‘bracing. Preservative treat- ment of poles should be in accordance with the American Wood-Preservers’ Association Standards Gl and C4, General Considerations General considerations, which are applicable to all pole-type frame structures include the following 1. A bracing system can be provided at the top of a pole in orde¥ to re- duce bending moments at the base of the pole and to distribute loads, The design of buildings supported by poles without bracing requires good knowledge of soil conditions in order to eliminate excessive deflection or sidesway. 2, Bearing values under butt ends of poles should be checked. It is common practice to backfill holes around the pote with well-tamped native soil, sand, or gravel. Backfilling with concrete or soil-cement can develop a more effective pole diameter; consequently, it can be used as a means of reducing required depth of embedment, Concrete backfill also increases the area of the pole for skin friction and thus increases the bearing capacity. Skin friction is also effective where uplift due to wind may act on a pole through its connections to the roof framing. 3. In order to increase bearing capacity under pole butts, concrete foot ings may be used, If they are used, they should be designed to withstand the punching shear of the pole and bending moment due to the pole load. Thickness of concrete footings should never be less than 12 in. and may need to be greater, depending on the loads. Concrete footings should be considered even in firm soils such as dry hard clay, coarse firm sand, or gravel.The intended use of the structure largely determines such general features as height, overall length and width, spacing of poles, height at aves, type of roof framing, and the kind of flooring to be used, as well as any special features such as wide bays, unsymmetrical layouts, or the possible suspension of particular loads from the roof framing. These General design features having been determined, the following procedure may be used. Design procedure. 1, Determine loads. The principal load on a pole-type frame is generally the horizontal wind load; therefore, the wind load value required by the governing building code or, in the absence of a governing code, as deter- mined from Section 3 of this Manual, should be used. In addition to dead load and other loads, roofs will transmit vertical components of wind load to poles. When wind loads are involved, allowable unit stress values may be increased one-third for the duration of loading, 2 Determine soil values. If soil tests are not available, visual inspection and a careful estimate of the bearing value of samples of the soil should be made, Building codes contain allowable design values for direct bearing assigned to various sol classifications. Normally, building codes do not give established allowable passive soil pressure values, in which case the values may be determined by using Rankine’s formula —ltsing oT sing where p = allowable passive soil pressure, psf per ft of depth $= angle of internal friction of soll, degrees w= weight of soil, pef d= depth below grade, ft Allowable soil pressure values for various classes of soil are also given in ‘Table 4.8. For most soils suitable for foundations, a value of p = 250 psf is conservative. 8. Estimate the size of pole required. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has established certain pole classes. Table 4.9 tabulates the size requirements corresponding to ANSI Classes H-6 through 10 for Douglas fir and for Southern pine poles. Poles of a given class and length are selected to have approximately the same load carrying capacity regardless of species. The minimum circum- ferences specified at 6 ft from the butt in Table 4.9 are based on the maxi- mum fiber stress in bending that will occur at the groundline due to a given horizontal load applied 2 ft from the top of the pole. The horizontal loads used in the calculations for separating the 15 classes given in Table 4.9 Class Horizontal Load, Ib TABLE 48 ALLOWABLE LATERAL PASSIVE SOIL PRESSURE, Maximum Allowable Values, psf Allowable Values per Foot of Depth Below (Class of Material Natural Grade, p, psf © Sempac,well-graded sand and gravel Hard cay Well graded fine and coarse tand {all drained, so water wil ntsc) aver ‘Gompactfine sand Medium day Compactsandy loam Loose sand and gravel {Alldrained, so water il notstand) Poor Softlay hay oa Poorly compacted Glays containing large amounts of st {Water stands during wet season) 400 8,000 200 2,600 100 1,500 ‘ing lateral bearing ves olted poles, such as flagpoles or signs, maybe designed using tuled these tabulated values.vougias nr or poutnern pine are given m Lapie 4.av. Ar 1wo1eS 4.9 anu nay are used, the load to be supported by the poles is known and an estimate of the size of pole required can be made. TABLE 4.10 SAFE CONCENTRIG COLUMN LOADS ON DOUGLAS FIR AND SOUTHERN PINE POLES Safe Concentric Column Load, Ib Minimum Top Diameter | 1972 by American National Seandaras om Unsupported g Sate eng ——— g {above Groundline), Bin Tin. | Gin. bin. 2 — ANSI Pole Gas He Zz 2 8 é é 0 | 2500.) 3800 | 26000 i e ° Shawo | 2800 |, 14000 é é 12 36.500 | 20,500 |" 10,000 : € it rsnd-| issn | 3000 i § i Zao | 12500 | 6200 a 3 18 17,500 | 10,000 | 5,000 tI 3 20 15,000. | 8500 | 4,500 i % tomo’ | 6000 5 % 300 i ss He & ; Circumferences at points other than those tabulated in Table 4.9 may be determined assuming an average taper of 0.25 in, circumference per Foot of length of pole for Douglas firand Southern pine, mt and Dimers 4, Determine required embedment of pole. The following formula may be used in determining required embedment depth where no constraint (euch as a rigid floor or surface pavement) is provided at the ground sur- face. Note that this procedure requires the assumption of an initial embed- E olges ment depth, | iste a4 36h) cured a( Tae (| be) G85 4 (4 I ) Geerigureszy d= 5 (hie a7 se a where d= depth of embedment, ft “lege A=234P|S,B gees P = applied horizontal force on pole, Ib 5, = pdiS (see Table 4.8 for p) ‘h= height above groundline at which force P is applied, ft B butt diameter of pole or diameter of concrete casing, ft(wth no restrair with restrain Grounding 1 2 (oth sl beck Le B (th concrete fi Figure 424, DEPTH OF EMBEDMENT. If the post is restrained at the groundline such as by a rigid concrete floor, the following formula is used fe pd (see Table 4.8 for p; note that S, values may not exceed the ‘maximum values specified in Table 4.8) where 5, and other terms are as previously defined, For poles having some degree of fixity or restraint at the eave line, such as provided by knee braces, the point at which the applied horizontal force, P, acts is at the point of inflection of the pole. For round, tapered poles, the point of inflection is assumed to be at two-thirds the distance from the groundiine to the point of restraint. For poles with no restraint, the height to the top of the pole is used as the value for h. It may be desirable to repeat the procedure for determining embedment with the first determination of embedment as the basis for recalculating the parameter S;, 5. Check pole bending stress, The actual bending stress in the pole at the point of maximum bending moment may be determined by the formula 32mm _ 32M f M Gab where f= actual bending stress, psi (C= pole circumference at point of maximum moment, in ole diameter at point of maximum moment, in. naximum moment, in-lb, which, for a round, tapered pole, is assumed to occur at one-fourth the depth of embedment below groundline; it may be determined if P and A, as previously defined, are known, creased one-third for wind duration ot ioaaing. TABLE 4.11 STRESS VALUES FOR TREATED® ANSI POLE (Normal Duration of Loading) SPECIES Modulus of | Extreme Rupture,” | Fiberin |Modulus of] Compression lextreme Fiber| Bending,*| Elasicity,® | Parallel to Grain‘ inBending, | Fe. BE Fe Species ai al psi pal Cedar, Northern white] 4,000 1,540 | 600,000 40 Cedar, Western red 6,000 1850 | 900,000, 1,030 Douglas fir 8,000 2,700 | 1,500,000 1,360 ‘Hemlock, Western "7400 21880 | 1,800,000 1.250 Larch, Western 8,400 140 | 1,500,000 1,500 Pine, jack 6,600 100 | 1,100,000, 1,100 Pine, lodgepole 6,600 1820 | 1,100,000, ‘980 Pine, ponderosa 6,000 1.710 | 1,000,000 920 Pine, red or Norway 6,600 2,100 | 1,300,000 4,020 Pine, Southern 8,000 2.749 | 1,500,000 1,360 *Ain-dried prior to treatment. ‘Based on Utmerican National Standard Speifcations and Dimensions for Wood Pele, ANSI 05.1 1972, ‘Baned on ASTM D 2890-707, Tetatoe Method for Bstelishing Design Streit for Round Timber Piles ‘Above the pole’s point of inflection, the bending moment reaches a maximum at the bottom of the roof bracing. The bending stress at this point should also be checked to make sure that it does not exceed the allowable bending stress. 6. Check the pole compression stress. The vertical loads on one pole include, in addition to applied live loads and/or snow loads and dead load of the supported structure, the vertical component of wind load and one-~ third the weight of the pole “The allowable unit stress for a round column may be determined by the formula ay for Iid ratio, psi 3.68 _ 0.2258 Dy where F,! = allowable unit stress in compression parallel to grai adjusted E = modulus of elasticity of pole species, psi (see Table 4.11) = unsupported length of pole, in. the top, in. (= D4/16) least radius of gyration of pole at one-third the length fromand maximum diameters, but in no case shall it be assumed as ‘more than I} times the minimum diameter, ‘The ratio ID should not exceed 44 for round columns. The unsupported length of long poles may be reduced by providing bracing in both direc- tions at approximately the inflection point of the pole. The actual com. pression. parallel to grain stress at the top, or small end, of the pole should be checked, and it should not exceed the allowable unit stress for a short column, Actual compressive stress j. may be determined by the formula - fn q where P = total vertical load on the pole, Ib 4 ross-sectional area at the top of the pole, in, 7. Determine footing requirements, The pole footing requirements can be determined if the kind of soil, the vertical load on the pole, and the size of pole required are known. Soil beating i§ load, in pounds per square foot, can be determined by the formula ‘| siae Soil bearing load = 144 where P = total vertical load on pole, Ib 4 = area of butt of pole, in? If this load exceeds the allowable bearing capacity, Sq, for the type of soil in question, a concrete footing is required. The required area, 4c, in square feet, of a concrete footing may be deter- mined by the formula A=P Se Concrete footings should be designed in acrordance with the recom- mendations of the American Concrete Institute. Example. Design the poles for the illustrated typical bent of a pole-type building to meet the stated conditions: Six ee Ged laminteg ‘eam ing areatiog Grounding Bent spacing = Y= 15 = 1,500,000 pst Determine loads. YL(DL+SL) 2 Vertical load on one pole = ¥ = 1 = ONEDLO 9 Ib (wt = GEIE2829) 15) — 2.9201 ‘Wind load at top of pole Soil values. Soil is compact, well-graded sand (good soil) Allowable passive pressure = p= 400 pst (from Table 4.8) Allowable bearing capacity = Sp = 8,000 psf Concrete fill not required Estimate size of pole required. From Table 4.10, for an unsupported pole length of 15 ft carrying a 11,250 Ib load, select an ANSI Class 5 pole. Assuming a 12 ft depth of embedment, from Table 4.9.2 30 ft Class 5 pole has a minimum top circumference of 19in. and a minimum circumference 6 ft from the butt of 27.5 in. Determine required embedment, Distance from groundline to point of inflection =k = # unsupported pole length = §(15) = 10ft Diameter 6 ft from butt =8.75in. 27.5-+ (60.25) _ Butt diameter = B 9.28in, = 0.769 ft td _ (40090120) = 3 1,600 psf 3 AP _ 3N2320 4 44 SB (1,600)(0.769) Depth of embedment = ¢ aaA(ts 8) Al CIID) _ BC Yi 2) - gs 8 49. uneck venaing stress, Maximum moment = M= 1» (v4) 1=a2yea2y (19042) 262006 j 1. Gircumference at depth of embedment st_@y 34 (0102) 69 istance rom but . = 215~(0-6,0.25) = 265m nM _ 32% [oa (26.75)> } ‘Try a Class 2 pole~ circumference 6 ft f ' y ‘umference 6 ft from butt = 34, i Circumference at tdepth of embedment 970 psi > 3,590 N, C= 34.0~(9-6)(0.25) = fo $222(862,000) ° (33.25)? Use a Class 2 pole Upper maximum moment occurs at the knee brace- tio, oF 5 feabovethe pointofinflction nn mnconnee Upper maximum M = 12P(5) = (12)(2,320)(6 (M= 139,200 in.-lb 7 Circumference at knee brace connection = C Top circumference for Class 2 pole = 25 in, Knee brace connection occurs 3 ft below top C= 25+ (3)(0.25) = 95.75in. 2m?M _ $2*(139,200 Cc (25.75)* 090 psi < 3,590 OK. fe = 2,570 psi < 3,590 OK. Check compression stress. ‘Weight of 30 ft Class 2 pole = W = 725 Ib (approx.) 735 Axial load = P = 1,250-+ 725 Ww w+ P=11,4901b Diameter at pole length =108) rom top = [ Diameter at top = 25+ (103(0.25) a 8.75 in 0.2258 _ (0.225)(1 500,000) py (20.6) Fe 95 Psi es oper Perot soetaets Ths 7. Determine footing requirements. Area of pole butt 40+ 6,025) tr A= 100in# P Soil bearing load = 1447 = 490) — 16,850 psf > 8,000; there- fore, a footing is required Required area of concrete footing = Ae 436 ft TIMBER PILES Recommendations for the use of timber piles in foundations may be found in Pressure Treated Timber Foundation Piles for Permanent Structures, of the American Wood Preservers Institute The American Society for Testing and Materials publication, Standard Specifications for Round Timber Piles, ASTM D25~70, clasifies round timber piles according to the manner in which their load carrying capacity is developed. There are two classes: 1. Friction Piles, Friction piles are specified when pile capacity is deter- mined by the friction developed in contact with the surrounding soil, along with the compressive strength of the timber piles used. 2. End-Bearing Piles. End:bearing piles are specified when pile capacity is determined primarily by the end-bearing capacity of the soil at the pile tip, along with the compressive strength of the timber piles used. ‘Table 4.12 lists size requirements for piles in accordance with ASTM Speci- fication D25-70. FALSEWORK AND CENTERING Framing employing either glued laminated or sawn material is often economically used as falsework to support formwork for large poured-io- place concrete structures or as centering for placing precast concrete, stone, and steel structures which are assembled in place. Falsework is the temporary structure erected to support work in the process of construction. It may be composed of structural units such as ‘columns, beams, trusses, arches, and bracing designed by standard engin- ering procedure. The type and/or combination of structural units used