Z_¨ cÖhyw³ I Kw¤úDUvi (ICT)

 c„w_exi cÖ_g MYbv h‡š¿i bvg - A¨vevKvm  B-‡gBj Av`vb cÖ`v‡b e¨eüZ SMTP Gi c~Y©iæc- SImple mail
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii Avwe®‹viK- nvIqvW© Transfer Protocol
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK- Pvjm© e¨v‡eR| K¨vgweªR wek¦we`¨vj‡qi MwY‡Zi  ‡h †g‡gvwiwU Non-Volatile- ROM
Aa¨cK|  wb¤œ¯Í‡ii fvlv wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq- hvwš¿K fvlv (Machine
 cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi †cÖvMÖvgvi - A¨vWv AMv÷v ( Kwe jW© evqi‡bi Kb¨v) Language ) Ges A¨v‡m¤^wj fvlv ( Asembley Language)
 Kw¤úDUvi md&UIq¨vi RM‡Z bvgKiv cÖwZôvb -gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ikb  D”P ¯Í‡ii fvlv wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq- †ewmK (BASIC) wm (C) wm+
(hy³ivó) c¨vmKvj, †dviUªvb, †Kveb BZ¨vw` hv‡K Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i fvlvI ejv nq|
 AvBc¨vW ( i-Pad) U¨ve‡jU Kw¤úDUvi  1 wK‡jvevBP-1024 evBU
 evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g Kw¤úDUvi ¯’vwcZ nq- 1964 mv‡j cigvby kw³ †K‡›`ª,  Wi Fi ‡h ÷¨vÛvW© Gi Dci wfwË K‡i KvR K‡i -IEEE 802.11
XvKvq|  ‡h h‡š¿ mvaviY Bb‡d«v‡eW wWfvBm e¨envi Kiv nq-TV wi‡gvU© K‡›Uªv‡j
 evsjv‡`‡k ¯’vcwZ 1g Kw¤úDUviwU- IBM-1620 g‡W‡ji †gBb‡d«g  8086 hZ we‡Ui gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi 16 we‡Ui
Kw¤úDUvi|  ‡hwU WvUv‡eR Language- Oracel
 evsjv‡`‡k e¨eüZ cÖ_g evsjv d«›U-weRq, GKz‡k, Aå, †jbx, •ekvLx  Kw¤úDUvi cÖvBgvix †g‡gvix- RAM
cÖf‚wZ|  Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j †g‡gvix •_wi hv Øviv-wmwjKb|
 weRq Kx †evW© Avwe®‹vi K‡ib-Avãyj ReŸvi  Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvix †_‡K msiwÿZ WvUv D‡Ëvj‡bi c×wZ‡K e‡j - Read
 Aå Kx †evW© Avwe®‹vi K‡ib-‡g‡n`x nvmvb  MICR Gi c~Y©iæc- Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
 gyw`ªZ †jLv mivmwi Input ‡bqvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nq-OCR (or Reader)
 RAM Gi c~Y©iæc- Random access memory  ‡mvmvj †bUIqvwK©s UzBUvi •Zwi nq-2006 mv‡j
 ROM Gi c~Y©iæc- Read Only memory  ¯§vvU© †dvb Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gvwUi I‡cb †mvm© cøvUdg©-Android
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii ¯’vqx/cÖavb ¯§„wZ kw³‡K e‡j- ROM  ‡gvevBj Kwg&Dwb‡Kk‡b 4G Gi †ÿ‡Î 3G Gi Zzjbvq AwZwi³
 eZ©gvb me‡P‡q RbwcÖq †¯úªWwmU †cÖvMÖvg- microsoft Excel •ewkó¨ - eªWe¨vÛ B›Uvi‡bU †mev|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii K‡qKwU BbcyU wWfvBm n‡jv- Kx †evW©, †cbWªvBf, gvDm  Oracle Corporation Gi cÖwZôvZv - Lawrence J. Ellison
¯‹¨vbvi, OMR, OCR I‡qe K¨vg|  ‡cÖvMÖvg †_‡K Kwc Kiv WvUv _v‡K- RAM-G
 AvDUcyU wWfvBm n‡”Q- gwbUi, wcÖ›Uvi, w¯úKvi, cÖ‡R±i, †nW‡dvb, cøUvi|  g‡Wg Gi g‡a¨ hv _v‡K Zv n‡jv- GKwU gWz‡jUiI GKwU wWgWz‡jUi
 BbUcyU I AvDUcyU Dfq wWfvBm- g‡Wg, UvPwµb, wWwRUvj, K¨v‡giv,  Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm n‡jv-GKwU ÿwZKviK †cÖvMÖvg
wWwfwW/wmwW|  Zviwenxb `ªæZMwZi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx-IqvBg¨v·
 eZ©gv‡b RbwcÖq mvBPwÄj (Search Engine) Bqvû, ¸Mj, Av.. WU Kg,  Kw¤úDUvi Uz-Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi cÖhyw³‡K ejv nq-B›Uvi‡bU
wccxwjKv, PiwK cÖf‚wZ|  ‡Uc †iKW©vi Ges Kw¤cDUv‡i ¯§„wZi wdZvi e¨eüZ nq-¯’vqx Pz¤^K
 Google n‡jv me‡P‡q RbwcÖq - mvP© BwÄj,| cÖwZôvZv b¨vwc †cBR I  c„w_ex‡Z j¨vcUc Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖewZ©Z nq Ges †h †Kv¤úvbx GUv •Zwi
†m‡R©B weªb| K‡i-Gcmb 1981
 BDwUD‡ei RbK- P¨vW nviwb, w÷f P¨vb I Rv‡f` Kwig (14 †deªæqvix  j¨vcUc n‡j-‡QvU Kw¤úDUvi
2005 mv‡j|  Kw¤úDUv‡ii hv †bB-eyw× we‡ePbv
 Firefox - Db¥y³ Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g|  Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨v‡ii RM‡Z bvgKiv cÖwZôvb-gwGµvmdU|
 cÖ_g evsjv mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g ‡eZ‡Zv ev Besto  mdUIq¨vi ej‡Z eySv‡bv nq-Kw¤úDUv‡ii †cªvMªvg ev Kg©cwiKíbvi †KŠkj|
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvevBj Acv‡iUi‡`i †RvU-A¨vgUe|  Kw¤úDUv‡ii cª_g †cªvMªvwgs fvlv-FORTRAN
 we‡k¦i me‡P‡q eo ¯§vU‡dvb †Kv¤úvbx- m¨vgmvs  GKwU B‡gBj cvVv‡bv hvi mgZyj¨- Writing a letter.
 m¤úªwZ wdbj¨vÛwfwËK †gvevBj †dvb †bvwKqv I wbKW Bb-‡K †K‡b †bq-  cª_g cªR‡b¥i cª_g Kw¤úDUvi- UNIVAC-1.
gvB‡µvmdU|  B›Uvi‡cªUvi n‡jv- Abyev`K †cªvMªvg
 wmweU G·‡cÖv bv‡g Kw¤úDUvi †gjv nq- Rvg©vwbi n¨v‡bvfv‡i|  BDwUwjwU mdUIq¨vi n‡jv- Gw›UfvBivm|
 1999 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ AbjvBb gv‡K©wUs Avjxevev WUKg Gi cÖwZôvZv-  evsjv‡`‡ki †h e¨vsK me©c_ª g Kw¤úDUvi ¯’vcb K‡i- BDbvB‡UW e¨vsK|
Px‡bi R¨vKgv  evsjv‡`‡ki cª_g Kw¤úDUvi eZ©gv‡b †hLv‡b msiw¶Z Av‡Q-RvZxq weÁvb
 we‡k¦i cÖ_g †h †`‡k †mbwdi cÖPjb nq- A‡÷ªwjqv I cªhyw³ Rv`yN‡i
Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨cÖhyw³ wb‡q Av‡iv wKQz Z_¨  gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR Gi me©‡kl fvm©b- DB‡ÛvR 10|
 ‡h gva¨‡g Av‡jvi cvjm e¨eüZ nq-AcwUK¨vj dvBevi  Spread Sheet ‡cÖvMÖvg w`‡q †h KvR Kiv nq- wnmve-wbKvk
 B-‡gBj MÖnY Kivi AwaK e¨eüZ cÖUvKj- Ppo3  ‡h wU‡K mvgvwRK AšÍR©vj e‡j-(facebook)-
 gvB‡µvmd‡Ui cÖ_g †MÖvMÖvg- MS DOS  MS Excel-G mwVKfv‡e †jLv dg©yjv=sum(C9;C12)
 eyw×-we‡ePbv †bB-Kw¤úDUv‡ii
 Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqvK© OST g‡W‡gi ¯‘i-7wU  Kw¤úDUvi GKwU- wnmveKvix hš¿
 ‡h cÖ‡UvKj B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î me©vwaK e¨eüZ nq- TCP/IP  cª_g Kw¤úDUvi †cªvMªvgvi-A¨vWv AMv÷v
 ‡h wPýwU B-‡gBj wVKvbvq Aek¨B _vK‡e- @  we‡k¦i me©c_ª g B‡jKUªwbK Kw¤úDUvi-ENIAC.
 B-Kgvm© mvBU amazon.com cÖwZwôZ nq-1994 mv‡j|  IBM gvB‡µvKw¤úDUvi evRv‡i Qv‡o-1981 mv‡j
 EDSAC Kw¤úDUv‡iii WvUv msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ †h ai‡bi †g‡gvwi e¨envi  Kw¤úDUvi †Rbv‡ikb ej‡Z eySvq-cªhyw³MZ weeZ©b
Kiv n‡Zv- Mercury Delay Lines  AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq-Rb fb wbDg¨vb‡K|
 Kw¤úDUvi wmwcBD (CPU) Gi †h Ask MvwYwZK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi KvR K‡i  AvaywbK Kw¤úDUv‡ii `ªæZMwZi g~‡j i‡q‡Q-Bw›U‡Mª‡UW mvwK©U|
- G.Gj.BD (ALU)  cª_g wgwb Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg-wcwWwc 1|
 GÛ‡qW Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †ÿ‡Î mwVK n‡jv-GwUi wbg©vZv ¸Mj, GwU  cÖ_g wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii bvg-Mark 1
wjbv·, Kv‡b©j wbf©i, GwU cÖavšÍ PvUw¯Œb †gvevBj wWfvB‡mi Rb¨ •Zwi|  wgwb Kw¤úDUvi Gi Rb¥`vZv-‡K‡b_ GBP Ib‡mb|
 AvBIGm (IOS) ‡gvevBj Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷gwU evRviRvZ K‡i-A¨vcb  IBM †Kv¤úvwb †K ejv nq- weM eøy
 TCP w`‡q eySv‡bv nq- †cÖv‡UKb|  we‡k¦i cª_g I GKgvÎ Kw¤úDUvi Rv`yNi Aew¯’Z-hy³iv‡óªi AvUjv›Uvq|

1|P age
 UªvbwR÷i Avwe®‹vi nq-1948 mv‡j|  gvDm Avwe®‹vi K‡i - WMjvm A¨v‡Äj evW
 IC Avwe®‹vi K‡ib-R¨vK †Kbwe I ievU© b‡qm|  MICR- Gi c~Y©iƒc- Magnetic Ink Character Reader
 evwYwR¨Kfv‡e we‡k¦i cª_g gvB‡µvcª‡mmi n‡jv- Bb‡Uj 4004  e¨vs‡Ki †P‡Ki †PK b¤^i †jLv cov nq- MICR c×wZ‡Z|
 gvB‡µvKw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq -GBP GWIqvW© ievU©‡K|  CRT- Gi c~Y©iƒc- Cathode Ray Tube
  LCD- Gi c~Y©iƒc- Liquid Crystal Display
 evsjv‡`‡k Kw¤úDUvi  LED- Gi c~Y©iƒc- Light Emittimg Diode
 1964:cª_g Kw¤úDUvi ¯’vcb IBM 1620 (XvKv cigvYy kw³ †K›`ª )  Kw¤úDUv‡ii Z_¨ cª`k©‡bi ¶y`ªZg GKK n‡”Q- wc‡·j
 1984: cª_g Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb I cªhyw³ wefvM Pvjy evsjv‡`k cª‡KŠkj  †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i cªvß djvdj KvM‡R Qvcv‡bv hvq Zv‡K ejv
wek¦we`¨vjq(BUET) nq- wcª›Uvi
 1989: evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi †mvmvBwU cªwZôv (‡ckvRxex msMVb)  me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZi wcª›Uvi n‡jv-†jRvi wcª›Uvi
 1990: evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi KvDwÝj cªwZwôZ(miKvwi cªwZôvb)  Kw¤úDUv‡ii †eªBb n‡jv- gvB‡µvcª‡mmi
 1991: evsjv fvlvq cª_g gvwmK cwÎKv (Kw¤úDUvi RMr)  CPU- Gi c~Y©iƒc- Central Processing Unit.
 1992: evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi mwgwZ cªwZôv (Kw¤úDUvi e¨emvqx‡`i 
msMVb)  B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³ cªwZwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKwU wVKvbv _v‡K,G wVKvbv
 1994: cª_g AbjvBb B-‡gBj Pvjy (cÖ`óv wjwg‡UW) †K ejv nq-IP Address
 1996: cª_g AbjvBb B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy ( AvBGmGb)  www- Gi c~Y©iƒc- World Wide Web
  wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kw¤úDwUs cÖhyw³
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii •ewkó¨  E-Mail- Gi c~Y©iƒc- Electronic Mail.
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii •ewkó¨ n‡jv-`ªæZMwZ,wek¦vm‡hvM¨Zv, m~¶¥Zv ,K¬vwšÍnxbZv  E-Mail wVKvbvq-2wU Ask _v‡K, user name @ host ev Domin
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii g~j •ewkó¨ n‡jv-Kw¤úDUvi `ªæZ wbf©yjfv‡e cybive„wË g~jK Name D`[email protected]
KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i  ‡Kvb E-Mail cvVv‡Z Aek¨B wjL‡Z nq- cÖvc‡Ki E-Mail wVKvbv|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii Kv‡Ri MwZ cªKvk Kiv nq- b¨v‡bv †m‡KÛ Øviv|  Cc- Carbon Copy
 b¨v‡bv †m‡KÛ n‡jv GK †m‡K‡Ûi 100 †KvwU fv‡Mi GK fvM|  BCc- Blind Carbon Copy
 †h Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Kw¤úDUvi †ewk myweavRbK-cybive„wËg~jK KvR|  f‚qv I AhvwPZ Mail Rgv nq-Spam-G|
 k~b¨ msL¨vi Avw` aviYv hv‡`i-fviZxq|  ATM ej‡K eySvq - AU‡g‡UW †Ujv †gwkb|
  DBwKwjm Gi cÖwZôvZv - Rywjqvb Av¨vmÄ|
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖKvi‡f`  Fax- Gi c~Y©iƒc- Faxcimile
 AvKvi-AvqZb,KvR Kivi ¶gZv, ¯§…wZ I my‡hvM BZ¨vw`i Ici wfwË K‡i  ‡h n¨vwKs K‡i Zv‡K e‡j -n¨vKvi
wWwRUvj Kw¤úDUvi †K fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q-Pvi(04) fv‡M h_v:K. mycvi  ATM Avwe¯‹vi K‡i- - IBM †Kv¤úvwb |
Kw¤úDUvi Kw¤úDUvi|L.‡gBb †d«g Kw¤úDUvi|M.wgwb Kw¤úDUvi|N.  B›Uvi‡b‡U mvgvwRK m¤ú‡K©i kw³kvjx †bUIqvK© n‡”Q-†dmeyK
gvB‡µv Kw¤úDUvi ev cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUvi  Bb÷vMªvg n‡jv-†gvevBj e¨envi K‡i AbjvB‡b Qwe wfwWI BZ¨vw` †kqvi
 nvBweªW Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi nq kix‡ii ZvcgvÎv wbY©q, ü`‡iv‡Mi wµqv Kivi GKwU mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g|
wbY©q, i³Pvc wbY©q, cvigvYweK kw³ Pywjø‡Z, Rw½wegv‡b, gnvKvkhv‡b,  †iveU kãwU G‡m‡Q-‡PK/køvfwbK fvlv Õ†iveUvÕ(Robota) †_‡K|
†¶cYvm&Î wb‡¶‡c|

 ¶gZv AvK„wZ BZ¨vw`i wfwˇZ AwZ eo Kw¤úDUvi‡K ejv nq -mycvi
 ev‡qv‡gwÆK,ey‡jwUb †evW©
Kw¤úDUvi
 wMªK kãÕBio' (hvi A_© Rxeb) I ÕMetric' (hvi A_© cwigvc) †_‡K
 me‡P‡q `ªæZMwZi Kw¤úDUvi - mycvi Kw¤úDUvi
DrcwË n‡q‡Q ev‡qv‡gwUªK(BioMetric)
 evsjv‡`‡ki GKgvÎ mycvi Kw¤úDUvi Av‡Q - evsjv‡`k Kw¤úDUvi KvDwÝj
 ev‡qv‡gwUªK n‡”Q GK ai‡bi †KŠkj ev cªhyw³ hvi gva¨‡g gvby‡li kix‡i
j¨v‡e|
KvVv‡gv,AvPvi AvPiY,•ewkó¨ I ¸bv¸b,e¨w³Z¡ cªf„wZ Øviv wbw`©ó e¨w³ †K
 evsjv‡`‡ki mycvi Kw¤úDUviwU n‡jv- IBM RS/6000 SP g‡W‡ji
wPwýZ kbv³ Kiv hvq|
 cÖ_g •Zwi Personal Computer - A¨vj‡Uqvi 8800
 DNA/RNA I †cªvwU‡bi MVb Ges wewfbœ AYyi g‡a¨ AvZ¥v m¤úwK©Z
 DOEL j¨vcUc cª¯ÍyZKvix cªwZôvb n‡jv-‡Uwkm
welq g‡Wwjs I wmgy‡jkb •Zwi‡Z e¨eüZ nq ev‡qvBbdi‡gwU·
 evsjv‡`‡ki •Zwi cª_g j¨vcUc-‡`v‡qj|
 Z_¨ cÖhyw³ welqK wewfbœ wel‡qi RbK
 n¨vÛ‡nì ev cvgwcwm ev cvgUc n‡jv- nv‡Zi Zvjy‡Z †i‡L KvR Kiv hvq
welq D™¢veK
Ggb †QvU AvKv‡ii Kw¤úDUvi
AvaywbK j¨vcUc wej †gvMwiR,hy³ivR¨

world wide web wUg evb©vm wj
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii A½ msMVb
B›Uvi‡bU mvP© BwÄb Gjvb GgUvR
 Key Board-Gi F1-F12 ch©šÍ †evZvg¸‡jv †K ejv nq-Function
DBwKwcwWqv wRwg Iqvjm
Key
¸Mj j¨vwi †cR I mv‡R©B web hy³ivóª
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii †njc wK ejv nq- F1‡K|
‡gvevBj †dvb gvwU©b Kzcvi hy³ivóª
 Del †evZvg Pvc w`‡j-Kvm©‡ii c‡ii A¶i gy‡Q hvq|
GwUGg c×wZ Rb †kdvW© e¨vib, hy³ivR¨
 †g‡gvwi g~jZ-AvDUcyU wWfvBm
B-‡gBj ‡i Ugwjbmb
 †g‡gvwi I ALU-Gi g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i-K‡›Uªvj BDwbU
AbjvBb wfwËK Rvb©vj eøM Bfvb DBwjqvgm&
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii ‡h wW‡¯‹ wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi _v‡K Zv‡K e‡j-÷¨U© Avc wW¯‹
AbjvBb kwcs(1994) ‡Rd †e‡Rvm
 CD-ROM Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jv-Computer Disc Read Only Memory
 mvaviY Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi cªavb Ask _v‡K `yBwU-K) nvW©Iq¨vi L) 
 Google
md&UIq¨vi
 Rbwcªq B›Uvi‡bU mvP© BwÄb-¸Mj
 Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi cªavb KvR PviwU- h_v: Input,Processing,
Output, Storage.   cªwZwôZ-1998
 eZ©gv‡b cªPwjZ wK‡evW© ¸‡jv‡Z m‡e©v”P ÒKxÓ _v‡K-105wU  RbK- mv‡R©B weªb(USA) I †jwi †cR
 wK‡evW © dvskb wK i‡q‡Q-12wU  eZ©gvb wbe©vnx cªavb(CEO)- my›`i wcPvB (fviZxq)
 wK‡ev‡W©i Kvm©i web¨vm‡K ejv nq-QWERTY   gvwjKvbv-¸Mj
2|P age
  †¯øvMvb-Broadcast Yourself.  UzBUvi
 evsjv‡`wk mn cªwZôvZv- Rv‡f` Kwig cªwZwôZ  mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wØZxq e„nËg gva¨g UyBUvi
 ZOOM   UyBUvi cªwZwôZ nq 2006
 cÖwZôv-21 Gwcªj 2011   UyBUv‡ii cªwZôvZv -R¨vK †Wvwm©, Ges mncÖwZôvZv-‡bvqv Møvm,weR †÷vb,
  m`i`ßi- mvb †Rvm, K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv, hy³ivóª Bfvb DBwjqvg|
 cªwZôvZv I eZ©gvb wmBI-GwiK Bqvb  m`i`ßi- mvbdªvwÝm‡Kv
 3G : THIRD GENERATION  SAMSUNG
 D™¢veK †`k- Rvcvb   kxl© ¯§vU©‡dvb wbg©vZv
 evsjv‡`‡k Pvjy K‡i-†UwjUK   gvwjKvbv †`k- `w¶Y †Kvwiqv
 evsjv‡`‡k †gvevB‡j Pvjy nq- 14 A‡±vei 2012   wbe©vnx cªavb- wj †R Bqs
 cª_g 6G †mev Pvjy K‡i- Pxb  mvP© BwÄb
 gvB‡µvmdU ¸Mj(Google) wes(Bing) Bqvû (Yahoo)
 gvB‡µvmd‡Ui cªwZôvZv- wej †MUm I cj A¨v‡jb Av¯‹WUKg(Google) B‡`v‡qv(Yodao) evBo(Baidu)
 gvB‡µvmd‡Ui cªwZôv- 1975 mv‡j  B›Uvi‡bU Acv‡iwUs mdUIq¨vi
 AvaywbK mdUIq¨vi wbg©vZv cªwZôvb Mozila Opera Internet Java Google
 eZ©gvb wbe©vnx cªavb- mZ¨ bv‡`jv (fviZxq) mini Explore chrome
 APPLE  mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvBU
 cªwZôvZv- w÷f Rem gvwK©b hy³ivóª ‡dmeyK UzBUvi Bb÷vMÖvg ¸Mj cøvm
 cªwZôv- 1976 mv‡j fvBb †nvhvUmA¨vc wj¼W-Bb wc›Uv‡i÷
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 Apple-AvaywbK Kw¤úDUvi wbg©vZv cªwZôvb
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  AvBcW,AvB‡dvb, I AvBc¨v‡Wi wbg©vZv cÖwZôvb - A¨vcj|
 gvwjKvbv cÖwZôvb I welq
  eZ©gvb wbe©vnx cªavb-wUK KzK ¸Mj,¸Mj cøvm,¸Mj†µvg, Avjdv‡eU BbK‡cv©‡ikb
  eZ©gvb we‡k¦ cªhyw³ wewµ‡Z kxl© cªwZôvb-A¨vcj BDwUDe,A¨vÛª‡qW,GBPwUwm †dvb
Amazonn.com alibaba.com AvB‡dvb,AvBc¨v A¨vcj
cwiPq-gvwK©b wfwËK AbjvBb-  cwiPq- AbjvBb wfwËK †Kbv‡ePvi DB‡ÛvR,wes,†bvwKqv,wj¼W Bb mvgvwRK mvBU gvB‡µvmdU
‡Kbv‡ePv mvBU cªwZôv- 1994 mvBU Bb÷vMªvg,†nvqvUmA¨vc, IKzjvm wfAvi I cªvB‡fU ‡dmeyK
cªwZôvZv †Rd †e‡Rvm (kxl© abx)  cªwZôv- 1999 †Kvi
 m`i`ßi - wmqvUj IqvwksUb  cªwZôvZv R¨vK gv I †cs ‡jB IqvwksUb †cv÷ AvgvRb WU Kg
 m`i `ßi- 11,800 †KvwU Wjvi  wbe©vwn- W¨vwb‡qj Svs Bqvû I_ AvBGbwm
 m`i `ßi- †SwRqvs, Pxb  cÖhyw³‡Z evsjv‡`‡ki cÖ_g
wccxwjKv 2013 mv‡ji 13 Gwcªj evsjv fvlvi cª_g mvP© BwÄb
 wewfb&œ cÖwZôv‡bi eZ©gvb wmBI PiwK 2015 mv‡j evsjv fvlvq wØZxq c~Y©v½ mvP© BwÄb Pvjy nq
cÖwZôv‡bi bvg eZ©gvb wmBI weRq wK‡evW© 1988 mv‡ji 16 wW‡m¤^i 1g evsjv wK‡evW© D‡Øvab
AvgvRb A¨vwÛ R¨vwm K‡ib †gv¯Ídv ReŸvi
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†¯úm G· Bjb gv¯‹ nvmvb Lvb
Avwjevev.Kg W¨vwb‡qj Svs †`v‡qj 2011 mv‡j †Uwkm cª_g evsjv‡`wk j¨vcUc •Zwi K‡i
gvB‡µvmdU mZ¨ bv‡`jv †`v‡qj
A¨vcj wUK KzK `yišÍ m¤ú~Y© evsjvq †`‡ki cÖ_g eªvDRvi
Bf¨vwj †gvnv¤§` iv‡mj ‡eg‡Zv ‡`‡ki •Zwi cÖ_g mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvBU
`vivR eyRvwK© wgwé‡jmb Aimbook evsjv‡`‡ki cª_g mvgvwRK gva¨g Gcm&
‡Wj †UK‡bvjwRm gvB‡Kj †Wj ‡iveU wj kvnRvjvj weÁvb I cªhyw³ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ÷y‡W›U evsjvq
Ryg GwiK Gm BDqvb K_v ejv †iveUc Avwe®‹vi K‡ib
 ayg‡KZy †`‡ki •Zwi cª_g i‡KU •Zwi K‡ib gqgbwmsn
 ‡dmeyK BwÄwbqvwis K‡jR
 aib-mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g  Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb
 cªwZôvZv gvK© RyKvievM©   Virus n‡”Q - Vital Information Resources Under Sieze.
 cªwZôv mvj-4 †deªæqvwi 2004 mv‡j   OMR n‡”Q - Optical Mark Reader
 m`i`ßi- †gb‡jv cvK©,K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv, hy³ivóª   wej †MU‡mi cÖ_g †cÖvMÖvg-
 cªwZôvi D‡Ïk¨ wQj- nvf©vW wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wk¶v_x©‡`i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM   j¨vcUc, jvBdeyK, †bvUeyK, †bUeyK n‡”Q- †QvU Kw¤úDUvi|
 †dmey‡Ki c~e©bvg- †dmg¨vm   I-Pad n‡”Q - U¨ve‡jU Kw¤úDUvi|
 †¯øvMvb- Be Connected.   AvaywbK j¨vcU‡ci RbK- wej †gvMwiR
 `ªæZMwZi mycvi Kw¤úDUvi   c„w_exi cÖ_g j¨vcUc- EPSON
  `ªæZMwZi mycvi Kw¤úDUvi •Zwi K‡i‡Q- gvwK©b †mwgKÛvi †Kv¤úvwb   we‡k¦i e„nËg Kw¤úDUvi †gjvi bvg- wmweU G·‡cv|
A¨vWfvÝW gvB‡µv wWfvB‡mi(AMD)   wmweU G·‡cv (CEBIT EXPRO) hvÎv ïiæ K‡i- 1970 mv‡j|
 Kw¤úDUviwUi bvg- FORTRAN   CEBIT EXPRO- Gi c~Y©iƒc- Centre of Bureau and
 ¯’vcb Kiv nq-USA Gi IKwiR b¨vkbvj j¨ve‡iUix‡Z| Informatin Technology Exposition .
  Pvjy nq 2021 mvj bvMv`|   cÖwZ eQi wmweU G·‡cv AbywôZ nq- Rvg©vwbi n¨v‡bvfv‡i|
  wcwm ev cv‡m©vbvj Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK- †nbwi ievU©m|
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   †gvevBj †dv‡bi RbK ejv nqÑ gvwU©b Kycvi †K|
 weÁvb msµvšÍ cwifvlv  †ivwgs (Roming): †gvevBj mvwf©m †cªvfvBWv‡ii Kfv‡iR Gwiqvi
 ‡mwiKvjPvi(sericulture) : ‡ikg †cvKvi Pvl m¤úwK©Z we`¨v mxgve×Zv| G mxgve×Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ mvwf©m †cªvfvBWvi g‡a¨ †`kxq I
  GwcKvjPvi(apiculture): †gŠgvwQ cvjb we`¨ AvšÍt‡`kxqfv‡e ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ AvšÍtms‡hv‡Mi e¨e¯’v †K ejv nq †ivwgs|
 GwfKvjPvi(aviculture) : cvwL cvjb we`¨v  ¯§vU©‡dvb
  wcwmKvjPvi(pisciculture) : grm Pvl m¤^Üxq we`¨v  ¯§vU©‡dvb(Smart Phone): ¯§vU©‡dvb n‡jv we‡kl ai‡bi †gvevBj †dvb
ev †gvevBj Kw¤úDwUs cøvUd‡g©i Dci cªwZwôZ|
  nwU©KvjPvi(herperrtology): D`¨vb cvjb we`¨v
 we‡k¦i cª_g ¯§vU© †dvb n‡jvÑ AvBweGg mvBgb|
  wmm‡gvjwR(seismology) : ~K¤úb welqK we`¨v
 AvB‡dvb: AvB‡dvb n‡jv A¨vcj BbK‡c©v‡i‡UW Øviv wbwg©Z GKwU AvaywbK
  Gb‡Uvg‡jwR(antomology) : †cvKvgvKo I KxUcZ½ m¤^Üxq we`¨v B›Uvi‡bU I gvwëwgwWqv mshy³ ¯§vU©‡dvb|
  wd‡jvjwR(philology) : fvlv m¤^Üxq we`¨v  A¨vc‡ji mv‡eK wmBI w÷f Rem cÖ_g AvB‡dvb Aegy³ K‡ibÑ 9
  †gwUqijwR(meteorology) : AvenvIqv weÁvb Rvbyqvwi, 2007|
 Km‡gvjwR(cosmology) : wek¦RM‡Zi cªK„wZ m„wó Ges BwZnvm welqK  cÖ_g AvB‡dv‡bi evRviRvZKiY ïiæ nqÑ 29 Rvbyqvwi, 2007|
weÁvb  B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM e‡jÑ AvDU †mvwm©s
  B‡KvjwR(ecology) : cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ Rxe‡`‡ni m¤úK© m¤^Üxq weÁvb (  evsjv‡`‡k GKgvÎ AcwUK¨vj dvBevi K¨vej cª¯ÍyZKvix cªwZôvb bvgÑ
e¯‘ weÁvb) evsjv‡`k K¨vej wkí wjwg‡UW (Lyjbv)
  A¨vbvUgx(anatomy) : A½ms¯’vb m¤^Üxq weÁvb  cÖ_g mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷kb
  B‡fvwjDkb(evolution) : cªvYx RM‡Zi DrcwË I µgweKvk m¤úwK©Z  cÖ_g mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷k‡bi bvgÑ SEA-ME-WE-4
weÁvb  SEA-ME-WE-4 Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jvÑ South East Asia- Middle
  dwgwUKm(phonetices) : aŸwbZË¡ ev aŸwb m¤úwK©Z we`¨v East- Western Europe-4
  wdj¨v‡Uwj(philately) : WvK wU‡KU m¤úwK©Z we`¨v  cÖ_g mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷kb Aew¯’ZÑ K·evRv‡ii wSjsSvq|
 2006 mv‡j Kb‡mvwU©qv‡ii gva¨‡g mve‡gwib K¨vej hy³ nq hv 18,800
  nvBwRb(hygiene): ¯^v¯’¨ weÁvb|
wK.wg we¯Í…Z|
  AcwUKm(optics): Av‡jvK weÁvb
 wØZxq mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷kb
 ‣eÁvwbK hš¿cvwZ
 wØZxq mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷k‡bi bvgÑ SEA-ME-WE-5
  e¨v‡ivwgUvi - evqyi Pvc cwigvcK hš¿
 SEA-ME-WE-5 Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jvÑ South East Asia- Middle
  g¨v‡bvwgUvi - M¨v‡mi Pvc cwigvcK hš¿ East- Western Europe-5
  I‡WvwgUvi - Mvwoi MwZ cwigvcK hš¿  wØZxq mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷kb Aew¯’ZÑ cUzqvLvwji Kjvcvovq
 gwbU‡ii KvR n‡jvÑ †jLv I Qwe †`Lv‡bv|  wØZxq mve‡gwib K¨ve‡j mshy³ n‡qÑ evsjv‡`k Av‡iv 1 nvRvi 500
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj Kvh©µg wbqš¿Y K‡iÑ †m›Uªvj cª‡mwms BDwbU| wRwewcGm e¨vÛDB_ cv‡”Q|
 wmwcBD †K fvM Kiv hvqÑ wZb fv‡M|  Z…Zxq mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷kb
 h_v K. MvwYwZK hyw³ BDwbU( Artihmetic Logic Unit-ALU)  Z…Zxq mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷k‡bi bvgÑ SEA-ME-WE-6
 L. wbqš¿Y BDwbU (Control Unit) M. †iwR÷vi ¯§…wZ (Register  SEA-ME-WE-6 Gi c~Y©iƒc n‡jvÑ South East Asia- Middle
Memory) East- Western Europe-6
 Kw¤úDUvi †cªvMªvg Ges †WUv msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ e¨eüZ nqÑ †g‡gvwi|  Z…Zxq mve‡gwib j¨vwÛs †÷kb Aew¯’ZÑ K·evRvi
 †g‡gvwi fvM Kiv n‡q‡QÑ wZb fv‡M|  Z…Zxq mve‡gwib K¨vej Aby‡gv`b †`b evsjv‡`k miKviÑ 1 wW‡m¤^i 2020
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii A¯’vqx ¯§…wZkw³ †K e‡jÑ RAM|  mshy³ Ki‡eÑ wm½vcyi|
 me‡P‡q †ewk w¯úWÑ K¨vk †g‡gvwii|  e¨vÛDB_ ÿgZvÑ 1000 wRwewcGm|
 dwí wW‡¯‹i ¯’vb `Lj K‡i wb‡q‡QÑ †cbWªvBf|  mve‡gwib K¨vej cÖKíwU †h gš¿vYvjq Aax‡bÑ WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM |
 nvW©wW¯‹ gvcvi GKK njÑ wMMvevBU| 
 Kw¤úDUv‡ii cªavb †g‡gvwiÑ gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi hv wmwcBD Gi gvSLv‡b _v‡K|  wewea
 †h Kw¤úDUvi †g‡gvwi KL‡bv ¯§…wZåsk nq bvÑ ROM|  Iq¨vi‡jm KwgDwb‡Kk‡bi RbK ejv nqÑ gvK©wb‡K|
 †Ljvayjv cª_g Kw¤úDUvi e¨envi Kiv nqÑ 1960 mv‡j|  IqvBdvB (Wi-Fi)Ñ GKwU Rbwcªq Iqvi‡bm cªhyw³ hvi mvnv‡h¨ †iwWI
 Kw¤úDUvi mdUIq¨vi Gi RM‡Z bvgKiv cªwZôvbÑ gvB‡µvmdU| I‡qf e¨envi K‡i †Kv‡bv B‡jKUªwb· wWfvBm Gi gva¨‡g D”P MwZm¤úbœ
 †d¬vPv‡U© cÖZxK w`‡q nqÑ GKÎxKiY| B›Uvi‡bU e¨envimn Kw¤úDUv‡ii †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqvK© mshy³ n‡q †WUv
 GKwU wcwm Pvjy Ki‡j cª_‡g †h †KvWwU mPj nq, Zv‡K e‡jÑ BIOS Av`vb cª`vb Kiv nq|
 BIOS Gi c~Y©iƒcÑ Basic Input Output System|  msiwÿZ †WUv‡eR‡K e‡jÑ e¨vK GÛ (Back End)|
 POSt ej‡Z eySvqÑ Power On Self Test|  B›Uvi‡bU
 evsjv‡`‡ki cÖavb md&UIqvi wbg©vZv cÖwZôv‡bi bvg n‡jvÑ †ewmm  B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nqÑ 1969 mv‡j|
(BASIS) (cÖwZwôZ 1997 mv‡j, KviIqvb evRvi, XvKv)  cÖwZôvZvÑ webUb wR Kvd©
 BASIS Gi c~Y©iƒcÑ Bangladesh Association of Software and  evsjv‡`‡k Pvjy nqÑ 1996 mv‡j|
Information Service|  e¨env‡ii kxl© †`kÑ Pxb|
 evsjv‡`‡ki cª_g e¨eüZ evsjv d›UÑ weRq (D™¢veK †gv¯Ídv ReŸvi 16  me©cÖ_g cixÿvg~jKfv‡e B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nq †h wek¦we`¨vj‡qÑ BDwmGjG
wW‡m¤^i 1988) (University of California, Los Angels) |
 evsjv‡`‡ki e¨eüZ evsjv d›U ¸‡jvÑ weRq, GKy‡k, •ekvLx cªf„wZ|  B›Uvi‡bU wb‡q Av‡iv wKQz Z_¨
 wW¯‹‡K Z_¨ avi‡Yi Dc‡hvMx Kiv‡K e‡jÑ di‡gU|  ‡Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K e¨envi K‡i Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K Kw¤úDUv‡i Z_¨
 evBbvwi c×wZ‡Z Z_¨ cªKv‡ki †gŠwjK GKKÑ weU| Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi cÖhyw³‡K ejv nqÑ B›Uvi‡bU (Internet)
 Database Management SystemÑ †K ms‡ÿ‡c e‡jÑ DBMS  we‡k¦i cÖ_g B›Uvi‡b‡Ui bvgÑ Avicv‡bU|
 †h j¨vs¸‡q‡Ri mvnv‡h¨ Kz‡qwi Kiv nq Zv‡K e‡jÑ Query  eZ©gvb B›Uvi‡b‡Ui c~e©m~wi (Predecessor) ejv nqÑ Avicv‡bU
Language| (ARPANET)- †K |
 †gvevBj ev †mjyjvi †dvb cªhyw³ cªv_wgK aviYv  B›Uvi‡b‡Ui D™¢e nq ev c„w_ex‡Z cixÿvg~jKfv‡e B›Uvi‡bU Pvjy nqÑ
 SMS Gi c~Y©iƒcÑ Short Message Service| 1969 mv‡j hy³iv‡óª|
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