UST aed DESIGN OF RETAINING WALLS 2.1 INTRODUCTION ‘Walls, used to retain masses of earth or other loose material in a vertical (or nearly vertical) position at locations where an abrupt change in ground level occurs, are called as ‘retaining walls ‘The abrupt change in ground level may occur when the width of an excavation, cut or embankment is restricted by conditions of ownership, use of structure, or economy. For example, in railway or highway construction, the width of the right of way is Gxed and the cut of embankment must be contained within that width. Similarly, the basement walls ofa building must be located within the property and must retain soil surrounding the basement. Retaining walls are generally used for roads in hilly areas, swimming pools, underground water tanks, basement of building, constructing a building on a site where filling is required and at the ends of the bridges in the form of abutments. Retaining wall prevents the retained earth from assuming its natural angle of repose. This causes the retained earth to exert a lateral pressure on the wall, thereby tending to bend, overturn and slide the retaining wall. The wall, therefore must he suitably designed to be stable under the effects of lateral earth pressure and also to satisfy the usual requirements of strength and serviceability 2.2 TYPES OF RETAINING WALL Retaining walls can be broadly classified into two categories (Free standing retaining walls, and (i), Walls which form part of structures. Gravity wall, cantilever wall, counterfort wall and butiress wall are the most common examples of frce standing retaining walls. Basement wall, wall-type bridge abutments, and side walls of box culvert are the examples of retaining walls which form part of a bigger structure. Various types of retaining wall are described below. 2.2.1 Gravity Wall ‘The gravity wall provides stability by virtue ofits own weight, and therefore, is rather massive in size. ILis usually built in stone masonry and occasionally in plain concrete, The thickness of thewall is governed by the need (o eliminate or limit the resulting tensile stress to its permissible limit. For obvious economic reasons, plain concrete gravity walls are not used for heights exceeding about 3m. etained eattly Heel Toe Fig, 2.1 : Gravity Wall 2.2.2 Cantilever Wall Itis the most common type of retaining structure and is generally economical for heights up {o about 7 m. It consists of a vertical arm (called as stem) which retains the earth and a base slab. Base slab is made up of two distinct regions, viz.,aheel slab and a toe slab. These three components behave as one-way cantilever slabs : the, ‘stem’ acts as a vertical cantilever under the action of lateral earth pressure: the “heel slab’ acts as a horizontal cantilever under the action of the weight of the retained earth (minus soil pressure acting upwards from below); and the ‘toe slab’ also acts as a horizontal cantilever under the action of the resulting soil pressure (acting upward), Reinforcement is provided on the flexural tension faces, The stability of the wall is maintained essentially by the weight of the earth on the heel slab plus the self weight of the structure pie slab Toe slab Fig, 2.2 : Cantilever retaining wall 2.2.3 Counterfort retaining Wall For the large heights, in a cantilever retaining wall, the bending moments developed in the stem, heel slab and toe slab become very large and require large thickness, thereby making the structure uneconomical, The bending moments (and hence the thickness of stem and slab) can beconsiderably reduced by introducing transverse supports, called counterforts, Theses counterforts are spaced at regular intervals of about one-third to one-half of the wall height and interconnect the stem with heel slab, The counterforts are concealed within the retained earth (on the rear side of the wall). Such a retaining wall structure is called the ‘counterfort wall’ and is economical for heights above 7 m approximately. The counterforts subdivide the vertical slab (stem) into rectangular panels and support them on two sides (suspender-style), and themselves behave as vertical cantilever bbeams of T-section and varying depth. The stem and heel slab panels between the counterforts are snow effectively ‘fixed’ on three sides (free at one edge), and for the stem the predominant dizection of bending and flexural reinforcement is now horizontal (spanning between counterforts), rather than vertical as in the case of cantilever wall, Counterfort Toe slab Heel slab Fig. 2.3 : Counterfort retaining Wall 2.2.4 Buttress Wall ‘When the counterforts are provided on the front of the wall and not on the soil side, itis known a ‘buttress wall’, Buttress walls similar to the counterfort wall, except that the transverse stem supports called buttresses, are located in te front side, interconnecting the stem with the foe slab (not with the heel slab as in case of eounterfort wall). Although buttresses are structurally ‘more efficient (and more economical) than counterforts, the counterfort wal is generally preferred to the buttress wall as it provides free usable space (and better aesthetics) in front of the wall. Fig. 2.4 : Buttress Wall2.2.5 Other types of Wall Retaining walls often form part of a bigger structure, in which case their structural behavior depends on their interaction with the rest of the structure. For example, the exterior walls in the basement of a building (Figure 2.5 (a)) and wall type bridge abutment (Figure 2.5 (b)) act as retaining walls. Slab at the ground floor level (inthe case of basement wall) and bridge deck (in the case of bridge abutment) provide an additional horizontal restraint at the (op of the vertical stem. ‘The stemis accordingly designed as a beam, fixed at the base and simply supported or partially restrained at the top, The side walls of box culverts also acts as retaining walls, In this case, the box culvert (with single / multiple cells) acts as a closed rigid frame, resisting the combined effects of Iateral earth pressure, dead load (due to self weight and earth above), and the live load due to highway traffic. \pproach pavement am Base slab (@) Basement wall (b) Bridge abutment Fig. 2.5 : Other Types of Wail 2.3 FORCES ON RETAINING WALLS ‘The two forces which act on a retaining wall are (@) Gravity loads due to the weight of the materials, and (b) Lateral force due to earth pressure. The usual gravity loads due to the weights of the materials do not present great problems with respect to retaining walls. The lateral force due to earth pressure constitutes the main force acting (on the retaining wall, The determination of the magnitude and direction of the earth pressure is based on the principles of soil mechanics. Under confinement, the soil has a tendency to slide and therby exerts pressure on the wall. If the wall is absolutely rigid, earth pressure at rest will develop. Ifthe wall deflects or moves a very small amount away [rom the earth, active earth pressure will develop (Figure 2.6 (a). Ifthe wall moves towards the earth, passive earth pressure will develop (Figure 2.6 (b))Failure surface AA (@) Active Barth Pressure (b) Passive Barth Pressure Fig. 26: Active and Passive Earth Pressures The mapoitue of er pressure at et ie at some vale between ative and passive cart pressure ‘Under nomal conditions crt pressure at ress intens thatthe wal deflects, relieving isto this typeof pressure and atv esse rests, Fo ths reason. most taining walls te Gesignd fr active pressure due the eained sail Tn general, the behavior of lateral earth pressure is anlogous to that of «uid with the magni ofthe pesure increasing nary Hear ith neteasng depth for moderate depths elow surface Peky whet, is the unit weight ofthe eath and Kis coeicient that depends on is physical properties an aloon whee he resurisativeor passe. The activ presure coefcent. K, Tineatof atv pressure. andthe passive pressure coefiient Kin the case of fasve ese, the ater (is gonealy much higher an the former (Kor he same ype of sel P, Active earth rassive cat Frictional shear force Re nth " pressure pressure Fig. 2.7 : Pressure DiagramIn the absence of more detailed information, the following expressions for K, and K, based on Rankine’s theory of earth pressure may be used for cohesionless soils and level backfill: 1=sing K.= Tsing L+sing K, = sing Here 6 is the angle of repose (or angle of shearing resistance). For a typical granular soil (such as sand), 9 = 30°, corresponding to which, K,= 1/3 and K,=3.0 Thus pressure intensity at any depth y may be stated as P, = K, 7 for passive pressure. ‘When the backfill is sloped (Figure 2.8), the expression for K, can be modified as follows c0sB = Yoos" B—cos 4 | cosfb + ycos* —cos* Here fis the angle of inclination of the backfill, the angle of its surface with respect to the horizontal for active pressure and P, The direction of active pressure, P,. is parallel to the surface of the backfill, The pressure has a maximum value at the heel, and can be stated as P= Kyi Here H’ is the height of the backfill, measured vertically above the heel. For the case of a level backfill, B a =0 and Hf = H, and the direction of the lateral pressure is horizontal backfill ofheight 4" above the heel, is accordingly obtained from the riangular pressure distribution as 1 2 Ak Ps pK) This force has units of A per ameter length of the wal, and acts at a height 4% above the heel at an angle of inclination with the horizontal The force, P,, developed by passive pressure on the toe side ofthe retaining wall is generally small (due to small height of earth) and usually not included inthe design calouations, as this is conservative. P, (neglect) Fig. 2.8 : Forces Acting on a Cantilever Retaining WallEffect of Surcharge on a Level Backfill Loads are often imposed on the sol surface (level backfill) due tothe construction of buildings and the movement of vehicles near the top of the retaining wall. These additional loads can be assumed to be static and uniformly distributed on the top of the backfill. Tis distributed load W, (KN / m') can be treated as statically equivalent to an addtional height, H., such that A= Wy ‘This additional height of backtill is called surcharge and is expressed either in terms of ‘height, Hor in terms of the distributed load W, Figure 2.9) Fig. 2.9 : Effect of Surcharge on a Level Backfill ‘The presence of the surcharge not only adds to the gravity loading acting on the heel slab, but also increases the lateral pressure on the wall by Ky = K,W, ‘The total foree due to active pressure acting on the wall is given by P= P,+P, where, P= KWH=K, py = tke2.4 STABILITY REQUIREMENTS, The factors of safety (FOS) against overturning and sliding should not be less than 1.5, The stabilising forces (due to dead loads) should be factored by a value of 0.9 for calculating the factor of safety. FOS = 019 x {tilisingforeeor moment) , 5 destabilising force or moment 2.4.1 Overturning In case of overturning of retaining wall, the toc will act as the centre of rotation, Overturning moment, M,, and the stabilising (restoring) moment, M,. depend on the lateral earth pressure and the geometry of the retaining wall, For sloping backfill (Figure 2.8) M, = (P,cospi(HP)=[K YUL)’ /6]cosp W(L=s,)+(P, sin) L otal weight of the reinforced concrete wall structure # retained earth resting on the heel slab, and where, distance of the line of action of W from the heel. For a level backfill with surcharge (Figure 2.9) M, = Py (HI2+P(H13) and WiL=x,) The factor of safety required against overturning can be obtained as (FOS), OoMe 1s 2.4.2 Sliding The resistance against sliding is essentially provided by the friction between the base slab and the supporting soil, given by F=pR Here, R= Wis the resulted soil pressure acting on the footing base. In a sloping backfill R will also include the vertical component of earth [= Coeflicient of static friction between soil and concrete. The value of 1 varies between about 0.35 (for silt) to about 0,60 (for rough rock). The factor of safety against sliding can be obtained as, 09%Resisting force _ 09 xw(W) (FOS) cuter = Stating force ,2.4.3 Soil Bearing Pressure ‘The width L of the base slab must be adequate to distribute the vertical reaction R to the foundation soil without causing excessive settlement or rotation. The required foundation depth and the associated allowable pressure g, can be determined based on the soil study. Tilting of the footing can be avoided by avoiding a high non-uniform base pressure in week soils. Generally, the pressure diagram will be of trapezoidal shape as shown in Figure 2.10 Fig. 2.10 : Pressure diagram (trapezoidal shape) 2.5 DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL 2.5.1 Initial Thickness of Base Slab and Stem For preliminary calculations, the thickness of the base slab may be taken as about 8 percent of the height of the wall plus surcharge (if any); it should not be less than 300 mm. The base thickness ofthe vertical stem may be taken as slightly more than that ofthe base slab, For economy, the thickness may be tapered linearly to a minimum value (but not less than 150 mm) at the top of the wall; the front face of the stem is maintained vertical. Ifthe length of the heel slab and / or toc slab is excessive, it will be economical to provide a tapered slab. With the above preliminary proportions, the stability check and determination of soil pressure (atthe base) may be performed. It may be noted that changes in thickness of base slab and stem, if required at the design stage, will be marginal and will not affect significantly either the stability analysis or the calculated soil pressures below the base slab. 2.5.2 Design of Toe Slab, Heel Slab and Stem ‘The three elements of the retaining wall, viz, stem, toe slab and heel slab have to be designed 1s cantilever slabs to resist the factored moments and shear forces. For this a load factor of 1.5 is tw be used. * Toe slab Toe slab is subjected to upward pressure from the soil and the self weight acting downward, thus the net pressure is obtained by deducting the weight of the concrete in the toe slab from the ‘upward acting soil pressure, The net loading acts upward (as in the case of usual footings) and theflexural reinforcement has to be provided at the bottom of the toe slab, The critical section for ‘moment is at the front face of the stem, while the critical section for shear is ata distance ‘d’ from the face of the stem, * Heel Slab In the case of the heel slab, the pressures acting downward, due to the weight of the retained cearth (plus surcharge, if any), as well as the concrete in the heel slab, exceed the gross soil pressures acting upward. Hence, the net loading acts downward, and the flexural reinforcement has to be provided at the top of the heel slab. The critical section for moment is at the rear face of the stem base The critical section for shear in the heel slab should be taken at the face of the support and not away fom it, because there is no compression introduced by the support reaction, and the probable inclined crack may extend ahead of the rear face of the stem. * Stem Itis subjected to lateral pressures which cause maximum BM and SF at the junction of stem ‘with base slab. In the case of the stem (vertical cantilever), the critical section for shear may be taken d from the face of the support (Lop of the base slab), while the critical section for moment should be taken at the face of the support. For the main bars in the stem, a clear cover of $0 mm ‘may be provided, The flexural reinforcement is provided near the rear face of the stem, and may be curtailed in stages for economy. ‘Temperature and shrinkages reinforcement (A,,,., = 12 percent of gross area) should be provided transverse to the main reinforcement, Nominal vertical and horizontal reinforcement should also be provided near the front face which is exposed. 2.6 DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL 2.6.1 Spacing of Counterforts ‘The spacing of counterforts depends upon the height of the wall, cost of steel and concrete, allowable bearing capacity of soil and the cost of formwork. The thickness of vertical slab and heel slab can be reduced by keeping the counterforts closure, But the reduction in cost of concrete and steel due to less thickness of vertical and heel slabs is off-set by the quantity of concrete and steel required for large number of counterforts which are required. The cost of formwork required {or large number of counterforts also offsets the above factor. The best spacing is the one which makes the design economical. The most economical spacing is one-third to one-half the height of the wall, The triangular shaped counterforts are provided in the rear side of the wall, interconnecting the stem with the heel slab, Sometimes, small buttresses are provided in the front side below the ground level, interconnecting the toe slab with the lower portion of the stem, The presence of counterforts enables the use of stem and base slab thickness that are much smaller than those normally required for a cantilever wall. For preliminary calculations, the stemthickness and base slab thickness may be taken as about 4 per cent of the height of the wall, but not Jess than 300 mm. If the front buttress is not provided, the thickness ofthe toe slab should be taken as in the case of the cantilever wall. The thickness of the counterforts may be taken as about 5 per cent of the height of the wall, but not less than 300 mm. 2.6.3 Design of Stem, Toe Slab and Heel Slab Bach panel of the stem and heel slab, between two adjacent counterforts, may be designed as ‘two-way slabs fixed on three sides, and free on the fourth side (free edge). These boundary conditions are also applicable to the toe slab, if buttresses are provided; otherwise the toe slab behaves as a horizontal cantilever, as in the case of the cantilever wall. ‘The loads acting on these elements ate identical to those acting on the cantilever wall discussed carlier. For the stem, bending in the horizontal direction between counterforts is generally more predominant than bending in the vertical ditection. Near the counterforts, the main reinforcement ‘will be located close to the rear face of the stem, wheras midway between counterforts, the reinforcement will be close to the outside face. These two-way slabs, subject to triangular / \wapezoidal pressure distributions may be designed by the use of moment and shear cocflicients (based on plate theory), available in IS code for the design of liquid storage structures, viz., IS 3370 (Part 4). Alternatively, the slabs may be designed by the yield line theory. 2.6.4 Design of Counterforts ‘The main counterforts should be firmly secured (by additional ties) to the heel slab, as them. ‘rom the counterforts. In addition, the counterforts should be designed to resist the lateral (horizontal) force transmitted by the stem tributary to it, The counterfort is designed as a vertical cantilever, fixed at its base. As the stem acts integrally with the counterfort, the effective section resisting the cantilever moment is a flanged section, with the flange under compression, Hence, the counterforts may be designed as T-beams with the depth of section varying (linearly) from the top (Iree edge) (o the bottom (fixed edge), and with the main reinforcement provided close to the sloping ace. Since these bars are inclined (not parallel to the compression face), allowance has to be made for this in computing the area of steel required, 2.7 DESIGN PROCEDURE 2.7.1 Procedure for design of counterfort ret: Steps 1, Dimensions of retaining wall 2. Design of stem (@) Maximum BM (b) Bifective depth calculation (©) Design of main reinforcement(@ Distribution bars (©) Check for shear 3, ‘Stability calculations (@) Soil pressure (b) Check for safoty against sliding (©) Check for overturning 4, Design of heel slab (a) BM calculations (b) Main reinforcement (6) Distribution bars (@) Check for shear 5, Design of toe slab (@) BM calculations (b) Main reinforcement (©) Distribution bars (@ Cheek for shear 6. Design of counterforts 7. Curtailment of bars 8, Connection between counterfort and upright slab or design of horizontal links or connection between stem and counterfort 9. Connection between counterfort and heel slab or design of vertical links 10, Reinforcement details 2.7.2 Procedure for design of cantilever retaining wall Steps 1, Dimensions of retaining wall 2, Stability calculations (@) Soil pressure FOS > 1.5 Hence (OK) b) Check for safety agains sliding » Haein {551 5 te oe sry (©) Check for overturning 3, Design of stem (@) BM calculations (b) Check for depth (©) Design of main reinforcement (@) Curtailment of steel(6) Distibution bars (0 Check for shear 4, Design of hee! slab (@) BM for heel slab (b) Design of main reinforcement (©) Distibution bars (d) Check for shear 5. Design of toe slab (@ BM for toc slab (b) Design of (© Distribution bars (@) Check for shear 6, Design of shear key, IfFOS < 15 7. Reinforcement details in reinforcement 2.8 PROBLEMS ON DESIGN OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL 1. A cantilever (ype retaining wall to retain earth embankment 4.75 m height above ground level. It retains earth level with its top. The soil weighs 18.5 kN/mm! and has an angle of repose of 30°, The safe bearing capacity of the soil is 200 kN/m’. w= 0.65 surface is level, ‘use M20 grade concrete and HYSD bars. Draw to a suitable scale. (a) Sectional elevation of the retaining wall (b) Reinforcement details at the inner face of the stem. Solution: Given data, b= 4.75 m, unit weight of soil y= 18.5 kN/m’, 6 = 30°, SBC = p = 200 kN, u = 0.65, f,= 20 Nimon* and f, = 415 Nimm* Step 1: Dimensions of retaining wall X Depth of foundation, D, (Using Rankine's formula) 200f 1-sin30P 185| 1>sin30, X Overall depth (height) of wall, H = Above ground level height + depth of foundation H=W4D, = 475412H = 5.95m or 5950 mm. % Thickness of base stab, = 2 to jcknes of base sab, r= 2 to H_ 5950 now = a H_ 5980 ates ge Adopt thickness of base slab, ¢ = 450 mm or 0.45 m or D d= D-d = 450-50 = 400 mm or 0.4m X Width of base slab, B= 0.5 Ht0 0.6 H B=0SH = 05x 595i and, B=0.6 H = 0.6 x 595 Provide a base width of 3.5 m or 3500 mm X Height of stem, h'= H —1 = 5950-450 = 550 mm {50 mm, Assume d = 50mm, 2975 mm 3570 mm 1 1 X Toe projection of slab, 7x B to —XB ‘Toe projection of slab, 5% B to foep = 4x35 = 1.46 mand 4x35 =0.875 m aR 4 Provide the Toe projection of slab 1.0 m long X Thickness of the stem at the top = 200 mm or 0.2 m (Assume) X Provide thickness for the stem at the base = 450 mm or 0.45 m (Assume) X Heel projection = B ~ Toe projection ~ Thickness of stem @ base = 3.5 ~ 1 - 0.45 = 2.05 m tability Calculations Pressure distribution at the base is computed by calculating the various forces acting and taking moments of all forces about the heel point a’ Consider I m or 1000 mm running length of wall Step 2lee Cantilever slab (stem) yw. Py = Ko 5.5m 07 6500 mm H=5.95m Je he Earth pressure (laternal pressure) joe ead 1] Heel stab 1 dw, cteenehg ¢ 5 a po tem_gotinpem tate k 8-2.5m or 2500mm + Fig. 2.11(a) : Cantilever retaining wall - overall dimensions Note : W, = Weight of rectangular portion of stem = base x height x RCC de ie, W,=0.2 hx 25 in kN W, = Weight of triangular portion of stem = 1/2 x base x height x RCC density ive., W,= 1/2 x 0.25 x hx 25 in kN W, = Weight of base Slab = Slab Base x thickness x RCC density = B x 1 x 25 ‘ty W,= Weigh of soilon hel Sab = Hel bas hx unit weight of sil=2.05x hx 185 : isin Moment of eral pressure, M= A pore y= 185 No, R= jraag H=S9S Mm, Iesin30_1 T¥sin30 3(a) Soil pressure [Magnitude] Distance from ‘a ‘Moment Load due to of the (m) about load (kN) ‘a! (kNam) 02 1 }Stem 2x5.5x25x1 25 |205+>=215 59,125 1 x0.25x5.5x25x1] 17.187 | 2.050.245 x 0.25 40,085 2 | Base slab} 5x0.45%25x1 39.375 68,906 3 |Back fill 05%5.5x18.51 | 208.587 | —=1.025 213.801 4 | Moment of lateral 185595" 3 6 earth pressure, M = 216.496 Total EW = 292.649 EM, = 598.373 ‘Where, M, = Restoring moment X Distance of the point of application of the resultant force from the heel end ‘a 598373 EW 292.649 2.045 m 2045-25029 m <4, where 2 = 35 2 6 66 X. Eccentricity, 0.295 m< 0.583 m, Hence (ok) KE hes] “Extreme pressure intensity atthe base, 6 = —5-| > EW, , 6e]_ 292.649 Gg =f i. BL Bl 3s BH | 292 ef. 60295 6, _& wel Bl 3s 35 125.9 kN/mt? Jesse 64, 125.9 kN/m* < 200 KN/m* (SBC of soil) z, The maximum stress is within safe permissible limit‘The pressure distribution atthe base is trapezoidal and the maximum and minimum pressure are shown in fig 2.11(b) tom __, 9.45 2.08m (90.86 ~41.33)= 41.33 kNim* 49.53 kN/m* (125.9 ~ 101.73) Vim? 0817 kN 41.39 KNim ware kim "401.79 Nim 128.9 kNim' kNimm? Fig. 2.11(6) : Pressure distribution at base vee, SL Interpolation (From end ‘a’) Interpolation (From end ‘d’) No.| Distance (m) Pressure (kNim’) | Distance (m) | Pressure (kN/m*) 1 0 4133 0 1259) 2 2.05 90.86 10 10173 3 2.50 101.73 145 90.86 4 3.50 1259 3.50 41.33 (b) Check for safety against sliding Resistingforce _ 99 mEW) Sliding force P where, limiting friction = (20) Factor of safety (FOS) = 0.9 xdocssxsos* 3 = 2 = 109.15 kN Where, 5 09 xuCEW) _ 09%0.65% 292.649 PO 10915 Since the retaining wall is safe against sliding. Hence shear key is not required. Fos = = 1,566 > 1.5 © .ck for overturning 09.15 x 216.48 kN. Overturning moment, 09x2M, — 09598373 My 21648 Hence safe against overturning FOS =2484> 15 Step 3 : Design of Stem X Maximum bending moment per metre run of the wall 1 = x185x59? 2 kaye gee lat = Px b= Kah t z ATL KNm. 372 x Factored or ultimate moment, M,= 1.5 x 171 = 256.5 kN.m or 256.5 x 10 Nam X- Check for effective depth (A) M M,,,= 0.138 f.gbd? —for HYSD bars (ie Fe 415 steel) My, 4=Vorssye bere M. 2565% 10° 5 © Vorssx20x1000 ~ 7485 Thickness of stem provided, D,,, = 256.5 x 10*N.mm and b = 100mm vans 450 mam (Refer step-1) Assume d! = 50mm, .. d,,.= Dy,.= 4 = 450 $0= 400 mm d= 304,85 mm < d,,,, (400 mm) Hence (ok) X Design of main reinforcement Refer IS:456-2000, G-1.1(b)SyAa comrade [Ste] 2565x10* = 087%415x4004,|1-(—4¥4u 2051000400, 7.49 A,? ~ 144420 A,, + 2565 x 10°=0 A, = 1979.23 mm* ssume 16 mm 6 bars, -, a,= =X mm! Assume 16 mm 6 bars, 3, = 201.06 . 100, 1000%20105 oe a apg Spacing "4, 197923 mmeyiem Provide 16 mm 4 bars @ 100 mm or 4, _, = 1000220106 = so106 mn? < 300 mm or 3d X Curtailment of Steel ‘Maximum steel is needed atthe base where the bending moment is maximum. As the bending ‘moment decreases towards the top, steel can be suitably curtailed at one or (wo levels. Usually steel is curtailed at one level where the steel quantity is about 50% (1/2) or 67% (2/3) of the base steel. 2000, clause 26.2.1 (Development length of bars) Now refer 18:45 Ly = Gy Where 6,= 0.87 f, ay tug = LOX 1.2 = 1.92 Nimm* 1.6 —> For deformed bars, t,, values shall be increased by 60% 1.2 > For M20 grade concrete and @ = diameter of bar = 16 mm. _ O87f,0 _ O87x415x16 = 752.18 mm or 0.752 m Athy 4x192, 152.18 0782 Curtail 50% steel from top (2) 4 (2) = 10.5 Refer 2.11 4} 72 > ls where Sm [Refer Fig 2.11(a)]2 = (83) x = 15.125 me’, -. hy = T5125 Actual point of cut-off = hy~ L, = 3.89 ~ 0.752 = 3.138 m, say 3.2 m from top 3.89 m Provide 16 mm @ bars @ 200 mm e/e at 3.2 from top face < 300 mm or 34 X Distribution bars or reinforcement 0.12% of gross cross-sectional area = xx = 212 <1000%450 = 40 mm* 100 Aania = Top yg Assume 8mm p bars, a,,= 4X8? = 50.26 mm" 10002, _ 1000x5026 io | SES = 93.07 mm, say 90 mm 340 ¥ 1 Spacing = Provide 8 mm § bars @ 90 x 2 = 180 mm e/e near each face < 450 mm or Sd Note : Ifthe distribution steel is provided near both the faces, the spacing of 8 mm § bars will be 180 mm o/c near each face. X Check for shear 1 2 Koy _ 318555 2 2 £P = 93.27kN Factored SE, V,, = 1.5 x 93.27 = 139.91 kN Refer IS:456-2000, clause 40.1 ‘Maximum shear occurs at Junction, P. Vy _ 13991x10" ‘Nominal shear stress, t, = 42 =1°72°1°" _ 9349 N/mm? i 1000340 Tomo Note down the value of t, using f,= 20 N/mm’ and p, = 0.50 % (Refer 1S:456-2000, Table-19) 1,=0.48 Nimm* ‘k= 1 for depth of stem more than 300 mm (Refer clause 40.2.1.1) ix = 1 x 0.48 = 0.48 Nimm* > 0.349 N/mm? (5) Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits‘Step 4 : Design of heel stab ‘The bending moment calculations for a 1 metre wide strip of the heel slab, The maximum. bending moment on the heel slab is calculated by taking moments of all the forces about the point b Sr ‘Magnitude | Distance from | Moment Load due to oftheload | 'b'(m) | about 'b (kd (kN.m) 205 Self weight of soil] W.=2.05x5.5x18.5x1 | 208.587 1.025 | 213.801 1. | Seltweight _|2050.45525x1 of heel slab 20s JRC density =25 4m] 23.062 | “P= 1.005 | 23.638 Ince! slab depth = 0.45 m) Total self weight 231649 DIG Deduct for [For rectangular portion upward pressure | (pressurexwidth) abi 205 141.33%2.05%1 84726 | "= 1025 | so.s4e 2. | Deduct for For triangular portion upward 1 aos pressure ‘ih’ | 1/2x 0.36 Nimm (+) ‘Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits 050% Percentage of steel, p= ‘Step 5 : Design of Toe Slab ‘The BM calculations for a 1 mette wide strip of the toe slab. ‘The maximum BM in the toe slab is determined by taking moments of the forces about the pointSh. Toad due to Magnitude] Distance from] Moment No of the load (m) | about 'e’ (kN) (Nm) ‘upward pressure | For rectangular portion 1 portion ‘edeg’ | 101.73x1x1 101.73 7705 50.865 1. | Upward For triangular portion 1 2 . pressure'efy’ | 5x1Xx2417 x1 12.085 Belay 8.056 Total upward pressure | 113.815 38.921 Deduct for self weight 1 ofthe toe stab | 1x1x0.45%25 11.25 7705 5.625 2. | Deduet for (D-slab depth)1x18.5x1| 1 dead weight of | (1.2-0.45)x1x18.5x1 13.875 7705 6937 soil over toe slab “Total deduction 25.125 Bending Moment for Toe Slab, M ‘Maximum Service BM for the toe slab at c, M = 46,359 KN.m x. Uhimate or Factored BM, M, = 1.5%46.359 = 69.54 kNm X Design of main reinforcement 69.S4x10° = 0.87%415x400 A, {te 30% 10003400 7.49 A,? -144420 A,, +169.54x108 = 0 4 = 494.17 mm* Avge (540-m") «= Provide Minimum Area of SteelAsiame 12 mun tas, a, = E12 =1109? 1000¢ 1000 x 113.09 Spncing= “Ip 100081180° 3642, ay 201m Provide 12 mm 9 bars @ 200 mm ele (Ay, 565.45 mm?) Destribution of bars », provide 8 mm @ bars @ 180 mm c/e near each face (from step-3) Check for shear ‘Maximum shear occurs al junction, V = YW =Total magnitude of tae load V = DW = 113.815 ~25.125 = 88.69 kN Factored SF, V,, = 1.5% 88.69 = 153.03 kN Refer IS : 456 - 2000, clause 40.1 Nominal shear suess, t= Y= 13308410" 9 53 Nm? ‘bd 1000x400 100 Aven _100%565.45 excentage of siel, i AS = 0.145% Percentage of steel, ep poy 70-14 = 0.155 [Note down the value of ¢, using P, = 0.15% and f, = 20 Nimm? +, = 0.28 Nimm* = kx, = 1x 0.28 =0.28 Nimm? < 0.33 N/mm? (1) Hence unsafe. Hence revise the depth of base slab or increase the area of steel provided. Letus provide 12 mm 9 bars @ 120mm cle (A, = 942.41 mm") Now, ” 100 Ay, _100%942.41 Percentage of steel, =e 238% Bd 1000x400, Note down the value of t, using p,= 0.235% and f_, = 20 Nimm* +, = 0.348 N/mm? (by interpolation method) = kx, = 1x 0.348 = 0.348 Nimm? > 0.33 Nim? (x) Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits.‘Step 6 : Reinforcement details row Busuynas fo uoyoas nom Buyuyyas sasapguns pupnysuor: (ere Sur 1 sporep wauaciofury (o)zr2 Si 270 wu oot @ WuaL ‘eo uus seg wong wuoa SOE wSPO OTT — 9/9 wos 99 wu ajo woz, 2j9 wus og ed wus 9/0 wuloRs 86 wug ‘req uennquisia 2/9 wwooz 8 wuzit ‘a wee wsry=u2. A cantilever retaining wall is to be designed (o support a bank of earth 4 m above ground level on the toe side of the wall. The backfill surface is inclined at an angle of 15° with the horizontal. Assume that good soil available for foundation at a depth of 1.25 m below the ground level with a safe bearing capacity of 160 kN/m’ and angle of shearing resistance is 30”. Take coefficient of friction between soil and concrete is 0.5. Adopt M20 and Fe15 grade of concrete and steel respectively. The unit weight of soil is 16 KN/m* and neglect the passive earth pressure on the wall. To show the structural details, draw the following : (@) Sectional elevation of the retaining wall () Reinforcement detail atthe inner face ofthe stem (©) Top and bottom of base slab Solution Given data f= 4.m, unit weight of soil, y= 16 KNim’, 6 = 30", SBC = 160 KN/m* Back fill inclination, B = 15°, depth of foundation D, = 1.25 m below ground level H=05,f,=20N/mm* and f = 415 Nimm* ‘Step 1 : Dimensions of retaining wall + Overall depth (height) of wall, +D,=44 1.25 =5,25 m or $250 mm Thicks of base slab, 4H joknessofbasesab, = Bw # now, ' z H _ $250 wo Adopt thickness of base slab, for D= 450 mm or 0.45 m Assume d’ = 50 mm, : d=D-d' + Width of base slab, B and ' 375 mm 450 ~ $0 = 400 mm or 0.4 ma. 05H 006 H B = 05H=05x5.25=2.625m and B = 06H =06x5.25=3.15 m, say 32m Provide a base width of 3.2 m or 3200 mm + Height of stem, h = H-t=5.25-045=4.8 m, or 4800 mm 1 1 + Too projection of slab, > x Bto > x Bor minimum 1m project 3 xB 51 1 ie, 532+ 106m and | x3.2=08m 3X32= 106m and 7 x3.2=08 Provide the toe projection of slab 1.1 m long Let f= inclination of the soil surface with the horizontal + Barth pressure to stem, P Here h=4.8 m, B= 15", 6 =30° 2 cop ke pnte cos 15 —feos* 15 —c0s 30 cos 15 ‘c0s15 + 00s? 15-008? 30. 0.966 — J (0.966)' — (0.866) 0.966 +4 (0.966)' — (0.866)* = 0.966 x 31 = 0.966% [° see-0428| 0.966 0.538 0.966 +0428. 1.394 Note : Ifthe backfill surface is inclined at the rate of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal ie., 1 Vto 2H oft 7 af 5 | =26.56 then, + Horizontal component of earth pressure, P,, = P x cos fs + Vertical component of earth pressure, P, = P x sin b = 68.20 x sin 15 + Maximum BM for the stem per metre run of the wall, h M=P,X 5 = 65.87% 105.4. kN-m Ultimate moment, M, = 1.5% 105.4 = 158.1 kN-mCheek for effective depth (Stem) [_1s8.nx10" 0.138 fb © Y0.138x20%1000 |b = 1000 mm a d= 239.33 mm, say 300 mm Assume d' = 50mm Overall depth, D = d+d'=300+50=350mm Provide thickness of the stem at the top = 200 mm or 0.2 m (assume) Provide thickness for the stem at the bottom = 350 mm or 0.35 m : Heel projection = B — toe projection ~ thickness of stem @ bottom = 32-11 -035= 175 mor 1750mm Height of soil above the heel slab near the heel end. H,=hty=48+y=484047 +. H,=5.21 m ; y= heel projection x tan 15 5 y y= 175 xtan 15 =047 + Height of the soil surface above the heel edge ‘a’ A Hy =H, + thickness of base slab Heel projection =1.78m =527+045=5.2m Step 2 : Stability calculations Pressure distribution at the base is computed by calculating the various forces acting and aking moments of all forces about the heel point ‘a’ Consider 1m or 1000 mm running length of wall Horizontal earth pressure acting parallel to surcharge, P, = Px cos B ky ic P= “I x cos 037x16%5.72" 5 = RTE cos 15 =93.54 kN 037x16%5.72 x sin 15 = 25.06 kN(a) Soil pressure ep Boma . . fede ot Dstans rom mat Ie Load due to the load| (~ (kN-m) . ee - a sen ]weoaxsaxixes | asfirse cies | aaa xoisxsserxas | sfarscons tensed 2] ba rxawsxieas | 36 16 sb went [worisxanxixe |r| eoms dune xirsxoarerxis| 6st |“ oses 16 7] eat fsa Sar | 2506 at rae 3] Meat oTheoaal ek eae mean pel nacerge Teal ive paso + Distance of the point of application of the resultant force from the heel end ‘a? 419.78 Jason 7 786m= 0.186 m< a 1786 a ols ais + Becentrivity, ¢ = ie, €= 0.186 m < 0.53 m, Hence OK. BH hes] + Extreme pressure intensity atthe base, = “5~ [1 #5 LW, , Se] _ 235.047, 6x0.186 = ee 1 = 99.06 kim? 32 32 xw -*] 235.04 f ous) , . ora ed eee Sa | T4783 RN 6, = 99.06 kNimn# < 160 kNimn® (SBC of soit ‘The maximum stress is within safe permissible limit, ‘The pressure distribution at the base is trapezoidal and the maximum and minimum pressure are shown in fig, 6). m 15m 4 ¢ a Z| SE 2 2) TE 5 = a2] 47.85 kNim! Pron ee eo a 75.84 8 f 81.45 kNim 17.61 kNIm? 1 99.08 kN N/m? Fig. 2.13(b) : Pressure distribution at baseORT sh. Interpolation (from end ‘a’) Interpolation (from end ‘@’) No, | Distance (m) Pressure (kN/ar) | Distance (m) | Pressure (kNim') 1 0 47.83 0 99.06 2 115 75.84 110 814s 3 2.10 a14s 145 75.84 4 3.20 99.06 3.20 47.83 (b) Check for safety against sliding 0.9 x resisting force _0.9xu(SEW) _0.9x0.5x235.08 FOS = sliding force Py 93.54 FOS = L13<15 Hence unsafe ‘To make it safe against sliding, will have to provide shear key. (©) Check for overturning Overturning moment, M, = 178.35 KN-m Fos = 92%sisting moment _ 09x EM, _ 0.9%419-78 overturning moment M, 178.35 = 21> 15 Hence safe against overturning. Step 3 : Design of stem ‘Maximum BM for the stem per metre run of the wall, M = 105.4 kN-m (Refer step 1) Ultimate BM, M, = 1.5 x 105.4 = 158,10 kN-m or 158,10 x 10* N-mom + Design of main reinforcement Refer IS:456-2000, G-1.1(b) fbn a= om oa 245) \ 300 |1-(— #154 158.10 x 10° = 0,87 x 415 x 300 || 55909300 7.49 At ~ 108315 A, + 158.10% 10° =0 A, = 1647.27 mm!Ke , Assume 16mm bars, a, = 7 % 16'=201.06 mm! s 1000.4, _ 1000%201.08 14, 4 po pacing = iat mm, say 120 mm. Provide 16 mm 9 bars @ 120 mmle(A,, , = 1675.5 mm) <300 mm or3 d + Curtailment of steel Now refer I8:456-2000, clause 26.2.1 0.87 x: L8 _O8TXMSHIS 959.49 mm or 0.752 m Wy Ay AKLOx1.2 Curtail 50% steel from top (i) > (apse h, = 339m = 34m Actual point of cut-off =h, —L, L, 3.4 0.752 = 2,648 m say 2.65 m from top Provide 16 mm @ bars @ 240 mm e/e @ 2.65 m from tap face < 300 mm or 3 + Distribution bars Aga, = 0.12% of arose cos sectional aea Auge = © xbx.D= 222 1000 3502420 mt 100 ~*~ Tan Assume 8 mm 6 bs 2x8? = 50.26 mm* ssume 8mm @ bars, a, = x8? = $0.26 mm 1000 1000%50.26 Spacing = pp = 119.66 mm, say 110 mm Provide 8 mm 9 bars @ 110 x 2 = 220 mm cle near each face < 450 mm or Sd Note : Ifthe distribution steel is provided near both the faces, the spacing of 8 mm. bars wall bbe 220 mm ele near each face, + Check for shear ‘Maximum shear occurs at junction, P,, = 65.87 KN (Refer step 1) clored shear force, V, = 1.5 x 65,87 = 98.805 ki Refer IS:456-2000, clause 40.198.805%10" bd ~ 1000x300 Nominal shear sess, 1, = ‘Stem bottom thickness =350 mm (Refer step 1) 1, = 0329 Nim! 100 Assy, _ 100X1675.5 "= ha 1000%350 Note down the value of t, using f, = 20 N/mm and p, = 0.47% (Refer 15:456-2000, table-19) +, = 0.465 Nimm? (by interpolation method) 0 for stem thickness more than 300 mm (Refer clause 40.2.1.1) kx, = 1 x0.465 = 0.465 Nimm* > 0.329 N/mm? (t,) Hence shear stresses are within sae permissible limits Step 4 : Design of heel slab ‘The BM calculations for a 1 m wide strip ofthe heel slab. The maximum BM on the heel slab is calculated by taking moments of all the forces about the point b. Percentage of steel, », 041% Now, k Mapiede Not st cetom | ment ; sad due to Sethe oa | Pistane tem) aheut se a) | asm rfoarwein fw,ciecaxixie| asa | u76 erator thet sb Satrweian [i7sxoasnrnas | 1968 va ect sb Saltweiaht [y=047m erincanion | Ferrara ixiel oss |! xurs=25 | ofsucage oped peesrefarsnxizsxr | sso | 28 cons | aaa “i2 [ Boas for |For igus porn cored pee [Lerrsxasoret | aaso | bears | saa “sy Teal dois 1087 oa Bending mont orl, Bae a7 Total magnitude of the load = JW = 160.66 ~ 108.2 = 52.46 kN Maximum service BM for the heel slab at b, M'= 51.12 kN-m + Ultimate or factored BM, M, = 1.5 x 51.12 = 76.68 kN-m + Design of main reinforcement . (4584 76.68 x 10° = 0.87 x 415 x 400 4, |!~[ >o-900sca00 7.49 A ~ 144420 A, + 76.68 x 10° =0 Assume 16 mm 6 bars, _1000%201.06 546.43, Spacing = 367.95 mm Iris convenient to match the spacing of reinforcement of stem and heel slab, Accordingly, we will Provide 16 mm 9 bars @ 120 mm ele (4,,_,, = 1675.5 mm) < 300 mm or Sd + Distribution bars 0.12. 12 “ 0.196 N/mm? (1) Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. Percentage of steel, p, = = 047% Step 5: Design of Toe slab ‘The BM calculations for a 1 m wide strip of the toe slab. The maximum BM in the toe slab is determined by taking moments of the forces about the point c. si, Magnitude ‘Moment No Load due to of the load {Distance from ‘e’] about ‘c’ &N) ™ (kN-m) Upward | For rectangular portion pressure | 81.45% 1.1%1 89.60 49.28 “odes” 1 | Upward |For triangular portion pressure | 3 x11x17.61%1 9.68 7.09 “ele “Total upward pressure 9928 3637 Deduct for self weight ofthe |L1x0.45x 1x25 12.375 6.380 toe slab2 | Deduct for [(D,— slab depihy x1 x1 x 16 dead weight [(125-0.45) x1x1x16 | 128 oss | 108 of soil over toe slab Total deduction 257 a} BM for Toe sab. 5637 15.84 42.53 ‘otal magnitude ofthe load = ZW = 99.28 ~25.17 = 74.11 kN ‘Maximum service BM forthe toe slab ato, M= 42.53 kN-m + Ultimate BM, M, = 1542.53 = 63.80 km + Design of main reinforcement 4154, x 10'= 087x415 x 400 A,]1-[ 41 Au estore canrnaiscsn afl-(gtAees) 7.49 AZ ~ 144420 A, + 63.80 x 10=0 A, = 452.38 mm'< Ay, (640 mm") Provide minimam Area of stel, Ay, = 540 mm? Assume 16 mm § bars Spacing = 10004 . 1000%201.06 = 379 33 mam 340 Provide 16 mm 6 bars @ 300 mm ele (A, = 670.2 mm*) Distribution bars Mau = 540mm’, assume 8 mm 6 bars 1000%50.26 540 Provide 8 mm 6 bars @ 90 mm cfc < 450 mm or Sd Check for shear Spacing 93.07 mm, say 90 mm Maximum shear ours at junction, V= LM = Tota magnitude ofthe load Ve 74.11 KN Factored SE, V, = LS 7411 = 11165 KN Refer IS:456-2000, clause 40.111.165x10° Nominal shear sess, oe =028 Ninn P 3 ste, = TOTO _ 161 excontage of steel eae ‘ Note down the value oft, using f, = 20 Nimm* and p, = 0.167 % (Refer 18:456-2000, table 19) 2 4, = 0.293 Nimmt (by interpolation method) kx, = 1 x0.293 =0,293 Nimm? > 0.28 Nimm? (1) Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits Step 6 : Design of shear key Shear key is provided either below the stem or atthe end of heel. It should not be provided at the end of toe. If shear key is provided, then it should be designed taking the effect of passive pressure, Let us provide a shear key below the stem, The wall is unsafe in shear. Let P, be the intensity of passive pressure developed justin front of the shear key, This intensity P, depends upon the soil pressure P justin front of shear key. P= KP i where, K,7037 72 P = soil pressure justin front of the shear key ie P = 81.45 kN/oy (from fig. 2.13(b)) > P, = 2.7 81.45 =219.92 kNim* Now let us assume depth of shear key, a= base slab depth ie, @=450 mm or 0.45 m [Note : Minimum depth of shear key = 300 mm Total passive force per metee, P,= Px a= 219.92 x 0.45 x 1 = 98.96 kN 09 w(SW) +P, Factor of safety against siding, FOS =p Here IW = 235.04 KN (From step-2 (a) soil pressure) P,, = 93.54 kN (From step -2) = (09%0.5%235.08)+9896 6g 93.54 > Hence sate Hence the reinforcement inthe stem is extended upto shear keyStep : 7 Reinforcement details mow fo owes uipnnsuor : (ere Sit om Buguenyos ssaaynuns un spoyop puouacuofrny : (OPEC Ba era TET THE dul og2 @ seg au vreee we ew oe ieee wus) maven ap wuore use & ‘reg wash nausea @Toe Main bars, 1émm & bars @ 300 mm cfc 4.1m 0.35 175m Distrioution ot __}t bars 8mm —praota—y ft || gbars 4 @ 90mm cle t + t 4 Fig. 2.14(c) Bottom plan of base slab 4.1m 0.35m 1.75m 235m) -+| 1 It Distribution yh bars 8mm SSL bars yt @ 80mm cle t i —t Hee! Main bare 6mm @bars @ 120mm cle Fig. 2.14(d) : Top plan of base slab 2.9 PROBLEMS ON DESIGN OF COUNTERFORT RETAINING WALL. 1 Design a counterfort retaining wall based on the following data : + Height of wall above ground level =6m + SBC of soil = 160 kN/na? + Angle of internal friction @ + Density of soil + Spacing of counterforts + Adopt M20 grade concrete and Fe415 HYSD barsDraw the following views showing reinforcement details 1. Sectional elevation midway between counterforts 2, Sectional elevation through counterforts 43. Sectional plan at base of counterforts Solution Given data W=6m, y= 16KkNim’, 6=33, SBC=160kNim*, f,=20Nimm', f = 415 N/mm? Step 1 : Dimensions of retaining wall swe, Y x=" = 1.125 m= 1125m say 1200 mm. a4Step 2 : Design of stem Stem cr Stem yor ee oF SOA \ Zea © oN ro v ee Too slab CF - Countertort Fig. 2.15(a) ‘Stem and heel slabs are connected by using counterfort at regular intervals, Hence stem and heel slab are designed like a one way continuous slab. ‘a sing (4} Not Now, stem is designed like a one way continuous slab. h + Maximum BM = WE ‘Maximum BM, Map We kyh he Iesin 33 - - 1+ kh ——+| K.= 1ysin 33 02% ' | Fig 215 (6) W = 0.294 x 16 x 6.55 x 1 — per meter value (1000 mm) 30.81 kN/m, Factored moment, M, = 1523.10 = 34.66 =35 kN-m+ Effective depth required a M, x10® ‘ea ¥0.138 fab ~ Y0.138x20x1000 d,, = 112.61 mm Provide a suitable thickness to resist design shear force at base of stem, Adopt an overall thickness of 250 mm constant up to the top 250 mm, + Main reinforcement (4,,) ANS Ag 35x 105 = 087x415 2004, |1-[ 35-5 op 300 35x 10° = 72.21 x 10°A,~ 7.49.42 7.49 AZ - 72.21 x 10° A, +35 x l0"=0 A, = 5187 mm! Assume 12 mm 6 bars Fx 12§= 113.09 mm? a-4 mm Spacing = 1000 —1000%113.09 00 acne = Ay sist” e Provide 12 mm bars @ 200mm ele (A,,__ = $65.45 mm") + Distribution of steel reinforcement A, = 0.12% of gross sectional areaA, = 300mm? Assume 8 mm 9 bars © ¥¢8°=50.26 mm? 4 1000 4,, _ 1000%50.26 Spacing = y= 399 = 167.5 mm Provide $ mm 9 bars @ 150mm cl (4,,_| =335 mm’) + Check for shear ‘Maximum shear occurs at junction (per metre length), V = W=30,81 kNim = 30,81 x 1=30,81 kN (From step 2) Factored SF, V, = 15% 30.81 =46.21 kN Refer IS:456-2000, clause 40.1 Vy _ 4621x107 ba ~ 1000x200 ~°73 N/mm Nominal shear sess, 4, = 100 Arsevau _ 100565.45 ~ bd 1000x200 Note down the value oft, using f= 20 Nimm? and p, = 028% (Refer IS:456-2000, table 19) ‘ , = 0.375 Nimm’ (By interpolation method) F= 110 fordepth, = 250mm, Refer clause 40.2.1. > kx, = 1.10 0.375 = 0.412 N/mm’ > 0.23 Némm (1,) Hence shear stresses ar within sae permissible limits, Percentage of steel, = 0.28%00mm 2800mm He7m Toe slab 050mm B=4500mm Fig, 2.15(c) : Counterfort retaining wall-overall dimensions Step 3 : Stability calculations ‘The pressure distribution @ base is computed by calculating the various forces acting and taking moments of all the forces about the heel point a’ s. Now consider | m or 1000 mm running Iength of wall(a) Soil pressure si Distance from ‘Moment No] Load due to Total load ‘a’ (kN) about ‘a’ aN) (kN-m) Stem 025 1] W,=025%655x1%25 409 f.05+°S ~3.175) 129.85 Base slab 45 2) W,=045x4.5x 1x25 50.625 F =228 113.90 Back fill 3.05 3) W,=305x655x 1x16 319.64 AB = 1525 48745 ‘Moment of earth pressure af ape Kath! _0204x16%6.55 - . 22031 6 6 5. Total Sw = 411.16 KN) DMg = 951.511 + Distance of the point of application of the resultant from point ‘a’ is, z + Eccentricity, & SM _ 95151 TW ile o06m< ne + Maximum and minimum pressure @ the base Fras BE) BB 45 45 G,,, = 98.67 Nim? 31m aus woe) resEW (,_Se)_ 41116 /, 60.06 BB) 45 45 4.05 kN :. ‘The maximum stress is within the permissible limits of SBC of soil = 160 KN/m. ‘The pressure distribution atthe base is trapezoidal and the maximum and minimum pressure are shown in fig. 2.15(4). a 3.05m 1 h 4.05 kNimé 3.9 Nimo 94.77 kN/m* 98.87 kN/m’ Fig. 2.15(d) : Pressure distribution @ base By interpolation method From end ‘@ From end ‘a? Om=98.67kNim! or Om = 84.06 KN/m* 12m=? 33m=? 4.5 m= 84.05 Kim? 4.5 m= 98.67 KNim* for 1.2 m=94.77 KNin* for 3.3 m=94.77 kNim?(b) Check for safety against sliding Resisting force _0.9x1(ZW) Factor of safely = “gisinetorce =P Sliding fore P 2 g29axt6c7? where p= Ket OUT 115244N 2 2 P= 11524kN Assume UL = covllicient of fiction between concrete and soil = 0.5 W 9 OSXAl1.16 Fos = 09x BEM -99x25%446 «1 605515 P * 115.24 Since the wal is safe against siding Hence OK. +, Shear key isnot required. (©) Check for overturning Overturning moment —-M, Factor of safety, (OS) = 0.9 x Resisting moment ‘Overtuning moment = 09x Le 99x 25151 538515 M, 268.89 Hence safe against overturning. Step 4 : Design of heel slab The maximum BM on the heel slab is calculated by taking moments of all the forves about the point ‘a’ sl. Load due to ‘Total load No. kim’) 1 | + Self weight of soil = 6.5516 1048 + Self weight of heel slab = 0.45 x 25 11.25 _ | [From point ‘a’ Toad 716.05 | |84.05 kim? 2_| Deduct for downward pressure Ba05_| Herter He. 2.15¢4) Net downward pressure 32.0) Yow consider 1 m wide length of heel slab near heel end ‘a’ to ‘bW = Net downward pressure x Im W = 320x1=32,0kN/m Spacing of counterforts = 3 m cle ‘Maximum service BM at counterforts is, 2 32.0x3% ay = WE _320x3 RoR 5x 24= 36.0 kN-m =24.0kN-m Factored BM, M, = (@) Main reinforcement (A,) Refer IS:456-2000, 03 sa -( 36x 108 144.4204 10° A, -749 42 7.49 A ~ 144.420 x 10° A, + 36% 10" A, = 252.58 mm’ 0.12 Nimm* (¢,) Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. Percentage of steel, P, =0.14 = 0.15% Hence k ‘Step 5 : Design of toe slab ‘The maximum BM in the toe slab is determined by taking moments of the forces about the poi" s ned duets [Toaliad] Distance rom 0] Moment No. (kN) (™) about ‘c” (kN-m) “ea en Set weg foe dab =1axixo4sn2s Bs 1 ers Ded weigh fi aoe te sb 2 = 0-049 12% 1516 woss | Bo | ea Toad dancin 206 Ta ~Upad pestie Gi 12 = sera usa | soe | sas 2 [Popmad jes 6 =1nx12%39%1 am | Fxiz-08 | use Dal opand pss wre 7ox0 3 Ya ios Toa $561=60‘Maximum service BM in toe slab = 60 K ie, Factored moment, + Main reinforcement (A,) Refer I8:456-2000 90x 108 90x 108 Assume 12 mm § bar Spacing 6OKN-m 15x60 =90 kN-m fran om gaat }I D=450mm, d=400mm 1 AIS Ag 0.87 «415x400, |!-[ 5555p a00 144.420 x 10° A, -7.49 a2 7.49 Ab ~ 144.420 x 10° A, +90 « 108 644.74 mm" Fei? 113.09 mnt 7* mm’ 1000 a Ay 1000%113.09 eiata = 175.40.mm -+ Provide 12 mm @ bars @ 150mm cle (A, = 754 mm’) (®) Distribution bars Provide 12 mm 9 bars @ + Check for shear 40 min’, Assume 12 mm 6 bars 200mm cle (A,,,,, = 565.45 mm?) ‘Maximum shear occurs at junction, V= JW =92kN Factored SF, v, Refer IS:456-2000, clause 40.1 Nominal shear stess, 1, Percentage of steel, P, 15x 92=138KN Va) __138x10° ham? = 15> ipooeayg O25 Nem 1004, 7 = — ree _ 100754 _ 9 i g9e, bd 1000x400Note down the value of t, using p, = 0.189% and f, = 20 N/mm* 5 +, = 0.311 Nimm? (by interpolation method) and & = 1 = kx, = 10311 =0.311 Nimm’ < 0.345 Nimm* (x) Hence shear stresses are not within safe permissible limits. Heace we nced to increase the effective depth and overall depth of toe slab to make it sale in shear or increase the area of steel provided value. Fromstep5, Arg, = 754mm? Let us provide spacing = 110 mm = 1000%113.09 1998.09 mm? poy = ORES = 1028.09 mm 100 Agvaaes _ 100102809 100%1028.09 9 257% Percentage of steel, 2,= Sa = “T000x400 Note down the value of ¢, using p,= 0.257% and f, = 20 N/mm? 1, = 0363 Nim? > ke, = 1x 0.363 = 0,363 Nimm’ > 0.345 Nimm! (¢,) Hence shear stresses are within safe permissible limits. Provide 12 mm@ bars @ 110 mm cle (A, = 1028.09 mn?) Step 6 : Design of counterforts - designed like a ‘beam? Thickness provided @ the top = 250 + 250 = 500 mm ‘Thickness of counterfort = 500 mm. but consider hece, b= $00 mm Maximum service (working) moment in counterfor is uw = 0.294 x 16 x 655 x3 M = 660.93kN-m Factored moment, —-M, = 1.5 x 660.93 = 991.39 KN-m250 250mm 780,280 <_ ] Kor ess = 3.05-0.25 jm =28m = m QQ = 8.55 = i i X= SaaS Fig. 215) ‘Counterfort is designed like a tn® -=2.05m—$—} 8 sin @ > D = 3.05 x sin 66.85 D = 280m or 2800 mm Assume a = 60mm d = D-d' =2800—60=2740 mm “The dimensions of counterfort, bx D = 500 x 2800 mm bxd = 5002740 mm + Main reinforcement (A, ibd . 1: 41S Ay ) oor.s9 108 = 087 ais x2740A, [I-( spe 991.39 x 10% = 989.277 10° A, -14.98 A?14.98 a3 - 989.277 x 10° A, + 991.39 x 10*=0 A, = 1017.82 mm? Assume 16 mm p bars a, = X16 = 201.06 mms A, _ 1017.82 No. of bars so106 7 5:06~6:0's + Provide 6 bars of 16 mm 9 bars (4, = 1207 mm) Step 7 : Curtailment of bars Let, 4h, = depth @ which 1 bar can be curtailed hen, 1h, = 5.97 = 6 m from top depth @ which 2 bars are curtailed yy 8-2 5:34 =5.35 m from top depth @ which 3 bars are culled let then, h, = 4.63 m=4.7 m from top let hi, = depth @ which 4 bars are curtailed then, 6-4 6 3.78 4 m from top‘The removing 2 bars are taken right up tothe Cop. ‘Step 8: Connection between counterfort and upright slab (or) design of horizontal links (between stem and counterfort) ‘The total load for stem, W = kh = 0.294 x 16x 6.55% 1 1081 kN/m (From step -2) Force = WL | L=3 mle spacing of CF = 3081%3 92.42 kN, P= 1.5 x 92.42 = 138,64 KN Factored force Fy _ 138.6410" Arcaotsteel = Say 7 garxais 7384 Assume 2L-8 mm 6 links 2x2 xs : a,=2xtx 1000%100.53 Spacing = “C00 ds _ 100010057 = 261.79 mm, say 250 mm pacing 3a y Provide 2L-8 mm 6 horizontal links @ 250 mm cle Step 9 : Connection between counterfort and heel slab (or) design of vertical links (between heel slab and counterfort) ‘otal load for heel, W = 32 kN/m (from step 4) Force Factored force = F,,= 1.5 x 96= 144 kNStep : 10 Reinforcement details ofs2yun02 yw 40 yBno1y uonpsays pouonzag : (Q)or'e tt oozezte cozezte usra Kompnu wounsaye pouoyse: suoftayunos 10 syoddns u29Mj2q wre wupeae ter Moar usrd oozeai wss'ony (was) gee nabidy > vee ase" bam ava van Sy (oequen) 1)Fy _ 1axi0® 087 f, 087x415 Areaof steel A, = = 398.8 mm* Assume 21-8 mm 6 links 2x | x8°= 100.53 mm x Fx $= 100.53 mm 1000 a,, _1000x100.53 Spacing = 4 "= ~~ ogg = 252.8 mmsay 250mm Provide 2Z-8 mm ¢ vertical links @ 250 mm cfcois 2509 fo woysunt ays po ma4s ySno1y uoys2s (40) spofteyunod fo 280q yw und pouoysag : (2)9TT BL suse ose panne onairs 305m ene sono I i vounsroo hj | an oe 28 juesiojoes view wats)REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Design a counter fort type retaining wall and draw to a suitable scale (@ Cross section midway between counter forts Gi) Cross section through counterfors Git) Sectional elevation (iv) Sectional plan For the following details a. Height ofthe wall above ground level = 5.50 m b, Safe beating capacity ofthe soil = 160 kN/m* . Angle of repose of the soil = 30 degree 4. Weight of soil = 16000 Nim? . Spacing between counterforts = 3 m le £. Cocticient of fiction, w= 0.5 ‘Use M20 grade concrete and Fe415 grade steel. 2. Design of cantilever type retaining wall having 5.0 m tall stem soil weight 19 kNim!, 6 = 30* ‘SBC 200 N/m, ui = 0.6 surfaces is level. Use M25 concrete and HYSD bars. Draw to suitable scale 1. Cross section of retaining wall b. Longitudinal section c. Sectional plan at top and bottom showing details of reinforcement in base slab, 3. A cantilever retaining wall is to be designed to support a bank of earth 5 m ground level on the toe side of the wall. The backfill surface is inclined at an angle of 18° with the horizontal, Assume that good soil available for foundation at a depth of 1.10 m below the ground level, ‘with a safe bearing capacity of 150 kN/m? and angle of shearing resistance is 30°. Take coefficient of friction between soil and conerete is 0.6, Adopt M20 and Fes 15 grade steel, ‘The unit weight of soil is 18 kN/m? and neglect the passive earth pressure on the wall. To show the structural details, draw the following to a suitable scale a. Sectional elevation of the retaining wall . Reinforcement details at the inner face of the stem4, Design a cantilever retaining wall to retain the backfill material consisting of sand and gravel, mixture 3.8m above the GL. The backfill surface is horizontal. Following details are availabe: Density of backtill = 18.9 kN/m* Angle of internal friction Coefficient of friction between soil and base sla SBC of soil = 160 kN/m? 30° os Grade of concrete and steel M20 and Fed Draw the following to suitable scale a. Cross-section of retaining wall +, Longitudinal section of stem showing the curtailment . Sectional plan showing the details of reinforcement in heel slab