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/ 32
Wwyikalviexpress.in
UNIT 1 ELECTROSTATICS
EXERCISE PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
|. When two objects are rubbed with each other, approximately a charge of 50 nC
can be produced in each object. Calculate the number of electrons that must be|
transferred to produce this charge.
M q=50nC=50X10°C ; e=16X10%C ; n=?
= According to quantization of electric charges,
qane og
_q_ 50X10 _ 50x 10° 7)
ne" Texte 0.2081
n= 3125 ¥ 10'X Lae
n= 31.25 X10" electrons 3125x204
2. The total number of electrons in the human body is typically in the order of
102, Suppose, due to some reason, you and your frend fost 1% of this
humier of electrons. Caeutate the electrostatic force between you and your
friend separated ata distance of 1m. Compare this with your weight. Assume
mass of each person is 60 kg and use point charge approximation.
GSR = 10%; n= 10% 196 = 10 x= 10%; r= 1m; m= 6OkG
‘Charge on each person; q=ne = 10x 16X10" = 16X10? C
* Then electrostatic force between them,
- a2 _ 1 @
tee Ina
(1.6 1072
Fe= 9x10? x SAND ~ 9x 109x256 10
Fr = 23.04% 107 N
+ Weight ofthe person;; W'= mg = 60X98=588N Ting
* Hence the ratio of the force and the weight, as
Fe _ 23.04X 108 _ pia 2.7604
yo ae 7 891810 X10) i
Lo 21 so1ex107
yen 3 91ex10
3. Five identical charges Q are placed equidistant on a
micircle as shown in the figure. Another point charge 4
kept at the centre of the circle of radius R. Calculate the
tic force experienced by the charge q.
* Lette forces acts on ‘be F, F,sFy Fy Fy
* Here the magnitudes of these forces must be same. (i.e)
F,= F,= Fy= Fy= Fe=F
© Here #, and F, are resolved into two perpendicular component
@ FreosasT & Fysin45*(-])
@ Fooss5°t & Fsin45° 7
v2 v2
Fy=F [1+v2
+ ‘Thus total force on charge‘a’
foe = Be= F [142
1 Qa
Fe = Fpa ge + VER
+ Hence, total force on the charge“q’ acts along X-axis whose magnitude i
_1 Onis
Fat = Fea we +2]
. Suppose a charge +q on Earth's surface and another +q charge is placed on
the surface of the Moon. (a) Calculate the value of q required to balance the
BUDE ERA”
+ Resultantiorce on'q” along Y-axis
B= Ff) + Fysin4s* (—]) + Ff + Fy sings? j
: i 1
B=Rj-Roi+thitae
BRI Bgl tehlt hd
© since, Fy = Fy = Fy = Fo =F, weget F, =
resultant force ong’ along X-axis,
+ Fcos4s? + F, cos 45°%
é 1, ot
Fy= Filth ait+hai
va v2
— f 1
Fant +2ngicr [isa
gravitational attraction between Earth and Moon (b) Suppose the distance
between the Moon and Earth is halved, would the charge q change?
(Take me= 5.9 x 102 kg, mu =7.9 x 102? kg)
Ramm oo cor fotavmeeg? Sg =
+ Let 'R’ be the distance between earth and moon.
+ Since the gravitational attraction is balanced by electrostatic force, Fe = Fz
1 @__ memy _ GmpMy
(or) =
Cog =
lez
Fie,
6.67 X 107 X59 X 107 X7.9.X 10
ox 10"
a
6.67 X59.X7.9X 10%
a fears
a= 5.878X 10" ¢
"When the distance between earth and moon is halved,
the charge ‘q' remains the same, because the value of
charge is independent of the distance. WyikAalviexpress.in
UNIT 1 ELECTROSTATICS
COUR AM ERM sical
‘5. Draw the free body diagram for the following charges as shown in the figure
{@), (b) and (c).
speed vp and entering into a uniform
electric field E which is perpendicular
to)as shown in the Figur i
obtain the
acceleration, velocity and position as
functions of time.
Ei
(Acceleration
+ From Newton's seco!
Force experienced by the electron in the electric field; F = eE
* Thus ma = eE
,_ eb ek
a-S-S ep
ge et
a=
|) Melocity
= From equation of motion ; = Wi + @t
cE.
vei — tj
(iit) Position :
From equation of motion ; $= t+ + at?
$= ti- tee
= es aa
7. Adlosed triangular box is kept in an
electric field of — magnitude
E = 2 x 10 N C1 as shown in the
figure. Calculate the electric ux
through the (a) vertical rectangular
surface (b) slanted surface and (c)
(a) Vertical rectangular surface : (!= 15cm ; b=Scm ; @=0°)
;= EA=Elb
Dg = 2X 10° X15X 10-7 X5.X 10-7 = 150 X 10-*
Oe = 15 NMC!
(b) Slanted surface: (J= 15cm ; x ; @ = 60")
5 5 5
wit =P em aig =m
9 we
a po
ons fe deco 6 fés osoor= caf] FS
1
opebere
pw 2H MOE HSK 10* X10 X 107*
2
@, = 15 N mec
ters through the vertical rectangular
ugh the slanted surface. Also the closed surface
he electric field lines enter the close
the electric field lines leave the closed surface. Thus th
total electric lux through entire surface is zero (i) ®, = — 15 +15 =0
8 ‘The electrostatic potential is given as a function of x in figure (a) and (b)-
Calculate the corresponding electric fields in regions A, B, C and D. Plot the
electric field as a function of x for the figure (b). Wyiakalviexpress.in
Figure (a) : According to the relation between E and V we have ;
© Inregion-A; dv =5-8=-3 dx =02-0=02
30 7"
= += H5Vm
dx=04-02=0.2
© Inregion-B
© Inregion-C; dV =7-5=2
dx =1-0=1; dv =30-0=30;
dx =2-1=1; dv =0-30=-30
dx=3-2=1;dv=0-0
e-- 8 OO, gp0y m4
a rs ™
av 30
dx =5-4=1; dv =0-(-3)0= 430; B=- = - P= -30V met
dx =4-3=1; dv =-30-0=~-30
Vv
A spark plug in a bike or a car is used to ignite the air-fuel mixture in the
UNIT 1 ELECTROSTATICS
engine. It consists of two electrodes separated by a gap
of around 0.6 mm gap as shown in the figure. To create
the spark, an electric field of magnitude 3 x 106 V mis
required. (a) What potential difference must be
applied to produce the spark? (b) If the gap is increased,
does the potential difference increase, decrease or
remains the same? (© find the potential
difference if the gap is 1 mm.
Pesan) A
d= 0.6mm = 0.6% 10" m; E =3X 10°V m™!; d’=1mm=1X10" m
{@) 1et'V be the required potential dterenMa ; B=
(or) V=Ed= 3X10°X 06X10 = 18 10?
v =1800V
(b) Since potential difference is directly proportional to the separation (V = E dif
separation increases, potential difference also increases.
(c) LetV’ be the new potential difference, then ; E =~
(or) V’= Ba’= 3X 10°X1 N10 = 3.410?
v’ = 30007
|. A point charge of +10 nC is placed at a
distance of 20 cm from another identical
point charge of +10 \C. A point charge of -2
HC is moved from point a to b as shown in
the figure. Calculate the change in potential
energy of the system? Interpret your result.
10pC
a=4,= 41000 3 q=—2a0 ; my =Sam jr,=15em
r= (SHS = VED = Sven ; rf = JISF +5! = VIO = 5VIDom
+ Initial potential energy, when —2 uC is at'a"
tag 1 igeg_ 1 ima ag)
UTag a tien a ieala R
1
* Tae
aa fers] , tr anal
pros
ui
U, = 910" x 10x 10-6 x (-2)x 10-6
1
uj=-9xaxwes WyikAalviexpress.in
UNIT 1 ELECTROSTATICS
COUN K AM ERM al!
Final potential energy, when —2 uC is at’b’
_ lad, 1 aq 1
L= Tres * Ime tae
ye 14 ;
"= Ta 0 bt
1 1
Uy = 9x 10° x 10x 10-4 x (-2)x 10° X [+
’ x > 2x10" SV10 x 10-4
u, = -9x2x107x [4] x
1 2" Viol” 5x10
1 1.023
U, = - 9X 2X [0.707 + 0.316] X z= —18X —— = —18.x 02046
U, = ~3.683 J
‘The change in potential energy ;
AU = Uy — Uy = ~3.683 ~ (-48) = ~3.683 + 48
= 41117J= 41.127
Positive sign implies that to move the charge -2uC external work is required,
11. Calculate the resultant capacitances for each of the following combinations of
capacitors.
Figure (a):
doi.ila
CS
ive capacitance of capacitors in series,
C= C+ Qt te
Since Cp and Co are in parallel,
Cp = Co + Cg =2Cq
Also, Co and 2 Cg re in series,
Since Cp and Co are in parallel,
Cp = Co + Co =2C9
Also, 2.Co and 2 Cy are in series,
11 14 Gat
eats es or) G=G,
200
Figure ()
Since Cy ,Cp and Cy are in par:
Cp = Cy + Co + Co
Cp = 3Co
are in series,
nll G+
BGG AG
C; and G,are in series,
om Sep ee SE. Ge
Cy Cy Gy aly OC,
Cz, and ¢,,are in parallel
- “rq = Cs, + Cs,
= GG te
c= TG GtG
GHG) GG HUG + G) Cal
7 (G+) (Cr Cs)
COt GAG GOC+ Cobbs
+65) (Cz + Gy)
Coq = wingalviexpress.in UNIT 1 ELEcrRosrarics Pesan) A
Thus Gy and Cyare poral hoor eyes
Cas = Os, + C5, 2m De [ie
c= ae, Gab (or) ge 2h cad leasron?
SG 4G G+ wa el ea
Gg = LEED GG HG 46) Ge _ fama _ fexsaxtoxixio Fo [SzE od
ee (G4 CCG ¥Gy) f= Fer ~ | texteexsxie
fgg w SE GE GY BGG + GO
RS TO 4+G)(GtG) 18.2 X 10-28
, +6) (s+) t= [A = a a7e x0 = 1 500K 10-
C. t, =1.5ns
ONS at. Tncoftightoipymp tate : F< ; w=0 pax b= tf
1
eos, eet. | Prvsdee
Here,Cy and Cyare in series,
roa t 2
GG Ge
Also, Cy anid. Gare in series,
1 4 41 2
sates
GGG Ge
‘Thus, C,, Cs, and Cy are in paral
fo Lo
Cp = Os, + Ca, + Cy = P+ 4 Cy
Gr Bee
12. An electron and a proton are allowed to fall through the separation between
the plates of a parallel plate capacitor of voltage 5 V and separation distance
h = 1 mm as shown in the figure. (a) Calculate the time of flight for both
electron and proton (b) Suppose if a neutron is allowed to fall, what is the time
of fight? (c) Among the three, which one will reach the bottom first?
7 fF
CTalce m= 1.6 x 10 kg, me= 9.1 10-7 kg and g = 10 ms)
h = tmm=1X10-?m ; V=5V ;£= = 2 .=5x 10 We
(@) Time offlightof electron ;¢= t, ; S=h
1
Sautt zat?
Sent ¥88r ‘AnSwel
lamh _ f2x16x10-"xX1X103
ine ef 1.6 X 10°19 X 5 X 105
2x 10-1 = a_i Sow
t= Spo our at | ecard
tp = (40x 10-* aug [ass 04
tp = 6.325 X 10 =63.25X 10 s =
ipa lies
(0) Time of fight ofneutron ;t= t, ; S=h; u=0;a=g
1 oe
Sern pee
neort gute 2 ory
1.2
ne 2h
a
. BR. Peam
=
= f2X10-* = 1.414107
= 1414x107 5 = 14.14ms
(c Since, t, < tp < t,, outof three, electron reac! WyikAalviexpress.in
13. During a thunder storm, the movement of
water molecules within the clouds creates
friction, partially causing the bottom part of
the clouds to become negatively charged.
This implies that the bottom of the cloud
and the ground act as a parallel plate
capacitor. If the electric field between the
cloud and ground exceeds the dielectric
breakdown of the air (3 x 105 Vm
lightning will occur.
(a) Ifthe bottom part of the cloud is 1000 m above the ground, determine
the electric potential difference that exists between the cloud and ground.
(b) In a typical lightning phenomenon, around 25 C of electrons are
transferred from cloud to ground. How much electrostatic potential energy is
transferred to the ground?
BF =3x10°vm™; d=1000m; g=25€
@ Formula for electric field ; £ = *
Hence the potential difference; V=Ed= 3X10°X 1000 = 3X10°V
(b) Since the electrostatic potential energy Is the amount of work done, then
W=qV =25X3X10? =75X10°J
UNIT 1 ELECTROSTATICS
|. For the given capacitor configuration (a) Find the
charges on each capacitor (b) potential
Pesan) A
(©) Energy stored in each capacitor ;
1 1
Ug = 5 Cale? = 5X BX 10-SN 3? = 36K 10-5] = 36 HJ
i 1
Uy = 5 Cal? = 5 XOX 10° NF? = 27X10 = 27 HJ
i i
Ue= 5 CMA = 7X 2X1 NG = 9X10] = OI
1 1
Ua= 5 GaNd = 5 X8X 1X3 = 30K 10%) = 36m)
. Capacitors P and Q have identical
cross sectional areas. A and
separation d. The space between the
capacitors is filled with a dielectric
of dielectric constant €, as shown in
the figure. Calculate the capacitance
efeapactors PandQ.
difference across them (c) energy stored in each
capacitor,
GEREN c= aur; c= 6ury c= 20r;
Ca=8uF; V=9V
Here, Cy, and C. are in parellel,
Ce = Cy + C= 642-8 pF
Effective capacitance of this series connection,
riaj1j1_3
G 8°88 8
Net charge on this series ciru
8
(or) G= uF
8
Q= CV = 5 x10X9=24x10C
)) Charges on each capacitor:
# Since C, = Cye = Cy, potential difference across them also equal (i.e:)
Va =Voe = Va = $= 3V
‘= Thus charges on each capacitor ;
Gq = Ca¥n =BX10-°X3 = 24K 10°C
Gp = CiVpe = 6X 10° X3 = 18 10-6
Ge = CVge = 2K 10 XB = 6X1OEC
a = CaVq = 8X 10° X 3 = 24K 10-5 C
o
G ce
a
ae az
* Thus effective capacitance in parallel combination,
fol, fol _ Eo
C= G+ = Bet OE = Bate)
@ Capacitor 0; Here two capacitors are connected in series. They are
caffe 2 A
“a 4
2
= Thus effective capacitance in series combi
1 14 d d
Sa=stoeH + =
fq
d E: + 4]
©, 2e,eA* ZEA 2eAl 6,
2 Hey £ |
2 Gg = 28 UNIT-2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
PO aa Ra SURES
.. The following graphs represent the current versus voltage and voltage versus
current for the six conductors A,B,CD,E and F. Which conductor has least
resistance and which has maximum resistance?
‘¢ Resistance of conductor -
Resistance of conductor -
Resistance of conductor -
Figure (2)
‘¢ Resistance of conductor =
Resistance of conductor -
Resistance of conductor -
And conductor € has ma
Lightning is very good example of natural current. In
typical lightning, there is 10° J energy transfer across
the potential difference of 5 x 10” V during a time
interval of 0.2 s. Using this information, estimate the
following quantities
(@) total amount of charge transferred between cloud
and ground (b) the current in the lightning bolt (c) the
power delivered in 0.2 s.
Mv =sx'v ;
t=02s ; U= 1077
(a) Total charge ; =X 10? =0.2X 10? =20€
200
(b) Current == 1004
=5X10°W=5GW
Send Vour water) &
(©) Power
rMiSe MPA, BEd Pr
Question Answer
concer HASAN ENS
A copper wire of 10-+ m= area of cross section, carries a current of 2 A. If the
number of free electrons per cubic meter in the wire is 8 x 10%, calculate the
current density and average drift velocity of electrons.
n= 8X10"
2
Bo ype 210 Ame
Aveage drift velocity
1
a=
wae
_ 2X 10° 1 os
‘a = Fyiow x Lex IO = Ga *1°
vq = 1.562 X10~ ms“! = 15.62 X 1075
The resistance of a nichrome wire at 20°C is 10
of resistivity of nichrome is 0.004/°C, find the re
point of water. Comment on the result.
T,=0°C; T= 100°C ; R= 100;
Resistance ofthe conducting wire at T % fs,
Rr = Ry [1+ a(T — Ty
Ry = 10 [1 + 0.004 (100 — 0)}
Ry = 10 [1 +0.004 X 100]
Ry =10[1 +04) =10X 14
R= 140
¢ Asthe temperature increases the resistance ofthe wire also increases.
The rod given in the figure is made up of two different materials. Both have
square cross sections of 3 mm side. The resistivity of the first material is
4 10 Om and that of second material has resistivity of 5 x 10-? Om. What is
the resistance of rod between its ends?
a ed
fe 25em —>|-—. 70 cm —___
= 25 em= 25% 10? m
1 = 5X10?
BA =3mmxX3mm = 9mm? = 9X 10-% m? ;
I, = 70 em = 70X10" m =4x107
ance of first materi
_ 4X10" X25 X 107?
ox 10-e
© Res!
— 1000 5
9
_ 5X10 X 70X10 _ 3500 5
~ ox 10% 9
Since the two materials are in series, their effective resistance,
1900 3500 1000+3500 _ 4500
Rege = Ry + Re = et Se OO =
9 9
Riot = 5000
“Kan
.
9
‘PARANGIPETTAI -608 502
xpress@gmaitcom
Btir'emalfb: yyy kalviexpress.in
UNIT-2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
concer Ak AMPLE ENS
6.
Three identical lamps each having a resistance R are connected to the battery of|
emf ¢as shown in the figure Suddenly the switch S is closed. (a) Calculate the
currentiin the circuit when Sis open x ¥ c
and closed (b) What happens to the ~ OQ
intensities of the bulbs A,B and C. } \
(6) Calculate the voltage across the 8 uv
three bulbs when S is open and
closed (d) Calculate the power | +
delivered to the circuit when $ is ‘==
opened and closed (e) Does the | -
power delivered to the circuit
decrease,
\crease or remain same?
(@) Current :
‘¢ When Sis open, all the bulbs A, B and C are in series, and hence their effective
resistance becomes; Ry = R+R+R= 3. Thus from Ohm’slaw,
€_€
= 57 3R
¢ When $ is closed, only the bulbs A and B are in series and hence t
effective resistance becomes Rr=R+R=2R and no current flows
through bulb C. Thus from Ohm's law,
(b) Intensity
‘¢ When Sis open, all the bulbs A, B and Care in series. Here current through all
the bulbs are same. So all the bulbs glow with equal intensity.
¢ When S is closed, only the bulbs A and B are in series . The intensities of the
bulbs A and B equally increase. Bulb C will not glow since no current pass
‘When Sis open,
€ €
V,=IR,= —xR=<5
3R 3
Vy =1Ry= = XR= =
3R 3
Vo=IRo= So xR=<
ca R 8
When Sis closed,
Va=IR,= = XR=5
2R z
Va=IRy= SO XR= 5
Ve=0
Ja
(q) Power delivered :
‘¢ When Sis open,
(ce) When Sis suddenly closed, the power delivered to the circuit will increases.
[An electronics hobbyists building a radio which requires 150 fin her eiruit
Butahe has only 220 0,79 0 and 92 0 resistors available: How can she connect
the available resistors to get the desired value of resistance?
iim
>The oli equal eatin vere eniaceon WM Wei Wes
al restance. Similarly the value of equivalent resistance in pale
ection willbe lesser than each individual resistance
«whan a ei tres ress or comnbuad we svteg er SNE Tetaaice
wil be grater than 220 and when all the three resistors ae connected in
parallel ther effective resistance will beless than 79
first two resistors 220 2 and 79 @ are connected in parallel and their
atective vale,
Te 4 220479 299
79” 220x79 17380
= 17380 : a
typ = 1380s ouxita «sea
¢ Now58.A ant third resistor 92 Mare connected in series its effective vale,
Rew 58492= 1500
¢Thusinorderto get 1500 resistance, 220 @ and 79 @ are connected in parallel
and this combinations connected in series with 92
aa
78
Ra
792
Sent Yet material SQuestion Answer Our Email tb “[email protected] yyy kalviexpress.in
UNIT-2 CURRENT ELECTRICITY
concer HA k AG NPLES ENS
A cell supplies a current of 0.9 A through a 2 9 resistor and a current of 0.3 A
through a7 0 resistor. Calculate the internal resistance of the cell.
=09A ;1,=034; R,=20; R,=70; r=?
‘¢ From Ohm's law (V=1R),
€= A(R, +7) =09@+r)----
€= L(R, +7) =03(7+1r)---~ @)
‘¢ From equation (1) and (2)
09 (2+r) =03(7+r)
18+097 =21+03r
09r-03r=21-18
06r=03
r= Sstso0soa
06 = 2
Calculate the currents in the following circuit.
Apply Kirchoffs current law at the junction B,
h=hth = =~=--~ a
‘+ Apply Kirchof’s voltage law to the closed loop ABEFA and BCDEB,
1004+ 100h=15 ------ @)
and 1004, 100/,=-9 -----~ @)
¢ Put equation (1) in (2)
1001; + 100( 1, + ) = 15
100 fy + 100 fy + 100 fy = 15
1001, + 200/,=15 —----~ ®
@-@= 300 ly = 24
2% 8
b= yp = Too = 0084
'¢ Putthis in equation (3)
100 I, ~ 100 (0.08) =-9
1001,~8=-9
100/,=-9+8=-1
1
= ~7pp= 001A
‘¢ Then equation(1) becomes,
1 = ~ 0.01 + 0.08 = 0.07 A
* Thus, 1,=0.074 ; I,= 0.014 ; I,= 0.08A
10. A potentiometer wire has a length of 4 m and resistance of 20 Q. Itis connected
in series with resistance of 2980 0 and a cell of emf 4 V. Calculate the potential
fon sang the wire
RBM tn; k= 200; R= 29000 ; e= 4; v=?
+ Resistance per unit length of the potentiometer wire, r= #2= 50m
: - 6 4 4
¢ Hronvokm's law = (Re ~~ (2052980) ~ 3000 4V 29800
1s sr = 133x104 paw
+ Potential difference across the potentiometer wire - |
V=IR=133X 107 X20 = 266x10V | 5 Sag
Then the potential gradient along the wire
V=Ir = 133K 10° X5 = 665X109 Vm
11. Determine the current flowing through the galvanometer (G) as shown in the
stim
Apply Kirchoff’s current law at the junction P,
2=ht+h (or)
Ws2—h = ------ @
+ Apply Kirchof's voltage law to the closed loop
PasP ,
51, + 10/,~151,=0
5h + 10/,-15(2- 1) =0
5h + 10/,-30+151, =0
201, + 10/,-30 =0
204+ 101) = 30 ------ @
. larly Apply Kirchoff's voltage law to the closed loop QRSQ,
10(h,~ fy) ~ 10, ~ 20(h +1) =0
10-101, ~ 101, ~ 204,201, =0
104-401, - 201, =0
101, - 401, - 20(2- 1,)=0
101, ~ 401, 40+ 201, =0
30/,- 401,-40=0
301,—401,=40 -----~ @
@x3 5 601, + 301, = 90 ------ @
@x2=> 604, ~ 801, = 80 ---~-~ ©
@-@ = 110 J, = 10
Mat
a
=A
Sent Yet material SQuestion Answer Our Email tb “[email protected] yyy kalviexpress.in UNIT-2 CURE}
concer Ak AMPLE ENS
INT ELECTRICITY.
lis each of 5V are connected in series with a 8 @ resistor and three
resistors of 4 0, 6 @ and 12 Q. Draw a circuit diagram for the above
arrangement. Calculate (i) the current drawn from the cells (ii) current
through each resistor
sv
ty
(@ The current drawn from the cells :
fe Here, 40, 62 and 12.0 all are in parallel, their effective resistance,
1 1.1.1 34241. 61
Ro atota aan?
Aso, 8 © and 2 @ are in series, their effective resistance, dr
(or) Rp=20
‘Then currentin the circ
yet
oR
The potential difference across parallel combination of effective
resistance Rp =2Qis; Vp
(ii) Current through each resistor :
Current through 8.0 resistor
Current through 49 resistor
Current through 60 resistor ; Iz
=1R,=1X2=2V
Current through 12 resistor; I, = =0.17A
re
13. Four bulbs P, Q, R, S are connected in a circuit of unknown arrangement. When
each bulb is removed one at a time and replaced, the following behavior is
observed. Draw the circuit diagram for these bulbs.
Premed | = | en | on | on
Qrmoved | on | >] on] oF
on | om of
a of >
Send ¥otr material SQuestion Answer
14, Ina potentiometer arrangement, a cell of emf 1.25 V gives a balance point at 35
length of the wire. If the cell is replaced by another cell and the balance
s the emf of the second cell?
1, =35
:@s?
63x 107%
_ 78.75
“
€; = 125K
@=2.25V
3x10
“PARANGIPETTAT- 608 502
[email protected]
Bure
Tb “katy UNIT-3 MAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT. concer HAKAN ERSTE
|. Abar magnet having a magnetic moment j,,, is cut into four pieces
into two pieces along the axis of the magnet and each piece is further cut along
the axis into two pieces. Compute the magnetic moment of each piece.
EE
When it cut along the axis into four pieces, the pole strength of each piece
becomes =, but the magnetic length wil nt change. Hence magnetic moment of
each piece,
et Mngt 1
By = Fd =3 (4,21) = 7B
A conductor of linear mass density 0.2 g m-* suspended
by two flexible wire as shown in figure. Suppose the
tension in the supporting wires is zero when itis kept |» |» « » | =
inside the magnetic field of 1 T whose direction is into |. |.
the page. Compute the current inside the conductor and. |. ss x
also the direction of the current. Assume g = 10 ms?
SSIE* = 0.2m '=0.2x10% kgm ; B=17; g=10ms* |,
t
Bir
x |x § x | xB
x= 4} Ix
mo
of the conductor due to gravity indownward direction,
‘4 Magnetic Lorentz force acting perpendicular to conductor in upward direction,
Fe=
to 0.2.x 10-3 X10
3
A bar magnet is placed in a uniform magnetic field whose strength is
‘Accircular coil with cross-sectional area 0.1 cm? is kept in a uniform magnetic
field of strength 0.2 T. If the current passing in the coil is 3 A and plane of the
Joop is perpendicular to the direction of magnetic field. Calculate
(@) total torque on the coi
(b) total force on the c
(©) average force on each electron in the coil due to the magnetic field. (The
free electron density for the material of the wire is 10° m=).
si JA =O.1.0m? = 0.1K 10 m?;B = 0.27; 1 =3A;n= 10m; 0 = 0°
(a) Total torque on the coil
T= Pm Bsind = 1AB sind
£=3X 01X10-X 0.2 Xin” [+ sino =o]
Isino
f sino* =o]
|= 16x 107 C
If Lis the Length of the col, the drift velocity ; v=
Lorentz force on each electron,
Fo =Bqu=Bevg [+ r=nAeve)
heute 1-2!
Bee ae nA
2x3 06
Fo = TST = pk Wt = 6x10
T0X01x10* Ot
8 TE
the bar magnet is oriented at an angle 30° with the external field experiences
a torque of 0.2 Nm. Calculate: (a) the magnetic moment of the magnet
(b) the work done by the magnetic field in moving it from most stable
configuration to the most unstable configuration and also compute the work
done by the applied magnetic field in this case.
B=08T ; 0=30° ; r=02Nm
(@) We know that, the torque ; T= py Bsind
Hence magnetic moment is given by,
Bsin@ 0.8 X sin 30° osx s 04 4
Pm = 0.54 m2
For most unstable configuration ; 4 = 180 a1 nergy Uys
ee
--: -:
oO rr?
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UNIT-3_MAGNETISM AND MAGN
concer HAKAN MEARS
/ETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT
‘& From the igure,
Us= —PyB c0s0 = —pyB cos0? = —p,8
Uys = ~PyB C0 @ = ~ PB cos 180° = ~p,B (-1) = P_B
Hence the work done by the magnetic field in moving it from most stable
configuration to the most unstable configuration is,
Wr = Uys = Us = PB (— PB) = 2 PB
We = 2X 05X08
Wr= 0.87
4 Work done by the applied magnetic field,
We = Us — Uys = = PmB ~ PmB =—2PmB
Wy = 2X05X08
We = -0.87
Arnon - conducting sphere has a mass of 100 g and
radius 20 cm. A flat compact coil of wire with turns
5 is wrapped tightly around it with each turns
concentric with the sphere. This sphere is placed on
an inclined plane such that plane of coil is parallel
to the inclined plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.5
T exists in the region in vertically upward direction.
Compute the current | required to rest the sphere in
contin
BRM = 1005= o2ng; n= 200m=20x102 m; NaS; B= 05sT:1e2
‘4 Here sphere be at two types of equilibrium. They are,
(Straight line equilibrium
(ii) Rotational equilibrium
Under straight line equilibrium ; f, = Mgsin@ — —~~~—— a
& Torque on the sphere due to magnetic field about its centre
T= Pq Bsind (anticlockwise direction)
Torque on the sphere due to friction about its centre ;
T= feR (clockwise direction)
Under rotational equilibrium; —fR = py Bsin@ —-~—~— @
4 Putequation (1) in (2)
Mgsin@R = py Bsind
MgR= pyB [© Pm = NTA]
MgR = NIAB
MgR = NI(eR)B
1 Ma
~ Ware,
i 01x10
~ Sin X 20x 10X05
_ S108" “100
Sox ~ 50x
2
ra
=
@ Calculate the magnetic Held at the centre of a square loop which carries a
current of 15 A, length ofeach sie being 50 em.
B= S0em=50x10-%m :1= 158A a=t=2Sem= 25x 10m
O.= O= 45° 2 = 180°-o ; = 45°
# Letthe square loop is made up of four straight conductors AB, BD, DC and CA
@ From Blot = Sovart law, the magnede flld at a.
distance ‘a’ due to straight current carying
conductor ABis,
i!
Ban = G2— [sings + sind]
4X 107 X 15 . 7 1
Ba = Tee2st 10? in 45° + sin 45°]
10X15
Ba = [2 sin45°] =
ee
1 ge yi?
Bay = 0.06X 10°5X 2X = =6y2. x10" T
v2
# Similarly, magnetic field due to BD, DC and CA
Boy = 6VZX1077 T
Bye = 6V2 107 T
Beg = 6 V2 X 10-7 T
4 From Fleming’ left hand rul tic field at the centre, due to all four
conductors is directed perpendi
the total magnetic field
B= But Boot Boct Bea
B=4X6v2 X10"
B=24X1414X 1077
B= 33.936 10-? =3.3936.X 10-7
B=3.4x10°T
larly inwards to the plane of the paper. Hence
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‘A square coil of side 30 cm with 500 turns is kept in a uniform magnetic field
of 0.4 T. The plane of the coil is inclined at an angle of 30° to the field.
Calculate the magnetic flux through the coil.
BOMENE v= 500 ; a=30cm ; A= a? = 900m? =900X10-*
6 =90°— 30° =60° ; ; N@y =?
Ny = 500K 04 X900X 10-* cos 60°
N= 190000x10~ XF = 18x 3 = 9WD
A straight metal wire crosses a magnetic field of flux 4 mWb in a time 0.4 s.
Find the magnitude of the emf induced in the wire.
dG, =4mWb =4X10 Wb ; de=04T ; €=?
4 Magnitude of the emf induced in the wire,
= C2e 0" jo x10-*v = 10mv
“a a «10m
The magnetic fux passing through a coil perpendicular to its plane is a
function of time and is given by &,=(20°+4¢°+8¢+8) Wb. If the
resistance of the coil is 5 0, determine the induced current through the coil at
atime t= 3 second,
BEMEEE Magnitude oftheinduced emt
ite _ 4 (e440? +8648)
a a ‘
€=2N3744N20484+0 = 607 +848
Mt=3s, €= 6(3)?+8G)+8= 5442448 =86V
4 ‘Then the induced current through the coil,
©. 86
i= gop a1724
A closely wound circular coil of radius 0.02 m is placed perpendicular to the
magnetic field. When the magnetic field is changed from 8000 T to 2000 T in
6s, an emf of 44 V is induced int. Calculate the number of turns in the coil.
BOM + - 002m ; dt-6s ; a 8000-2000 000uT ; ¢=44V
9 =90°-90°= 0% ; N=?
4) Magnitude of the induced emf;
cou he
=u he
€ €
e=
da
N GB Acos8) = N AcosO
4
@)
n
jeer wren BD Fron exo
whine Be a4
Se SE a a5 curns
N= syyo000ex1%6000~ 24~ 24
om
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UNIT 4 ELECTOMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
5
6.
7
SST,
ur
compuere AUBANSANS Hen RHE aN”
‘A rectangular coil of area 6 cm* having 3500 turns is kept in a uniform
magnetic field of 0.4 T. Initially, the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the
field and is then rotated through an angle of 180°. Ifthe resistance of the coil
is 35 0, find the amount of charge flowing through the coi
A= 60cm? = 6X 10"' m?; N= 3500 ; B=04T; 6 = 90° -90°= 0"
6, = 180° 90°= 90" ; R=35N ; q=?
Initial magnetic ux; N ® = B Acos®,= NB Acos® = NBA
inal magnetic flux ; N ®» = NB Acos 0, = NB Acos 180° =—NBA
nge in magnetic ux; d (N ®_) = N AB~(~NBA)=2NBA
Hence rate of change in magnetic flux ie.) induced emf;
d(No,)
re = 2NBA
© = 2X 3500 X04X6X 10 = 16800x10-*
© = 168x10-*
Thus induced current (rate of flow of electric charge)
€_ 168X107 oy ao2 4
R33.
So the amount of charge flowing through the coi
q =it= 48X10? X1 = 4.8X107 6
‘An induced current of 2.5 mA flows through a single conductor of resistance
100 0. Find out the rate at which the magnetic flux is cut by the conductor.
Bite &= 1000 ; i= 25mA=25x104
‘4 Therate of change in magnetic flux (ie) induced emf
08 «c= R= 25X10" X 100 = 250 X 107? = 250m Wb s“
dt
A fan of metal blades of length 0.4 m rotates normal to a magnetic field of
4X 10° T. If the induced emf between the centre and edge of the blade is
0.02 V, determine the rate of rotation of the blade.
l=04m ; A= nl? =0164; B=4X107T ; €q=002V;0 =?
4 Maximum value of induced emf,
En=N BAW
Em 0.02
“NBA” TX¥4N107X 0168
0.02
VST 10K S.14
0.02
VEN 10-7 K3.14
_ 0.02 X 10" 5
o> 70096 ALog
w= 9.954X 103X108
@ = 9.954 revolutions/second
e=
Te [bee
002
20096
w= a010
o. 3030,
[= 9500
la95¢x103|
TAYSICSp. GHGS, PARANGIPETTAL- 08 502
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UNIT-4 ELECTOMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
compuene AUBA NSARM Ben BEES NO
B.A bicycle wheel with metal spokes of 1m long rotates in Earth’s magnetic 40X10” 20000" X 3.14 X 0.02"
field. The plane of the wheel is perpendicular to the horizontal component of o_ = td
Earth's field of 4X 10-*7-1f the emf induced across the spokes is 31.4 mV, 4X 314X107 HA 108 X 3.14 X 0.0004
calculate the rate of revolution of the wheel. = ——so mvt
L=1m ; By=4X10S7 ; €=314mV=314X107V ; @ 64N 3.144 3.14K 103
‘© Maximum value ofinduced emf, = ——a we me
Em =NBAW =NB (rE )w y= 128X3.14N3.14.X 10? es
En 34X10 by = 1.262 X 10" X 10° = 1.262 Wb Fes
©= Nenk> IX4K10° X3AE Hence magnetic flux linked with each turn [a
10x 10% _ 1000 Se _ 126? 9631 x10 Wb
oe W 20000”
@ = 250 revolutions/second 12. A coil of 200 turns carries a current of 0.4 A. If the magnetic flux of 4 mWb is
9, Determine the self-inductance of 4000 turn air-core solenoid of length 2m and linked with each turn of the coil, find the inductance of the coil.
diameter 0.04 m. HE v=200 ; 1=04A ; y= 4mWb=4x107 Wb; L=?
:l=2m; d=004m ; r=002m ; N=4000 ; L=? ‘@ Selfinductance of the coil,
4 Selfinductance of air core solenoid, pa NOs _ 0X4 yyy vig-s oon
BoN?A __ tN? T 04
p= 4--e 13. Two air core solenoids have the same length of 80 cm and same cross-
‘fn ¥ 10-7 X 40008 X 1X 0.02X 0.02 te sectional area 5 cm?. Find the mutual inductance between them if the number
————e_ ge [ewe of turns in the first coil is 1200 turns and that in the second coil is 400 turns.
L = 2X314x 3.14% 1077 x 16 x108 x 002x002 xt Lew {Solution J U5 800m =80"10-8m ; A= Som? = 5.x 10-4 mt
L = 2K 314X314 X16X 4X 10 fing [2410 I, tual tmiutonstcce mci
ie ie oaradexdo™ Mutual inductance between the cols, .
L = 1262.X 109K 10-% = 1262.X 10-9 = 1262 10° H am HOMMA _ 4X 107°X1200 4 400252107
L = 12.62mH T Ls
10. A coll of 200 turns carries a current of 4 4. Ifthe magnetic flux through the coll Bees EIS eAGD ES Rag ole keg
is 6 x 10-5 Wb, find the magnetic energy stored in the medium surrounding B= 3768 X10 = CATO = "018768 ie
the coll. 14, A long solenoid having 400 turns per em carries a current 2A. A 100 turn coil
N=200 ; 1=4A ; p= 6X10-Wb ; Up=? of cross-sectional area 4 cm is placed coaxially inside the solenoid so that
‘ ner the coil is in the field produced by the solenoid. Find the emf induced in the
Mamneticenereysstarel, te, " Lif the current through the solenoid reverses its direction in 0.04 sec.
Up= 5h =F P| 2 = Fae! BOMUME: 1, = 400 ; N,=400X100=4x 10" ; N, = 100 ;
i A=dom?=4N 10m ; ,=24 ; t= 0045
Up = 5X 200K 6X 10° X4 © Mutual inductance,
Up = 100X6X 10-5 x4 = 2400x10-5 J — HoN, Ny A _ AwX10-7X AX 10¢X 100K 4X 10~*
Up = 0.024) eT T
11. A 50 cm long solenoid has 400 turns per cm. The diameter of the solenoid is
0.04 m. Find the magnetic flux linked with each turn when it carries a current
oft A.
1=50cm=05m
d=0.04m ; r=0.02m
& Lot'L’be the self i
;n=400 ; N=n/=400X50 = 20000
T=1A ; =?
id, magnetic flux is,
Ne wr?
fee
M = 64X10 = 643.14 1075
‘M = 200.96 X 10° = 2.0096 X 10
M=2X107H
‘4 Ifthe current through the solenoid is reversed its direction, the emf inuced in the}
coil is,
ee Moo nox 10-7 x22. ay tox 4
ee ae O04 O04
©2= 2X10 X 100 =2X107V = 0.2V
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UNIT-4 ELECTOMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
compuere CUBA NSANS Ben PHENO
15. A 200 turn circular coil of radius 2 cm is placed co-axially within a long
solenoid of 3 cm radius. If the turn density of the solenoid is 90 turns per em,
then calculate mutual inductance of the coil and the solenoid.
r=2om=2X10-?m ; Ny= 200 ; Ny =90X100 = 9000
‘4 Mutual inductance ofthe coil and the solenoid,
Mo N,N; A _ tly N,N, 7? No tog.
w= eA eee it wane
7 zy: fats | 0.4909
4nX 107 200x9000K314 X(2x10)2 RAE | OE
ue Bi 3.4532
M= 314x3.14x 208x10"* =2839x108x10° (SB
» 2883 ng | Rane0
M= 2.899.109 = 2.839 mH
16, The solenoids $1 and S; are wound on an iron-core of relative permeability
900, Their areas oftheir cross-section and thelr lengths are the same and are
4cm?and 0.04 m respectively. If the number of turns in S: is 200 and that in Sz
is 800, caleulate the mutual Inductance between the solenotds. I the current
in solenoid 1 is increased form 2A to 8A in 0.04 second, calculate the induced
Ny = 200 ;
;M=?; e=?
Nz = 800 ; dt = 004s
di, =8-2=6A;
‘© Mutual inductance,
Hoty NiNoA _ 4X 107X900 X 200X 800X 4.x 10~*
Met 0.04
M = 1007 10-7x 900. 200X800X4X 10 [Re tae
M = 3.14576 X 10-3 fare [a s009
M = 1808X 10° X10" = 1.810 sre_| 2.7008
8103105
€,= -1.81% 150 = -271.5V
17. A step-down transformer connected to main supply of 220 Vis used to operate
11V, 88 W lamp. Calculate (a) Voltage transformation ratio and (b) Current in
the primary,
BORE” v.-220v; yeti; mR=sew ; K=7;
(@) Voltage transformation ratio; K = 22 = T=
eet
~%,” 2207 20
() We know the outputpower ; Ps = 88 W
(ie) = BBW
Hence, the secondary current ;
83 _ 88
ka pete
© Thus, current in the primary
Ip=Klg= a. XB= bs =0.44
pes * 20 ~ 10—
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18. A 200V/1Z0V step-down transformer of 90% efficiency is connected to an
induction stove of resistance 40 Q. Find the current drawn by the primary of
isformer.
1 =90% : Vp=200V ; We=120V ; R=402
© Output power; Py = Vs le = Vs Mm 104820 _ 360 W
‘4 Thus secondary currentis; Is = $=
‘4 Wekknow, the efficiency of the transformer
90 360
100” 200%%
‘4 The current drawn by the primary of the transformer
360X100 _ 36000
20050 ~ 18000
19. The 300 turn primary of a transformer has resistance 0.82 9 and the
resistance of its secondary of 1200 turns is 6.2 . Find the voltage across the
primary if the power output from the secondary at 1600V is 32 kW. Calculate
the; cae Josses in both coils when the transformer efficiency is 80%.
p= =2Aa
Np = 300 ; Np= 1200 ; Ry = 0820 ; Re~ 620 ; Ve 16007
bo
Py = S2kW = 32X10 W 5 = 80% =
4 Outputpower ; y= Vols (or) Iy= B= BE = 20204
4 Transformer equation; ££ = = (or) vp = fate = 6001300 180 - 49g y
= Ps. Ps
4 Blcleney 5 == 7
80 32x10"
00 ~ 40057,
Ip= 32X10#X100_ 3200 _ gy
a 400x680 32
44 Powerossin primary coil =f Rp = 100° 0.82 = 8200 W = 8.2 kW
4 Power lossin secondary coil = 12 Re= 20°X62 =2400W =248 kW
20. Calculate the instantaneous value at 60°, average value and RMS value of an
ting current whose peak value is 20 A.
Im =20A ; wt=60 5 1=2 5 lang =?
‘Alternating current at any instant,
Ira =?
3
i= Iqsinat = 20sin60° = 20x $= 10x 1.732 = 17.32A
‘4 Average value of alternating current,
Zin
aog = = 0.637 Im = 0.637 X20 = 12.744
‘44 RMS value of alternating current,
ag
Inns = B= 0.707 I = 0.707 X20 = 14.14
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CNet aR HOA DERN c)
State the condition under which the magnetic flux linked with a circuit is
positive, negative and zero.
‘4 Magnetic flux (®,) is given by, p= B.A=BAcos@ ; where dis the angle
made by the lines of force with normal to the surface
LCase Gi): If @ acute, (.e.) magnetic lines of force comes out of the surface,
then cos@= +ve andhence y= +ve
Case Gi): Ifis 6 obtuse, (i.e.) magnetic lines of force enters the surface,
then cos@= —ve andhence p= —ve
Case Gil): Ifis @ = 90° (ie.) magnetic lines of force is parallel to the surface,
then, cos = 0 andhence ®, = 0
A straight permanent magnet falls through a fixed metal ring. Will the magnet
fall with the acceleration ofa freely falling body?
‘4 Asthe magnet approaches the ring, the strength of magnetic field and hence the
magnetic flux linked with the ring changes. This results in induction of an
induced emf in the ring which sends a current through the ring in such a
direction that it opposes the motion of magnet.
Therefore the magnet will fall through the ring with an acceleration less than
that of acceleration due to gravity.
A copper ring is suspended by means of a thread that its plane is vertical. A bar
magnet approaches the centre of ring, horizontally from right side. What will
happen to the ring?
‘4 Due to approaching magnet, an emf is induced in the ring which tends to oppose
the motion of magnet towards the ring. It means the ring tends to exert a force
‘on magnet from left to right. As a reaction the magnet exerts a force on ring from
right to left. Thus the ring will shift towards left and the string will make some
angle with the vert
Obtain the dimensional formula for coefficient of self induction.
‘4 Induced emf ‘e's given by,
- pawns WG ae grit
A piece of metal and a piece of stone are dropped from same height. Will they
reach the earth in same time?
Both the pieces fall through earth's magnetic field. So eddy currents are setup
inside the metal piece while it is not so in the case of stone,
According to Lenz law, the eddy current always opposes the cause that produce
itand this results in retardation of metal piece.
So that metal piece take longer time to reach the surface of earth
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UNIT 4 ELECTOMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT
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Two co-axial circular coils carrying equal currents, flowing in the sam
direction approach near each other. What do you expect to happen to the|
currents in them?
‘4 As the two coils approaching each other, each tends to increase the strength of
‘magnetic field at the centre of the other. According to Lenz's law the induced em
tends to oppose this tendency. Therefore it will send a current in opposite
direction, thereby reducing the strength of net current through each col
. When a fan is switched off, a spark can be seen in the switch while this is not so
when the fan was switched on. Exp!
At make or break, the current changes through the coil of fan, thus causing an
induced emf to be set up in the coil due to the property of self induction,
Atmake, there is no gap any where in the circuit so there is no spark.
At the break, there is a small gap in the cirucuit. Moreover the rate of change of
‘magnetic flux and hence the induced emf is very large at break than that at make|
This high self induced emf across the gap results in a spark
;. Two coils having co-efficient of self induction L, and L; are connected in series|
Whether the coefficient of self induction of the combination will decrease 01
In series combination, they carry equal currents but have different potential
iffence across their ends,
it be the rte of change of current trough ofthis combination, then the se
induced emf in the two colls willbe, Ey = — Jy“! and Ez = Ly
Hence the net emf induced inthis combination
B= By+B,= li t— nt= -~(y th) o
= Eyt+E=-S- nbs -diti) 4
ent of self induction of the combination, then self induced emf
‘By comparing above two equations, we get,
L = Ly + La (ce) Coefficient of self induction ofthis combination will increase
). Two coils having co-efficient of self induction L, and L; are connected i
parallel, Whether the coefficient of self induction of the combination will
decrease or increase?
‘4 In parallel combination, they carry different currents but have same potential
diffence across their ends
44 and 42 be the rate of change of current through the two coils , then the
ae 7d 8 mg rth
self induced emfin the two coils willbe, E= — Ly and E = ~ Ly 2
ME yg LE mde gt
Therefore, Gt= —Z and $2= — 2 => S42 = —£ |
If''be the instantaneous cut
a
combination, then E= —L
Luts
aoa
By comparing above two equations, we gett = +2 (or) b=
(Le) Coefficient of self induction of this combination will decrease
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maltb “kalviexpress@gmalt-com . A transmitter consists of LC circuit with an inductance of 1 pH and a
A pulse of light of duration 10~* s is absorbed completely by a small object
UNIT-5 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES comnuere ctiNRaSHIDENRISHON”
4. Let an electromagnetic wave propagate along the x - direction, the magnetic
field oscillates at a frequency of 10° Hzand has an amplitude of 10-*, acting|
plate capacitor whose plates are closely spaced. Let Rbethe | along the y- direction. Then, compute the wavelength of the wave. Also write
1es and the current in the wire connected to the plates is 5 A, | down the expression for electric field in this case.
placement current through the surface passing between the f=10% He ; B= ST ; A=?
Wavelength of electromagnetic waves,
c_ 3x10°
e=5A; a=? a= fe
Expression for electric feld,
p= feaa cos 0° E (x,t) = Epsin(kr —
tromagnetic waves,
Electric flux,
(or) Ey = B,C = 10° X3K 10" =3X 109 NC
Angular frequency,
= 2m f= 2K314X 10 = 6.28% 10" rad st
‘And wave number,
@ S288 108 _ 2.093 x 10" rad mt
eee radm
1g=Ie=8A
X10? sin(2.093 X 10? x 6.28X 10" ¢) NC
capacitance of 1 iF. What is the wavelength of the electromagnetic waves it
“ a oa " “E(x,t) = 3X10 sin(2,093X 10? x 6.28X 10" 4) k NC
L=1pH =1X10°H ; C=1pF =1x10F ; a=? If the relative permeability and relative permittivity of a medium are 1.0 and
2.25 respectively, find the speed of the electromagnetic wave in this medium.
Bim to 22s ee?
ey =6 (2nV0O 4+ Refractive index of the medium,
2nvEC)
a=axi0° (2x314x (TH ETEIO®
A= 3X 10K 2N314N 1X 10-% aig
2=18.84X 10? m= 1884m s = See
Yroxzas
itially at rest. If the power of the pulse is 60 x 10-3 W, calculate the final
im of the object.
Bots 1ts ; P= 6ox10-W ; p=?
% Final momentum,
[B=mc?=pC]
We
C roel
_ 60. 10-9 X 10%
a! 3X 108
p= 20X 10°" kgms*
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19. A monochromatic light is incident on an equilateral prism at an angle 30° and
is emergent at an angle of 75°. What is the angle of deviation produced by the
ES 4-60"
= 75°
‘¢ Equation for angle of deviation,
UNIT 6 RAY OPTICS
comnuere MANGIA BLES TA
1. An object of 4 cm height is placed at 6 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius
of curvature 24 cm. Find the position, height, magnification and nature of the|
BEIM f= sem ; R= -240m
d=itin-A ju=-6em
d= (30° +75") - 60° = 105° - 60° = 45° (Position of the image:
20, Light ray falls at normal incidence on the first + From the relation between focal length (f) and radius of curvature (R),
face and emerges gracing the second face for an Roza
Ra2p (ony f= tat = 120m
11,4 7
(b) What is the refractive . = es i 7 : *e ted
the prism? ade tA Fg 2 87 tient
Etim 4-00; 4-0; 4-90 eon lat, HB TH nts" 2 "2B
ion for angle of deviation, or) v= 120m
d=h+i-A (ii) Magnificantion:
= 4909 — 60" = 90° 60° + Ms Boonisgivesby p= —2= —
(b) The ight inside the prism must be falling on the second faceat critical angleasit | (i) Seluhtotthe image
‘graces the boundary. ic= 90° - 30° = 60° Magnification; m =" Hence height ofthe image; A! = mh=2X4= Bem
4 Critcl angleand refractive index are related as 7 Tine tie feeagels.cnck yitémit twice the! height of object farmed on rid
ws side of
ee 2. An object is placed in front of a concave mirror of focal length 20 cm. The image}
= 2X0577 = 0577] formed is three times the size of the object. Calculate two possible distances of
ne Lise the object from the mirror.
21, The angle of minimum deviation for an equilateral prism is 37°. Find the a ciutcimsennen,
dex ofthe material othe prism. om the equation of magnification, 7
‘A= 60°; D=37° st cor) uap-F£
:quation for refractive index is fou ™
nae) # Forreal image, = ~3. Hence the distance ofthe object
rr 20 20-60-20
n= ik w= (-20)- GO~ _g9- 2
sin (3) 60 Cd 3 3
sin(253Z) sin) _ sinsas9 _ 075 _ 75 —- 7m
ne a ae # Forvirtual image, = +3. Hence the distance ofthe object
sin) sin) sin09 = 20) — 29. 9 4 20. 80420
: we 20) a 204 = GZ
fe power of a prism indices of flint glass for __ 40
let colours are 1.6 2 respectively. wom
i = 1632
The dispersive power
iy Ma L632— 1.613 _ 0.019 _
Om esl ~~ 1620-1 ~ 0620 ~ 908065
TE SARAVANAN MSc MPL BEd —PeASST [PHYSIOL GHiSS PARANGIPETIAT-0a 502
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yee
UNIT 6 RAY OPTICS comnuere MAAN QUESTA
3. A beam of light consisting of red, green and blue is
incident on a right angled prism as shown ia figure. The
refractive index of the material of the prism for the above
fed, green and blue colours are 139, 144 and. 1.47
respectively. What are the colours suffer total internal
reflection?
GOMER f= 45°; ng = 139; ng = 144mg = 147
Condition fortotalinternal reflection, &> ie
# FromSnell'staw, ny sini =n sinr
When i=i, then r=90" Hence ,
in90° (or) msinie= mp (or) simi =
+ Here,n, =nandn, = 1S0, sin (on)
mee me Fe
"* Spas” Tye 2 it
4 Hence, ng V = ie =
16x 10-5 16 16
E = 1242 X10? eV = 1242 eV
If A= 10 m then, energy of radio waves,
he
Baha
6.626% 10°" X 3X10" _ 19.878.X 107%
“0
ev
E= =
E = 19878X 10-7 J
19878X 10-7 19,878 10°*
(or) 5= ya v= Te
E = 1242 X10 = 1.242107? ev
A.150 W lamp emits light of mean wavelength of 5500 A . Ifthe efficiency is
12%, find out the number of photons emitted by the lamp in one second.
P=150W ; 2=5500A°=5500X 107m ; = 12%
‘& Number of photons emitted per second,
* Ga)
150 X 5500 X 107°
6.626 X 10-4 X 3X 108
825000 X 10-9 825 x 10?
p= TE oar = 1150x108 X 109
np = 4,150 X 10" photons/sec
number of photons emitted by the lamp in one second,
12
n= mp = oa XAA50X 10% = 12K 4150X 10" = 498X 108
n= 4.98X 10" photons/sec
tow many photons of frequency 10" twill makeup 19.86 Jof energy?
AMIE vows sp Pa t086,
‘Number of photons emited per second
es
nen Ee is
Toa seo
* Gear FI eens
19.86 X10” 2.997 107
me F626
np = 2.997 X 10 =~ 3X10"
198,78 x 10°
ev 3
ev
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UNIT 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER,
coumtere cue AAMUKAIENRKESS.n
6, What should be the velocity of the electron so that its momentum equals that
of 4000 A wavelength photon.
P,= Pp i Ap = 4000.A° = 4000 X 107! m We] tes
deBroglie wavelength of photon, 6626 | 0.8213
hh ok 364 | 1. S611
tigen Shee a e202
Po Pe MV Alog | 1.621104]
h 6.626 X10-%*
© ine FTN IO X 4000 X 10-7
, _ 862610" _ 6626 X10"
Ye 9Tx 400g 368
v= 182ims
7. When a light of frequency 9 X 10 Hz is incident on a metal surface,
photoelectrons are emitted with a maximum speed of 8 X10 ms. Determine
the threshold frequency of the surface.
= 1.821X 10" x10"
By =9X 10" Hz 5 tax = 8X 108 ms“ =m
# By instes pots elec equation Santee
hy=hyp + 5 mtex Oo poet
1 |ALog | 4. 603 X10?|
(or) hyo = hy ~ 5 m Miia
hv = tocze x10 x14) [Laon x no-x 6100
hyo = 159.634 x10-*] = [291.2 10-"]
(or) hvo = [59.634 X10-*] — [29.12 X 10-*"}
Avo = [59.634 — 29.12] X10-?° = 30.514 X10"?°
_30514X109 30.514X10-" _ 30.514.x10""
Va h ~ 6626x108" 6.626
‘vo = 4.603 X10"* Hz
8. When a 60004 light falls on the cathode of a photo cell, photoemission takes
place. If a potential of 0.8 V is required to stop emission of electron, the
Goterenine te (1) frequency of the ight (8) eneray of thelW@ident photon (1)
work function of the cathode material (iv) threshold frequency and (v) net
ary ofthe slociron ater It aves ts aurea
ESMRON 2 — 0001 = oo00r 10" m + ve =08v
() Frequency flight,
c__3x108 1x 10%
Y= 3" Gon0x10 2
v= 5x10" Az
(i) Energy of incident photon,
E = hv = 6.626 X10" X 5X 10 = 33.13 X 10-7
= 05x10"
pa SRNEK 10M 391310 ad av 10-tey
on B= Terto a6 Y= “
F=2071eV
(il) By Einstein's photo electric equation,
1 awd
hv=do+ pre
(or) do =hy— 5 muses
(or) bo =hv~ ey
0 = (33.13 X 102°) ~ (1.6 X 10" 0.8)
Po = (33.13 X 10°79) — (1.28 X 10-9)
o = (3.313 X10-) — (1.28 X 10-9)
> = (3313 — 1.28) x 10?
Go = 2.083 X10" J wei
20a x10 2033 os
(or) to = “Tex Y= I6 s.e26| o.8213,
(or) = 1.270eV ia | e980 |
(iv) Work function, lalog | 3.0800
$0 = hv
. by 203310" — 2.033.x 10
(or) v= "h Ge26xi0 ~~ 6626
vo = 3.068 X 10-*¥ 10'° = 3.068.x 1014
(v) Net energy of the electron after it leaves the surface is nothing but its kinetic
energy which is given by,
Knax = hv — 0
Kaz = 2.071 = 1.270
Kypax = 0.801 eV
43310 A photon liberates an electron from a material with energy 3 X 10" J
while another 5000 A photon ejects an electron with energy 0.972 X 10 J
from the same material. Determine the value of Planck’s constant and the
threshold wavelength of the material
BOM 4, = 33104 = 331010" m =; K, = 3X10")
2q = 5000 A? = S000 10" m_— 5K = 0972X10-7J
# By Einstein's photo electric equation,
he
(or) = bo + Kina
4 Forgiven material, work funetion is constant,
he
Gen tot he == aa o To [tog
he 026 fa. 307i
ek a @ 116550 |4. 2188
“hehe Soro_|3 reso
M-@> FE -F= bot Ki do~ ke eae
1 of ALog {6,621 109|
ne B-Me
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UNIT 8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER,
compere cuine AB MIE EARIESS. I
h E |= K-K, ‘11. UV light of waveler 1800A is incident on a lithium surface whose threshold
laa, |= SO& wavelength is 4965A. Determine the maximum energy of the electron emitted.
cannoey [5000=3310) gray vag BEM 1 1900 4" = 1800. 10" mt dy = 4965 A" 4965 X10"
Gono [Rrorsao|aoar= O- 0972) By Einstein's photo electric equation,
a" 1690 ~ 19 hv = 0+ Kmar No ‘Log
ox frasowero7] = 2028410 : (or) Kear = BY 40 22 [ona
jp = 22810-16550 X 107 (or) Kua =hv-hvo 3165 | 3.5004
~ 1690 X 3X10" he he toa G) 485
y= 2028.116550" 10" 0) Kae = AE =FE= he FFF sor [esi
~ 5070, ao = 4 Alog | 4.368% 10%
hh =6.621K10 Js Kas = he FSSA)
4 From equation (2), Work function Fo aan sey gy 1965 2800)
t= ue = EFaesriano) 50-7
ae ay [3185
_ [882120 X80" T5979 yor Kner = 1987810 fee ,
0 =|“So00 x 105" t 1 (or) Keagg = 2878-10" 73165}
19.863 X 107 19) or) Kmax = “Tex 10-9 |9371
bo= f 3 |- (0.972. X 10-**] 198.78] (3165)
(or) Kaax= FR] [Faas
0 = [3.972.X 10} ~ [0.972 X 10-9) UBy | lapaz
o = [3.972 — 0.972] X 10° (or) Kymax = eae S1OS ey
$o = 3X10 mex 8937
fe Kner = 4.390 6 = 4.46V
(or) For 3x10 12. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of a proton whose kinetic energy is equal
2 = # a ‘ to__81.9 x 10-5 J. (Given: mass of proton is 1836 times that of electron).
Ag = 6.621 X 10-7m = 6621 ¥ 10°"? m = 6621 4° * deBroglie wavelength of proton, aan | 0.2255
10. At the given point of time,the earth receives energy from sun at4-¢al em? min- a ee Foe | oe
‘ Determine the number of photons received on the surface of the Earth per V2mp Kp 2 (1836 me) Kp 0.9590
cm? per minute. (Given : Mean wavelength of sun light = 5500 A) 7 6621X 10" Li
y= 5500 4° ~ 3500." 10-m aan Ty
4 Thenumber of photon raced on the surface ofthe Barter cn? per minute eS 4
7 Ap = 4.005 1075x107"! 2
i a 2 7 iy = aX10 m
row “) he Fed 13. A deuteron and an alpha particle are accelerated with the same potential.
16.8 X 5500 X 10-22 G} 6673 Which one of the two has (i) greater value of de Broglie wavelength associated
np = Senex OSH IO JALog | 4 648x10"| with it and (ii) less kinetic energy? Expt
o2ex10 omy = 167X107 kg 5 = 16X10"
ip = = 048 10'NI0" & Eordeuteron: 5 mgs Zi, gee
np = 4.648X 10 Foralpha particle; m,=4my., q,=2e
(i) de Broglie wavelength of deuteror
uo hefdeweom kk
“ fimaia¥ J2@mjeV JtmyeV 2JmyeV
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UNIT —8 DUAL NATURE OF RADIATION AND MATTER,
couriers cume MBO AIERKESS.In
de Broglie wavelength of alpha particle,
he he A
2 = —
[imGV (2m @ev = TeV 4ymyeV
Xe Ear @.+,
ae
mye VI
aga 2ay
{i) de role wavetenth of deuteron,
A A
dg= ae = = =
aR Yi@ing) Ky Jtmy Ke
2
0) B=
te
O m= aR
de Broglie wavelength of alpha particle,
ae te Ak
“fim eR, 2G my) Ke By Ka
2 =
0) 8 = Te
(or)
RP my ad _
| Tyga’ he
1a
a>
14. An electron is accelerated through a potential difference of 81V. What is the
de Broglie wavelength associated with it? To which part of electromagnetic
past does this wavelength correspond?
v= av
+ de Broglie wavelength of electron,
12.27
a= ae
WV
10 22.27 gon 1227 yo
vel *
2=1.36 ae
# Itlies in X-ray region of electromagnetic spectrum.
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15. The ratio between the de Broglie wavelength associated with proton,
decelerated through a potential of 12 V an thar of alpha particle accelerated
through a potential of X volts is found to be one. Find the value of X.
RM ese ede vex
Faron; memeM Wee
Foralphapartide ; my=4my We, 220
de Broglie wavelength of proto,
=e
"= Paitin aeVp ote Te
de Broglie aver of alpha agies
da =
=
z Eamaot @eyx
;
aes [mara .
Tomek
an — | Jimeno
Timed
Any? _ 8X
(on, Gy - Te
apy’ Vo
(or) = (OF
rm idl
= aye
x= o8v
Tb “kalviexpress@ginaitcom . In the Bohr atom model
UNIT -9 ATOMIC PHYSICS AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS
PROBLEMS WITH SOLUTIONS
|. Consider two hydrogen atoms Ha and Hs in ground state. Assume that hydrogen
atom Ha is at rest and hydrogen atom Ho is moving with a speed and make head-|
onc with the stationary hydrogen atom Ha. After the collision, both of]
them move together. What is minimum value of the kinetic energy of the moving|
hydrogen atom Hs, such that any one of the hydrogen atoms reaches first|
excitation state.
Em
© The c
inkin
jon between atom is elastic and during elastic collision, there is no loss|
ic energy. (L.e.)
‘Total K.E before collision = Total KE after collision
1 ale maid = Sajuh+ ome
=mjuz +smguz = smyv3 +>myv3
2 2 2 2
Here, mg=mg=m; uy= 0;
= vy .Then
‘We know that, for hydrogen atom
Energy of electri
round state (n=1)
Energy of electron in First excited state (n=2)
Hence first excitation energy; E, = —34 ~ (~13.6) = 102 eV
«The minimum value of the kinetic energy of the moving hydrogen atom He
E, = 26, =2X 102 =20.4eV
e frequency of transitions is given by the following|
expression v = Re [4-4] where n
