Ponta do Ouro-Kosi Bay Component of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve

Management Plan
First Edition

Compiled for:

The Republic of Mozambique, Ministry of Tourism

National Directorate of Conservation Areas

Facilitated by:

Peace Parks Foundation

Copies of this Report can be obtained from:

Ministry of Tourism, National Directorate of Conservation Areas (DNAC)

Av. 10 de Novembro, n° 40, Praceta n° 1196, MAPUTO, Telephone: +258 21 303650, Fax: +258 21 306212

Manager: Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve

Cell: +258-82-727-6434

E-mail: [email protected]

Photo Credits:

Main: Matthew Prophet

Vignettes: Melissa de Kock, Paul Bewsher and Werner Myburgh

Citation

DNAC. 2011. Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve Management Plan, First Edition. v+65 pp
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS [i]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This report was prepared as a collaborative initiative. Numerous institutions and expert individuals
provided information, documentation and advice. In particular, the contributions of the following are
acknowledged:

Minister of Tourism National Directorate of Conservation Areas

Alessandro Fusari
(MITUR – DNAC)
Craig Beech Peace Parks Foundation (PPF)
Custodia Banze Maputo Special Reserve (MSR)
Gilberto Vicente PPF – MSR
João Roberto Provincial Directorate of Agriculture
Katrien Van Mechelen PPF
Michélle Souto International Finance Corporation - World Bank Group
Miguel Gonçalves PPF – PPMR
Milton Chauque MITUR – DNAC
Papucides Ntela MITUR – Elephant Coast Development Authority (ADCE)
Rodolfo Cumbane MSR
Provincial Directorate of Environmental Coordination (DPCA),
Rogério Danúbio
Maputo
Rosita Gomes Provincial Directorate of Fisheries, Maputo
Tiago Nhazilo PPF

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS [ii]

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................... i
TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................................................... ii
LIST OF APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................................. iii
LIST OF MAPS ..................................................................................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................................. iv
ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................ v
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 PROCLAMATION AND BOUNDARIES................................................................................................. 1
1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PPMR MANAGEMENT PLAN ...................................................................... 1
1.3 STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE OF THE PLAN ........................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER 2. THE PLACE ................................................................................................................................... 4
2.1 GEOGRAPHY AND HABITAT .............................................................................................................. 4
2.1.1 Beaches and Rocky Shoreline .......................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Sub-tidal Reefs ................................................................................................................................. 4
2.1.3 Mangrove Forests and Intertidal Sand Flats .................................................................................. 5
2.1.4 Sea Grass Beds .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.5 Estuaries............................................................................................................................................ 6
2.2 MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA ............................................................................................................ 6
2.2.1 Beaches ............................................................................................................................................. 6
2.2.2 Rocky Shores .................................................................................................................................... 7
2.2.3 Sub-tidal Reefs ................................................................................................................................. 8
2.2.4 Mangrove Forests and Intertidal Sand Flats .................................................................................. 9
2.2.5 Sea Grass Beds .................................................................................................................................10
2.2.6 Estuaries...........................................................................................................................................10
2.3 CURRENTS, WIND, AND WEATHER ..................................................................................................12
2.4 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND USE ......................................................................................................13
2.5 GOVERNANCE .................................................................................................................................. 14
2.5.1 Legal Framework ............................................................................................................................ 14
2.5.1.1 International ............................................................................................................................. 14
2.5.1.2 National..................................................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER 3. THE PEOPLE ................................................................................................................................15
3.1 STAKEHOLDER GROUPS ................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.1 Resource Managers ......................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.2 Beneficiaries .................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1.3 Business Community ....................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.4 Government .................................................................................................................................... 17
CHAPTER 4. THE PLAN ................................................................................................................................... 18
4.1 MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................ 18
4.2 THREATS AND CHALLENGES ........................................................................................................... 19
4.2.1 Fishing.............................................................................................................................................. 19
4.2.2 Scuba Diving .................................................................................................................................... 19

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 LIST OF APPENDICES [iii]
4.2.3 Use of Vessels/Launch Site Management ...................................................................................... 19
4.2.4 Dolphin and Whale Watching ...................................................................................................... 20
4.2.5 Shark Diving ................................................................................................................................... 20
4.2.6 Coastal Development ..................................................................................................................... 21
4.2.7 Community Pressures ...................................................................................................................... 21
4.3 STRATEGIC GUIDELINES .................................................................................................................. 22
4.3.1 Vision .............................................................................................................................................. 22
4.3.2 Mission ............................................................................................................................................ 22
4.3.3 Key Performance Areas and Objectives ....................................................................................... 22
4.4 STRATEGIC BUSINESS FRAMEWORK .............................................................................................. 24
4.4.1 Resource Management .................................................................................................................. 24
4.4.2 Business Management ................................................................................................................... 26
4.4.3 Benefit Flow Management ........................................................................................................... 29
4.4.4 Governance ..................................................................................................................................... 31
4.4.5 Summary of Action Projects .......................................................................................................... 36
4.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS .................................................................................................. 39
4.5.1 External Arrangements ................................................................................................................. 39
4.5.2 Internal Arrangements .................................................................................................................. 39
4.6 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PLAN ..................................................................................................... 42
4.6.1 Zonation ......................................................................................................................................... 42
4.6.1.1 Sanctuary Zones ....................................................................................................................... 47
4.6.1.2 Restricted Use Zones ............................................................................................................... 47
4.6.1.3 Multiple Use Zones .................................................................................................................. 48
READING LIST .................................................................................................................................................... 52
SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 52
APPENDICES....................................................................................................................................................... 54

LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. PROCLAMATION DECREE ......................................................................................................... 54
APPENDIX 2. RESEARCH PROJECTS ................................................................................................................ 56
APPENDIX 3. LOCAL RULES ............................................................................................................................ 59

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: PPMR Context ....................................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 2: Communities of Interest .................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3: Management Framework ..................................................................................................................18
Figure 4: Cooperative Governance Arrangements .......................................................................................... 40
Figure 5: Internal Institutional Arrangements ................................................................................................. 41

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 LIST OF MAPS [iv]

LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Study Area ............................................................................................................................................... 3
Map 2: Significant Biological Features ............................................................................................................. 11
Map 3: Ocean Flows ........................................................................................................................................... 12
Map 4: Affected Communities ..........................................................................................................................16
Map 5: PPMR Zonation ..................................................................................................................................... 50
Map 6: PPMR Management Units ..................................................................................................................... 51

LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Protecting and Conserving Marine Habitats ..................................................................................... 24
Table 2: Protecting and Conserving Marine Species ....................................................................................... 25
Table 3: Managing External Research and Monitoring Projects and Programmes ...................................... 25
Table 4: Creating a Conducive Environment for Investment ......................................................................... 26
Table 5: Promoting and Facilitating the Involvement of Mozambicans in Ecotourism Opportunities .......27
Table 6: Improving and Developing Diverse and Sustainable Ecotourism Opportunities ........................... 28
Table 7: Ensuring Equitable Benefits to Affected Communities .................................................................... 29
Table 8: Communication, Capacity Building and Awareness Creation ......................................................... 30
Table 9: Institutional Arrangements................................................................................................................. 31
Table 10: Regulating Access and Use ............................................................................................................... 32
Table 11: Financial Sustainability ...................................................................................................................... 32
Table 12: Training of PPMR Staff ...................................................................................................................... 33
Table 13: PPMR Infrastructure and Equipment ............................................................................................... 34
Table 14: Ensuring appropriate Information Management ........................................................................... 35
Table 15: Summary of Resource Management Actions .................................................................................. 36
Table 16: Summary of Business Management Action Projects ........................................................................37
Table 17: Summary of Benefit Flow Management Action Projects.................................................................37
Table 18: Summary of Governance Action Projects ........................................................................................ 38
Table 19: Zone Descriptions .............................................................................................................................. 43
Table 20: Reef Monitoring and Scuba Diving ................................................................................................. 56
Table 21: Assessing the Condition of the Maputaland Coral Reefs ............................................................... 56
Table 22: Beach Profiles .................................................................................................................................... 57
Table 23: Fish ..................................................................................................................................................... 57
Table 24: Marine Mammals .............................................................................................................................. 57
Table 25: Marine Turtles ................................................................................................................................... 58

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 ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS [v]

ABBREVIATIONS/ACRONYMS
ANAII Association of the Friends of Inhaca Island
CAP Community Action Plan
CCA Community Conservation Area
CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
CMBMP Coastal and Marine Biodiversity Project
CPPPs Community Public Private Partnership
DNAC National Directorate of Conservation Areas

DPCA Provincial Directorate Environmental Coordination

GoM Government of Mozambique
HWM High Water Mark
IIP Institute for Fisheries Research
INAMAR National Maritime Institute
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature
KPA Key Performance Area
LTFCA Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation Area
MICOA Ministry of Coordination and Environmental Affairs
MITUR Ministry of Tourism
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
MPA Marine Protected Area
MSR Maputo Special Reserve
NGO Non-governmental Organisation
ORI Oceanographic Research Institute
PAMT Protected Area Management Team
PPF Peace Parks Foundation
PPMR Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve
SADC Southern African Development Community
SPC Strategic Plan for Commercial
TFCA Transfrontier Conservation Area
UEM Eduardo Mondlane University

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 INTRODUCTION [1]

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROCLAMATION AND BOUNDARIES
The Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve (PPMR) was proclaimed on 14 July 2009 with key navigational
points as set out in the Decree attached as Appendix 1.

The Council of Ministers gazetted the proclamation of PPMR in terms of the Fisheries Law of 26
September 1990, Decree 3/90 (Articles 35 and 69), read together with the Marine General Fishing Law of
10 December 2003, Decree 43/2003 (Article 114) and supported by the Environmental Law of 1 October
1997, Decree 20/97 (Article 11).

The Fisheries Law 3/90 read together with the Marine General Fishing Law foresees the establishment of
conservation, preservation and management measures for fishery resources bearing in mind the species
and fishing areas as well as the need for the protection of marine mammals and other rare or
endangered species.

The Environmental Law 20/97 establishes the general grounds for the regime of biodiversity protection,
inhibiting the practice of all activities that are not environmental friendly against conservation,
reproduction, quality and quantity of biological resources, especially those classified as threatened,
giving authority to the Government to enhance and ensure that measures are taken for the
maintenance and regeneration of animal species, recovery of habitats through the control of activities or
use of substances prone to harm vegetation and animal species as well as those declared as being rare or
under extinction, establishing therefore environmental protection areas.

The PPMR, with a total surface area of 678km2, intends to conserve and protect coastal and marine
species and their habitats including the primary dunes on the beach stretching from Ponta do Ouro to
Inhaca Island, covering the prominent points of Malongane, Madejanine, Mamoli, Techobanine, Dobela,
Milibangalala, Membene, Chemucane, Mucumbo, Gomeni, Abril. The PPMR extends on a straight line
100m to the interior with a seaward extent of 3 nautical miles, inclusive of portions of the Maputo Bay to
the mouth of the Maputo River (refer Map 1).

1.2 DEVELOPMENT OF THE PPMR MANAGEMENT PLAN

The PPMR and the adjoining Maputo Special Reserve (MSR) have been planned collectively through a
participative process, yet detailed plans have been prepared for each (refer Figure 1). A description of
the stakeholder process including a comments register and documentation is contained in a separate
report – MSR and PPMR Management Plans Consultation and Review Report, May 2010.

The PPMR and MSR constitute an integrated protected area aimed at conserving and protecting the
natural and cultural resources inherent to the region, as well as contribute to the attainment of national
conservation targets within Mozambique.

The Management Plan for the PPMR prescribes the management of the Marine Protected Area (MPA)
and draws on international and local experience of MPA management, as well as relevant guidelines
published by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and incorporates legal and
institutional requirements.

The Plan will be regularly reviewed and appropriately amended to allow for heightened performance in
achieving in particularly its biodiversity objectives, since the area‟s biodiversity remains under continual
threat as marine fish stocks and resources continue to decline in this area, and will form the foundation
for Annual Business Plans and project specific roll-out plans.

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 INTRODUCTION [2]
For further context of the PPMR within the broader conservation environment, both within
Mozambique and the Ponta do Ouro-Kosi Bay component of the Lubombo Transfrontier Conservation
Area (LTFCA), the reader are referred to the MSR Management Plan.

Figure 1: PPMR Context

1.3 STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE OF THE PLAN

The plan aims to address three basic components: (1) The Place, (2) The People and (3) The Plan.

The Place describes the geography, habitats, fauna and flora, currents, wind and weather, and human
settlements and history of the area.

The People describes the various role players and their needs and expectations.

The Plan sets out the management framework, including the strategic guidelines and strategic business
framework for the management of the PPMR. Additionally, it describes the concept development plan
as well as institutional arrangements for the PPMR.

The intent of this plan is to, in conjunction with other management mechanisms, protect and conserve
the values of the PPMR while allowing for reasonable opportunities to access and use the PPMR by its
local coastal communities. The population along the coastline and adjacent to the MSR and PPMR is on
the increase thus escalating the demand on marine resources within the MPA.

This management plan serves to inform a variety of stakeholders (including the management agencies)
of the purpose and operational framework of the PPMR and will be the basis of the cooperative
management agreement between the Ministries of Tourism (MITUR), Fisheries and Transport1.

1
The Ministry of Transport and the National Maritime Institute (INAMAR) have formal mandates that include the
licensing and safety surveillance of ski boats within the PPMR. In addition to this, the Ministry of Fisheries has
delegated the duties and responsibilities of fisheries compliance to INAMAR to date. As per the proclamation
decree, the mandate to manage the PPMR is under MITUR.

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 INTRODUCTION [3]

Map 1: Study Area

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 THE PLACE [4]

CHAPTER 2. THE PLACE

The various features of the PPMR are discussed in the following section including:

 Geography and Habitat

 Marine Flora and Fauna
 Currents, Wind and Weather
 Human Settlement and Use
 Governance.

The special biological features of the PPMR have been described and researched in the series of
collaborative reports compiled by the Oceanographic Research Institute (ORI) with the Eduardo
Mondlane University (UEM) and Institute of Fisheries Research, namely unpubl. reports no 129. and 130.

Through the synthesis of this information, consultation with responsible Transmap researchers and
Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) experts, a map was derived during the
proclamation process of the PPMR depicting the location of these features (refer Map 2).

The various features (e.g. coral reefs, mangroves) depicted on the map are discussed individually.
Mapping these layers ensures that the zones and management areas and units are placed in the correct
locations (refer section 4.6).

2.1 GEOGRAPHY AND HABITAT

2.1.1 Beaches and Rocky Shoreline
The PPMR extends from the coastal town Ponta do Ouro in the south, past Cabo de Santa Maria, a
distance of about 86km, to the mouth of the Maputo River. It also includes Inhaca Island, which is
separated from the mainland Machangulo Peninsula by the narrow Ponta Torres strait, and its eastern
shore adds a further 12.5km of open ocean coastline. The mainland eastern coastline is linear, consisting
primarily of extensive sandy beaches interspersed with minor rocky points, and with well-vegetated sand
dunes. The rocky shores comprise about 13% of the length of the coastline on the mainland, and consist
of wave cut sandstone platforms with large tidal pools and gullies. Most of the rocky shores are
submerged at high tide.

The coastline between Ponta Chemucane and Ponta Mucombo is believed to contain the best example
of intertidal rocky shoreline. The areas within the multiple use area are being systematically harvested,
in what appears to be an unsustainable manner. Observations over three spring tides have shown
mussel harvesting on the exposed platforms at Ponta do Ouro. No bag limits exist, and the rate of
harvesting certainly exceeds the reproductive potential of these invertebrates (pers. obs. 2007, pers. com.
Gullen, 2007). It is suggested that this method of harvesting may have severe negative impacts on the
biodiversity of the intertidal rocks (Fennessey andVan der Elst, 2004). This accentuates the need for an
intertidal sanctuary zone, as other platforms outside of the restricted area are exploited in the same
manner.

2.1.2 Sub-tidal Reefs

Sub tidal rocky reefs extend seawards from the rocky headlands and many of these are encrusted with
corals and associated organisms. The main mapped offshore rock and coral reefs include:

 Patch reefs between Ponta do Ouro and Ponta Mamoli

 Ponta Techobanine
 Ponta Milibangalala

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 THE PLACE [5]
 Baixo de Sao João
 Baixo de Santa Maria
 Ponta Torres
 Barreira Vermelha
 Baixo Danae.

A short description of each reef is provided below.

Techobanine: Its special structure makes it susceptible to damage. It contains up to 84% coral coverage
and is considered to be both unique and the best example in southern Mozambique.

Milibangalala: The reefs contain little coral cover, but the high profile rock ridges create aggregation
areas for certain pelagic fish species (Schleyer. 2007. pers. com.).

Baixo de Sao João: Contains what is termed as intermediate coral cover and warrants protection.

Baixo de Santa Maria: No specifics for this reef were found during the collection of the various spatial
information.

Ponta Torres: Coral cover inside the bay close to Santa Maria at S26˚ 04‟ 07.2” E32˚ 57‟ 02”.

Barreira Vermelha: Coral patch off Barreira Vermelha near S26˚ 01‟ 25.2” E32˚ 53‟ 50.8”.

Baixo Danae: This reef rises from 40m to 3m below the surface. It is an important concentration point
for pelagic game fish species, where catches should be strictly managed according to the National
Fisheries Regulations. This reef receives high levels of ski-boat pressure especially during fishing
competitions.

2.1.3 Mangrove Forests and Intertidal Sand Flats

Inhaca‟s eastern shores comprise of similar habitat to that of the Machangulo Peninsula while
mangroves with intertidal sand/mud flats fringe its western shores.

The area within Maputo Bay, are markedly different, being sheltered from the open ocean unlike the
exposed stretch between Ponta do Ouro and Cabo de Inhaca. The shores shelve gradually, are composed
of fine sediments, and are lined by mangrove forests and associated flora. These physical oceanographic
conditions result in fewer opportunities for coastal eco-tourism and development. Large-scale seine
netting and artisanal fishing does occur within this area, owing its less exposed and more protected
nature.

Mangrove layers obtained from ORI (Transmap database) were used to depict this widely dispersed
habitat type occurring in the Multiple Use Area.

Mangrove sanctuaries are recommended, especially adjacent to the shores of the estuary and along the
northern side of Inhaca Island where it is suspected they would protect the shoreline during cyclones, by
absorbing the energy exerted by heavy seas.

2.1.4 Sea Grass Beds

These are found on the northern and southern inter-tidal sand flats, including a small patch on the
western side of Inhaca Island. The sea-grass beds described provide an important refuge for dugongs
(Dugong dugong) and their protection is therefore very important for the conservation of among other
this species.

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 THE PLACE [6]

2.1.5 Estuaries
Ponta Dobela is a temporary open system that originates from Lake Piti. The lake breeches periodically
connecting it to the sea.

The Bembi River estuary in the bight of the Machungulo Peninsula is strongly affected by the state of
the tide. It is lined with Mangroves along its banks and has important nursery functions for many
marine fish species that are dependent on it during the later stages of their life cycle.

2.2 MARINE FLORA AND FAUNA

2.2.1 Beaches
The coastal dunes are generally well vegetated, with the primary colonisers including Ipomoea
brasliensis (goat‟s foot), Scaevola plumiera and Arcotheca populifolia. The coastal bean bush, Sophora
inhambanensis is also common on the dunes.

Ghost crabs (mostly Ocypode ryderi), mole crabs (Emerita austroafricana) and whelks (Bullia natalensis)
dominate the macro fauna, which inhabit the sandy shores (Robertson et al. 1995). Beach traffic, has a
detrimental effect on sizes and densities of ghost crab populations. Utilisation of this resource
predominantly as a bait source for fishing from the beaches has resulted in lower densities in the south
of the PPMR between Ponta do Ouro and Ponta Techobanine, with highest densities between here and
Ponta Chemucane. Once again, their numbers decrease because of harvesting from Ponta Mucumbu to
Cabo Santa Maria (Prophet pers. obs. 2007, 2008).

Mole crabs (mainly Emerita austroafricana) are also significantly more abundant and larger adjacent to
the MSR. Despite a survey by Robertson et al. (1995), that produced little evidence of harvesting of
sandy beach organisms by coastal communities, this is no longer the case. A population increase and
resultant demand for protein has led to local people harvesting these and other organism along the
coastline. Harvesting of shellfish over springtides at the more populated points is a regular occurrence
and has resulted in many species being virtually completely removed above the low tide mark.

Two species of turtle nest along the beaches from October to January between Ponta do Ouro and
Inhaca Island, namely the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta and the leatherback turtle Dermochelys
coriacea. Hatching occurs from December to April each year. The main nesting area is between Ponta
Malongane and Ponta Chemucane. Robbing of turtle nests and killing of turtles occurs, mainly by
individuals within the local communities. The most vulnerable areas seem to be between Ponta do Ouro
and the South African border (Prophet, pers. obs. 2008) - Ponta Techobanine and the areas north of
Ponta Chemucane also experienced turtle poaching by local communities.

A concerted turtle monitoring effort occurs over the border in South Africa within the Maputaland MPA
where Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife‟s monitoring programme records about 590 nestings each year (Hughes,
2002). Based on mark and recapture data, the turtles do migrate across the border, suggesting that the
entire region from St. Lucia to Inhaca represents a turtle-nesting zone. Turtles are CITES listed species
and are a priority in terms of protection and monitoring are concerned.

Indian bottle-nose dolphin and humpbacked dolphins occur in Maputo Bay and the coastal waters, and
humpback whales Megapter novaeanglia offshore.

De Boer (2000) has described harvesting of organisms in the Mangrove/mudflat habitat of Inhaca, and
the techniques and harvested organisms are the same on the western shores of the Machangulo
Peninsula. Harvesting on the northern shores of the MSR is limited owing to lack of settlements, since
there is not much high ground, i.e. it is not inundated or semi-swamp. There is also difficulty in
accessimg the shore through the dense Mangrove forest.

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 THE PLACE [7]
In 1995, numbers of subsistence fishers on Inhaca were estimated at about 320, and about 40 on the
Machangulo Peninsula (IDPPE, unpublished data). This figure has; however, undoubtedly increased in
the past 14 years (refer MSR and PPMR Community Action Plan - CAP).

Fishing boats from the Machangulo Peninsula, based at Santa Maria, Inhaca and Maputo, operate in the
area (Hatton 1995). Harvesting of fish occurs by means of spearing, hook and line, traps, deep and
shallow gill nets and beach seines. Semi-industrial trawlers from Maputo also operate where water
depths permit, targeting penaeid prawns. The main fish species caught in the eastern part of Maputo
Bay are purse-mouths, mullets and sea breams (Sparidae), and the Inhaca fishery appears to be over-
exploited (de Boer 2000).

Collection of marine invertebrates by women and children is by hand, and is determined by tidal state.
Their catch is mainly comprised of swimming crabs (Portunidae) and bivalve and gastropod molluscs
(Fennessy and van der Elst 2004).

2.2.2 Rocky Shores

In the Kosi Bay area, which lies immediately to the south of Ponta do Ouro, large quantities of brown
mussels, red bait Pyura stolonifera, oysters Striostrea margaritacea and limpets Patella pica, as well as a
variety of other organisms, are harvested by coastal communities (Kyle et al. 1997). Along the Transkei
coast in South Africa, areas that are completely cleared of mussels may not be re-colonised even after
eight years (Dye 1992). Artisanal and subsistence harvesters frequently scrape mussels from the rocks,
leaving large areas of bare rock. Clearing of areas of mussels has been shown to cause a small-scale,
virtually irreversible change from a mussel community to a seaweed or limpet dominated community
(Dye 1992). Thus this method of harvesting may have a severe impact on the sustainability of the harvest,
as well as on biodiversity of the intertidal rocks (Fennessy and van der Elst 2004).

Intertidal mussels, limpets, redbait and oysters are generally low in abundance along this coastline
(Robertson et al. 1996). Mussels are relatively more abundant at Ponta Milibangalala and Ponta
Chemucane than at Ponta do Ouro and Ponta Malongane.

Limpets are most abundant at Ponta do Ouro, Ponta Malongane and Ponta Dobela. There is little redbait
in the intertidal zone, although this animal is abundant sub-tidally (Fennessy and van der Elst 2004).

Populations of these useful low-density resources have been diminished drastically over the years and the
need for a concerted effort to educate local subsistence users within the PPMR cannot be
overemphasized. The unfortunate reality to date has been that these communities have been allowed
to denude the resource, almost completely.

No regulations have applied to subsistence users in past years. Of key importance is the understanding
of the commitment required by the Government of Mozambique in terms of applying the regulations of
the declared PPMR.

About 13% of the coastline between Ponta do Ouro and Ponta Abril is rocky shore (Robertson et al.
1996). Algal moss/turf, beds of Sargassum spp., mussel beds, coralline turf and barnacle flats grow on
these rocks. Small numbers of coastal oysters Saccostrea margaritacea occur sub-tidally. Sun oysters (S.
cucculata) are rare because of the scarcity of rock above the mid-high tide level (Fennessy and van der
Elst 2004).

Seaweeds occur in three main zones in the intertidal area (Bandeira 1995). The upper zone is dominated
by Padina boryana, Colpomenia sinuosa and some filamentous algae. The middle zone includes common
species such as Anadyomene wrightii, Gelligiela acerora, Haliptylon subulata, Hormpophysa triquetra,
Hypnea spp. Sargassum spp and Valonia macrophysa. Rocky pools, which are common in this zone,
contain the sea grass Thalassodendron ciliatum. The third zone is dominated by Sargassum and

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 THE PLACE [8]
Gracilaria spp which occur mostly in the sublittoral area (Bandeira 1995). The rocky shores on the east
and south-east coast of Inhaca have similar communities (Kalk 1995).

Robertson (1996) suggested that sand scouring was the most important physical factor affecting the
distribution and abundance of intertidal organisms on the coast of southern Mozambique; however,
removal by subsistence gatherers has increased dramatically over the past years and is far greater force
now.

On Inhaca, de Boer (2000) found that mussels were no longer being harvested, probably because of
over-exploitation and a lack of suitable habitat.

2.2.3 Sub-tidal Reefs

While the total reef area in Mozambique has been estimated at around 1 900km2 (Spalding et al. 2001),
the reef area in southern Mozambique is only around 5km2 (ORI, unpublished data). The reefs in the
southern area can be broadly categorised into three types (Pereira 2003): (1) massive, “barren” rocky
reefs, with minimal coral cover; (2) flat, shallow ledges, dominated by soft corals, and with abundant fish
life, particularly small species; and (3) flat deep ledges also dominated by soft corals but with extensive
areas of hard coral and fewer fish.

Corals are generally found in tropical to sub-tropical waters from the intertidal zone to a maximum
depth of about 45m, depending on water clarity (Dubinsky 1990). The symbiotic algae on which many
corals are partly dependent for food require light for photosynthesis, and turbidity therefore limits the
depth distribution of corals to a maximum of 30m.

The southern Mozambique reefs are amongst the highest latitude coral reefs in the world, and, as
marginal reefs, they exhibit characteristics that make them unique. Although turbidity is generally low
because of reduced riverine input, the reefs are exposed to strong wave action and currents, which are
powerful determinants of invertebrate community composition. The reefs can be classified as patch
reefs, with corals growing as a thin veneer on sandstone substrata formed from fossilization of
Pleistocene coastal sand dunes (Ramsay 1994, 1996), i.e. they have not been formed by reef-building
corals. Most reefs run 1 to 2km offshore, parallel to the coastline. They are not exposed at low tide, and
are low in profile, i.e. without major drop-offs and reef crests. They vary in width between 10 and 600m.
The longest being the Techobanine complex starting in about 5m of water extending northwards for
about 18km between Ponta Techobanine and Ponta Dobela.

Robertson et al. (1996) examined reefs between Ponta Abril and Ponta do Ouro in the survey. From
Milibangalala northwards, reefs had very little coral cover, while the Techobanine reefs had the highest
– up to 84% soft and hard coral cover combined. The reefs off Malongane were next highest in terms of
coral cover, while reefs off Ponta do Ouro and the Sao João shoal reefs were intermediate. Soft corals
provide the dominant benthic cover on the reefs between Milibangalala and Ponta Do Ouro, particularly
those that were shallower and exposed to swell-generated turbulence with associated higher
sedimentation (Schleyer 1999, Pereira 2003). However, on the Techobanine reefs, hard corals
predominated. Hard coral cover was also higher on deeper reefs (>20m). Alcyonacean corals of the
genera Sinularia and Lobophytum dominate the soft coral community, and the hard coral community
mainly compromised Scleractinia of the genera Acropora (branching and foliose forms) and Montipora.

The Techobanine reef complex is considered the best in southern Mozambique and of unique biological
value. It is a deeper reef and has a coral community that is diverse, including extensive patches of
branching and tabular Acropora species or, alternatively, patches of foliaceous Montipora species,
interspersed with mixed hard and soft coral communities. The reef is rendered susceptible to damage by
virtue of the sensitivity of the afore-mentioned Scleractinia. It clearly does not fit comfortably in the
reef categorisation of Pereira (2003) and warrants special protection in view of its susceptibility to

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damage, its extent and its unique value in southern Mozambique, being the best representative of high
latitude coral reef communities in the country. It is for this reason that approximately two thirds of the
Techobanine reef now falls within the Techobanine Sanctuary, thereby ensuring its protection.

Apart from forming substrata for corals, the shallower inshore reefs also provide a habitat for several
edible invertebrates, e.g. rock lobsters (Panulirus spp.), mussels, oysters, red bait and limpets. These sub-
tidal populations help support intertidal populations harvested by coastal subsistence communities (Kyle
1992).

Five palinurid rock lobster species Panulirus homarus, P. longipes, P. penicillatus, P. ornatus and P.
versicolor occur within the area, albeit at low densities with P. homarus being the most common.

Although not abundant (apart from red bait), these sub-tidal populations may greatly reduce the impact
of harvesting, as they represent a protected reproductive stock that can supply larvae to areas where
exploitation occurs, thereby reducing the risk of over-fishing. These sub-tidal organisms are not
harvested, with the possible exception of rock lobsters, some of which may be collected by tourist divers.

The fish fauna of the sub-tidal reefs is very diverse, with 376 species identified to date (Pereira et al.
2004). They mostly comprise widely distributed Indo-Pacific species, with some southeast African
endemics. Nocturnal and cryptic species have not been well described. Species composition varies from
reef to reef, depending on the nature of the reef (structure, substratum, depth). Small species such as
wrasses, goldies, damsels and angelfishes were more abundant on shallower reefs, while larger,
predatory, piscivorous fish such as rock cods, snappers and kingfishes were both more abundant and
diverse on the deeper ones. On Techobanine, small fish diversity was similar to the shallower reefs, but
abundance was generally lower, apart from the butterfly fishes Chaetodon sp. which were more
abundant because of their close association with hard corals.

There are similarities in the ichthyofauna between southern Mozambique and the Maputaland coastline
of South Africa. In many cases, there are transboundary movements between stocks on either side of
the national border. In an ongoing comprehensive fish tagging study conducted by the ORI the
following species have to date been recorded a migrating across the border:

 Spotted ragged-tooth shark - Carcharodon carcharias

 Sailfish - Istiophoris platypterus
 giant kingfish - Caranx ignobilis
 king mackerel - Scomberomorus commerson
 brassy kingfish - Caranx papuensis
 large-spot pompano - Trachinotus russeli.

2.2.4 Mangrove Forests and Intertidal Sand Flats

The western shores of the Machangulo Peninsula and the northern boundary of the MSR abut onto
Maputo Bay. There are extensive areas of Mangrove forest, and five species have been recorded:

 Avicennia marina
 Rhizophora mucronata
 Bruguiera gymnorrhiza
 Ceriops tagal
 Lumnitzera racemosa.

The same species, apart from L. racemosa, also occur on Inhaca Island in the southern and northern bays. A.
marina is the dominant species, with a succession change in zoning depending on tidal inundation. De Boer
(2000) notes that the Mangrove areas on the Machangulo Peninsula, the northern boundary of the MSR,
and on Inhaca have increased by about 10% since 1958.

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The Mangroves and associated mudflats and sea-grasses are a nursery area and habitat for a myriad of
fish and invertebrate species, including the commercially valuable penaeid prawns (de Freitas 1984).
Kalk (1995) and de Boer (2000) provided a comprehensive description of these fauna in the Inhaca area.
Other fauna here include polychaete worms, acorn worms, echinoderms such as sea urchins, starfish and
sea cucumbers, bivalve and gastropod molluscs, shrimps and prawns, and crabs.

The fish are population in the bay is dominated numerically by the gobies, although purse mouths,
mullets and rabbit fish are also common. The most common birds are whimbrels, sand pipers, gulls and
terns (Fennessy and van der Elst 2004).

2.2.5 Sea Grass Beds

Nine (9) species of sea grasses occur around Inhaca, making up 75% of the total number of seagrass
species occurring in Mozambique and 16% of the 58 world wide seagrass species. Seven (7) seagrass
community types were identified within the MPA: Thalassia hemprichii, Zostera capensis, Cymodocea
serrulata, Thalassodendron ciliatum, Cymodocea rotundata, Cymodocea serrulata and Halophila ovalis.
Overall, seagrasses covered around 50% of the entire intertidal area around Inhaca.

In addition to species like sea urchins, sea stars, etc., the seagrass areas are very important for the
presence of dugongs, Dugong dugong. The endangered dugong (Dugong dugong) was reported to
occur in the shallow waters of Maputo Bay. Guissamulo (1993) estimated the herd to comprise less than
15 individuals. Two adults and a juvenile were sited near Hell‟s gate (Cabo Santa Maria) during 2007
(Strydom pers. com.), a single adult in the same location in May 2008 (Prophet, pers. obs. 2008). Despite
these sighting no other records of herd, sightings have been recorded.

Examples of other key animals in this habitat include worms – Balanoglossus studiosorum, B.
Hydrocephalus; sea cucumber - Holothuria scabra, H. Atra, H. Leucospilota; snails – Cypraea annulus, C.
helvola, Conus lividus; bivalves – Eumarcia paupercula, Trachycardium flavum, Anadara antique;
Crustacea – Portunus pelagicus, Alpheus crassimanus, Penaeus semiculatus, Hippolyte sp.; and anemone –
Heteractis magnifica.

2.2.6 Estuaries
Estuary systems are important in terms of the nursery function that they fulfil. More than 50% of
marine fish species depend on estuaries within their lives in some way or another.

Some species are estuary dependent too. Protection of estuaries is essential for fish conservation as
many species that spend their initial two years here, are also vulnerable to overfishing at this stage.
Exploitation of stock during the sub-adult phases within estuaries effects recruitment into the adult
population in the sea later on.

When temporary systems like the Dobela Estuary breach, fish larvae, which use the changes in salinity as
olfactory cues, are guided into the system, where they grow into adults, safe from predators and with an
abundance of food (Whitfield, 2000). Once mature, these fish are then able to return to the sea to
spawn. This is the general pattern with most estuaries sharing Dobela‟s characteristics.

River snapper Lutjanus argentimaculatus have also been recorded in this system.

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Map 2: Significant Biological Features

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2.3 CURRENTS, WIND, AND WEATHER

The continental shelf extends about 6NMs offshore with the easterly seaward boundary extending to
3NMs (Technical proposal, draft 5, September 2008).

The area is strongly influenced by the warm Agullhas Current, which flows in a southerly direction,
reaching mean peak velocities of 1,4ms-1 Inshore counter-currents flowing to the north are also common
but tend to flow at less than 0,25ms-1 The prevailing long-shore winds blow with the current or against
it, generating large waves in the latter case; southerly swells are predominant, attaining a height in
excess of 5m (refer Map 3).

The tidal cycle is semidiurnal (two high tides and low tides per day) and the tidal range lies between
1.8m and 2.4m (Kalk 1995).

Within the Maputo Bay there are two distinct water masses in the bay: (i) oceanic, in the eastern side
and (ii) estuarine, in the western side. The residual circulation is clockwise so it helps maintaining the
two water masses distinct by preventing the intrusion of the freshwater from the western side to the
eastern. The estuarine water hardly propagates to the eastern side. The bay can be considered as a dual
ecosystem: estuarine (in the west) and marine (in the east). This makes the Maputo Bay a biodiversity
rich area.

The coastal water is oligotrophic (poor in nutrients) since terrestrial input is minimal as no major rivers
enter the sea in the area. The western shores of Inhaca Island and the Machangulo Peninsula are
washed by water derived from Maputo Bay, which carries a high load of terrigenous material from the
several rivers that drain into the bay.

Rainfall is in the region of 900mm per year, falling on about 110 days per year but mostly in January and
February. The annual mean sea surface temperature for the area is 24°C, ranging from 22,5°C in winter
to 26,4°C in summer. Higher temperatures are recorded in the southern and western bays of Inhaca
because of the sheltered nature of the waters there.

Map 3: Ocean Flows

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2.4 HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND USE

Demographically, Maputo Province is comprised in its majority by the Tsonga ethnic group. Within this,
the Changanas, Bitongas, Chopes, Matsuas, and Rongas are found. The Rongas are native to the
southern portion of the Province and predominantly distributed within the Districts of Manhiça,
Marracuene and Matutuíne.

In 1996, about 49 000 people inhabited the Matutuine District, which has an area of about 5 400km 2,
and hence a low average population density of 9 people per km 2. The 2007 population census places the
population at approximately 37 000. There are more than 5 000 people in the Machangulo Peninsula,
and there were about 7 000 people on Inhaca in 1998. The residents of the district are mainly small-scale
farmers and subsistence fishers, who use a wide range of natural resources. Many of the men on the
mainland immigrated to South Africa to look for work during the civil war, but many returned with the
cessation of hostilities.

The livelihood of families is still heavily dependent on women, who mainly practice slash and burn
agriculture, and who also collect natural resources such as firewood, fruit, inter-tidal organisms, building
materials and water. Men practice hunting and fishing.

Harvesting of fish from the shore occurs by local subsistence fishermen and sport fishermen using hook
and line. The former sector tends to catch smaller rock-associated fish such as stone bream Neoscorpis
lithophilus, grey grunter Pomadasys furcatum and blacktail Diplodus sargus capensis, while the latter
targets wave Garrick Trachinotus botla, stumpnoses Rhabdosargus spp. and kingfish Caranx spp. Some
spearing of fish by tourists occurs, mainly targeting king mackerel and barracudas. There is substantial
participation in fishing by sport fishermen on ski boats – this sector mainly targets pelagic species such as
tunas, king mackerel Scomberomorus commerson and kingfish, although demersal, reef-associated
species are also caught (van der Elst et al. 1996).

Further information on the community living in and around the MSR and PPMR and their resource use
and livelihood strategies the reader is referred to the MSR and PPMR CAP.

Land ownership is complex and the boundaries often difficult to determine, being a mixture of
Traditional Chiefs, MSR, and Ministry of Transport Concessions.

The coast is largely undeveloped. The town of Ponta do Ouro has a few shops, a petrol station, hotel, a
resort comprising chalets and campsites, and a small resident population with various diving operators.
The towns of Zitundo, Salamanga and Bela Vista lie inland on the road from Ponta do Ouro to Maputo.

In addition to houses for local people, tourist resorts have developed at Ponta do Ouro and Ponta
Malongane. Ponta do Ouro accommodates people in a hotel, self-catering chalets and houses, guest-
houses, scuba diving camps and in campsites. The resort at Ponta Malongane (Parque de Malongane) has
chalets and camping facilities. Adjoining Malongane is the residential Kangela Estate comprising several
privately-owned houses, and a full-board residential resort has been developed at Mamoli.

The MSR has stopped camping at Ponta Dobela and Ponta Chemucane and has a rudimentary campsite
at Milibangala.

The Panorama tourist resort which now extends from Mucombu to Ponta Abril is nearing its completed
stages. This development was being planned in 2004 when the Machangulo Peninsula‟s eastern beaches
were remote. New roads have been made and at least 30 large timber frame homes have been
constructed, many of which occur with 100m of the HWM (Prophet pers. obs. 2008). Impact on breeding
turtles will occur, caused by lighting.

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MSR begins at Matonde, 21km north of Ponta Malongane, and extends northwards for 34 km and inland
for about 30km, covering an area of approximately 80 000ha. The Reserve is unfenced and about 1 000
people inhabited the area in 1996 (Robertson et al. 1996). Immediately to the south of the South
Africa/Mozambican border lies the iSimangaliso Wetland Park, a world heritage site containing the
Maputaland and St Lucia Marine Reserves.

2.5 GOVERNANCE
The structures of Government as well as the TFCA institutional arrangements for the PPMR are the same
as for the MSR and information relating to this is contained in the MSR Management Plan. The specific
legislation, however, that pertains to the PPMR at international and national level is set out below.

2.5.1 Legal Framework

2.5.1.1 International

The relevant international legislation and protocols relevant to the PPMR are:

 Convention on Wetlands of International Importance – RAMSAR Convention

 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wildlife Fauna and Flora – CITES
 Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wildlife Animals - Bonn Convention
 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea – UNCLOS - The Law of the Sea Convention defines
the rights and responsibilities of nations in their use of the world's oceans, establishing guidelines
for businesses, the environment, and the management of marine natural resources
 Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal –
Basel Convention
 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea which gives coastal states jurisdiction over their inland waters,
territorial seas (out to 12 nm from the coast) and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) (200 nm or 370 km
from the coast) provided they do not infringe the right of innocent passage by foreign ships
 Convention on Biological Diversity, which requires that signatory states or „Parties‟ establish
protected areas – this convention is an international treaty to sustain the diversity of life on Earth
 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological
Diversity. The Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living
modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology
 The Nairobi Convention for the Protection, Management and Development of the Marine and
Coastal Environment of the Eastern African Region, which requires that signatory states in the
Western Indian Ocean establish MPAs.

2.5.1.2 National

The relevant national legislation and protocols relevant to the PPMR are:

 Constitution 1990
 Environmental Act 1997, Decree 20/97
 Fisheries Law 1990, Decree 3/90
 Marine General Fishing Law 2003, Decree 43/2003
 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Ministry of Fisheries, National Maritime Institute
(INAMAR), and Ministry of Coordination and Environmental Affairs (MICOA)
 Regulation to Prevent Pollution and Coastal and Marine Environment Protection, Decree 45/2006
 Amateur Dive Regulation, Decree 44/2006
 Forest and Wildlife Law, Decree 10/99
 Sport and Recreational Fishing Regulation, Decree 51/99
 Fisheries Minister Dispatch, 23 April 2002, banning the catch of both coral and ornamental fish
within Mozambique waters and acquisition, transport, manipulation, processing and
commercialisation of coral and ornamental fish.

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CHAPTER 3. THE PEOPLE

Various stakeholders and role players representing
the different communities of interest have an
important role to play in ensuring the success of
the PPMR. These include:

 Resource Managers
 Business and other Users
 Land Users and other Beneficiaries
 Government (refer Figure 2).

3.1 STAKEHOLDER GROUPS

Figure 2: Communities of Interest
3.1.1 Resource Managers
Within the current Protected Area Management Structure the PPMR Manager reports to the MSR
Manager who in turn reports to MITUR.

The needs and expectations of the resource managers include the attainment of national goals and
objectives, as well as compliance with the various international conventions that Mozambique is
signatory to.

3.1.2 Beneficiaries
Through improved management and operations benefits will accrue to both traditional communities as
well as development areas and their people (refer Map 4).

The traditional communities affected by the PPMR include :

 Maphanga
 Nhonguane
 Ndelane
 Machangulo
 Chivambo.

Development areas affected by and impacting on the PPMR include:

 Santa Maria
 Ponta Mamoli
 Ponta Malangane
 Ponta do Ouro.

The needs and expectations of this sector include access to resources, access to alternative livelihoods
where conservation initiatives restrict use, and equitable opportunities to benefit from resource
utilisation in the region.

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Map 4: Affected Communities

3.1.3 Business Community

Ranging from large multi-national corporations to small local businesses, the area surrounding the PPMR
attracts a diverse range of investors and operators. These include small artisanal fishermen to large
tourism and residential operators, servicing an international market, as well as a broad suite of farmers
aiming to eke a living through agriculture and livestock.

The needs and expectations of this sector include clarity regarding investment opportunities, concessions
and service agreements enabling the unlocking of the ecotourism potential of the area. The creation of
an environment conducive for investment is of paramount importance, as are clear operational
guidelines and standards.

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3.1.4 Government
The stakeholders at the National level are:

 MITUR
 Ministry of Fisheries and INAMAR
 MICOA
 Ministry of Finance
 Ministry of Public Works and Buildings
 Ministry of Planning and Development
 Ministry of Defense
 Navy
 UEM.

The stakeholders at the Provincial level area:

 Agency for the Development of the Elephant Coast

 Provincial Directorate of Industry, Commerce and Tourism
 Provincial Directorate of Agriculture
 Provincial Directorate of Fisheries
 Provincial Directorate of Planning and Finance
 Provincial Directorate for Environmental Coordination
 Provincial Directorate of Transport and Communication
 Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Buildings
 Independent Battalion of Boane
 Provincial Directorate of Education and Culture.

The Stakeholders at the District level are:

 District Services of Economic Activities

 District Services for Planning and Infrastructures
 District Services for Education, Culture, Youth and Technology.

The Government sector expects to attain national goals and objectives through its interactions with
resource managers, private sector and local communities.

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CHAPTER 4. THE PLAN

4.1 MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
The framework for management and implementation of the PPMR Management Plan is based on a
process-based management system approach consisting of a set of strategic guidelines and a strategic
business framework (refer Figure 3).

The strategic guidelines for the PPMR consist of a Vision, Mission and Broad Objectives in response to
the broader objectives of the GoM as well as local threats and challenges.

The PPMR Broad Objectives forms the Key Performance Areas (KPA) of the strategic business framework
and include Resource Management, Business Management, Benefit Flow Management and Governance.

The strategic business framework consist of specific objectives for each of the KPAs for which a
rationale, strategies, action projects, indicators and responsibilities are provided and guides progress
from a current state to a future desired state, noting the responsibilities have been apportioned
according to the proposed institutional arrangements for the MSR and PPMR.

Figure 3: Management Framework

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4.2 THREATS AND CHALLENGES

The PPMR is a popular area amongst foreign tourist and developers. There has also been an influx of
Mozambican people into this area since the civil war ended with Tonga (Zulu speaking) communities
scattered along the coastline.

This scenario has resulted in a wide range of user activities occurring within the area, many of which
threaten the areas conservation status. If left unchecked these activities would result in the further
degradation of the PPMR. It is for this reason why stringent management actions must take place to
protect and maintain the PPMR, so that natural heritage is maintained and eco-tourism responsibly
developed.

The following critical areas requiring management interventions for PPMR to meet its objectives are
addressed:

 Fishing
 Scuba diving
 Use of vessels/Launch site management
 Dolphin and whale watching
 Shark diving
 Coastal development
 Community pressures.

4.2.1 Fishing
Uncontrolled over-fishing reduces the stocks of fish species, which are one of the key attractions of the
PPMR. However, fish are not an inexhaustible resource - many of the coastline‟s important fish species
have been exploited to the point where less than 50% of their original stock in all probability remains.

Fish distribution is determined by habitat preferences, water temperature, currents and food availability.
Fish are able to move freely in and outside of proclaimed marine reserves, thus complicating their
protection. Exploitation of fish species outside marine reserves undoubtedly reduces populations as it
impacts recruitment back into reserves.

4.2.2 Scuba Diving

At present scuba diving takes place mainly within the Scuba diving management area. However, with
increasing numbers of Scuba diving businesses additional Scuba management areas might be required or
closed, thereby allowing for resource protection or to separate user groups to ensure that the natural
resources are protected, user-conflicts are reduced, and to ensure safety for all user groups.

4.2.3 Use of Vessels/Launch Site Management

The management of boats and their activities within the PPMR is important in terms of all spheres of
maintaining the PPMR‟s integrity. The range of impacts derived from boating varies from exploitation
of resident fish stocks, the number of divers in the water, noise levels, to human safety etc. It is
therefore important that boating pressure or threats be reduced to a minimum.

Jet-skis or personal watercraft is highly mobile, fast craft that can be operated easily, even by
inexperienced seaman. They are easy to launch, transport, and provide access to the sea by anybody who
can afford them. It is for this reason that jet skis, also known as personal watercraft, has become a
problem within the confines of the PPMR.

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In South Africa, stringent laws exist relating to the use of these craft, which are banned from all marine
reserves. Jet-skis have a place, in terms of rescue craft, as they are quick and easy to launch and are very
sea worthy; however, their mobility and speed combined with the skills of the normally inexperienced
operators conflicts directly with the values of the PPMR. Jet-skis are used purely for high speed racing by
their operators in the area, who play in the surf zone with them where they are a constant threat to
swimmers, snorkelers and surfers who are enjoying themselves and the environment. Furthermore, they
frequent the bays in which scuba diving operators launch. It has been seen that this user group shows
no respect for other marine reserve users and race about oblivious to the consequences of their actions
which are:

 Production of high noise levels

 Danger to swimmers, snorkelers, surfers and kite–surfers
 A constant disturbance to dolphins and whale sharks
 Output of fumes and oils into the sea around the bathing areas, especially during high season
 Disregard for the laws and rules of the sea.

These user groups do not interfere with jet-ski users, so it would be a matter of removing one user
group for the benefit of all the others.

4.2.4 Dolphin and Whale Watching

Dolphin watching between Ponta do Ouro and Ponta Malongane has become a popular tourist activity
in the area with four dolphin watching businesses operating in the area. Dolphin Encounters is the long-
standing charter based at Ponta do Ouro that takes tourists on a rubber duck to view the Indian
bottlenose dolphins that frequent the area.

Dolphin Encounters monitor the Ponta do Ouro dolphin population and contribute significantly in terms
of the beach control and awareness of tourists in the area. However due to this business‟ success other
operators have chosen to open dolphin watching operations with the local dolphin population
becoming subjected to higher levels of disturbance than should be allowed.

With a new business having started full-time dolphin tourism in 2008 and two others operating partially,
the activity needs to be controlled.

4.2.5 Shark Diving

Diving with sharks is a very popular Scuba diving enthusiasts. It is a wonderful experience to spend time
under the water with these top predators. Contrary to popular belief, not all sharks are dangerous to
humans and diving with them is considered the ultimate experience by most Scuba divers. The larger
species such as Zambezi (bull) and tiger sharks are potentially dangerous to operate due to their large
size and opportunistic nature and should always be treated with respect. However, there are very few
cases of Scuba divers being attacked by even these species, since a man adorning a buoyancy
compensator, wetsuit and aluminium diving cylinder does represent a shark‟s natural food.

When diving with sharks on Scuba, there is very little threat from these animals. A group of Scuba divers
under the water is more threatening to the shark than most people understand.

With shark numbers, dwindling throughout the world due to over-exploitation by long-liners it is
important that diving activities be conducted correctly, planned, and executed in a way that does not
cause any harm to the sharks themselves or the way in which they behave.

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4.2.6 Coastal Development

Coastal developments within the area have increased dramatically within the past 10 years. Many of the
developments have been built within the Primary dunes, which is illegal. Now that the PPMR extends
100m inland from the low-water mark, it is important to make sure that coastal developments don‟t
infringe on this.

Coastal development brings with it pressures that can negatively influence the state of marine reserves.
With development comes more people, who places added pressure on marine resources. Turtles are
impacted on by the bright lights of many of the houses between Ponta do Ouro and Malongane. The
bright lighting has been shown to disrupt turtles who are trying to lay eggs along the coastline and
affect their ability to locate favourable nesting sites or prevent them from exiting them.

Numerous concerns has been raised regarding a possible port development at Ponta Techobanine – the
MSR and PPMR Management has; however, not yet received formal announcements or notices regarding
this or an Environmental Impact Assessment process.

For such a development and any other the Protected Areas Management Team (PAMT) will provide
inputs and guidance to the relevant authorities to ensure that the MSR and PPMR Management Plans
and management objectives of these protected areas are considered in decisions.

4.2.7 Community Pressures

Local communities living along the coastline have a poor comprehension of marine conservation efforts
and in certain cases threaten the very resources that the PPMR aims to protect. Most of these threats
stem from shoreline based activity. Such as poaching of turtles for meat, digging up of their eggs; the
use of gill and seine nets to catch fish or the stripping of invertebrates such as mussels from the
intertidal zone.

Poaching of turtles by local coastal communities is a serious problem in Mozambique and in most areas
turtle populations faces the serious threat of extermination. There are eight major breeding sites in
Mozambique of which the PPMR coastline is recognised as one of the most important sites.
Communities within the PPMR are aware that turtles may not be hunted; however, some communities
still kill turtles for meat. A regular presence by turtle monitors at night during the breeding season
(December to March) has been an effective deterrent to poachers. This is because the monitoring
coincides with the same period at night during which the turtles emerge from the sea to lay their eggs.
Protective measures and action takens against apprehended poachers are necessary to reinforce to these
communities that turtle poaching is illegal and negatively impacts tourism in the area. Turtles are
protected animals in Mozambique under the Forests and Wildlife Regulations, 6 th of June 2002, 12/2002.

Since December 2007, members of the Muvukuza community at Milibangalala and Ponta do Ouro have
been trained as turtle monitors by the Marine Programme and Centro Terra Viva. Monitors are then
employed for the period of the breeding season. The initiative aims to raise awareness and improve
understanding within the communities in an effort to further protect turtles. This approach is required
annually to help develop the communities thinking in terms of correct practice.

Seine netting is practiced by local communities at Ponta do Ouro and along the Machangulo Peninsula
and gillnetting within Maputo Bay. Observations have shown very poor yields by these netters in Ponta
do Ouro. Most of the resident fish that would live within the area where most of the netting takes place
have been depleted. The group which use nets here on a weekly basis, very seldom catch more than a
couple of kilograms of fish due to years of uncontrolled fishing. The practice is not sustainable as there
are no regulations in terms of net mesh sizes or size limits.

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Collection of invertebrates within the tidal zone by local communities has left the rocky platforms
denuded of mussels, limpets, red bait and other potential food items.

No regulations exist controlling the impact caused by subsistence collectors in the inter-tidal zone

Of key importance is that Government recognises that marine resources are the very thing that supports
ecotourism in the area, thereby providing potential employment for Mozambicans. With the further
degradation of the marine environment, the PPMR will lose its attraction to tourists, who will over time
chose to visit in other countries for a better experience. The long-term benefits to local communities are
therefore dependant on long-term marine ecotourism. Short-term benefits such as providing
exemptions to communities to use nets or denude habitats conflicts directly with the values of a marine
reserve.

4.3 STRATEGIC GUIDELINES

4.3.1 Vision
It is envisaged that the PPMR will become a fully functional and operational marine protected area,
contributing to the conservation of biodiversity within the region.

4.3.2 Mission
The mission for the PPMR is the protection, conservation and sustainable utilisation of habitats and
marine life through responsible cooperative management, and that Mozambique‟s natural heritage is
not compromised and lost through irresponsible actions, thereby allowing for the sustainability of well
managed ecotourism activities that do not conflict with the objectives of the PPMR or the MSR.

4.3.3 Key Performance Areas and Objectives

The following broad objectives linked to Key Performance Areas (KPA) form the basis for
implementation of management interventions:

Resource Management: protection, conservation, management and control of marine ecosystems and
marine species.

Business Management: promoting sustainable ecotourism opportunities that could augment the
conservation contributions of GoM.

Benefit Flow Management: ensuring benefits to the region and its people and that the value of
conservation of the PPMR is understood by all stakeholders.

Governance: ensuring through appropriate institutional and financial management arrangements and
legal framework the effective and efficient conservation of the PPMR.

The specific objectives for each of the KPAs of the PPMR include:

Resource Management:

 Protection and conservation of marine habitats that are representative of the sub-tropical coastal
zone, thereby maintaining biodiversity and ecological functioning, including among other coral
reefs, sea grass beds, beaches, mangroves, rock platforms and intertidal sand flats
 Protection and conservation of over-exploited, endangered and endemic marine species and their
populations, for example breeding turtles, bottom fish and dugongs
 Managing external research and monitoring projects and programmes.

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Business Management:

 Creating an environment conducive to investment

 Promoting and facilitating the involvement of Mozambicans in ecotourism opportunities
 Improving and developing diverse and sustainable ecotourism opportunities.

Benefit Flow Management:

 Ensuring equitable benefits to affected communities

 Improving the understanding of marine ecosystems and their importance amongst all stakeholders
of the PPMR, specifically local communities and resource users for the purpose of conservation and
ecotourism.

Governance:

 Establishing appropriate institutional arrangements and relationships with stakeholders

 Regulating access and use to marine resources
 Establishing sustainable financing mechanisms
 Ensuring that the PPMR staff is skilled and trained to undertake their responsibilities
 Developing and maintaining MSR infrastructure and equipment
 Ensuring appropriate information management.

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4.4 STRATEGIC BUSINESS FRAMEWORK

The strategic business framework lies the foundation for PPMR strategic and annual business plans in
which the action projects for the various KPA objectives as set out below will be detailed in terms of
actions or measures, time frames, financial and human resource requirements, performance indicators,
enabling conditions etc. It should be noted that the responsibilities regarding the various action projects
have been allocated as per the proposed institutional arrangements to administer the MSR and PPMR.

For details regarding the strategic business framework for the MSR, the reader is referred to the MSR
Management Plan.

4.4.1 Resource Management

The key action projects required for implementation of the Resource Management objectives for the
PPMR are set out in Tables 1-3 below.

Table 1: Protecting and Conserving Marine Habitats

Objective: Protecting and Conserving Marine Habitats

The foundation of specie specific protection is the protection and conservation of habitats on which
Rationale
these species depend.

The strategy regarding the protection and conservation of marine habitats entails the identification
and assessment of the critical habitats and ecosystems, the planning and implementation of
Strategy:
restoration and remediation interventions, and undertaking research and monitoring relating to
these habitats.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

RM1. Identify and assess the status of

Report - Critical Habitats and Ecosystems Marine Biologist
critical habitats and ecosystems

RM2. Plan and implement restoration and Restoration and Remediation Plans and
Marine Biologist
remediation interventions Programmes

RM3. Undertake and manage research and

monitoring relating to:
 Coral reefs (refer Appendix 2)
 Beach profiles (refer Appendix 2)
 Sea temperature Research and Monitoring Programmes Marine Biologist
 Human activities and impacts:
~ Developments
~ Pollution
~ Tourism activities.

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Table 2: Protecting and Conserving Marine Species

Objective: Protecting and Conserving Marine Species

Maputaland is blessed with a wide diversity of marine species, some endemic and rare, yet some of
Rationale these species are being over-exploited, and have as a result of this become endangered. It is critical
that the rare and endemic species are protected and that their conservation is ensured.

The strategy regarding key specie conservation entails the identification and assessment of the
Strategy: endemic, rare and endangered species within the PPMR and ascertain the impact of utilisation of
these species, as well as the impact of exotic species on the endemic species.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

RM4. Identify and assess the status of over-

exploited, endangered, endemic and Report – Marine Species Marine Biologist
exotic species

RM5. Plan and implement restoration and Restoration and Remediation Plans and
Marine Biologist
remediation interventions Programmes

RM6. Undertake and manage research and

monitoring relating to:
 Fish (refer Appendix 2)
 Marine mammals (refer Appendix
Research and Monitoring Programmes Marine Biologist
2)
 Marine turtles (refer Appendix 2)
 Intertidal species
 Alien species.

Table 3: Managing External Research and Monitoring Projects and Programmes

Objective: Managing external research and monitoring projects and programmes

Being a high biodiversity area close to numerous Universities in the region, both in Mozambique and
South Africa, several research institutes and programmes target the PPMR for research programmes.
Rationale Despite being an excellent source of data and information related to the PPMR, it is imperative that
this research is coordinated and that the information is disseminated and utilised within the
management of the area.

The strategy regarding the coordination of external research and monitoring projects and
programmes entails the development of a research and monitoring policy as well as approval criteria
and protocols.
Strategy:
Additionally the establishment of a PPMR Research Evaluation Committee to oversee all research and
monitoring projects and programmes will ensure that there is no duplication of efforts and that the
projects assist the PPMR in attaining its objectives.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

RM7. Develop a research and monitoring

policy and approval criteria and Research and Monitoring Policy and Protocol Marine Biologist
protocol (e.g. special permits etc.)
RM8. Establish a PPMR Research Evaluation
Committee to oversee external PPMR Research Evaluation Committee Marine Biologist
projects and programmes

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4.4.2 Business Management

The key action projects required for implementation of the Business Management objectives for the
PPMR are set out in Tables 4-6 below.

Table 4: Creating a Conducive Environment for Investment

Objective: Creating a conducive environment for investment

Conservation should be able to generate sufficient income to sustain the operational aspects
pertaining to the protection and conservation of habitats and species. Only by creating an
Rationale: environment within which it is conducive for investment aimed at sustainably unlocking the
ecotourism potential of the protected resources will it be possible to ensure sufficient financial
support for the conservation initiative.

The strategy regarding the establishment of an environment conducive for investment in

conservation initiatives entails providing clarity regarding the overall management of the MSR, both
terrestrial and marine, specifically the ecotourism opportunities, as concessions, service agreements
and the reserve‟s own developments.
Strategy:
Additionally, by providing clear guidelines to investors, especially foreign, on how concessions,
service agreements and the use of the reserve‟s own developments can occur will enable investors
the opportunity to actively participate in the unlocking of the ecotourism potential according to a
specified development path.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

BM1. Provide clarity regarding the overall

management of the Maputaland Management Structure and Arrangements Reserve Manager
Protected Area
BM2. Prepare a clear master plan for the
PPMR Master Plan Marine Manager
development of the PPMR
BM3. Provide clear guidelines to investors Guidelines for investment and development
regarding the development Marine Manager
opportunities
opportunities
BM4. Provide an investor‟s portfolio for all
the developments requiring external Investor‟s portfolio Marine Manager
assistance

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Table 5: Promoting and Facilitating the Involvement of Mozambicans in Ecotourism Opportunities

Objective: Promoting and facilitating the involvement of Mozambicans in ecotourism opportunities

Despite Mozambique being blessed with wonderful resources, both natural and cultural, very little
benefit accrues to local investors or operators. Often the largest benefit goes to foreign investors
Rationale: who have access to finances and credit, nullifying any local benefits. By redressing the imbalances of
the past in an innovative and creative manner, it would be possible for local Mozambicans to
acquire equity and shareholding as a result of local ecotourism opportunities being availed.

The strategy regarding the promotion of, and facilitation of direct involvement by local
Mozambicans in ecotourism ventures would entail providing clarity to potential investors regarding
Strategy:
the investment policies of the country, as well as the need to involve Mozambicans in the
development proposals, either as CLEs or as equity partners.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

BM5. Obtain clarity regarding the

investment policies of the
Government of Mozambique, GoM Investment Policies and Protocol Reserve Manager
specifically the role of local
communities or partners
BM6. Prepare a guideline document
regarding the investment Community Liaison
opportunities requiring the Investment guideline document
Officer
involvement of local communities
through CLEs
BM7. Monitor the impact and efficacy of Community Liaison
investment arrangements between Monitoring programme and reports
Officer
private investors and CLEs

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Table 6: Improving and Developing Diverse and Sustainable Ecotourism Opportunities

Objective: Improve and develop diverse and sustainable ecotourism opportunities

The PPMR has numerous ecotourism opportunities ranging from simply boating to focused activities
such as scuba diving, kayak fishing, sport fishing, to whale and dolphin watching. By encouraging
the development of these various sectors within the marine tourism industry in a controlled and
Rationale:
organised manner the sustainability thereof can be ensured. Allowing uncontrolled development
would result in a cycle of boom and bust with various operators targeting similar market sectors
rather than specific niches.

The strategy regarding improvement and diversification within the marine tourism sector would
entail remaining abreast of industry norms and standards to ensure that the product range
recognises new and appropriate activities, as well as requisite facilities, and where necessary update
the product range either through the concessionaires or service providers.
Strategy: Focusing on the unique features that the MSR, inclusive of the PPMR offer to operators would firstly
ensure that the resources on which the current products are based remain protected, and secondly
any new activity or development must illustrate the degree to which the activity will enhance the
resource rather than negatively impact on it. A precautionary approach would be advised, yet
recognising flexibility in approaches to ecotourism development based on industry best practice.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

BM8. Compile a list of industry norms and List of industry norms and standards linked to
standards and link this to the current Reserve Manager
product range
product range
BM9. Encourage operators to propose new
activities and developments yet
measure these against the thresholds New products and opportunities Marine Manager
of change for the resources each
activity requires
BM10. Determine the levels of acceptable
change for each unique resource that Inventory of acceptable levels of change
is utilised within the PPMR and use Marine Manager
linked to unique resources
this as the benchmark against which
to measure new proposals
BM11. Monitor the impact of ecotourism
activities against these levels and
continuously interact with operators Monitoring programme and reports Marine Manager
on ways to reduce impacts and
improve resource quality

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4.4.3 Benefit Flow Management

The key action projects required for implementation of the Benefit Flow Management objectives for the
PPMR are set out in Tables 7-8 below.

Table 7: Ensuring Equitable Benefits to Affected Communities

Objective: Ensuring equitable benefits to affected communities

With reference to the CAP that has been prepared for the MSR, strong emphasis has been placed on
the need to provide equitable benefits to the communities that are affected by the conservation of
the region‟s biodiversity, natural and cultural resources.
Rationale
Without real and tangible benefits flowing to the affected communities, the objectives of the MSR,
both from a terrestrial and marine component will be difficult to attain, as would the enforcement
of the policies regarding resource utilisation.

The strategy regarding the provision of equitable benefits to the communities affected by the PPMR
would entail the identification of affected communities, the resources that they currently utilise and
the extent to which the implementation of the PPMR restrictions will impact on the livelihoods of
these communities.
Strategy: Once this has been determined and the legal rights of the communities ascertained options can be
investigated and incorporated into the methodology aimed at providing benefits by unlocking
alternative livelihoods in association with these communities.
Once the options have been implemented it is imperative that the impact of the new livelihood on
the community be monitored.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

BFM1. Identify all affected communities,

ascertain the type and level of Detailed resource use inventories Community Liaison
resource use, and the impact that the
Impacts assessment reports Officer
restrictions as a result of the PPMR
will have on these communities
BFM2. Determine the legal rights of these
communities to the resource use and Register of legal rights of communities Community Liaison
investigate alternative livelihood Alternative livelihoods options Officer
options
BFM3. Discuss these options with the Community meeting reports Community Liaison
communities and prepare CLEs where
CLEs Officer
appropriate and applicable
BFM4. Assist communities with unlocking the
economic potential of these Community Liaison
Support programmes and reports
alternative livelihoods through Officer
support programmes and linkages
BFM5. Monitor the impact of the alternative
Monitoring programme and reports Marine Manager
livelihoods on affected communities

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Table 8: Communication, Capacity Building and Awareness Creation

Objective: Communication, Capacity Building and Awareness Creation

The importance of the awareness plan is to promote and understanding of the importance of
healthy marine eco-systems, the importance of the PPMR and the role that public and community
play in terms of their care.
The PPMR was proclaimed because of this coastlines rapid deterioration through over-consumption
and the need to better protect the marine, which sustains eco-tourism within the area.
Rationale Local communities within this area are ignorant to the importance of protection and emphasis must
be placed on raising their levels of understanding relating to conservation management activities
within the area. Attempts must be made to improve their understanding of conservation
management through regular interaction with the key communities along this coastline, including
the business owners and visitors to the area that utilise the PPMR through direct interaction and
with the use of developed resources such as signage and brochures.

The strategy regarding communication, capacity building and the creation of awareness entails the
undertaking of a needs assessment in all the stakeholder groups, and the development and
implementation of a programme aimed at attaining this objective, as well as the monitor of the
programme‟s impact.

Strategy: This should be undertaken via existing institutional arrangements and structures
 Government stakeholders
 MSR and PPMR staff
 Operators
 Communities
 Visitors (tourists).
Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

BFM6. Undertake a needs assessments in all

Needs assessment report Reserve Manager
stakeholder groups
BFM7. Develop and implement a Communication, capacity building and
communication, capacity building and Marine Manager
awareness programme
awareness creation programme
BFM8. Monitor the impact and efficacy of Public Relations
the programme and adapt where Monitoring programme and reports
Officer
necessary

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4.4.4 Governance
The key action projects required for implementation of the Governance objectives for the PPMR are set
out in Tables 9-14 below.

Table 9: Institutional Arrangements

Establishing appropriate internal and external institutional arrangements and foster relationships
Objective:
with stakeholders (refer to section 4.5)

Without appropriate institutional arrangements, both within the Government of Mozambique and
Rationale: between the Government and external stakeholders, it will not be possible to develop and foster
effective and efficient relationship with these stakeholders.

The strategy regarding institutional arrangements will entail establishing intergovernmental and
external structures to assist with the various activities that need to be undertaken to attain the
objectives of the PPMR. These include arrangements between PPMR management and the :
Strategy:  Various Ministries and Departments
 Private sector operators, concessionaires and service providers
 Researchers
 Community Fora.
Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

GOV1. Establish an inter-ministerial and

inter-departmental committee
regarding the various management Inter-ministerial and inter-departmental
interventions taking place within Reserve Manager
committees
the PPMR (e.g. MICOA and DPCA
regarding coastal developments and
impacts)
GOV2. Establish a working relationship Institutional arrangements for operational
with the private sector operators,
level relationships (operators and service Marine Manager
concessionaires and service
providers)
providers
GOV3. Set up a research committee with all
the research institutions and Research Committee Marine Manager
researchers
GOV4. Formalise the relationship with the Institutional arrangements for operational
community fora that have been Marine Manager
level relationships (communities)
established for the MSR

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Table 10: Regulating Access and Use

Objective: Regulating access and use

Regulating the access to and utilisation of the resources within the PPMR will be an essential
component regarding the successful unlocking of the ecotourism potential of the region. Clarity
must be provided to operators and investors regarding the number and type of concessions, the
Rationale: concession process, period and approved activities.
Market related strategies should be utilised to determine the value of the concessions, and existing
operators should be provided preference within the bidding process, aimed at regularising the
operations.

The strategy regarding the regulation of access and use will entail the demarcation and delineation
of management zones and areas, the creation of local rules, legal instruments and other measures,
publication of regulations, regularisation of existing operations through licences and compliance
monitoring and enforcement.
This strategy will enable the following to be addressed:

Strategy:  Concessions
 Opportunities within PPMR
 Value of concessions
 Concession process
 Concession periods
 Current operations and the regularisation thereof
 Legal review of current permissions and authorisations
 Proposals for revisions and new approaches.
Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

GOV5. Demarcation and delineation of

management zones and areas (refer Zoning Map Marine Manager
to section 4.6)
GOV6. Prepare and maintain local rules and
standard operating procedures
Local Rules Marine Manager
(initial local rules are attached as
Appendix 3)
GOV7. Prepare lighting standards for
coastal developments and liaise with Marine Manager and
Lighting standards
MICOA and DPCA regarding Biologist
implementation
GOV8. Review, align and amend legal
instruments and measures (e.g. Legal instruments Marine Manager
permitting systems)

GOV9. Develop and publish regulations Regulations Marine Manager

GOV10. Establish and implement a

Self-regulation protocol Marine Manager
framework for self-regulation
GOV11. Develop and implement a
regularisation protocol for existing Regularisation protocol for existing operators Marine Manager
operations

GOV12. Develop and implement a Permitting and concession licensing protocol

permitting and concession licensing and information management system Marine Manager
protocol (for new use) Performance report

GOV13. Prepare a Compliance Monitoring CM&E Strategy and Plan

and Enforcement (CM&E) Strategy Marine Manager
and Plan and implement accordingly Performance reports

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Table 11: Financial Sustainability

Objective: Establishing sustainable financing mechanisms

The financial sustainability of the PPMR underlies the sustainability of the resource, and thus to
reduce the financial burden of PPMR activities on GoM resources it is critical that a financial
Rationale:
sustainability mechanisms be developed for the PPMR aimed at generating sufficient revenue to
support specific conservation initiatives outside the national budget.

The strategy regarding financial sustainability for the PPMR will entail the development of income
generating and revenue retention policies in cooperation with the relevant GoM Ministries and
Departments, as well as the development and implementation of a financial sustainability strategy
linked to the MSR.
Strategy: The “user-pays” principle will be applied, with the aim of covering part of the operational
management costs of the PPMR, specifically referring to:
 Income streams (e.g. concession licenses, fishing permits, dive taxes, other)
 How to deal with income from fines via CM&E
 Retention of income/revenue.
Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

GOV14. Develop an income retention policy

in cooperation with the relevant
GoM Ministries and Departments Income retention policy Reserve Manager
{this needs to be linked to the MSR
as a whole}
GOV15. Develop a financial sustainability
Financial sustainability strategy Reserve Manager
strategy
GOV16. Solicit support for the PPMR
Management Plan and its Support and fund raising plan and reports Reserve Manager
implementation
GOV17. Develop and implement a financial
Financial sustainability implementation plan Reserve Manager
sustainability implementation plan

Table 12: Training of PPMR Staff

Objective: Ensuring that PPMR staff is skilled and trained to undertake their responsibilities

Rationale: Without well trained and competent staff it will be difficult to attain the objectives of the PPMR.

The strategy regarding the training of staff will entail undertaking a staff training needs assessment,
Strategy: the development and implementation of a staff training programme, and the monitoring of staff
competencies against industry norms and standards.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

GOV18. Undertake a training needs Human Resources

Training needs assessment report
assessment Officer

GOV19. Develop and implement a staff Human Resources

Training programme
training programme Officer

GOV20. Monitor staff competencies and

ensure regular refresher and further Monitoring programme and reports Marine Manager
development training

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Table 13: PPMR Infrastructure and Equipment

Objective: Develop and maintain PPMR infrastructure and equipment

Infrastructure development and the maintenance thereof are essential for the support of the people
employed to conduct marine conservation work.
Infrastructure requirements range from staff accommodation, office and storage units, while
equipment includes, inter alia, vehicles, boats, and communication system.
Without these basic requirements, it is very difficult for organised marine management activities as
provision of basic working conditions are critical to all.
Staff accommodation need not be sophisticated, but rather practical in terms of where it is to be
Rationale: built, taking into consideration the logistics in terms of the building of structures in remote
locations.
The same applies to equipment required. The basics include reliable properly equipped 4x4 vehicles
in which beach patrols can be safely conducted and boats launched.
Patrol boats are also an essential requirement, so that the waters of the PPMR can be patrolled and
illegal fishing and recreational activities stopped.
Proper registers should be kept of all the PPMR‟s infrastructure as well as its capital assets. This is the
responsibility of the relevant managers along with the maintenance of the listed equipment.

The strategy regarding infrastructure and equipment will entail the preparation of inventories
pertaining to existing equipment and facilities, undertaking a needs assessment for additional
Strategy:
infrastructure and equipment, as well as the preparation of an acquisition plan including a fund
raising strategy.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

GOV21. Prepare an inventory and register of

Inventory of existing assets and equipment Office Administrator
existing assets and equipment

GOV22. Undertake a needs assessments for Assets and equipment needs assessment
Office Administrator
further assets and equipment report

GOV23. Prepare an acquisition plan Acquisition plan Office Administrator

GOV24. Prepare a fund raising strategy. Fund raising strategy Office Administrator

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Table 14: Ensuring appropriate Information Management

Objective: Ensuring appropriate information management

Information and data associated with the various PPMR management interventions (e.g. monitoring
and research, authorisations and permissions, finances, CME etc.) should be easily available and will
Rationale:
be generated through the various projects. This information needs to be managed so that it can be
shared and ensure effective management and implementation.

The strategy regarding information management will entail the definition of an information
management system, the establishment of the system, and the management of the information
Strategy:
through dissemination strategies and plans. This can include Document Management Systems, GIS,
and other systems.

Action Projects Indicators Responsibility

GOV25. Definition of information Inventory of Information Management

Marine Manager
management system requirements Requirements

GOV26. Setting up of systems Systems setup Marine Manager

GOV27. Management and dissemination of

Information management reports Marine Manager
information and data
GOV28. Plan and implement an inventory
programme for biological and socio-
economic studies, developing Reserve and Marine
Inventory programme
baseline information on the various Managers
biological features and resource
utilisation

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4.4.6 Summary of Action Projects

Table 15: Summary of Resource Management Actions

Objective: Protecting and Conserving Marine Habitats

RM1. Identify and assess the status of critical habitats and ecosystems
RM2. Plan and implement restoration and remediation interventions
RM3. Undertake and manage research and monitoring relating to:
 Coral reefs (refer Appendix 2)
 Beach profiles (refer Appendix 2)
 Sea temperature
 Human activities and impacts:
~ Developments
~ Pollution
~ Tourism activities.
Objective: Protecting and Conserving Marine Species

RM4. Identify and assess the status of over-exploited, endangered, endemic and exotic species
RM5. Plan and implement restoration and remediation interventions
RM6. Undertake and manage research and monitoring relating to:
 Fish (refer Appendix 2)
 Marine mammals (refer Appendix 2)
 Marine turtles (refer Appendix 2)
 Intertidal species
 Alien species.
Objective: Managing external research and monitoring projects and programmes

RM7. Develop a research and monitoring policy and approval criteria and protocol (e.g. special permits etc.)
RM8. Establish a PPMR Research Evaluation Committee to oversee external projects and programmes

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 THE PLAN [37]
Table 16: Summary of Business Management Action Projects

Objective: Creating a conducive environment for investment

BM1. Provide clarity regarding the overall management of the Maputaland Protected Area
BM2. Prepare a clear master plan for the development of the PPMR
BM3. Provide clear guidelines to investors regarding the development opportunities
BM4. Provide an investor‟s portfolio for all the developments requiring external assistance
Objective: Promoting and facilitating the involvement of Mozambicans in ecotourism opportunities

BM5. Obtain clarity regarding the investment policies of the Government of Mozambique, specifically the role of local
communities or partners
BM6. Prepare a guideline document regarding the investment opportunities requiring the involvement of local
communities through CLEs
BM7. Monitor the impact and efficacy of investment arrangements between private investors and CLEs
Objective: Improve and develop diverse and sustainable ecotourism opportunities

BM8. Compile a list of industry norms and standards and link this to the current product range
BM9. Encourage operators to propose new activities and developments yet measure these against the thresholds of
change for the resources each activity requires
BM10. Determine the levels of acceptable change for each unique resource that is utilised within the PPMR and use this
as the benchmark against which to measure new proposals
BM11. Monitor the impact of ecotourism activities against these levels and continuously interact with operators on ways
to reduce impacts and improve resource quality

Table 17: Summary of Benefit Flow Management Action Projects

Objective: Ensuring equitable benefits to affected communities

BFM1. Identify all affected communities, ascertain the type and level of resource use, and the impact that the
restrictions as a result of the PPMR will have on these communities
BFM2. Determine the legal rights of these communities to the resource use and investigate alternative livelihood
options
BFM3. Discuss these options with the communities and prepare CLEs where appropriate and applicable
BFM4. Assist communities with unlocking the economic potential of these alternative livelihoods through support
programmes and linkages
BFM5. Monitor the impact of the alternative livelihoods on affected communities
Objective: Communication, Capacity Building and Awareness Creation

BFM6. Undertake a needs assessments in all stakeholder groups

BFM7. Develop and implement a communication, capacity building and awareness creation programme
BFM8. Monitor the impact and efficacy of the programme and adapt where necessary

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 THE PLAN [38]
Table 18: Summary of Governance Action Projects

Establishing appropriate internal and external institutional arrangements and foster relationships
Objective:
with stakeholders (refer to section 4.5)

GOV1. Establish an inter-ministerial and inter-departmental committee regarding the various management
interventions taking place within the PPMR
GOV2. Establish a working relationship with the private sector operators, concessionaires and service providers
GOV3. Set up a research committee with all the research institutions and researchers
GOV4. Formalise the relationship with the community fora that have been established for the MSR
Objective: Regulating access and use

GOV5. Demarcation and delineation of management zones and areas (refer to section 4.6)
GOV6. Prepare and maintain local rules and standard operating procedures (initial local rules are attached as Appendix
3)
GOV7. Prepare lighting standards for coastal developments and liaise with MICOA and DPCA regarding implementation
GOV8. Review, align and amend legal instruments and measures (e.g. permitting systems)
GOV9. Develop and publish regulations
GOV10. Establish and implement a framework for self-regulation
GOV11. Develop and implement a regularisation protocol for existing operations
GOV12. Develop and implement a permitting and concession licensing protocol (for new use)
GOV13. Prepare a Compliance Monitoring and Enforcement (CM&E) Strategy and Plan and implement accordingly
Objective: Establishing sustainable financing mechanisms

GOV14. Develop an income retention policy in cooperation with the relevant GoM Ministries and Departments {this
needs to be linked to the MSR as a whole}
GOV15.Develop a financial sustainability strategy
GOV16. Solicit support for the PPMR Management Plan and its implementation
GOV17. Develop and implement a financial sustainability implementation plan
Objective: Ensuring that PPMR staff is skilled and trained to undertake their responsibilities

GOV18. Undertake a training needs assessment

GOV19. Develop and implement a staff training programme
GOV20. Monitor staff competencies and ensure regular refresher and further development training
Objective: Develop and maintain PPMR infrastructure and equipment

GOV21. Prepare an inventory and register of existing assets and equipment

GOV22. Undertake a needs assessments for further assets and equipment
GOV23. Prepare an acquisition plan
GOV24. Prepare a fund raising strategy.
Objective: Ensuring appropriate information management

GOV25. Definition of information management system requirements

GOV26. Setting up of systems
GOV27. Management and dissemination of information and data
GOV28. Plan and implement an inventory programme for biological and socio-economic studies, developing baseline
information on the various biological features and resource utilisation

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 THE PLAN [39]

4.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

To ensure proper management of the PPMR, both internal and external institutional arrangements and
relationships must be established.

With the proclamation of the PPMR MITUR was appointed as the responsible authority and is in the
process clarifying and establishing operational relationships with relevant Government partners as well
as internal management arrangements.

4.5.1 External Arrangements

External arrangements at strategic level include intra-governmental cooperation in terms of the
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) pertaining to operational mandates relating to the PPMR and
project management and coordination via the PPMR Steering Committee (refer Figure 4):

Intra-governmental Cooperation-

Inter-ministerial cooperation and relations are based on a MOU between the following parties which
pertains to operational mandates relating to the PPMR:

 Ministry of Fisheries
 MICOA
 INAMAR
 Navy.

Steering Committee-

Project management and coordination among:

 Min. of Fisheries
 MICOA
 Min. of Transport
 MITUR (DNAC, TFCA Unit)
 PAMT, specifically the MPA Conservation Manager
 PPF.

At operational level arrangements are formalised through committees and fora with local stakeholders,
specifically tourism operators and community structures.

4.5.2 Internal Arrangements

The proposed internal institutional arrangements for the PPMR are interlinked with that of the MSR
(refer Figure 5). For a detailed description, the reader is referred to Appendix 3 of the MSR
Management Plan.

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 THE PLAN [40]

Figure 4: Cooperative Governance Arrangements

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 THE PLAN [41]

MITUR
Protected Area Steering
Committee

DNAC Community Management

Committee

Reserve Manager Project Manager

Deputy Reserve Manager

(Senior) for Marine Reserve
(PPMR)

Human Resources Community Mobilisation Development and

Conservation Department
Department Department Maintenance Department

Ecological
Human Resources Public Relations Surveillance Infrastructure Infrastructure
Financial Division Monitoring
Division Officer Division Development Maintenance
Division

Terrestrial
Extension Workers Marine Ecologist
Ecologist

Forestry and
Animal Control Mobile Unit/
Wildlife Guards Marine Scouts
Team Reaction Team
(Advanced)

Figure 5: Internal Institutional Arrangements

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 THE PLAN [42]

4.6 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

4.6.1 Zonation
To assist in the spatial control of activities within the PPMR, zoning will be used as a management tool,
defining permitted activities as well as prohibitions within specified geographical areas. Using zoning as
a management tool is an approach that enables the MSR Management to attain its objectives, while
ensuring that potential conflict between activities can be minimised.

Within the PPMR a mix of activities take place, ranging from walking on the beach to sport fishing and
cetacean watching. Zoning will enable these activities to take place without compromising the
objectivities of the MPA. Both spatial and temporal measures will be used to ensure compatibility of
activities.

Legal provisions regarding restrictions pertaining to specific activities are found within sectoral
regulatory frameworks, and these sectoral arrangements enable the objectives of the PPMR to be met.
Each zone can support several compatible activities although some of the zones may be identified for
exclusive use by one sector.

The PPMR covers the entire area from Ponta do Ouro to the mouth of the Rio Maputo and within this
MPA several zones have been designated. The regulations of the PPMR MPA act as an umbrella under
which the zonation strives to attain the conservation objectives, rather than relying on the provisions
within each use sector, thereby streamlining management initiatives and increasing efficiency.

The following zones pertain to the PPMR as set out in Table 19 and have been aligned with the zonation
categories of the iSimangaliso Wetland Park in South Africa (refer Map 5) - within all of these zones a
beach management area occurs which stretches from the low water mark to 100m inland:

 Sanctuary zones
 Restricted use zones
 Multiple use zones.

Six (6) management units have been identified according to the cover of these zones (refer Map 6):

 Unit 1: Ponta do Ouro to Ponta Techobanine

 Unit 2: North of Ponta Techobanine to Ponta Dobela
 Unit 3: North of Ponta Dobela to Ponta Chemucane
 Unit 4: North of Ponta Chemucane to Ponta Abril
 Unit 5: Inhaca Island
 Unit 6: West of the Machangulo Peninsula to the mouth of the Maputo River (Maputo Bay).

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 THE PLAN [43]
Table 19: Zone Descriptions

Zone Characteristics Purpose Permissible Activities and Uses Non-permissible Activities and Uses
Sanctuary Some evidence of human settlement Protection of species, communities, General: Inshore:
and infrastructure development. habitat type or ecosystem.  Very low intensity and frequency  Development nodes
Non-consumptive use of marine Maintaining a scientific benchmark  Small group sizes  All forms of extractive use
resources and activities that cause no area of biodiversity and ecosystem  Special events  Fossicking
disturbance to wildlife. processes  Very strict regulation and control  Walking on intertidal rocks
No access in dune cordon alongside it. Providing visitors with high quality over entry  Beach driving except for essential
The adjacent land and seascape bear nature and education experiences in a Inshore: management activities and
negligible visual evidence of human marine environment. scientific research and
 Walking on beaches monitoring under special permit
influence having occurred in the  Swimming, snorkeling, surfing
recent past.  Launching of motorised boats
 Guided special interest and except management and
Ecological processes can be sporting trails and events (non- scientific research and
maintained with minimum motorised) monitoring vessels at non-fixed
management intervention.  Launching of non-motorised sites
vessels at non-fixed sites
Offshore:
 Limited traditional subsistence
resource harvesting using the  Scuba diving except for highly
minimum tool principle under regulated research and
strict regulation and control monitoring
within defined areas  Kite and wind-surfing
 Highly regulated scientific  Parasailing from boat or use of
research and monitoring that jetskis
cannot be performed elsewhere  All forms of extractive use
in Reserve  Use of motorised vessels except
 Essential management activities for essential management and
and interventions, including law research and monitoring and
enforcement operations vessels at sea within 3NM mile
 Special access permits required limit offshore that have the right
Offshore: of passage, but may not be in
possession of any fish or parts
 Guided special interest and thereof and may not stop for any
sporting tours and events (non- reason, other than a declared
motorised) emergency
 Highly regulated scientific
research and monitoring that
cannot be performed elsewhere
in Reserve
 Essential management activities
and interventions, including law
enforcement operations

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 THE PLAN [44]
Zone Characteristics Purpose Permissible Activities and Uses Non-permissible Activities and Uses
 Special access permits required
Restricted Use A marine area that may have some Conservation of biodiversity and General: Inshore:
but limited adjacent existing human ecological processes  Regulated and controlled use of  Beach driving except under
settlement, development Where applicable, restoration and low and moderately intensity recreational and education
infrastructure, consumptive activities, maintenance of natural landscape s  Entry and access restricted to and permits for concession operators,
management interventions, and some and ecological processes controlled at entrance gates or and authorised management and
visual evidence of occurrence in other demarcated points of entry research and monitoring vehicles
recent past. Provide visitors with a high quality
nature-based outdoor experience of a Inshore:  Harvesting of intertidal
The human induced modifications do, marine environment. organisms other than subsistence
however, not pose significant threats  Low intensity and impact invertebrates or under special
and it is possible to mitigate impacts development from base of dune permit
and restore the area to a largely to low water mark, conforming  Collection of marine aquarium
unmodified state. to adjacent terrestrial zone fish, invertebrates and plant
restrictions except for education and
Indefinite proactive and reactive
 Walking on beaches and rocks scientific purposes and under
management interventions may be
and fossicking (non-extractive) special permit
required.
 Horse riding  Collection of organic and
 Cycling inorganic material except for
 Swimming, snorkeling, surfing, education or scientific purposes
surf-skiing, kite and wind surfing under special permit
and kayaking  Commercial fishing
 Recreational spear fishing
Offshore:
(pelagic species only)
 Concession, research and  Fishing, or being in the
monitoring and management possession of bottom fish
beach driving only  Vertical jigging from or the
 Boat launching a recognised possession of vertical jigs on
boat-launching sites (concession, vessels
research and monitoring and  Chumming or feeding of fish
management only) including sharks
 Special interest and sporting  Jet skis except for fishing or
trails, tours and events under special permit
 Restricted subsistence  Parasailing from boat
invertebrate harvesting at  Collection of marine aquarium
designated areas fish, invertebrates and plant
 Scientific research and except for education and
monitoring scientific purposes and under
 Law enforcement patrols and special permit
reaction  Use of fish aggregating devices,
 Management intervention to anchored or drifting
restore/maintain ecological  Commercial fishing
processes and the landscape  Anchoring except in cases of

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 THE PLAN [45]
Zone Characteristics Purpose Permissible Activities and Uses Non-permissible Activities and Uses
Offshore: emergency
 Scuba diving
 Snorkeling
 Kayaking, surf-skiing, kite and
wind surfing
 Use of motorised vessels
 Recreational fishing (pelagic
only)
 Recreational spear fishing
(pelagic game fish only
 Special interest and sporting
trails, tours and events
 Research and monitoring with
scientific permit
 Law enforcement patrols and
reaction
 Management interventions to
restore/maintain ecological
processes
Multiple Use A marine area where the seascape, Where applicable, the restoration and General: Inshore:
ecosystems, habitats and ecological maintenance of natural landscapes Regulated and controlled use of  No development from low water
processes may have been noticeably and ecological processes. moderately intensity and relatively mark to outer limit of marine
transformed by past and present Provide an affordable, comfortable, high frequency, with entry and access reserve
developments and human activities informative, safe, enjoyable and restricted to and controlled at  Vehicles on the beach except for
within the area or in the terrestrial sustainable outdoor recreational entrance gates or other demarcated boat launching purposes at
area immediately adjacent. experience in a relatively unspoilt points of entry. recognised launching sites and
With significant interventions over marine environment. Inshore: concession beach driving and
time it could be restored to a natural authorised management and
setting that appears largely  Low intensity and impact
research and monitoring vehicles
development from base of dune
unmodified, where the ecological  Jet skis
to low water mark, conforming
processes function naturally and it can  Harvesting of intertidal
be upgraded to a Restricted Use Zone. to adjacent terrestrial zone
organisms other than subsistence
restrictions
Indefinite proactive and reactive invertebrates or under special
 Walking on beaches and rocks
management interventions may be permit
and fossicking (non-extractive)
required.  Collection of marine aquarium
 Horse riding
fish, invertebrates and plant
 Cycling
except for education and
 Swimming, snorkeling, surfing, scientific purposes and under
surf-skiing, kite and wind surfing special permit
and kayaking
 Collection of organic and
 Recreational spear fishing inorganic material except for
(pelagic species only)

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 THE PLAN [46]
Zone Characteristics Purpose Permissible Activities and Uses Non-permissible Activities and Uses
 Concession, research and education or scientific purposes
monitoring and management under special permit
beach driving only  Commercial fishing
 Boat launching at recognised Offshore:
boat-launching sites (concession,
research and monitoring and  Fishing, or being in the
management only) possession of bottom fish
 Special interest and sporting  Vertical jigging from or the
trails, tours and events possession of vertical jigs on
vessels
 Restricted subsistence
invertebrate harvesting at  Chumming or feeding of fish
designated areas including sharks
 Scientific research and  Jet skis except for fishing or
monitoring under special permit
 Law enforcement patrols and  Parasailing from boat
reaction  Collection of marine aquarium
 Management intervention to fish, invertebrates and plant
restore/maintain ecological except for education and
processes and the landscape scientific purposes and under
special permit
Offshore:  Use of fish aggregating devices,
 Scuba diving anchored or drifting
 Snorkeling  Commercial fishing
 Kayaking, surf-skiing, kite and  Anchoring except in cases of
wind surfing emergency – anchoring is
 Use of motorised vessels allowed only in the bay at
 Recreational fishing (pelagic designated areas (e.g. Cabo de
only) Santa Maria)
 Recreational spear fishing
(pelagic game fish only
 Special interest and sporting
trails, tours and events
 Research and monitoring with
scientific permit
 Law enforcement patrols and
reaction
 Management interventions to
restore/maintain ecological
processes

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 THE PLAN [47]
4.6.1.1 Sanctuary Zones

Three (3) sanctuary areas are included within this zone, namely:

Techobanine Sanctuary Area

Techobanine‟s unique and high biodiversity value warrant it‟s safeguarding in the form of a no-take
sanctuary area. It has been suggested that a coral reef sanctuary area should be one to two times the
size of the larval dispersal distance of the target species (Macia 2001). Schleyer (pers. com. 2007)
accentuated the need for inclusion of the wider southern part of the reef, which is important in terms of
larval production. He suggested that the influence of the current be from the southern side towards the
north that allows for larval movement towards the narrower less vigorous end. It is for these reasons
that the complex should be protected throughout a larger area as possible.

The sanctuary begins at the high-water mark at S26° 38‟55” E32° 53‟ 41.9”, follows a compass heading of
90°E to 26° 38' 55" E32° 55' 55.65". At this point following a northern direction to S26° 33' 13.85" E32°
56' 45.88" where it heads 90°W until it strikes the HWM at S26° 33‟ 13.3” E3° 54‟ 36.6”.

This area is seen as the most important part of the PPMR without which the marine reserve would be
achieving considerably less.

Rio Bembi Estuary Sanctuary

The Rio Bembi estuary in the bight of the Machungulo Peninsula warrant a no-take sanctuary zone.
Starting at the northern shore at S26°16‟ 37.3” E32° 52‟ 22.4 and at S26° 16‟ 37.3” E32° 52‟ 16.9”,
progressing upstream to S26° 20‟ 11.9” E32° 53‟ 53”.

Barreira Vermelha Coral Gardens

This area is of ecological significance and requires better protection in the form of a coral sanctuary
managed according to the management plan. The Association of the Friends of Inhaca Island (Associacao
dos Naturais e Amigos da Ilha de Inhaca - ANAII) in conjunction with UEM and the Biology Station of
Inhaca are concerned regarding the area‟s status. INAMAR must heighten its activities to ensure that
coral damaging activities are disallowed.

4.6.1.2 Restricted Use Zones

The Restricted Use Zone starts just to the south of Ponta Dobela at S26° 33‟12.4” E32° 55‟05.9 heads 90°E
until reaching point S26° 33' 13.85" E32° 56' 45.88" on the 50m depth line. From here the line is
projected for 9NM (16.8km) northwards to a point almost directly opposite Ponta Mucombo ou
Majumbo were it heads 270°W until it meeting the seaward boundary of the beach zone already
described (800m from the High Water Mark (HWM)).

The inclusion of this area allows the retention of limited use of the coastal resources. With interest from
investors being expressed, it ensures low-level use of the area while still providing access to marine
resources in a controlled manner. This management area contains rules that pertain to this and the
beach zone that ensure a relatively high level of protection. The two proposed sanctuary zones however
signify the highest level of this.

Strict access control is essential by MSR/PPMR staff at the Main Gate, Gala and Machangulo Gates to
ensure the proper management of the area. Vehicles entering this area must pass through these
inspection points and be informed accordingly of user restrictions and limits. Low impact, high value
tourism (International Finance Corporation – Proposed Investment Procurement Strategy, 2007) is

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 THE PLAN [48]
favoured in this area that would complement the higher conservation status of this area. Future
concessionaires will be required to comply with the regulations to ensure that it has looked after.

The restricted area includes the following prominent points/headlands:

 Matonde
 Ponta Dobela
 Ponta Milibangalala
 Ponta Membene
 Ponta Chemucane.

The official launch sites within the restricted zone are found at Ponta Milibangalala and Ponta
Chemucane, and Ponta Dobela (these are the only suitable launch sites within the along the MSR
coastline). Most of the boats launching at these sites are from the MSR tourism development situated at
this points.

All boats launching at these sites must comply with the safety and sea-worthiness laws that are
administered by INAMAR. Boats visiting this launch and all others are required to attain their launch
licences from the INAMAR Port Captain in Ponta do Ouro. Vessels that cannot produce sea worthy
certificates signed by a Country Marine Authority, e.g. South African Maritime Authorities (SAMSA) of
which the skipper has a valid skipper‟s ticket (South African or Mozambican, Zimbabwean, etc.) will not
be permitted to launch at any of the designated launch areas.

Vehicles and trailers may be permitted to park on the beach after launching at Ponta Milibangalala,
Chemucane and Dobela due to the fact that the time delay between launching, parking the trailer and
the driver returning to the ski-boat now afloat within the surf is not practical and a safety hazard. These
launch sites are managed by the Marine Reserve management component.

4.6.1.3 Multiple Use Zones

Two main controlled use areas exist within the PPMR, the first being the area between Ponta do Ouro
and the southern boundary of the Techobanine Sanctuary, and the second stretching from Ponta
Mucombo to the mouth of the Rio Maputo, including Inhaca and Portuguese islands, yet excluding the
sanctuary and restricted areas surrounding these islands.

Three main swimming/surfing areas exist within the southern section. These are namely Ponta do Ouro,
Ponta Malongane and Ponta Mamoli. Motorised boat activity is forbidden within these areas, unless for
launching purposes and then only at the designated launch sites. Each area should be flagged and
recognisable. These areas constitute an area that includes a 500m arc on the north western side of the
aforementioned points. Positions are not necessary for describing these points, as they are prominent
landmarks.

Water sports like surfing and kite–surfing are viewed as environmentally friendly activities. Ponta do
Ouro is drawing large numbers of surfers from all over the world with the majority being South Africans.
It has become a well-known point break and should be valued accordingly. These bays also provide an
opportunity for snorkelers to dive in safe shallow waters, where they can experience the underwater
pleasures of these points.

Jet skis are banned in all areas of the PPMR, unless they are used for fishing purposes, in this case they
must be shown to have been converted and adapted for this purpose, in which case they must be fitted
with fishing rod holders, GPS (global positioning system), fishing rods etc. This activity is heavily
restricted within the South Africa‟s coastal zone and forbidden on most beaches and certainly within
marine reserves. The same applies within this area, as it will reduce conflict between user groups and
reduce disturbance to marine mammals, which draw volumes of tourists to the area. Within the

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 THE PLAN [49]
neighbouring Maputaland and St Lucia MPAs in Kwa-Zulu Natal, South Africa a maximum of three jet-
skis – converted for fishing, are allowed to launch per day at Sodwana Bay.

In a study undertaken in 2001 it was found that 72% of the tourists visiting this management area were
scuba divers, by far the largest user group, and the biggest income source for the local community.
Scuba diving pressure has however taken its toll with quality of diving experience being diminished on
the patch reefs within this area, hence the reason for its zoning, aided through management such as
limiting the number of operators and placing a limit on the number of divers per site per year.

One commercial operator conducts whale and dolphin watching tours. They operate within the same
zone as the scuba operators, resulting in no conflict between themselves and the scuba operators.
Further similar operations would however not be encouraged and it is felt that another operator may
result in excess disturbance to whales and dolphins.

Access points for ski-boats which are currently used, include:

 Ponta do Ouro
 Ponta Malongane
 Ponta Mamoli
 Ponta Techobanine
 Ponta Dobela
 Ponta Milibangala
 Ponta Chemucane
 Ponta Gomeni/Mucombu
 Cabo Santa Maria.

This information has been gathered on site through regular patrols and are the only points at which
access can be gained with a boat on a trailer, due to a lack of access it is not possible to launch
elsewhere. 4x4‟s may access the beach at these points in order to launch boats only.

Skippers once underway are to proceed out of the beach zone and to open water so that users within
the swimming, snorkelling, surfing zone are not threatened.

These zones are important access and monitoring points where inspections will take place by
management agent staff.

A ski-boat launch site exists at Cabo Santa Maria where at least six private developments exist. Regular
inspection at these sites is necessary to ensure compliance of the national legislation and proposed
regulations set aside in this document relevant to this area.

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 THE PLAN [50]

Map 5: PPMR Zonation

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 THE PLAN [51]

Map 6: PPMR Management Units

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 READING LIST [52]

READING LIST
De BOER, W.F. 2000. Between the tides – the impact of human exploitation on an intertidal ecosystem,
Mozambique. PhD thesis, Groningen University, Groningen. 268 pp.

DYE, A.H., 1992. Experimental studies of succession and stability in rocky intertidal communities subject
to artisanal shellfish gathering. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 30: 209-217.

DUBINSKY, Z.1990. Ecosystems of the world 25. Coral Reefs. Amsterdam, Elsevier: 1 550.

FENNESSY, S.T. and VAN DER ELST, R.P. 2004. Lubombo Transfrontier Marine Protected Zone, ORI
unpublished report 216.
IDPPE, unpublished data

KALK, M. 1995. A natural history of Inhaca Island. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press: 1-395.

KALK, M. 1995. A natural history of Inhaca Island. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press: 1-395.

KYLE, R., ROBERTSON, W.D. and BIRNIE, S.L. 1997. Subsistence shellfish harvesting in the Maputaland
Marine Reserve in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Rocky shore organisms. Biological conservation
82: 173-182

PEREIRA, M.A.M. 2003. Recreational scuba diving and reef conservation in southern Mozambique. MSc
thesis University of Natal, Durban. 109 pp.

PEREIRA, M.A.M., VIDEIRA, E.J.S and ABRANTES, K.G.S. 2004. Listagem de pexies associados a recifes e
zonas litorais do extremo sul de Mozambique. Journal de Investigacao e Advocacia Ambiental 1: 1-7.

PONTA DO OURO PARTIAL MARINE RESERVE TECHNICAL PROPOSAL, 2008, draft 5, unpublished report
by Peace Parks Foundation for MITUR.

ROBERTSON, W.D., SCHLEYER, M.H., FIELDING, P.J., TOMALIN, B.J., BECKLEY, L.E., FENNESSY, S.T., VAN
DER ELST, R.P., BANDEIRA, S., MACIA, A. and GOVE, D. 1995. Inshore marine resources and associated
opportunities for development of the coast of southern Mozambique: Ponta do Ouro to Cabo de Santa
Maria. Oceanographic Research Institute Unpublished Report No. 130: 51 pp.

SPALDING, M.D., C. RAVILIONS and E.P. GREEN. 2001. World atlas of corals reefs. Berkeley, University of
California Press.

VIDEIRA, E.J.S. PEREIRA, M.A.M. CRISTINA LOURO, C.M.M. and NARANE, D.A. 2008. Monitoring, Tagging
and Conservation of Marine Turtles in Mozambique. Historical data and Annual Report 2007/08.
Unpublished report.

SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS
Management Plan and Development Strategy for the Inhaca Archipelago (2010-2014), January 2010

Maputo Special Reserve and Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve Community Action Plan, May 2010

Maputo Special Reserve Management Plan, May 2010

Maputo Special Reserve and Ponta do Ouro Partial Marine Reserve Management Plans, Consultation and
Review Report, May 2010

Mozambique Tourism Anchor Investment Program, Maputo Special Reserve Investment Procurement
Documentation including:

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 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS [53]
MSR Investment Procurement Strategy
Request for Proposals for Ponta Milibangalala, Ponta Dobela and Ponta Chemucane
Partnership Agreements
Concession Contracts

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 APPENDICES [54]

APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1. PROCLAMATION DECREE
Decree nr. 42/2009 of 21 August 2009

The law 20/97 of October 1st, establishes the general grounds for Biodiversity protection regime and, and
on the other hand, the article 35 of the Law 3/90, of September 26 th, adjoined with article 112 of the
General Regulations of Marine Fisheries, approved by the Decree 43/2003, of December 10 th, foresees the
provision of conservation measures, preservation and for the management of fishery resources bearing
in mind the species and area of fishing, as well as the need for protection of marine mammals and other
rare species or under extinction list.

In this terms and under the disposition of article nr. 1 of article 114 of The Marine Fishing Regulations
approved by the Decree nr 43/2003 of December 10th, The Council of Ministers declares:

Article 1-1. The gazetting of The Partial Marine Reserve of Ponta do Ouro intended to preserve and
protect coastal and marine species and their habitats with a total surface 678 sq. km.

2. The Partial Marine Reserve of Ponta do Ouro has the following borders:

North: From point t01, on the coordinates S26 º 11' 38.4" and E 32º 41' 27.6" to the point m01 on the
coordinates S26º 10' 37.2" and E 32º 41' 27.6"; passing through point m02 with coordinates S26º 16' 19.2"
and E 32º 50' 06" and more to the north is delimitated by point m06 with coordinates S25º 57'07.2" and
E32º 54' 54"; and its uppermost point is given under m14 with coordinates S 25º 55' 40.8" and E33º 01'
26.4".

West: From the northern most point of Inhaca Island where you find the point t14 with coordinates S25º
58´ 15”.6 and E3 º 59´ 34”.8, until Ponta do Ouro on point t11, with coordinates S26º 51´ 36” and E32º 53´
31”.2, following its contours, including the primary dunes on the continental area covering the
prominent points of Malongane, Madejanine, Mamoli, Techobanine, Dobela, Milibangalala, Membene,
Chemucane, Mucombo, Gomeni, Abril and, on a straight line 100 m to the interior of Machangulo
Peninsula.

East: The Indian Ocean in a width 3 nautical miles from Ponta de Ouro at point m11 up to point m14,
shown in the Northern Limit.

South: From point t11 with coordinates S26 51 36 and E32 53 31.2 and the point m11 with coordinates S26
51 32.4 and E32 56 45.6 at Ponta de Ouro.

Article 2. Within the limits of the Reserve and without prejudice to the other foreseen restrictions and
prohibitions of applicable legislation, the activities listed below are forbidden:

a). Semi-industrial and industrial fishing

b). Collection or fishing with any fishing art of fishing in the coral reefs
c). Fishing with dynamite or any other methods or harmful substances
d). Fishing of any fish species protected by law
e). Driving of any motorized vehicle along the beach line
f). Construction of any type of infrastructures except precarious camps of artisanal fisherman.

Article 3. The violation of the restrictions foreseen in previous articles of this Decree, it is a violation
punishable according to the due and specific laws, being aggravated by the fact that the same will have
been committed within the boundaries of the Reserve, without uplifting other applicable norms.

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Article 4-1. The management of The Marine Reserve and the respective Management Plan rely to The
Ministry of Tourism taking into consideration The Zoning Plan, with multiple and restricted use zones
within a tome schedule not beyond 90 days after this Decree is in action.

Is the responsibility of The Minister for Coordination of Environmental Affairs after hearing the Ministers
of Tourism and of Fisheries, to approve The Management Plan for The Partial Marine Reserve.

Approved by The Council of Ministers, on July 14th, 2009.

Be Published.

The Prime Minister, Luísa Dias Diogo.

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APPENDIX 2. RESEARCH PROJECTS

Table 20: Reef Monitoring and Scuba Diving

Can diving tourism fulfill the principles of ecotourism and assist local communities? Lessons from
Project:
Mozambique PhD
Raise knowledge about how diving tourism can deliver both environmental and social benefits in
developing nations, particularly Mozambique, Africa. This research investigates diving tourism
Objective:
through an analysis of four elements of sustainability: socio-economic, managerial, environmental
and cultural aspects.
Outcomes from this research will provide a better understanding about diving tourism sustainability
Explanation/
in coastal communities and lay the foundation for robust management strategies of sustainable
Justification:
diving tourism in Mozambique and other developing countries.
Contact person: Yara Tibirica [email protected], [email protected] PhD project, James
Cook University, Queensland, Australia, 07 4781 6369
Implementation:
Through a series of structured, unstructured interviews and workshops with commercial dive
operations within the PPMR and other study sites.
Status: Project design completed
Results: Pending

Table 21: Assessing the Condition of the Maputaland Coral Reefs

Project: Bio indicators are animals that can be used as early warning signals for stress in an environment
To ascertain a carrying capacity for scuba diving on Maputaland coral reefs so that mitigating
Objective:
measures against reef deterioration are supported scientifically.
Explanation/ Effective and justified control of the expanding scuba diving industry in Ponta do Ouro and other
Justification: parts of the PPMR is essential in terms of insuring long-term sustainability of quality dive sites.
Contact person: Camilla Floros, [email protected], Coral reef monitoring
Initial dive surveys conducted by ORI, aimed to use selected bio-indicators to assess fish community
condition on South Africa‟s coral reefs. These bio-indicators consisted of 27 fish species that were
chosen based on a number of criteria such as their trophic level, sensitivity to diving/fishing etc.
Underwater visual point count method was used to capture fish data. Each point count had a 10 m
diameter. A 10 m rope was laid on the reef substratum and any of the selected fish species entering
Implementation:
the point count area were counted and their size was visually estimated. An attempt was made to
conduct equal number of fish counts at each reef and to conduct the counts on similar reef type i.e.
on South Africa‟s coral reefs, Coral zonation types due to earlier work by ORI are already understood
and the same coral community was therefore stuck to.
The project should be continued as a standard monitoring project by the management authority or
in partnership with a favourable commercial operator.
Status: Indicators completed based on assessment of some reefs
The reef called Shallow Malongane was surveyed, to compare it to similar South African reefs. It is
not situated within an MPA, and was therefore compared to the well surveyed 2-mile reef in
Sodwana Bay‟s MPA.
It was found that the fish community on Shallow Malongane had a lower number of species, average
abundance and average biomass compared to the protected reefs within Sodwana Bay. It had far
fewer predators and, in particular, a total absence of key predators such as the potato bass.
The general picture from the ORI analyses is that the fish community on Shallow Malongane has/is
being disturbed and the most likely cause is fishing.
Results: At Sodwana Bay and 2-Mile Reef in particular, high diving intensity is having a negative impact on
the fish communities. The diving intensity is about 50 000 dives per year at 2-Mile Reef.
Dive numbers on Shallow Malongane from Marcos Pereira‟s MSc thesis, showed approximately 3 000
dives/year. Even if this number has doubled in the last few years, it still suggests that fishing is the
most influential activity affecting the fish communities.
Carrying capacities, 3 000-5 000 dives/site/year may not be overly high but should be subjected to a
separate assessment. This could be done as a desktop study based on the ORI records of the reefs. At
this stage, it is recommended by ORI researchers that scuba diving pressure be kept within this range,
and that all forms of fishing on the reefs be banned (ORI, unpublished data).

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Table 22: Beach Profiles

Project: Beach profile survey between Santa Maria and Ponta do Ouro
Objective: To establish the requirements of nesting turtles in terms of beach suitability.
Explanation/
Identification of suitable nesting beaches will guide management in terms of protection and zoning.
Justification:
Contact person: Marcus Pereira (AICM, [email protected] Eduardo Videira,
[email protected]
Implementation: The entire coastline was driven in a 4x4 vehicle. Every 100m a beach profile was recorded along with
sand, moisture and vegetation samples. The work was conducted by the AICM in conjunction with
the MSR- marine manager.
Status: Initial surveys undertaken – needs to be expanded to entire PPMR coastline
Results: Pending

Table 23: Fish

Project: To monitor the Recreational Shore and boat angling within the PPMR.
To monitor the species, size of fish species caught by recreational anglers along the shoreline and on
Objective:
ski boats.
Fishing from the shore and ski boats is conducted within the PPMR. The Institute of Fisheries
Explanation/ Research, Maputo (IIP) in conjunction with the MSR-marine component collects this data and
Justification: manages the data-capturing system. This is a useful tool to guide legislation on fish catch
regulations.

 Marine rangers go out to anglers during their patrols to capture data

Implementation:  Catch cards are made available at strategic points
 Catch cards are collected and sent off to IIP.
Status: Ongoing
Results: Pending

Table 24: Marine Mammals

The Ponta do Ouro bottlenose dolphin population has been monitored for approximately 10 years by
Project:
commercial operator Dolphin Encounters.
To compile a data base of population size, movements and reproductively of the Ponta do Ouro/
Objective:
Ponta Malongane dolphins, including other species such as whale sharks and humpback-whales.
Each species has its own unique ecological and physiological needs and, as a result, different
responses to environmental changes will be exhibited by each species. Consequently, species-specific
studies are needed to help us understand the ecology, behaviour, evolution, and physiology of as
Explanation/ many species as possible, particularly those that could be viewed as keystones in various
Justification: communities. Studies are also needed on a local scale to help us understand interactions of species
within communities, and on a regional scale to allow investigation of entire ecosystems. Species lists
are critically important in directing effective and focused flora management (Goukamma MPA
management plan, compiled by S. Lemm, 2006).

 Contact Angie Gullan of Dolphin Encounters for any data regarding marine mammals conducted
within the PPMR
Implementation:  Ensure signed MOUs
 Trained dolphin encounters staff collect the data
 All new data must be sent to MSR-marine component on a quarterly basis.
Status: Ongoing
Results: 250 dolphins

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Table 25: Marine Turtles

Co-ordinated monitoring effort of breeding turtles by Marine Manager (PPF/MSR) with Mozambique
Turtle Working Group, WWF – Mozambique and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife - South Africa. Reliant on
Project: partners in the private sector as well as NGO‟s to cover the 85kms of coastline between Ponta de
Ouro and Santa Maria. It includes the 14-year long project being run Pierre Lombard for which
reports are available, including those of other monitoring programmes
To provide quantitative information on the nesting, tagging and mortality of marine turtles within
Objective: the PPMR thereby ensuring their protection. To ensure to continued relationship with AICM, Pierre
Lombardt (Malongane) and Centro Terra Viva as partners in the project.
Several anthropological and natural factors have contributed to the decline of marine turtle
populations in Mozambique. These include incidental captures by the prawn and line fishing
industries, along with hunting for turtle meat and egg consumption by humans. Turtles are also
Explanation/ killed for their shells, which are used for ornamental purposes. Nests are destroyed by coastal
Justification: erosion and habitat loss.
Enhances working relations with the private sector and local community and will result in better
turtle protection through regulation by the local community.
Training was provided by Moz. NGO Centro Terra Viva (Maputo). Seven Communities seasonally
employed during the breeding season with Monaco funding. Ponta de Ouro community supervised
by Angie Gullan of Dolphin Encounters. Four Milibangalala. Community supervised by Marine
Manager and Eduardo Mondlane student to ensure reliable data is delivered.
Involves the close co-operation of KZN Ezemvelo Wildlife (Kosi Bay – Cons. Manager, Mr Finias
Muchacha and Resource Ecologist, DR Scotty Kyle) who have provided tags and assured assistance
with compliance and assistance.
There are four teams each with a leader from the border to Santa Maria each with an area that is
Implementation:
monitored.
Data is collected on standardised data forms, which were compiled by Christine Louro who at the
time was secretary of the Moz. Turtle Working Group, now with Centro Terra Viva. Completed
forms are collected from various partners and checked on a monthly basis by Marine Manager.
During the 2007-2008 breeding season the research institute AICM compiled a comprehensive report
of breeding success of turtles along the Mozambican coastline. PPMR data dating back to 1994 was
included into the report, which gave a good picture of turtle breeding distribution within the
reserve, recorded mortalities and species composition.
Status: Ongoing
Results: Still to be compiled

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APPENDIX 3. LOCAL RULES

Regulations pertaining to the PPMR will be compiled and will include codes of conduct for staff,
operators, visitors and local communities. Below are suggestions regarding local rules for visitors.

ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE PPMR ZONES

The permissible and non-permissible activities and uses within the PPMR zones are set out in the Table
below:

Table: Permissible and Non-permissible Activities and Uses

Zone Permissible Activities and Uses Non-permissible Activities and Uses

Sanctuary General: Inshore:
 Very low intensity and frequency  Development nodes
 Small group sizes  All forms of extractive use
 Special events  Fossicking
 Very strict regulation and control over entry  Walking on intertidal rocks
Inshore:  Beach driving except for essential
management activities and scientific
 Walking on beaches research and monitoring under special
 Swimming, snorkeling, surfing permit
 Guided special interest and sporting trails  Launching of motorised boats except
and events (non-motorised) management and scientific research and
 Launching of non-motorised vessels at non- monitoring vessels at non-fixed sites
fixed sites
Offshore:
 Limited traditional subsistence resource
harvesting using the minimum tool  Scuba diving except for highly regulated
principle under strict regulation and control research and monitoring
within defined areas  Kite and wind-surfing
 Highly regulated scientific research and  Parasailing from boat or use of jet skis
monitoring that cannot be performed  All forms of extractive use
elsewhere in Reserve  Use of motorised vessels except for essential
 Essential management activities and management and research and monitoring
interventions, including law enforcement and vessels at sea within 3NM mile limit
operations offshore that have the right of passage, but
 Special access permits required may not be in possession of any fish or parts
Offshore: thereof and may not stop for any reason,
other than a declared emergency
 Guided special interest and sporting tours
and events (non-motorised)
 Highly regulated scientific research and
monitoring that cannot be performed
elsewhere in Reserve
 Essential management activities and
interventions, including law enforcement
operations
 Special access permits required
Restricted Use General: Inshore:
 Regulated and controlled use of low and  Beach driving except under recreational and
moderately intensity education permits for concession operators,
 Entry and access restricted to and controlled and authorised management and research
at entrance gates or other demarcated and monitoring vehicles
points of entry  Harvesting of intertidal organisms other
Inshore: than subsistence invertebrates or under
special permit
 Low intensity and impact development  Collection of marine aquarium fish,
from base of dune to low water mark, invertebrates and plant except for
conforming to adjacent terrestrial zone education and scientific purposes and under
restrictions special permit
 Walking on beaches and rocks and  Collection of organic and inorganic material
fossicking (non-extractive) except for education or scientific purposes
 Horse riding under special permit
 Cycling  Commercial fishing

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Zone Permissible Activities and Uses Non-permissible Activities and Uses
 Swimming, snorkeling, surfing, surf-skiing, Offshore:
kite and wind surfing and kayaking  Fishing, or being in the possession of
 Recreational spear fishing (pelagic species bottom fish
only)  Vertical jigging from or the possession of
 Concession, research and monitoring and vertical jigs on vessels
management beach driving only  Chumming or feeding of fish including
 Boat launching a recognised boat-launching sharks
sites (concession, research and monitoring  Jet skis except for fishing or under special
and management only) permit
 Special interest and sporting trails, tours  Parasailing from boat
and events  Collection of marine aquarium fish,
 Restricted subsistence invertebrate invertebrates and plant except for
harvesting at designated areas education and scientific purposes and under
 Scientific research and monitoring special permit
 Law enforcement patrols and reaction  Use of fish aggregating devices, anchored
 Management intervention to or drifting
restore/maintain ecological processes and  Commercial fishing
the landscape  Anchoring except in cases of emergency
Offshore:
 Scuba diving
 Snorkeling
 Kayaking, surf-skiing, kite and wind surfing
 Use of motorised vessels
 Recreational fishing (pelagic only)
 Recreational spear fishing (pelagic game
fish only)
 Special interest and sporting trails, tours
and events
 Research and monitoring with scientific
permit
 Law enforcement patrols and reaction
 Management interventions to
restore/maintain ecological processes
Multiple Use General: Inshore:
Regulated and controlled use of moderately  No development from low water mark to
intensity and relatively high frequency, with outer limit of marine reserve
entry and access restricted to and controlled at  Vehicles on the beach except for boat
entrance gates or other demarcated points of launching purposes at recognised launching
entry. sites and concession beach driving and
Inshore: authorised management and research and
monitoring vehicles
 Low intensity and impact development
 Jet skis
from base of dune to low water mark,
 Harvesting of intertidal organisms other
conforming to adjacent terrestrial zone
than subsistence invertebrates or under
restrictions
special permit
 Walking on beaches and rocks and
 Collection of marine aquarium fish,
fossicking (non-extractive)
invertebrates and plant except for
 Horse riding
education and scientific purposes and under
 Cycling
special permit
 Swimming, snorkeling, surfing, surf-skiing,
 Collection of organic and inorganic material
kite and wind surfing and kayaking
except for education or scientific purposes
 Recreational spear fishing (pelagic species under special permit
only)
 Commercial fishing
 Concession, research and monitoring and
management beach driving only Offshore:
 Boat launching at recognised boat-  Fishing, or being in the possession of
launching sites (concession, research and bottom fish
monitoring and management only)  Vertical jigging from or the possession of
 Special interest and sporting trails, tours vertical jigs on vessels
and events  Chumming or feeding of fish including
 Restricted subsistence invertebrate sharks
harvesting at designated areas  Jet skis except for fishing or under special
 Scientific research and monitoring permit
 Law enforcement patrols and reaction  Parasailing from boat
 Management intervention to  Collection of marine aquarium fish,

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Zone Permissible Activities and Uses Non-permissible Activities and Uses
restore/maintain ecological processes and invertebrates and plant except for
the landscape education and scientific purposes and under
Offshore: special permit
 Use of fish aggregating devices, anchored
 Scuba diving or drifting
 Snorkeling  Commercial fishing
 Kayaking, surf-skiing, kite and wind surfing  Anchoring except in cases of emergency –
 Use of motorised vessels anchoring is allowed only in the bay at
 Recreational fishing (pelagic only) designated areas (e.g. Cabo de Santa Maria)
 Recreational spear fishing (pelagic game
fish only
 Special interest and sporting trails, tours
and events
 Research and monitoring with scientific
permit
 Law enforcement patrols and reaction
 Management interventions to
restore/maintain ecological processes

RULES FOR MANAGEMENT AREAS

Milibangalala, Dobela and Chemucane Management Areas

 Marine resource users within communities must be registered. Those registered are not required to
be in possession of angling licenses
 These users must comply with limits determined by the management authority with regards to the
collection of bait and food organisms within the intertidal zone.

Launch Areas

 Launch sites must be clearly demarcated with beach flags

 Each launch site requires a signboard display, showing the launch area and the swimming and
surfing areas
 No swimming is permitted in the launch area. Removal, moving, possessing, damaging or interfering
with a demarcation buoy or sign in the PPMR
 No launching or use of jet-skis also called personal watercraft, other than those that have been
converted and used for fishing with the PPMR
 No anchoring may take place except in cases of emergency - anchoring is allowed only in the bay at
certain designated areas (e.g. Cabo de Santa Maria)
 All vessels that deploy divers must display an Alpha flag.

Swimming and Surfing Areas

 Sites must be clearly demarcated with beach flags

 Signboards must be displayed, showing the swimming and surfing areas
 No launching is permitted within the swimming and surfing areas.

Scuba Areas

 No person may SCUBA dive or attempt to SCUBA dive in the PPMR except on the authority of a
Recreational SCUBA diving permit
 No person may operate or attempt to operate a SCUBA diving business within the PPMR except on
the authority of a SCUBA diving business permit
 The following limits are set for SCUBA businesses:
~ Ponta do Ouro: Six (8)
~ Ponta Malongane: Two (2)
~ Ponta Mamoli: One (1)
~ Ponta Techobanine: Two (2)

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~ Ponta Dobela: One (1)
~ Ponta Milibangalala: One (1)
~ Ponta Chemucane: One (1)
~ Ponta Mucombu: One (1)
~ Ponta Abril: One (1)
~ Ponta Santa Maria: One (1)
~ Inhaca Island: Two (2)
 The following must be included as standard conditions on SCUBA Diving Business Operators permits:
~ The permit holder must submit to management authority the previous month‟s data on the
“Monthly Data Return Sheet” by the 7th day of the subsequent month
 The following must be included as standard conditions on all SCUBA Diving Permits (Recreational
and SCUBA Diving Business Operators):
~ The permit holder must operate in accordance with the local rules of the PPMR
~ The permit holder must not conduct fish feeding, chumming or dump any material, or
discharge any attractants in the PPMR
~ The permit holder must not use cages for the purposes of cage diving in the PPMR
~ The permit holder must not use or possess any electro/acoustic-discharging devices in the
PPMR
~ The permit holder must not use or possess a Diver Propulsion Vehicle in the PPMR
~ The permit holder must not remove or attempt to remove any historical artifact
~ The permit holder must ensure that there is no fishing gear or spear guns on dive vessels.

Dolphin, Whale Shark and Whale Watching Areas

 No person will chase, herd, catch, kill, harass, feed or disturb marine mammals at any time
 Unless authorised, vessels are not to approach marine mammals within 300m
 The following limits are set for this activity for the relevant areas - the number behind each place
name indicates the max number of registered operators:
~ Ponta do Ouro: Two (2)
~ Ponta Malongane: One (1)
~ Machangulo: One (1)
~ Inhaca Island: One (1)
~ Ponta Techobanine One (1).

RULES FOR ACTIVITIES

DIVING

General

 Divers must adhere to training standards and guidelines developed by recognised national certifying
organisations and under no circumstances are they to dive beyond their qualification
 Trainee‟s first dives must be conducted over sand until buoyancy control has been mastered
 All Recreational dive groups and SCUBA diving business groups must tow a visible surface buoy
 Do not touch the reef areas - this causes breakages and infection of damaged areas due to the
transmission of toxins and disease from one coral to another
 Divers are discouraged from wearing gloves - this prevents holding onto the reef. Holding onto the
reef in a current or surge is particularly damaging and gloves can be a major vector of toxins and
diseases between species
 Reef damage by diver‟s fins is frequently caused by either kicking the reef or kicking up sand that
can cover the reef. If you have not dived in a while, your skills may need sharpening. Before
heading to the reefs, spend some bottom time familiarising yourself with buoyancy and other
techniques again
 Underwater photographers should exercise extreme caution when taking close-ups - no hanging on
to marine life and no placement of equipment on the substrate
 Be careful with buoy lines when going into caves next to large corals
 Do not harass fish, especially territorial ones that expend a lot of energy trying to fend you off

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 APPENDICES [63]
 Do not collect souvenirs (dead or alive). Everybody must have the opportunity to see an untouched
environment
 Report environmental disturbances or destruction of your dive sites to the PPMR Manager
 Never surround an animal/s. There should always be an area for the animal/s to move away from
you
 Never touch marine animals. Do not hold onto turtles/seals as they can drown easily
 Standard permit conditions for Recreational SCUBA Divers and SCUBA Dive Business Operators will
state, “The permit holder must not conduct fish feeding, chumming or dump any material, or
discharge attractants in the PPMR”
 Do not interfere with scientific equipment or markers.

Diving Vessels

 Skippers should familiarise themselves with the local conditions and rules before launching, and
ensure compliance
 A top man must be present at all times on the dive vessel and must be a registered skipper
 Vessels must fly an Alpha flag if there are divers in the water
 Each dive vessel must remain within 50m of its surface marker
 A person in control of a vessel must not bring a boat closer than 30m to a dive vessel displaying an
alpha flag
 No anchoring may take place on the ocean side within the PPMR except in cases of emergency –
anchoring is allowed only in the bay at certain designated areas (e.g. Cabo de Santa Maria).

Diving with Sharks

 Divers should not enter recesses, caves, gullies, caverns, sandy patches or overhangs where sharks are
likely to be resting
 No skills exercises (specifically stationary Open Water Skills and Navigation skills) are to be
performed in aggregation sites
 A maximum of five groups should be in an aggregation site at a time
 Avoid descending on top of the sharks
 Relax and remain out of the shark‟s own space or COMFORT ZONE (do not approach closer than 3m
to a shark)
 Sharks have right of way
 Avoid approaching a shark head on (at an angle less than 45 degrees) as the shark feels threatened
 In a current, pass over the top of, or around, a group of resting sharks
 Do not block the sharks‟ exits or wedge the sharks against the reef
 Do not TOUCH, CHASE or HOLDN-ON to sharks
 Do not shine bright lights in the shark‟s eyes. Be aware that a strobe light from cameras can startle a
shark. Strobe lights for photography should not be used at a distance of less than 5m from the
shark. Divers should be considerate to both sharks and fellow divers and not chase off sharks as
strobes do seem to affect the shark
 The sharks are often inquisitive. Should a shark approach, keep still, maintain buoyancy and breathe
slowly, as a sudden exhalation will disturb a naturally inquisitive shark.

Marine Mammal Watching

 No person will chase, herd, catch, kill, harass, feed or disturb marine mammals at any time. Keep a
slow, steady speed without changing course. If your vessel is approached by marine mammals to bow
ride, refrain from altering course to approach them. Always approach from the side, never from
directly behind or from front. Minimize noise disturbance by maintaining a slow, steady speed. Do
not approach dolphins/whales with small power craft i.e. jet skis
 Marine mammals have right of way
 Unless authorised, vessels are not to approach marine mammals within 300m
 Refrain from interference if signs of disturbance are apparent (change of directional swimming, fast
„escape‟ swimming or extended dive times, erratic directional surfacing)
 Avoid mother and calf units. Do not enter into the water with newborns/calves

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 APPENDICES [64]
 Only enter into the water with qualified and authorised personnel
 Keep noise levels to a minimum. No shouting or loud whistling
 A 20-minute viewing time is to be followed. If marine mammals move off within this time, they must
be left alone
 Dolphins may not be pursued for capture or attempted to be caught.

FISHING

 No „vertical jigging‟ from or the possession of „vertical jigs‟ on vessels is allowed within the PPMR in
order to:
~ Prevent the capture and death of large numbers of deepwater reef fish as a result of a high
ration of bottom fish by-catch
~ Prevent the capture of coelacanth and other rare/endangered species by recreational anglers
~ Protect deepwater reef fish communities from disturbances and new exploitation
 No fishing line may be discarded
 Fish that are not required for food purposes should be returned to the water. Release these fish
carefully
 Promote catch and release. The use of barbless hook and circle hooks will ensure that fish can be
released without too much damage to reduce fish mortalities
 IIP line fish catch cards should be completed for all trips, even if no fish were caught (see Figure
below)
 Bottom fishing is not allowed within the area. Anglers should therefore not be in possession of
bottom fishing tackle on their boats while fishing within the PPMR.

OTHER

 No person may operate or attempt to operate a tourist programme in the PPMR except on the
authority of a tourist programme permit issued by the management committee
 No person may use aircraft or attempt to use aircraft in the PPMR except on the authority of a
permit to use aircraft within the PPMR
 No person may camp or attempt to camp in the PPMR, other than at designated campsites
 No person may attempt to light a fire in the PPMR.

PONTA DO OURO PARTIAL MARINE RESERVE  M a n a g e m e n t P l a n

 APPENDICES [65]

Registo de Capturas da Pesca Recreativa

Recreational Fishing Catch Card

Local Coordenadas Barco Praia

Locality Coordinates Boat Shore

Data Número de Pescadores Residência

Date N. of Anglers in Party Place of Residence

Hora De Até Clube ou Associação

Time From To Club or Association

Espécies/ Nome cientifico Espécies/ Nome vulgar Peso (kg) Comprimento/ Length

Weight
Species / Scientific name Species/ Common name FL (mm) TL (mm)
(Kg)

Comentários

Comments

Nota: Por favor preencha a ficha mesmo se não pescou nada

Note: Please complete card even if no fish caught

Figure: Fishing Catch Card

OFFENCES AND REMEDIES

Any person not complying with any of these rules commits an offence and is liable for a fine as set out in
the Table below.

Table: Offences and Remedies

Activity Law/Decree Article Fine

Fishing without license 51/99 32 50,000.00 to 100,000.00Mt
Scuba diving without a licence 44/2006 24 5,000.00 to 100,000.00Mt
Driving on the beach 45/2006 54 20,000.00Mt
Parking on the beach 45/2006 54 2,000.00Mt
Collection/gathering of invertebrates 45/2006 60 10,000.00Mt
Launching without permits 45/2006 57 10,000.00Mt
Big domestic animals (e.g. horses) 45/2006 58 10,000.00Mt
Small domestic animals (e.g. dogs) 45/2006 58 1,000.00Mt

PONTA DO OURO PARTIAL MARINE RESERVE  M a n a g e m e n t P l a n