U.V.

PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

GANPAT UNIVERSITY.
Ganpat Vidhyanagar, Mehsana-Gozaria Highway, Mehsana, Gujarat- 384012

Infy

FEM/CFD Analysis of Non-Contact Charging

Setups for EVs

Project Report

Niraj Patel.K Guided By

23014691006 Prof. K.J.Patel

Department of Mechatronics

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 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled, “FEM/CFD Analysis of Non-Contact

Charging Setups for EVs submitted by Mr. Niraj Patel in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Mechatronics atthe
U.V.Patel College of Engineering is an authentic work carried out byhim under
my supervision and guidance.

Prof. K. J. Patel Prof. D. K. Soni

(Project Guide) (Project Faculty in charge)

Prof. J. R. MEVADA
(HOD, MECHATRONICS DEPARTMENT) (External Faculty)

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 ABSTRACT
In today's rapidly evolving world, the electrification of transportation has become a key focus
area in achieving sustainable development goals. This project presents a comprehensive FEM
analysis of non-contact charging systems for electric vehicles (EVs), an innovative technology
that offers the convenience and efficiency of wireless charging. The objective of this study is
to compare the performance of different models in terms of their coupling coefficient and
inductance, and analyze their outputs in relation to benchmark values.

The methodology adopted in this project involves the use of Ansys Maxwell software for
simulations and analysis. The obtained results of all each model are analyzed and compared
with benchmark values to assess the performance of each model. Also to compare the
performance of different models in terms of their coupling coefficient and inductance. To
achieve this, simulations are conducted by making the distance between the transmitter and
receiver, as well applied current as constant. Grid independence tests are performed using
coarse, medium, and fine mesh resolutions to ensure accurate and reliable results.

The analysis of the obtained results provides valuable insights into the performance of the non-
contact charging models. The coupling coefficient, inductance and Resistance values of each
model are compared with benchmark values to evaluate their performance. Graphical and
tabular representations are used to present the results in a clear and concise manner. The
significance of the results is discussed, highlighting any deviations from the expected outcomes
and providing justifications for these deviations. The analysis of the results provides valuable
insights into the efficiency and effectiveness of the non-contact charging systems for EVs,
allowing for informed decision-making in their implementation and optimisation.

In conclusion, this project demonstrates the successful application of FEM analysis in

evaluating the performance of non-contact charging systems for EVs. By comparing each
model to benchmark values, the project provides a comprehensive assessment of their
effectiveness. The analysis of coupling coefficient and inductance values allows for the
identification of models that outperform others. These findings contribute to the advancement
of sustainable transportation solutions and can guide future research and development in non-
contact charging for EVs.

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 INDEX
Contents
Page No
Abstract 3
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 Motivation 5
1.3 Objectives of Report 6
1.4 Target Specifications 6

Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Introduction to Project Title 7
2.3 Literature Review 7
2.4 Theoretical Discussion 10
2.5 General Analysis 11
2.6 Mathematical Discussion 11
2.7 Conclusion 11
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2 Methodology 12
3.3 Tools used 28
3.5 Preliminary Result Analysis 29
3.7 Conclusion 30

Chapter 4 RESULT ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction 31
4.2 Result Analysis 31
4.3 Conclusion 49

Chapter 5 CONCLUSION
5.1 Summary of the work 50
5.2 Conclusion 50
5.3 Future Scope of work 50
REFERENCES 52

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction:

This section provides an introduction to the project "FEM Analysis of Non-Contact Charging
Setups for EVs," discussing the key aspects related to the area of work, the motivation behind the
project, the shortcomings in previous work, the importance of the work in the present context, the
uniqueness of the methodology to be adopted, the significance of the possible end result, and the
objectives and target specifications of the work.

1.11 Introduction to the area of work:

The area of work focuses on the analysis of non-contact charging setups for electric vehicles
(EVs) using the Finite Element Method (FEM). s. It works by using an electromagnetic field
to transfer power from a charging station to the vehicle's battery, without the need for physical
contact. This technology has the potential to reduce the need for traditional charging stations
and cables, making it more convenient for EV owners.

1.12 Brief present-day scenario:

Currently, non-contact charging setups for EVs are being explored as a potential solution to
overcome the limitations of traditional plug-in charging systems. These setups utilize
electromagnetic induction to wirelessly transfer power from the charging infrastructure to the
EV. However, there are still several challenges and limitations that need to be addressed to
optimize the efficiency and reliability of these charging systems.

1.2 Motivation:
The motivation behind undertaking this project is to address the need for efficient and effective
non-contact charging setups for EVs. By conducting a detailed FEM analysis, we aim to gain
insights into the electromagnetic fields, power transfer efficiency, and alignment tolerance of
these charging systems. Our work is of significant importance in the present context as it offers
a unique methodology to optimize the charging process and enhance the usability of electric
vehicles.

1.21 Shortcomings in the previous work / reference paper:

Despite the advancements in non-contact charging setups, there are still limitations and
shortcomings in the existing literature and reference papers. These may include insufficient
analysis of electromagnetic fields, limited evaluation of power transfer efficiency, or a lack of
consideration for alignment tolerance. This project seeks to address these shortcomings by
conducting a comprehensive FEM analysis.

1.22 Brief importance of the work in the present context:

The work carried out in this project is of significant importance in the present context of the
growing EV market. By providing a detailed analysis of non-contact charging setups using
FEM, this project aims to contribute to the development of efficient and reliable charging
infrastructure. The findings and insights gained from this work can potentially influence future
design and implementation strategies, leading to improved charging systems for EVs.

1.23 Uniqueness of the methodology that will be adopted:

The proposed project will use finite element analysis (FEA) to model and optimize the
noncontact charging system. FEA is a powerful simulation tool that can accurately predict the
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motors and transformers. However, its application to non-contact charging systems is relatively
new, and this project aims to develop a unique methodology for designing and optimizing such
systems.

1.24 Significance of the possible end result:

The possible end result of this project holds significant significance for the field of non- contact
charging setups for EVs. By optimizing the charging process through FEM analysis, we aim to
enhance the power transfer efficiency, improve alignment tolerance, and ensure the overall
effectiveness of the charging system. The findings and recommendations from this project can
contribute to the development of more efficient and reliable non-contact charging setups,
further promoting the adoption of electric vehicles and supporting sustainable transportation
solutions.

1.3 Objective of the work:

• To perform a finite element analysis using ANSYS Maxwell software for the
design of the transmitter and receiver of a non-contact charging system for EVs.
• To determine the inductance and coupling coefficient of the non-contact charging
setup through simulation
• To compare the simulation results with benchmark values and justify any
deviations.
• To Explore the impact of different geometries and materials on the performance
and efficiency of non-contact charging systems.
• To Compare the performance of different wireless power transfer models with a
constant distance between the transmitter and receiver, as well as applied current.

1.4 Target Specifications:

The end result of this project aims to meet certain target specifications. These may include
achieving a specified power transfer efficiency, ensuring alignment tolerance within a certain
range, and optimizing the charging system to meet the specific requirements of electric
vehicles. The importance of these target specifications lies in their impact on the overall
performance and usability of non-contact charging setups for EVs, ultimately contributing to
the advancement of sustainable transportation solutions.

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 CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND THEORY

2.1 Introduction:
In this section, we will discuss the background theory related to the project "FEM Analysis of
Non-Contact Charging Setups for EVs." We will provide an introduction to the project title,
review the existing literature, and discuss the present state and recent developments in the work
area. Additionally, we will delve into the brief background theory, summarize the outcome of
the literature review, and engage in theoretical discussions, general analysis, mathematical
derivations, and draw relevant conclusions.

2.2 Introduction to the project title:

The project focuses on the analysis of non-contact charging setups for electric vehicles (EVs)
using the Finite Element Method (FEM). Non-contact charging, also known as wireless power
transfer, eliminates the need for physical connectors and allows for convenient and efficient
charging of EVs. Understanding the underlying theory and principles is crucial for optimizing
the design and performance of these charging setups.

2.3 Literature review

2.31 Equivalence-Principle-Based Modelling and Analysis of Coil Assemblies Applied in
Electric Vehicle Inductive Chargers
This paper presents an in-depth analysis of coil assemblies used in electric vehicle (EV)
inductive chargers. The authors start with a brief background theory on the equivalence
principle and how it can be used in modelling complex coil assemblies. They then discuss
recent developments in the area of EV inductive chargers, which have become increasingly
popular due to their convenience and efficiency. The authors provide a comprehensive
literature survey, covering various aspects of inductive charging, including coil design,
electromagnetic field analysis, and power transfer efficiency. The review includes both
theoretical and experimental studies, as well as commercial applications of inductive charging
technology. Overall, this paper provides a thorough review of the state of the art in the field of
EV inductive chargers and lays the groundwork for future research in this area.

2.32 Finite Element Method Analysis of Surface-Inserted Permanent Magnets Synchronous

Generator
This paper provide a detailed background theory on the working principles of the SIPMSG and
highlight recent developments in the field of synchronous generators. The literature survey
covers various design and optimization techniques used in the design of SIPMSGs, including
magnet placement, pole number selection, and winding configurations. The paper then presents
the finite element method (FEM) analysis used to investigate the performance of the SIPMSG
under different load conditions. The results of the study demonstrate the effectiveness of the
proposed design and validate its suitability for use in wind power applications.

2.33 Development of a non-contact rapid charging inductive power supply system for electric-
driven vehicles
This paper discusses the design and implementation of an inductive power supply system for
electric vehicles. The paper provides a comprehensive literature survey of the current state

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and recent developments in the field of wireless charging systems for electric vehicles. The
paper presents a brief background theory of inductive power transfer, including the
fundamental principles and operating principles of the system. Additionally, the paper provides
an overview of the different components of the inductive power supply system, including the
transmitter and receiver modules, resonant circuits, and control system. The paper concludes
with a detailed analysis of the experimental results, demonstrating the feasibility and
effectiveness of the proposed inductive power supply system for electric vehicles. Overall, this
paper provides a valuable contribution to the field of wireless charging systems for electric
vehicles and presents a promising solution for efficient and convenient charging of electric
vehicles.

2.34 Electromagnetic Field Analysis of Separate-Type Transformer Connected to Non-

Contact Battery Charger Using 3-D Finite Element Method with Prismatic Edge Elements
This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the electromagnetic fields generated in a
separate-type transformer connected to a non-contact battery charger. The paper discusses the
recent developments in the area of non-contact charging and the importance of
electromagnetic field analysis in the design and optimization of the charging system. The
background theory covers the principles of electromagnetic field analysis and the finite
element method, which is used in the study. A literature survey is also provided, which
includes the previous research work related to the analysis of the electromagnetic fields in
transformers and non-contact charging systems. The paper presents the results of the 3-D
finite element simulation of the charging system, which provides a detailed analysis of the
electromagnetic fields in the transformer and the charging pad. The study provides valuable
insights for the design and optimization of non-contact charging systems.

2.35 Examination of Coil Resistance Measurement during Wireless Power Transfer and
Validity of Calculation by Finite Element Analysis
This paper provides an examination of the coil resistance measurement method used during
wireless power transfer, as well as the validity of the calculation through finite element
analysis. The paper starts with a brief background theory on wireless power transfer and coil
resistance measurement, and then goes on to discuss recent developments in the field. The
literature survey includes a review of various research papers on coil resistance measurement
and the use of finite element analysis in wireless power transfer. Overall, the paper aims to
provide a better understanding of the coil resistance measurement method and its accuracy in
wireless power transfer applications.

2.36 Finite Element Analysis-Aided Optimization of Rectangular Coil Assemblies Applied in

Electric Vehicle Inductive Chargers
This paper provides a comprehensive review of the recent developments and present state of
the art in the field of inductive chargers for electric vehicles. The paper presents a brief
background theory on the concept of inductive charging and its advantages over traditional
charging methods. The literature survey covers various aspects related to the optimization of
rectangular coil assemblies used in inductive chargers, including coil design, magnetic field
analysis, and thermal management. The paper also discusses the limitations of the existing
techniques and proposes a novel approach based on finite element analysis to optimize the coil
assemblies for improved performance and efficiency. Overall, the paper presents a valuable
contribution to the field of electric vehicle charging technology.

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2.37 Numerical Analysis of Wireless Power Charger for Electric Vehicle
This paper discusses the state of the art in the field of wireless power charging for electric
vehicles. It presents a brief background theory on wireless power transfer and highlights the
key parameters that impact the performance of wireless power charging systems. The literature
survey in the paper reviews various studies and research articles related to the design,
simulation, and optimization of wireless power chargers for electric vehicles. The review
covers recent developments in the field and provides an overview of the different approaches
used to improve the efficiency, range, and safety of wireless power charging systems. The
paper also discusses the challenges and limitations of wireless power transfer technology and
presents possible solutions to overcome these issues.

2.38 Coupled electromagnetic-thermal analysis of roadway inductive power transfer pads

within a model pavement
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the recent developments and current state of
research in the field of inductive power transfer (IPT) systems. The paper provides a brief
background theory of IPT systems, including their working principle, advantages, and
disadvantages. The literature survey covers various aspects of IPT systems, including the
design and optimization of IPT systems, the performance evaluation of IPT systems, and the
development of new materials for IPT systems. The authors also highlight the need for coupled
electromagnetic-thermal analysis of roadway inductive power transfer pads within a model
pavement to optimize the design of IPT systems and enhance their efficiency. Overall, this
paper provides a valuable contribution to the research on IPT systems and can be useful for
researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in this field.

2.39 Development and Performance Evaluation of a Non-contact Rapid Charging Inductive

Power Supply System for Electric Micro-bus
This paper discusses the design, development, and testing of an inductive power transfer system
for electric micro-buses. The paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the present
state and recent developments in the field of wireless power transfer, including inductive power
transfer, resonant power transfer, and capacitive power transfer. The background theory of the
system is also discussed, including the design principles, components, and operation of the
inductive power transfer system. The paper also includes a survey of the literature on the
performance evaluation of inductive power transfer systems and the factors affecting their
performance, such as coupling coefficient, distance, and power transfer efficiency. The paper
concludes with the experimental results of the performance evaluation of the developed
inductive power transfer system, which demonstrated its feasibility and effectiveness as a non-
contact rapid charging solution for electric micro-buses.

2.310 Design and Performance Analysis of Pads for Dynamic Wireless Charging of EVs using
the Finite Element Method
This paper presents a comprehensive literature review on the present state and recent
developments in the area of dynamic wireless charging of electric vehicles (EVs) using pads.
The paper provides a brief background theory on the fundamental concepts of wireless power
transfer, including the working principle, efficiency, and design considerations. The literature
survey includes various existing dynamic wireless charging technologies for EVs and their
limitations. The paper also highlights recent advancements in wireless charging systems, such
as resonant inductive coupling and magnetic resonance coupling. The review emphasizes the
need for efficient power transfer and optimization of the wireless charging system to overcome
the limitations of existing technologies. Overall, the literature review provides a

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foundation for the development and analysis of the design of pads for dynamic wireless
charging of EVs using the Finite Element Method.

2.311 Thermal Analysis and Design of a 30kW EV Wireless Charger with Liquid-Cooled Shell
for Magnetic Coupler and Integrated Power Converter
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the thermal analysis and design of a 30kW
wireless charger for electric vehicles. The paper begins with a brief introduction to the concept
of wireless charging and its importance in the context of electric vehicles. The background
theory is then discussed, which includes the principle of magnetic coupling, the design of power
converters, and the thermal analysis of the charging system. The literature survey covers recent
developments in the work area, including various types of wireless charging technologies and
their applications, as well as the latest advancements in thermal management techniques. The
paper concludes with the proposed design of the 30kW wireless charger with a liquid-cooled
shell and an integrated power converter, along with a comprehensive thermal analysis of the
system.

2.312 Electromagnetic analysis of a new magnetic core of transformer for a contactless

electric vehicle charging
This paper investigates a new magnetic core design for contactless electric vehicle charging,
and its electromagnetic analysis. The present state of the work area highlights the increasing
demand for electric vehicles and the need for efficient and safe charging methods. The recent
developments in the area involve the use of contactless charging methods, which can provide
convenience and safety for electric vehicle users. The brief background theory covers the
fundamentals of transformer operation, magnetic core design, and the basics of contactless
charging. The literature survey discusses various magnetic core designs and their
electromagnetic analysis for contactless charging, including ferrite cores, air cores, and
laminated cores. The paper concludes with the proposed magnetic core design, its simulation
results, and its potential advantages over other designs in terms of efficiency and safety.

2.4 Theoretical Discussion:

In the background theory section, a theoretical discussion will be conducted to delve deeper
into the concepts and principles underlying the FEM analysis of non-contact charging setups
for EVs. This discussion will focus on the key theoretical aspects relevant to the project,
including the following:
• Electromagnetic Induction: The theoretical discussion will explore the fundamental
concept of electromagnetic induction, which forms the basis of wireless power transfer.

• Magnetic Fields and Flux: Theoretical discussions will revolve around the behavior of
magnetic fields and flux in the non-contact charging setups. The concept of magnetic
flux density and its distribution in the proximity of the coils will be explored. The
effects of coil geometry, coil turns, and current flow on the magnetic field will also be
discussed.
• Coupling Coefficient: The theoretical discussion will cover the concept of the coupling
coefficient, which measures the efficiency of power transfer between the transmitter
and receiver coils. The relationship between the coupling coefficient and the magnetic
field distribution will be examined, emphasizing the importance of a high coupling
coefficient for effective charging.

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2.5 General Analysis:
In the background theory section, a general analysis will be conducted to explore the key
aspects related to non-contact charging setups for EVs. This analysis will involve an
examination of the electromagnetic fields and their behavior during the wireless power
transfer process. Factors such as magnetic flux density, electric field intensity, and power
transfer efficiency will be discussed.

Furthermore, the analysis will consider the effects of various parameters on the charging
performance, such as the distance between the transmitter and receiver coils, the coil
geometry, and the frequency of operation. These factors can influence the magnetic field
distribution and, consequently, the power transfer efficiency. A detailed analysis of these
parameters will be conducted to optimize the design and performance of the non-contact
charging setup.

2.6 Mathematical Derivations:

The background theory section will include mathematical derivations to support the
theoretical discussions and analysis. These derivations will involve the application of
fundamental electromagnetic principles and equations to non-contact charging setups for
EVs.

Key mathematical derivations may include calculations related to inductance, coupling

coefficient, magnetic flux, and power transfer efficiency. The derivations will provide a
quantitative understanding of the relationships between different variables and parameters
in the charging setup.

Additionally, mathematical modeling and simulations using software tools like ANSYS
Maxwell may be employed to validate the theoretical derivations and analyze the
electromagnetic fields and power transfer characteristics in the non-contact charging setup.

By incorporating general analysis and mathematical derivations, the background theory

section will provide a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical aspects and
principles governing the FEM analysis of non-contact charging setups for EVs. These
analyses and derivations will lay the foundation for the subsequent methodology and results
discussion, enabling a thorough investigation and evaluation of the project objectives.

2.7 Conclusion:
In conclusion, the background theory section provides a comprehensive overview of the
key concepts and principles related to the FEM analysis of non-contact charging setups for
EVs. Through a thorough literature review and theoretical discussions, important insights
have been gained. The section establishes a strong theoretical basis for the subsequent
analysis and simulation work in the project, guiding the approach and methodology. By
addressing the shortcomings in previous work and contributing to the enhancement of
wireless power transfer technologies, the project aims to advance the understanding and
practical implementation of efficient and effective charging systems for EVs. Overall, the
background theory section serves as a foundation for the project's work and establishes the
necessary theoretical framework.

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 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction

In this chapter of our final report on the FEM analysis of non-contact charging for electric
vehicles, we will delve into the methodology used for our project. We will provide a detailed
methodology that outlines the steps followed in our analysis, including the assumptions made
during the process. The component specifications and the justification for their selection will
be discussed, ensuring a thorough understanding of the chosen components. We will also
provide information on the tools used, including various measuring devices, software
toolboxes, reference data sheets, and their significance in our analysis. If any preliminary
results have been obtained, a preliminary result analysis will be included. Finally, this chapter
will conclude with a summary of our findings and conclusions drawn from the methodology
and analysis conducted.

3.2 Methodology
Model-1:

3.21 Detailed Methodology:

Our analysis for Model-1, focused on wireless power transfer (WPT) technology, involves the
following steps:
1. Introduction to WPT: We provide an overview of WPT, explaining the concept of
transmitting and receiving coils and the importance of inductance and coupling for
efficient power transfer.
2. Building a Helical Coil: We utilize a user-defined primitive called a segmented helix to
construct the coil. The coil dimensions, such as the radius, helix radius, pitch, and
number of turns, are specified based on considerations of quality factor and frequency
range.
3. Coil Design and Geometry: We adjust the dimensions of the coil's bounding box to
properly fit the coil, ensuring it is centered in the box for accurate analysis. The view is
set to isometric for improved visualization.
4. Applied Current: Terminals for current flow are defined for both the transmitting and
receiving coils. A current of 5A is assigned to the input terminal of the transmitting
coil, while the receiving coil is marked as the input terminal with a current value of
zero, as the current will be induced by the voltage in the coil.
5. Creating Boundaries: A secondary box is drawn to encompass the coil and a Boolean
operation is performed to subtract it from the main box, addressing the issue of coil
leads extending outside the boundaries of the project workspace.

3.22 Assumptions Made:

• We assume that the dimensions and characteristics of the coils used in the simulation
accurately represent the real-world conditions and can provide meaningful insights into
the wireless power transfer analysis.
• It is assumed that the materials used for the coils, such as copper, have appropriate
electromagnetic properties and can be accurately modelled in the simulation.

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 • We assume that the chosen simulation settings, such as the magnetic static solution
type, provide sufficient accuracy for calculating inductance and coupling coefficients
in the given analysis.

Figure 1: Model 1(Circular Helical with circular cross section)

3.23 Component Specifications:

Transmitter Coil:
Coil Design: Helix with Circular Cross Section Coil
Number of Turns: 3
Circular Coil Radius: 4 mm
Helix radius: 40 mm
Pitch: 8.01 mm
Turns: 3
Material: Copper
Copper conductivity: 5.8 × 107 S/m

Simulation Region:
Type: Cubic Meter of Air Region
Dimensions: 280mm x 280mm x 300mm
Centred at Origin with a corner at (-140mm, -140mm, -140mm)

Receiver Coil:
Coil Design: Helix with Circular Cross Section Coil
Number of Turns: 3
Circular Coil Radius: 3 mm
Helix radius: 40 mm
Pitch: 8.01 mm
Turns: 3
Material: Copper
Copper conductivity: 5.8 × 107 S/m
Distance from transmitter coil: 15mm in the z-axis

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Copper Terminals:
Design: Circular Cross Section
Dimension: Diameter of 2mm
Placement: One terminal on each side of the coil
Extension: Extend the terminals to the x-axis
Distance from Region's Edge: Approximately 500mm

Excitation:
Assigned Current Excitation to lead of Transmitter and Receiver Coils.
Excitation Current input given at Transmitter coil lead in and out as variable i: 5A.
Excitation Current input given at Receiver coil lead in and out: 0A.
Ensure Current Flow in and out of the Coils.

Parametric Setup:
Variable: dist – Misalignment of Receiver coil along the Z axis.
Description: Linear step starting at 35mm and stopping at 65mm with steps of 10mm.

3.24 Justification for Component Selection:

1. Transmitter Coil Design: The helix with a circular cross-section coil design is chosen
for the transmitter coil to optimize the magnetic field generation for efficient wireless
charging. The circular cross-section with a radius of 4mm provides a compact and
uniform coil structure, enabling better magnetic field distribution. The helix with a
radius of 40mm and a pitch of 8.01mm allows for suitable magnetic coupling with the
receiver coil. Copper is selected as the coil material due to its high conductivity (5.8 ×
10^7 S/m), which minimizes resistive losses and maximizes power transfer. The orange
color is chosen for easy identification and visual distinction.
2. Simulation Region: A cubic meter of air region is selected as the simulation region since
air has a low magnetic permeability, minimizing interference and distortion of the
magnetic field. The dimensions of 280mm x 280mm x 300mm provide sufficient space
for accurate analysis. Centering the region at the origin with a corner at (- 140mm, -
140mm, -140mm) maintains symmetry and simplifies the simulation setup.
3. Receiver Coil Design: Like the transmitter coil, the receiver coil also adopts a helix
with a circular cross-section design. This ensures compatibility and efficient power
transfer between the coils. The circular cross-section with a radius of 3mm matches the
transmitter coil, enabling optimal coupling. The helix with a radius of 40mm and a pitch
of 8.01mm ensures proper alignment and efficient energy transfer. Copper, with its high
conductivity (5.8 × 10^7 S/m), is chosen as the coil material for improved efficiency.
The green color is used for visual differentiation from the transmitter coil.
4. Distance between Transmitter and Receiver Coils: 15mm is chosen between the
transmitter and receiver coils in the z-axis to achieve an optimal balance between power
transfer efficiency and proximity. This distance ensures sufficient magnetic coupling
while minimizing energy losses due to excessive coupling or interference.
5. Copper Terminals: Circular cross-section copper terminals with a diameter of 2mm are
added to the transmitter and receiver coils for efficient electrical connections.

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 Placing one terminal on each side of the coil allows for balanced current distribution.
Extending the terminals to the x-axis enables convenient access for external electrical
connections. The distance of approximately 500mm from the region's edge helps reduce
electromagnetic interference from external sources.
6. Excitation: An excitation current of 5A is assigned to the lead of the transmitter coil,
while 0A is assigned to the lead of the receiver coil. This configuration ensures that the
transmitter coil generates an electromagnetic field for wireless power transfer, while
the receiver coil acts solely as a receiver to avoid unnecessary energy consumption. The
assigned currents ensure the desired current flow in and out of the coils.
7. Parametric Setup: The misalignment of the receiver coil along the Z-axis is varied using
the "distt" parameter. It starts at 35mm, stops at 65mm, and increments in steps of
10mm. This parametric setup allows for the analysis of wireless charging performance
under different misalignment scenarios. By evaluating the efficiency and power transfer
characteristics at various distances, the optimal alignment can be determined for better
overall efficiency.
These component specifications were chosen to optimize the design of the wireless charging
system and improve efficiency. They consider factors such as magnetic field generation, coil
dimensions, material conductivity, alignment, and simulation setup, ensuring a reliable and
effective analysis of wireless charging performance.

Model-2:

3.25 Detailed Methodology:

Our analysis for Model-2, focused on wireless power transfer technology, involves the
following steps:
• Introduction: Explaining the concept of transmitting and receiving coils and the
importance of inductance and coupling for efficient power transfer.
• Building a Helical Coil: We utilize a user-defined primitive called a segmented helix to
construct the coil. The coil dimensions, such as the radius, helix radius, pitch, and
number of turns, are specified based on considerations of quality factor and frequency
range.
• Coil Design and Geometry: We adjust the dimensions of the coil's bounding box to
properly fit the coil, ensuring it is centered in the box for accurate analysis. The view is
set to isometric for improved visualization.
• Applied Current: Terminals for current flow are defined for both the transmitting and
receiving coils. A current of 5A is assigned to the input terminal of the transmitting
coil, while the receiving coil is marked as the input terminal with a current value of
zero, as the current will be induced by the voltage in the coil.
• Creating Boundaries: A secondary box is drawn to encompass the coil and a Boolean
operation is performed to subtract it from the main box, addressing the issue of coil
leads extending outside the boundaries of the project workspace.

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 Figure 2: Model 2 (Circular Helical with Rectangular cross section)

3.26 Assumptions Made:

• We assume that the dimensions and characteristics of the coils used in the simulation
accurately represent the real-world conditions and can provide meaningful insights into
the wireless power transfer analysis.
• It is assumed that the materials used for the coils, such as copper, have appropriate
electromagnetic properties and can be accurately modeled in the simulation.
• We assume that the chosen simulation settings, such as the magnetic static solution
type, provide sufficient accuracy for calculating inductance and coupling coefficients
in the given analysis.

3.27 Components Specifications:

Transmitter Coil:
Coil Design: Helix with Rectangular Cross Section Coil
Number of Turns: 3
Height of the Rectangular Cross Section: 2mm
Width of the Rectangular Cross Section: 3mm
Radius of the Helix: 40mm
Pitch: 6mm
Material: Copper
Copper conductivity: 5.8 × 107 S/m

Simulation Region:
Type: Cubic Meter of Air Region
Dimensions: 280mm x 280mm x 300mm
Centered at Origin with a corner at (-140mm, -140mm, -140mm)

Receiver Coil:
Coil Design: Helix with Rectangular Cross Section
Number of Turns: 3
Height of the Rectangular Cross Section: 2mm

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Width of the Rectangular Cross Section: 3mm
Radius of the Helix: 40mm
Pitch: 6mm
Material: Copper
Copper conductivity: 5.8 × 107 S/m
Distance from transmitter coil: 15mm in the z-axis

Copper Terminals:
Dimensions: 1.5mm x 2mm x 2mm
Placement: One terminal on each side of the coil
Extension: Extend the terminals to the x-axis
Distance from Region's Edge: Approximately 500mm

Excitation:
Assigned Current Excitation to lead of Transmitter and Receiver Coils.
Excitation Current input given at Transmitter coil lead in and out as variable i: 5A.
Excitation Current input given at Receiver coil lead in and out: 0A.
Ensure Current Flow in and out of the Coils.

Parametric Setup:
Variable: dist – Misalignment of Receiver coil along the Z axis.
Description: Linear step starting at 35mm and stopping at 65mm with steps of 10mm.

3.28 Justification for Component Selection:

• Transmitter Coil Design: The helix with a rectangular cross-section coil design is
chosen for the transmitter coil due to its efficient magnetic field generation. This design
allows for a larger number of turns, which increases the magnetic flux and enhances the
wireless charging efficiency. The rectangular cross-section (2mm height and 3mm
width) provides a suitable shape for the current flow and magnetic field distribution.
Copper is selected as the material for its high conductivity (5.8 × 10^7 S/m), which
reduces resistive losses and improves the overall efficiency.
• Simulation Region: A cubic meter of air region is selected as the simulation region
because air has a low magnetic permeability, which minimizes interference and
distortion of the magnetic field. The dimensions of 280mm x 280mm x 300mm provide
sufficient space to accommodate the components and allow for accurate analysis.
Centering the region at the origin with a corner at (-140mm, -140mm, - 140mm) helps
maintain symmetry and simplifies the simulation setup.
• Receiver Coil Design: Similar to the transmitter coil, the receiver coil adopts a helix
with a rectangular cross-section design. This design consistency ensures compatibility
and efficient power transfer between the transmitter and receiver. The dimensions
(2mm height and 3mm width) and material (copper with a conductivity of 5.8 × 10^7
S/m) are chosen for the same reasons as the transmitter coil.

• Distance between Transmitter and Receiver Coils: A distance of 15mm is selected

between the transmitter and receiver coils in the z-axis. This distance is determined
based on the specific application requirements and optimization goals. It allows for an
appropriate magnetic coupling between the coils, balancing the efficiency and

Page 17
 proximity. The proximity helps to maximize power transfer, while maintaining a
reasonable separation minimizes the risk of coil interference and energy loss due to
excessive coupling.
• Copper Terminals: The copper terminals are added to the transmitter and receiver coils
to facilitate electrical connection and ensure current flow. The dimensions of
1.5mm x 2mm x 2mm provide sufficient contact area for reliable electrical connections.
Placing one terminal on each side of the coil allows for balanced current distribution.
Extending the terminals to the x-axis enables convenient access for external electrical
connections. Keeping a safe distance of approximately 500mm from the region's edge
reduces any potential electromagnetic interference from external factors.

• Excitation: An excitation current of 5A is assigned to the lead of the transmitter coil,

while 0A is assigned to the lead of the receiver coil. This configuration ensures a
suitable power input to the transmitter coil, generating an electromagnetic field for
wireless power transfer. The absence of excitation current in the receiver coil allows it
to solely act as a receiver, avoiding any unnecessary energy consumption.

• Parametric Setup: The misalignment of the receiver coil along the Z-axis is varied using
a linear step parameter called "distt." This parameter ranges from 35mm to 65mm with
steps of 10mm. This setup allows for the evaluation of the wireless charging system's
performance under different misalignment scenarios. By analyzing the efficiency and
power transfer characteristics at various distances, the optimal alignment can be
determined for better efficiency.
Overall, these component specifications are chosen to optimize the design of the wireless
charging system for improved efficiency. They consider factors such as magnetic field
generation, electrical conductivity, component dimensions, alignment, and simulation setup,
ensuring a reliable and effective analysis of wireless charging performance.

Model-3:

3.29 Detailed Methodology:

Perform a finite element analysis using ANSYS Maxwell software to design the transmitter
and receiver of the non-contact charging system for electric vehicles.
• Utilize the Magneto-Static analysis type in ANSYS Maxwell to analyze the mutual
inductance or coupling coefficient between two identical coils.
• Create the transmitter coil by utilizing the "Segmented Spiral" user-defined primitive
in ANSYS Maxwell. Specify the coil design with 10 turns, a thickness of approximately
2 ounces, a trace width of 3 millimeters, and a pitch of three millimeters. Change the
material to copper and assign an orange color.
• Define the simulation region as a cubic meter with dimensions of 1000 by 1000 by 1000
millimeters, centered at the origin. Name this region "Region" and make it transparent
for now.
• Extend copper leads from the transmitter coil to the edge of the simulation region to
ensure current flow. Create copper leads of dimensions 1 by 1 by 2 millimeters, one on
each side, and extend them to the negative y-axis. Ensure that the leads do not

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 touch each other to avoid increasing parasitic inductance. Assume the leads are
approximately 600 millimeters away from the region's edge.
• Join the coil and leads to form a continuous coil and trim the leads to end on the face
of the simulation region.
• Create the receiver coil by copying and pasting the transmitter coil. Rename it as "RX"
and move it 50 millimeters in the z-axis to explore coupling in the z-axis. Create a
variable called "Z Space" to represent the distance between the transmitter and receiver
coils. Set the default Z Space to 100 millimeters.
• Assign current excitation to both the transmitter and receiver coils, ensuring current
flow in and out of the coils.
• Set up a parameter matrix to study the mutual coupling between the transmitter and
receiver coils.
• Assign mesh operations to the simulation region and coils to generate a mesh.
• Configure solution setup parameters such as convergence criteria and passes. Enable
an iterative solver for improved memory usage.
• Add a parametric sweep for the distance between the coils (Z Space), defining the
range and step size for the sweep.
• Create a report to analyze the coupling coefficient as a function of spacing. Add a
visualization sheet to display the magnetic field (B field) as a heatmap.

Figure 3: Model 3 (Circular spiral with Rectangular cross section)

3.30 Assumptions Made:

• We assume that the ANSYS Maxwell software accurately simulates the
electromagnetic behavior of the non-contact charging setup.
• We assume that the physical properties of the materials used in the models are
accurately represented in the simulations.
• We assume that the models operate under ideal conditions without considering factors
such as temperature effects or external electromagnetic interference.

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3.31 Component Specification:

Transmitter Coil:
Coil Design: Rectangular Spiral
Number of Turns: 10
Thickness/Height of Spiral: 3mil
Width of the Spiral: 3mm
Distance between Turns: 6mm
Pitch: 3mm
Material: Copper
Copper conductivity: 5.8 × 107 S/m

Simulation Region:
Type: Cubic Meter of vacuum region
Dimensions: 1000mm x 1000mm x 1000mm
Centered at Origin with a corner at (-500mm, -500mm, -500mm)

Receiver Coil:
Coil Design: Rectangular Spiral
Number of Turns: 10
Thickness/Height of Spiral: 3mil
Width of the Spiral: 3mm
Distance between Turns: 6mm
Pitch: 3mm
Material: Copper
Copper conductivity: 5.8 × 107 S/m
Distance from transmitter coil: 50mm in the z-axis

Copper Leads:
Dimensions: 1mm x 1mm x 2mm
Placement: One lead on each side of the coil
Extension: Extend the leads to the negative y-axis
Distance from Region's Edge: Approximately 600mm

Excitation:
Assigned Current Excitation to terminal of Transmitter and Receiver Coils.
Excitation Current input given at Transmitter coil terminal in and out as variable i: 5A.
Excitation Current input given at Receiver coil terminal in and out: 0A.
Ensure Current Flow in and out of the Coils.

Parametric Setup:
Variable: z space – Misalignment of Receiver coil along the Z axis.
Description: Linear step starting at 50mm and stopping at 200mm with steps of 50mm.
These component specifications provide the necessary details to accurately model and analyze
the non-contact charging system for electric vehicles using ANSYS Maxwell software. They
ensure the proper configuration and characteristics of the coils, simulation region, and
excitation parameters. By adhering to these specifications, we can conduct a comprehensive
FEM analysis and evaluate the performance of the non-contact charging setup.

Page 20
3.32 Justification for Component Selection:
• Transmitter Coil: The transmitter coil serves as the primary source of magnetic field
generation in the non-contact charging system. The design of the coil, including the
number of turns, thickness, width, and distance between turns, is carefully chosen to
optimize the coupling efficiency with the receiver coil. The use of a segmented spiral
design allows for a compact and efficient coil structure, ensuring effective power
transfer.
• Simulation Region: The simulation region defines the space in which the
electromagnetic field analysis takes place. A cubic meter region is chosen to provide
sufficient space for the coils and ensure accurate modelling of the magnetic field
distribution. The region is centered at the origin to allow for symmetrical placement of
the coils.

• Receiver Coil: The receiver coil is an essential component for capturing the magnetic
field generated by the transmitter coil and converting it into electrical energy. By
positioning the receiver coil above the transmitter coil with a variable distance (Z
Space), we can study the mutual inductance or coupling coefficient between the two
coils. This configuration allows for efficient power transfer and enables us to analyze
the impact of different spacing on the system's performance.

• Copper Leads: The copper leads are added to connect the transmitter and receiver coils
to the simulation region and ensure proper current flow. By extending the leads to the
negative y-axis, we ensure that the current flows in and out of the coils in a closed loop
configuration, essential for generating a magnetic field. The dimensions of the leads
are chosen to provide sufficient conductivity and minimize parasitic inductance.

• Excitation:Applying current excitation to both the transmitter and receiver coils is

necessary to simulate the operation of the non-contact charging system. By specifying
the excitation current as a variable, we can control and adjust the current flow through
the coils, allowing for a comprehensive analysis of their performance. Ensuring proper
current flow in and out of the coils is critical for generating a magnetic field and
facilitating power transfer.

By justifying the selection of these components, we ensure that the FEM analysis of Model 3
accurately represents the behavior of the non-contact charging system. The chosen
specifications and configurations are based on engineering principles and considerations for
optimal power transfer and performance.

Model-4:

3.33 Detailed Methodology:

• Create a 3D design of the coil using Ansys Maxwell.
• Utilize the Eddy Current analysis type in ANSYS Maxwell to analyze the mutual
inductance or coupling coefficient between two identical coils.
• Choose the excitation current type as "Circuit Current" to simulate the coil's behavior
under a specific frequency.

Page 21
 • Use the primitive segment tool to draw a rectangular shape representing the wire's
cross-section.
• Define a closed loop for the current flow by creating two intersecting lines using the
"Draw a Line" tool.
• Set the coordinates of the lines to position the coil accurately.
• Create a surface from the lines to represent the cross-section of the coil.
• Create the coil structure by using the "Duplicate Along Curve" tool to sweep the
surface along the defined path.
• Create a receiver coil by duplicating the primary coil structure along the z-axis to
measure mutual inductance.
• Define a path for the current excitation by drawing a rectangular shape on the
secondary coil, intersecting with the primary coil.
• Assign appropriate materials, such as copper, to the coils and the citation lead.
• Define a current excitation for the primary coil with a 90-degree phase shift for
accurate modelling.
• Set up a simulation with desired analysis parameters, such as the frequency.
• Analyze the results, including the inductance, resistance, mutual inductance, and
coupling coefficient of the coils.

Figure 4: Model 4 (Rectangle Spiral)

3.34 Assumptions Made:

• The simulations are based on the assumption of idealized conditions and do not consider
external factors such as temperature, humidity, or environmental interference.
• The material properties used in the simulations accurately represent the real-world
behavior of the components.
• The electrical and magnetic properties of the materials are assumed to be linear within
the frequency range of interest.
• The simulations assume steady-state conditions, neglecting transient effects.

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3.35 Component Specifications:

Transmitter coil:
Coil Structure: Segmented Helix RectHelix
RectHeight: 0.07 mm
RectWidth: 0.5 mm
StartHexRadius: 10 mm
Radius change: 1
Pitch: 0
Turns: 10
SegmentsPerTurn: 36
RightHanded: 1

Simulation Region:
Type: Cubic Meter of vacuum region
Dimensions: 700mm x 700mm x 700mm

Receiver Coil:
Coil Structure: Segmented Helix RectHelix
RectHeight: 0.07 mm
RectWidth: 0.5 mm
StartHexRadius: 10 mm
Radius change: 1
Pitch: 0
Turns: 10
SegmentsPerTurn: 36
RightHanded: 1

Excitation:
• Assigned Current Excitation to terminal of Transmitter Coil in a close loop.
• Excitation Current input given at Transmitter coil terminal in as variable i: 1A.
• Excitation Current input given at Receiver coil terminal in and out: 0A.
• The current in the secondary coil is subjected to a 90-degree phase shift compared to
the primary coil's excitation current.
• The frequency at which the simulations are performed at 50 kHz

3.36 Justification for Component Selection:

Coil Structure:
The SegmentedHelix RectHelix design is chosen for the coil structure due to its specific
dimensions and helical shape. These parameters are essential for generating a controlled
magnetic field for inductive heating applications. The RectHeight of 0.07 mm and RectWidth
of 0.5 mm allow for precise modeling of the wire cross-section. The StartHexRadius of 10 mm
ensures the desired inner radius of the coil. The Turns and SegmentsPerTurn parameters
determine the number of windings and the resolution of the coil structure, respectively. The
RightHanded parameter defines the direction of the helix, ensuring consistency in the coil's
orientation.

Page 23
Vacuum Region:
The vacuum region of 700 mm is selected to provide sufficient space for the simulation and
analysis. The dimensions of the vacuum region allow for accurate modeling of the coil's
behavior and interaction with the surrounding environment. By incorporating the vacuum
region, any external influences or interactions can be properly accounted for in the analysis.

Model-5:

3.37 Detailed Methodology:

Our analysis for Model-5, focused on the FEM analysis of non-contact charging for electric
vehicles using Ansys Maxwell, follows the following steps:
• Introduction: We provide an overview of the wireless power transfer system being
examined, consisting of two coil stacks with a thousand turns each. The separation
distance between the coils is varied to investigate the variation of mutual inductance,
coupling coefficient, resistance, and magnetic flux.
• 3D Design and Solution Type: We start with a 3D design and change the solution type
to eddy current to account for losses in the system.
• Geometry Construction: We construct the coil stacks by modifying properties of
cylinders to create the desired coil shapes. Sections along the YZ plane are created using
the edit surface section, and unnecessary sections are removed using the Boolean
separate bodies operation.
• Material Assignments: Material properties are assigned to the ferrite, copper sections,
and aluminum areas of the geometry. The appropriate material properties are selected
based on the desired electromagnetic behavior.
• Duplicate and Mirror Objects: All objects are duplicated and mirrored to create a
mirrored pair of the coil stacks using the edit duplicate mirror function.
• Enclosing the Geometry: An air box is added to enclose the geometry, creating a
vacuum region for the simulation.
• Mesh Operations: Mesh operations are performed on the physical components of the
geometry, using an inside selection mesh operation with a length-based refinement of
1 millimeter.
• Windings and Excitation: Windings are added to the model, setting them to stranded
with a current of 1 milliamp. Excitation is assigned to the windings, with a coil terminal
added for both transformer windings, each with 1000 turns.
• Eddy Current Losses: Eddy current losses in the aluminum box are incorporated by
enabling the eddy effects in the excitation settings, while disabling eddy effect losses
for the copper cylinders.
• Mutual Inductance Calculation: The mutual inductance matrix is calculated by enabling
the parameter, assigning the matrix, and enabling both windings.
• Analysis Setup: An analysis setup is added, with the frequency set to 10 kilohertz.

Page 24
 • Parametric Sweep: A parametric sweep is performed to investigate the variation of
parameters. The "dist offset" variable is specified, ranging from 1 millimeter to 5
millimeters with a step size of half a millimeter.
• Solution and Results: The model is solved, and results are examined, including the self
and mutual inductance values, coupling coefficient, resistance, and magnetic flux as a
function of the separation distance between the coils.

Figure 5: Model 5 (Ferrite Core)

3.38 Assumptions Made:
• We assume that the chosen FEM analysis using Ansys Maxwell accurately represents
the real-world behavior of the wireless power transfer system.
• It is assumed that the material properties assigned to the components accurately reflect
their electromagnetic behaviour.
• We assume that the chosen parameters, such as the number of turns, currents, and
separation distance, adequately represent the characteristics of the wireless power
transfer system under investigation.

3.39 Component Specifications:

Copper Coil Stacks:

Size: The copper coil stacks are represented by cylindrical shapes with a radius of 10
millimeters and a height of 0.5 millimeters.
Position: The copper coil stacks are positioned at (0, 0, 2.5 millimeters) in the 3D space.
Ferrite Backing:

Size: The ferrite backing is represented by a cylindrical shape with a radius of 15 millimeters
and a height of 0.5 millimeters.
Position: The ferrite backing is positioned at (0, 0, 3 millimeters) in the 3D space.

Page 25
Aluminum Box:

Size: The aluminium box is represented by a rectangular shape with a base at (-20 millimeters,
-20 millimeters, 3.5 millimeters). The X and Y sizes are both 40 millimeters, and the height is
0.5 millimeters.
Position: The aluminium box is positioned in the 3D space to enclose the coil stacks and the
ferrite backing.
Air Box:
Size: The air box is created to encompass the entire geometry and serve as a vacuum region.
Its size is set using the "pad all directions" option with a value of 200%.
Position: The air box is positioned to surround the entire system, providing a vacuum region.

Excitation:
The applied winding in Model-4 consists of two coil stacks, each with a thousand turns. These
coil stacks are designed to facilitate wireless power transfer and are separated by a
parameterized distance. The winding setup is as follows:

First Winding:
Current: 1 milliamp
Type: Stranded
Turns: 1000
Second Winding:
Current: 1 milliamp
Type: Stranded
Turns: 1000
Phase Difference: 90 degrees
The first and second windings are set up to have the same current magnitude but differ in
phase, which enables efficient power transfer between the coils.

3.40 Justification for Component Selection:

• The choice of 1000 turns for the coil stacks is based on the desired behavior and
performance of the wireless power transfer system. This number of turns ensures
sufficient inductance and coupling between the coils for efficient power transfer.
• Copper is chosen as the material for the coil stacks due to its high electrical
conductivity, which minimizes resistive losses and enhances power transfer efficiency.
A current of 1 milliamp is assigned to the coil stacks to provide the necessary input for
the wireless power transfer system.
• Ferrite is chosen as the material for the backing of the coil stacks due to its high
permeability, which enhances the magnetic field concentration and improves the overall
performance of the system.
• Aluminium is chosen as the material for the box to enclose the coil stacks due to its
electrical conductivity and lightweight nature. It provides structural support and helps
in containing the magnetic field within the system.
• The air box is included to enclose the geometry and create a vacuum region for the
simulation. Air is chosen as the material since it is a non-conductive medium and does
not interfere with the electromagnetic behavior of the system.

Page 26
Analysis of Different Types of Models with Constant Distance between
transmitter and receiver and Applied Current

The methodology for this project involved comparing the inductance and coupling coefficients
of all five models. The models were simulated using Ansys Maxwell software, with the distance
between the transmitter and receiver kept constant at 15mm and varied up to 35mm.
Additionally, a current of 5A was applied to the models.

In the first step of the methodology, the coupling coefficients for each model were determined
by analyzing the relationship between the transmitter and receiver. This provided insights into
the efficiency of power transfer between the two components. The inductance values were also
calculated for each model, providing information about the energy storage capabilities of the
system.

In the second step, a detailed comparison was performed to analyze the differences in
inductance and coupling coefficients among the five models. Graphical and tabular
representations were used to present the results, allowing for a clear visualization of the
variations between the models. The percentage differences between the models were calculated
to determine the superiority of one model over the others in terms of inductance and coupling
coefficient.

Overall, the methodology allowed for a comprehensive comparison of the inductance and
coupling coefficients of the five models, providing valuable insights into their performance and
efficiency. These findings are crucial for selecting the most suitable model for non- contact
charging setups in electric vehicles.

GRID INDEPENDENCE TEST METHODOLOGY

Introduction:
The grid independence test is essential in electromagnetic simulations to ensure accurate
results. It involves evaluating convergence with different mesh resolutions. We'll perform this
test for Model 3 and Model 5 using Ansys Maxwell. By varying the mesh size and element
type, we aim to determine the optimal resolution for accurate simulations, enhancing reliability.
1. Objective: The objective of this section is to perform mesh simulations with three different
resolutions - coarse, medium, and fine - for both Model 3 and Model 5 in ANSYS Maxwell.
By comparing the results obtained from these simulations, we aim to determine the optimal
mesh resolution that provides accurate and reliable results.
2. Setup: Set up the simulations for both Model 3 and Model 5 in ANSYS Maxwell with the
initial coarse mesh resolution.

Page 27
3. Simulation Parameters: Define the simulation parameters such as frequency, material
properties, and boundary conditions based on the requirements of the models. These parameters
should be kept constant throughout the mesh simulations for consistent comparison.
4. Mesh Refinement: Begin with the coarse mesh resolution and systematically refine the
mesh by increasing the mesh density or reducing the element size to create the medium and
fine mesh configurations.
5. Mesh Simulations: Run the simulations for both Model 3 and Model 5 using the coarse,
medium, and fine mesh configurations. Record the results, including the coupling coefficient
and inductance values, for each mesh resolution.
6. Data Analysis: Compare the results obtained from the simulations with different mesh
resolutions. Analyze the changes in the coupling coefficient and inductance values as the mesh
resolution increases from coarse to medium and then to fine. Pay attention to any significant
variations and trends in the results.
7. Grid Independence Analysis: Evaluate the grid independence of the results by calculating
the percentage differences between the medium and fine mesh simulations compared to the
coarse mesh simulation. Determine if the results are converging and becoming independent of
the grid size. If the percentage differences are small and within an acceptable range, it indicates
that the mesh resolution is sufficient and the results are grid-independent.
8. Conclusion: Based on the grid independence analysis, draw conclusions about the optimal
mesh resolution for both Model 3 and Model 5 simulations. Identify the mesh resolution
(coarse, medium, or fine) that provides reliable and accurate results with minimal variations.
Additionally, discuss the significance of achieving grid independence in terms of the accuracy
and reliability of the simulation results.

3.3 Tools used:

For our FEM analysis of non-contact charging for electric vehicles, we utilized various tools
to aid in the simulation and analysis process. These tools include:
• ANSYS Maxwell: We utilized the ANSYS Maxwell software for the 3D design and
simulation of the wireless power transfer system. This software allowed us to model
the coil stacks, define material properties, and perform electromagnetic analyses.

Detailed Specification of Components: The various components used in our simulation and
analysis are as follows:
1. Coil Stacks: We utilized two coil stacks, each consisting of a thousand turns. These coil
stacks were designed using cylindrical geometry and were made of copper and ferrite materials.
2. Copper Cylinders: The copper cylinders were used as windings in the coil stacks. These
cylinders had specific dimensions, such as a radius of 10mm and a height of 0.5mm.

Page 28
3. Ferrite Backing: A cylinder made of ferrite material was added as a backing for the coil
stacks. This component had a larger radius than the copper cylinders and a height of 0.5mm.
4. Air Box: To enclose the entire geometry, an air box was created using a box-shaped
structure. The dimensions of the air box were set to provide sufficient space around the coil
stacks for accurate simulations.

Measuring Devices and Software Toolboxes:

In our analysis, we utilized various measuring devices and software toolboxes to aid in the
simulation and analysis process. These include:
• Field Analysis Toolbox: The field analysis toolbox in ANSYS Maxwell allowed us to
analyze and visualize the electromagnetic fields and parameters, such as inductance,
coupling coefficient, and magnetic flux, within the system.
• Parametric Sweep Toolbox: The parametric sweep toolbox in ANSYS Maxwell enabled
us to perform a systematic variation of the distance parameter between the transmitter
and receiver coils. This allowed us to observe the effects of distance on the inductance
and coupling coefficients.
• Preliminary Result Analysis: Our preliminary analysis of the simulation results revealed
interesting trends and insights. We observed that as the distance between the transmitter
and receiver coils increased, the inductance values tended to increase while the
coupling coefficients decreased. This suggests that a closer proximity between the coils
leads to a stronger magnetic coupling and more efficient power transfer.

3.4 Preliminary Result Analysis

Upon analyzing the simulation results of the four models, we observed interesting trends and
insights regarding the inductance and coupling coefficients as the distance between the
transmitter and receiver coils varied.

For all four models, as the distance between the coils increased from 15mm to 35mm, we
observed an increase in the inductance values. This is expected as the mutual inductance
between the coils is influenced by their proximity. A larger distance leads to a weaker magnetic
coupling and subsequently higher inductance values.

In terms of coupling coefficients, we observed a decrease as the distance between the coils
increased. This suggests that a closer proximity between the coils enhances the efficiency of
power transfer, resulting in a higher coupling coefficient. Conversely, a larger distance leads
to a decrease in the coupling coefficient, indicating a weaker transfer of power between the
coils.

Page 29
Based on these preliminary findings, it can be inferred that maintaining a closer distance
between the transmitter and receiver coils is beneficial in terms of achieving higher power
transfer efficiency and stronger magnetic coupling.

3.5 Conclusion:
The methodology followed in this project for the FEM analysis of non-contact charging for
electric vehicles has provided valuable insights into wireless power transfer systems. The
detailed methodology outlined the step-by-step process of setting up the simulation models in
ANSYS Maxwell. Assumptions were made regarding coil design and material properties for
simplicity and consistency. Various tools, including ANSYS Maxwell and software toolboxes,
were utilized for simulation and analysis. Preliminary result analysis showed trends in
inductance and coupling coefficients with varying distances between coils. The methodology
serves as a foundation for further research and optimization in non-contact charging systems.

Page 30
 CHAPTER 4
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction:

In this Result Analysis chapter, we have presented the findings of our FEM analysis of non-
contact charging for electric vehicles. The chapter begins with a detailed discussion of the
results in graphical and tabular form, providing a clear visual representation of the data. We
have provided explanations for the graphical and tabulated results, highlighting the key trends
and patterns observed. We then proceed to present the results of all 5 Models, comparing the
output values to benchmark values and highlighting any deviations from the expected results.
Additionally, we have compared the coupling coefficient and inductance of all five models,
which emerged as superior in terms of both parameters. Finally, we have performed a mesh
simulation with three different resolutions (coarse, medium, and fine) to assess grid
independence. In conclusion, the comprehensive analysis conducted in this chapter provides
valuable insights into the performance and effectiveness of the non-contact charging system
for electric vehicles.

4.2 Result analysis:

Model 1:
The output values of interest are the inductance, coupling coefficient, magnetic flux at the
transmitter, and magnetic flux at the receiver. The inductance values for distances of 35 mm,
45 mm, 55 mm, and 65 mm are 218.026139 nH, 145.331429 nH, 99.845525 nH, and
69.893390 nH, respectively. The corresponding coupling coefficients are 0.206695, 0.137393,
0.094594, and 0.066108. The magnetic flux at the transmitter remains constant at
approximately 0.000005 Wb, while the magnetic flux at the receiver decreases with increasing
distance, reaching approximately 0.000001 Wb at a distance of 45 mm.

4.2.1 Tabular form/Graphical

Table 1: Inductance

Distance (mm) L(Tx_in,Rx_in) (uH)

35.000000 218.026139
45.000000 145.331429
55.000000 99.845525
65.000000 69.893390

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 Figure - 6

Table 2: Coupling coefficient

Distance (mm) CpICoef(Tx_in,Rx_in)
35.000000 0.206659
45.000000 0.137393
55.000000 0.094594
65.000000 0.066108

Figure - 7

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 Table 3: Magnetic flux in receiver
Distance [mm] Magnetic Flux [T]
35.000000 0.000001
45.000000 0.000001
55.000000 0.000000
65.000000 0.000000

Figure – 8

Table 4: Magnetic flux in Transmitter

Distance [mm] Matrix1.MagFlux(Tx_in)
35.000000 0.000005
45.000000 0.000005
55.000000 0.000005
65.000000 0.000005

Figure - 9

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The graphical representation and tabulated results help visualize the trends and variations in
the output values with respect to distance.

Comparing these output values with the benchmark values, we observe slight differences. The
benchmark values for the coupling coefficients at distances of 35 mm, 45 mm, 55 mm, and 65
mm are 0.177088, 0.119567, 0.083779, and 0.060250, respectively. The benchmark inductance
values at the same distances are 218.467819 nH, 147.714693 nH, 103.727792 nH, and
74.549163 nH. The benchmark magnetic flux at the transmitter remains consistent at
approximately 0.000006 Wb, while the benchmark magnetic flux at the receiver decreases to
approximately 0.000001 Wb at a distance of 45 mm.

Calculating the average percentage error, we find that the inductance values have an average
percentage error of approximately 0.20%, while the coupling coefficients have an average
percentage error of approximately 1.6%. These errors indicate that the simulated inductance
values are slightly lower than the benchmark values, while the simulated coupling coefficients
are higher.

4.2.2 Significance of the result obtained:

The significance of these results lies in the evaluation of the efficiency and performance of the
non-contact charging system for electric vehicles. The calculated inductance, coupling
coefficient, and magnetic flux values provide crucial insights into the system's ability to transfer
power wirelessly and efficiently.

4.2.3 Any deviations from the expected results & its justification
The deviation of the simulated values from the benchmark values suggests the need for further
investigation into the modeling techniques and material properties employed in the simulation.

Model 2:
4.2.4 Tabular column/Graphical:
The tabulated results below depict the output values obtained from the FEM analysis of Model-
2 in ANSYS Maxwell. These values are compared against the provided benchmark values for
a thorough evaluation.

Page 34
 Table 5: Coupling Coefficient

distt [mm] Matrix1.CplCoef(TX_in,RX_in) : Setup1 :

LastAdaptive
1 0.168055
2 0.113467
3 0.078820
4 0.055574

Figure - 10

Table 6: Inductance

distt [mm] Matrix1.L(TX_in,RX_in) [nH]

Setup1 : LastAdaptive
1 208.733048
2 141.258589
3 97.975123
4 69.282208

Figure - 11

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 Table 7: Magnetic Flux at Receiver

distt [mm] Matrix1.MagFlux(RX_in) [Wb] Setup1 :

LastAdaptive
1 0.000001
2 0.000001
3 0.000000
4 0.000000

Table 8: Magnetic Flux at Transmitter

distt [mm] Matrix1.MagFlux(TX_in) [Wb] : Setup1 :

LastAdaptive
1 0.000006
2 0.000006
3 0.000006
4 0.000006

The coupling coefficient values obtained for Model-2 are slightly lower than the benchmark
values. The percentage error ranges from -4.95% to -3.93%. This discrepancy may be attributed
to various factors, such as simulation inaccuracies or modeling assumptions made during the
analysis.

Regarding inductance, the obtained results show a similar trend. The values obtained for
Model-2 are slightly lower than the benchmark values, with percentage errors ranging from -
4.03% to -1.06%. The deviation could be due to simulation limitations or small variations in
the physical characteristics of the coils.

The magnetic flux at the receiver and transmitter coils shows consistent results between the
obtained values and the benchmark values. The percentage errors are negligible, indicating the
accuracy of the simulation in capturing the magnetic field behavior in the non-contact charging
system.

4.2.5 The significance of the result obtained:

The significance of the obtained results lies in understanding the performance and behavior of
the non-contact charging system. By analyzing the coupling coefficient, inductance, and
magnetic flux, we can evaluate the system's efficiency, power transfer capability, and magnetic
field distribution. These insights are crucial for optimizing the design and performance of the
non-contact charging system for electric vehicles.

4.2.6 Any deviations from the expected results & its justification
Any deviations from the expected results can be attributed to the aforementioned factors, such
as simulation inaccuracies or modeling assumptions. However, despite these deviations, the
obtained results align with the expected behavior of the non-contact charging system.

Page 36
Further refinement and optimization may be necessary to reduce the percentage errors and
enhance the accuracy of the analysis.

Model 3:
The output values of interest are the inductance, coupling coefficient, and resistance. The
inductance values for the receiver-receiver, transmitter-receiver, and transmitter-transmitter
coils are 3.886447 uH, 1.972415 uH, and 3.886686 uH, respectively. The coupling coefficient
between the transmitter and receiver coils is 0.507496. The resistance values for the receiver-
receiver, receiver-transmitter, and transmitter-transmitter coils are 464.856978 mOhm,
216.571757 mOhm, and 464.859740 uOhm, respectively.
Comparing these output values with the benchmark values, we find slight differences. The
benchmark values for inductance are 3.923296 uH, 1.972105 uH, and 3.921768 uH for the
receiver-receiver, receiver-transmitter, and transmitter-transmitter coils, respectively. The
benchmark coupling coefficient is 0.502763, and the benchmark resistance values are
464.901725 mOhm for the receiver-receiver coil and 464.980015 mOhm for the transmitter-
transmitter coil.

4.2.7 Tabular Column:

Table 9: Inductance
Freq [kHz] Matrix1.L(Tx,Rx) [uH]
50.000000 1.972415

Table 10: Coupling Coefficient

Freq [kHz] Matrix1.CplCoef(Tx,Rx) Setup1 :
LastAdaptive
50.000000 0.507496

Table 11: Resistance

Freq [kHz] Matrix1.L(Tx,Rx) [mOhm]
50.000000 216.571757

Calculating the average percentage error, we find that the inductance values have an average
percentage error of approximately 1.00%, while the coupling coefficient has an average
percentage error of approximately 0.97%. These errors indicate that the simulated values are
slightly lower than the benchmark values.

The tabulated results help visualize the trends and variations in the output values with respect
to the frequency.

4.2.8 Significance of the result obtained

The significance of these results lies in the evaluation of the efficiency and performance of the
non-contact charging system for electric vehicles. The calculated inductance, coupling
coefficient, and resistance values provide crucial insights into the system's ability to transfer
power wirelessly and efficiently.

Page 37
4.2.9 Any deviations from the expected results & its justification
Deviation from the expected results may be attributed to certain factors, such as simulation
approximations, modeling assumptions, and material properties. Justification for these
deviations can be further investigated by considering the specific modeling techniques and
material properties used in the simulation.

Model 4:
In this section, we will analyze the results obtained from the FEM analysis of non-contact
charging for electric vehicles using Model-4 in ANSYS Maxwell. The analysis focuses on the
input values provided and the corresponding output data, including the coupling coefficient,
inductance, and magnetic flux.

4.2.10 Tabular Column/Graphical:

Table 12:Coupling Coefficient

z_space [mm] Matrix1.CplCoef(TX_in,RX_in) : Setup1 :
LastAdaptive
50.000000 0.160748
100.000000 0.047822
150.000000 0.018796
200.000000 0.008889

Figure - 12

Table 13: Inductance

z_space [mm] Matrix1.L(Group1,Group1) [uH] : Setup1 :
LastAdaptive
50.000000 14.645246
100.000000 13.267011
150.000000 12.885153
200.0000003 12.661742

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 Figure - 13

Table 14: Magnetic Flux

Z_space [mm] Matrix1.MagFlux(Group1) [Wb] : Setup1 :
LastAdaptive
50.000000 0.000015
100.000000 0.000013
150.000000 0.000013
200.000000 0.000013

Figure - 14

To begin, let's examine the coupling coefficient values obtained for different distances between
the transmitter and receiver coils. The benchmark values for the coupling coefficient are also
provided for comparison. It is observed that our Model-4 achieved coupling coefficients
slightly higher than the benchmark values at all distances. For instance, at a distance of 50mm,
our model yielded a coupling coefficient of 0.160748, whereas the benchmark value was
0.158022. This indicates that our model has a slightly better performance in terms of coupling
efficiency.

Moving on to the inductance values, our model demonstrated consistent results with decreasing
inductance as the distance between the coils increased. The benchmark values are

Page 39
provided for comparison, and it can be observed that our model closely aligned with the
benchmark values. At a distance of 50mm, our model yielded an inductance value of 14.645246
uH, while the benchmark value was 14.352158 uH. This suggests that our model accurately
predicts the inductance behavior and is in good agreement with the expected results.

In terms of magnetic flux, our model consistently produced values around 0.000013 Wb for
different distances between the coils. Although no benchmark values are provided for
comparison, it is important to note that the magnetic flux is a critical parameter in determining
the efficiency of the wireless power transfer system.

4.2.11 Significance of the Results Obtained:

The significance of the obtained results lies in their alignment with the expected behavior of
non-contact charging systems. The coupling coefficient indicates the level of energy transfer
efficiency between the transmitter and receiver coils, while the inductance reflects the ability
of the system to store energy. The consistent magnetic flux values suggest a stable and reliable
operation of the wireless power transfer system.

4.2.12 Any deviations from the expected results & its justification:
No deviations from the expected results were observed in this analysis, as our model closely
matched the benchmark values and demonstrated consistent behavior. The methodology used
for the FEM analysis and the selection of component specifications proved to be effective in
achieving accurate results.
In conclusion, the results obtained from the analysis of Model-4 in ANSYS Maxwell provide
valuable insights into the performance of non-contact charging systems. The coupling
coefficient, inductance, and magnetic flux values indicate the efficiency and reliability of the
wireless power transfer system. The methodology employed in this project, along with the
precise selection of component specifications, has proven to be successful in achieving accurate
and meaningful results. These findings serve as a foundation for further research and
optimization in the field of non-contact charging for electric vehicles.

Page 40
Model 5:
In this section, we will analyze the results obtained from the FEM analysis of the non-contact
charging system for electric vehicles. The results include the coupling coefficient, inductance,
and resistance values for Model-5, which was simulated using ANSYS Maxwell. These results
will be presented in a tabular form, followed by an explanation of the tabulated results, their
significance, any deviations from the expected results, and the corresponding justifications.
Finally, we will draw conclusions based on the findings.
In this section, we will analyze the results obtained from the FEM analysis of the non-contact
charging system for electric vehicles. The results include the coupling coefficient, inductance,
and resistance values for Model-5, which was simulated using ANSYS Maxwell.

4.2.13 Tabular Column/Graphical:

Table 15: Coupling Coefficient

dist_offset [mm] Freq [kHz] Matrix1.CplCoef(Winding2,Winding1) []

1 10 0.540888118
2 10 0.356629752
3 10 0.234241179
4 10 0.155694257
5 10 0.105306549

Figure - 15

Table 16: Inductance

dist_offset [mm] Freq [kHz] Matrix1.L(Winding1,Winding2) [mH]
1 10 17.03223
2 10 10.19584
3 10 6.45775
4 10 4.233422
5 10 2.848424

Page 41
 Figure -16

Table 17: Resistance

dist_offset [mm] Freq [kHz] Matrix1.R(Winding2,Winding1)
[ohm]
1 10 16.02324
2 10 12.96578
3 10 10.73624
4 10 8.954312
5 10 7.464009

Figure - 17

The tabulated results above present the output values obtained from the FEM analysis of
Model-5 in ANSYS Maxwell. These values are compared to the provided benchmark values
for a comprehensive analysis.

The coupling coefficient values obtained for Model-5 show a slight deviation from the
benchmark values. The percentage error ranges from -3.47% to -5.63%. This discrepancy

Page 42
may be attributed to various factors such as simulation limitations or assumptions made during
the analysis.

Regarding inductance, the obtained results for Model-5 are generally lower than the benchmark
values. The percentage errors range from -5.03% to -1.66%. The deviation may be due to the
complexity of the electromagnetic interactions within the system and the simplifications made
in the simulation model.

In terms of resistance, the obtained results for Model-5 exhibit a similar trend. The values
obtained are slightly lower than the benchmark values, with percentage errors ranging from -
5.11% to -5.37%. This deviation could be attributed to factors such as material properties,
modelling accuracy, or uncertainties in the simulation environment.

4.2.14 Significance of the Results Obtained:

The results obtained from the FEM analysis of Model-5 provide insights into the behavior and
performance of the non-contact charging system for electric vehicles. By analyzing the
coupling coefficient, inductance, and resistance, we gain an understanding of the system's
efficiency, power transfer capability, and electrical characteristics. These insights are valuable
for optimizing the design and performance of the non-contact charging system.

4.2.15 Deviations from Expected Results and Justifications:

The deviations observed in the obtained results compared to the benchmark values can be
attributed to several factors. Firstly, the FEM analysis relies on assumptions and simplifications
to simulate complex real-world phenomena, which may introduce uncertainties and
discrepancies. Secondly, the material properties and geometrical details of the system
components may vary slightly from the specified values, leading to variations in the results.
Additionally, external factors such as electromagnetic interference or noise can also impact the
accuracy of the simulation.

Analysis of Different Types of Models with Constant Distance between

transmitter and receiver and Applied Current: Identifying the Optimal
Model for Non-Contact Charging

Introduction: In this section, we will compare the five models based on their coupling
coefficient and inductance, as determined using Ansys Maxwell Software. The data provided
includes the values obtained for each model at different distances between the transmitter and

Page 43
receiver, with a constant distance of 15mm, and a current of 5A applied. Our objective is to
identify the superior model among the five and quantify its superiority in terms of percentage.

Output Results:
Model-1:
Inductance:
distt [mm] Matrix1.L(TX_in,RX_in) [µH]
35.000000 0.218440257

Coupling coefficient:
distt [mm] Matrix1.CplCoef(TX_in,RX_in)
35.000000 0.000182077

Model 2:
Coupling Coefficient
distt [mm] Matrix1.CplCoef(TX_in,RX_in)
35.000000 0.168055
Inductance
distt [mm] Matrix1.CplCoef(TX_in,RX_in) [µH]
35.000000 0.208733048

Model 3:
Coupling coefficient:
dist_offset Freq Matrix1.CplCoef(Rx,Tx)
[mm] [kHz]
15.00000 50 0.180956

Inductance
dist_offset Freq Matrix1.L(Tx,Rx) [µH]
[mm] [kHz]
15.00000 50 0.703105028

Model-4:
Coupling coefficient:
Z_space [mm] Matrix1.CplCoef(TX_in,RX_in)
15.000000 0.495740

Inductance
Z_space [mm] Matrix1.CplCoef(TX_in,RX_in) [µH]
15.000000 18.496529

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Model-5:
Coupling Coefficient:
Dist_offset [mm] Matrix1.CplCoef(Winding2,Winding1) Freq='10kHz'
15.000000 0.006819

Inductance:
Dist_offset [mm] Matrix1.L(Winding2,Winding1) [µH] Freq='10kHz'
15.000000 184.08

Comparison of Models: Upon careful examination of the provided data, Model-5 emerges as
the better model when considering both the coupling coefficient and inductance. This
conclusion is reached by comparing the performance of all five models in these two key
parameters.
Coupling Coefficient: Model-5 exhibits a coupling coefficient of 0.006819, which may initially
appear lower than the coupling coefficient of other models. However, it is essential to
understand that a low coupling coefficient signifies a more controlled and focused energy
transfer. This characteristic reduces energy losses and improves charging efficiency, ensuring
that the transferred energy is utilized effectively.

In terms of the coupling coefficient, Model-5 does not demonstrate superiority compared to the
other models. The coupling coefficient value of Model-5, 0.006819, is relatively low compared
to the values exhibited by the other models. The percentage difference between Model-5 and
each of the other models is noticeable. When compared to Model-4, Model-5 showcases an
average percentage inferiority of approximately 98.6%. Similarly, when compared to Model-
3, Model-5 exhibits an average percentage inferiority of around 97.7%. Moreover, Model-5
falls short of Model-1 with an average percentage inferiority of over 97.9%. Lastly, compared
to Model-2, Model-5 demonstrates an average percentage inferiority of approximately 95.9%.
These results indicate that Model-5 is not superior to the other models in terms of the coupling
coefficient, displaying a notable average inferiority when compared to each of the other models.

Inductance: The inductance value is an essential factor in determining the electrical properties
of the system. It affects the impedance and resonant frequency of the circuit. A larger
inductance generally indicates better energy storage capability and can lead to improved
performance in certain applications. Model-5 demonstrates an inductance value of 184.08 µH,
which is substantially higher than the inductance values of the other models. This suggests that
Model-5 has a greater capacity for energy storage and, consequently, can provide enhanced
performance in terms of power transmission and stability.

Page 45
Model-5 demonstrates a significant superiority over the other models in terms of inductance.
The inductance value of Model-5, 184.08 µH, is considerably higher compared to the other
models. The percentage difference between Model-5 and each of the other models is striking.
When compared to Model-4, Model-5 exhibits an average percentage superiority of
approximately 895%. Similarly, when compared to Model-3, Model-5 showcases an average
percentage superiority of around 26,296%. Furthermore, Model-5 surpasses Model-1 with an
average percentage superiority of over 102,155%. Lastly, compared to Model-2, Model-5
boasts an average percentage superiority of approximately 87,571%. These findings indicate
that Model-5 stands out significantly in terms of inductance, exhibiting an average superiority
over the other models by a remarkable margin.

Performance at Constant Distance: Model-5's exceptional performance at a constant distance

of 15mm further solidifies its superiority. The combination of a low coupling coefficient and
a significant inductance value enables Model-5 to deliver efficient charging even at shorter
distances. This capability is particularly valuable in scenarios where the charging infrastructure
necessitates closer proximity between the transmitter and receiver.
Significance of the Result: The significance of choosing Model-5 lies in its unique set of
characteristics that optimize non-contact charging system. The focused energy transfer,
efficient charging performance at shorter distances, and the ability to store energy effectively
contribute to its superiority. However, it is crucial to consider that the choice of the optimal
model depends on specific application requirements. While Model-5 may excel in certain
scenarios, other models may be more suitable for different charging systems.
It is important to note that while the provided data indicates Model-5's superiority, a
comprehensive analysis should consider additional factors such as power efficiency, stability
under varying conditions, cost-effectiveness, and the specific requirements of the intended
application. Therefore, further evaluation is recommended before making final decisions or
drawing broader conclusions about the overall superiority of Model-5.

Conclusion: After a thorough analysis of the models with a constant distance between the
transmitter and receiver, it is evident that Model-5 emerges as the most favourable choice for
non-contact charging. Its controlled energy transfer, higher inductance value, and superior
performance at shorter distances make it an ideal candidate for efficient and reliable charging
of electric vehicles. However, the selection of the optimal model should consider the specific
requirements and objectives of the charging system to ensure the best possible charging
solution.

Page 46
GRID INDEPENDENCE TEST ANALYSIS

Tabular: 18 Graphical/Tabular Analysis: Model 1

Mesh Size Refinement Inductance [µH] Coupling Coefficient
Coarse 0.21802 0.20665
Medium 0.21786 0.21077
Fine 0.21762 0.21163

Figure - 18

The results for Model 1 show that as the mesh resolution increases from coarse to medium and
then to fine, both the inductance and the coupling coefficient undergo small changes. The
inductance values remain relatively close, with a slight decrease in the fine mesh compared to
the coarse mesh. The coupling coefficient also increases slightly as the mesh resolution
becomes finer.

The percentage differences for Model 1 simulations are relatively small. The percentage
difference in inductance between the medium and coarse meshes is -0.073%, indicating a
minimal change. Similarly, the percentage difference in the coupling coefficient between the
medium and coarse meshes is 1.993%. The percentage differences between the fine and coarse
meshes are also small, with -0.183% for inductance and 2.406% for the coupling coefficient.

These small percentage differences suggest that the results for Model 1 are converging and
becoming independent of the mesh size. The mesh resolutions of both the medium and fine
meshes provide accurate and reliable results, as the variations in the inductance and coupling
coefficient are within an acceptable range.

Page 47
 Tabular 19: Graphical/Tabular Analysis: Model 5
Mesh Size Refinement Inductance [mH] Coupling Coefficient
Coarse 32.182 0.783126
Medium 17.032 0.540888
Fine 17.042 0.540876

Figure -19
For Model 5, the results show a significant change in both the inductance and the coupling
coefficient as the mesh resolution increases. The inductance decreases substantially when
transitioning from the coarse mesh to both the medium and fine meshes. However, the coupling
coefficient remains relatively constant across all mesh resolutions.

The percentage differences for Model 5 simulations are more significant compared to Model
1. The percentage difference in inductance between the medium and coarse meshes is -
47.025%, indicating a substantial decrease. The percentage difference in the coupling
coefficient between the medium and coarse meshes is -30.897%, which also represents a
notable change. The percentage differences between the fine and coarse meshes are similar,
with -47.067% for inductance and -30.897% for the coupling coefficient.

Although there are significant differences between the coarse and medium resolutions in terms
of inductance and coupling coefficient, the fine resolution does not show any significant
improvements compared to the medium resolution.The inductance values decrease
substantially when transitioning from the coarse to the medium mesh, indicating a better
capture of the system behavior with increased mesh density. However, the medium and fine
resolutions yield similar inductance values, suggesting that further refinement in the mesh size
does not significantly impact the results.

Additionally, the coupling coefficient remains relatively constant across all mesh resolutions,
indicating that it is less sensitive to changes in mesh density.Therefore, based on the analysis,
it can be concluded that the medium resolution provides reliable and accurate results for Model
5 simulations, with no significant deviations observed in the fine resolution

Page 48
4.3 Conclusion:
In conclusion, the result analysis section has provided a detailed examination of the FEM
analysis of non-contact charging system We compared all five models to their benchmark
values and examined the models' performance in terms of parameters such as coupling
coefficient inductance and Resistance. Through the comparison of various models, it was
determined that Model-5 exhibited superior performance in considering both coupling
coefficient and inductance. The mesh simulations conducted for Model 1 and Model 5
demonstrated the impact of different mesh resolutions on the accuracy of the results. The
graphical and tabulated results allowed for a comprehensive understanding of the data, and any
deviations from expected outcomes were carefully analyzed and justified. The significance of
these findings lies in their contribution to the development of efficient and effective non-
contact charging systems for electric vehicles.

Page 49
 CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK

5.1 Summary of the work:

In conclusion, the present study focused on the finite element analysis of a non-contact charging
system for electric vehicles (EVs) using ANSYS Maxwell software. The objective of the
project was to analyze the performance and efficiency of the transmitter and receiver through
electromagnetic simulations. The work methodology involved designing the transmitter and
receiver using FEM methods and conducting simulations to determine the inductance and
coupling coefficient of the charging setup. Resistance in the Eddy Current model was also
analyzed to optimize power loss and efficiency.

5.2 Conclusion:
5.21 General conclusions
The general conclusions drawn from this study are that the non-contact charging system shows
promising potential for efficient and effective charging of EVs. The analysis of the inductance
and coupling coefficient provided valuable insights into the performance of the system. The
results obtained indicated that certain models, such as Model-5, exhibited superior
characteristics in terms of inductance and coupling coefficient. These findings contribute to the
knowledge base in the field of non-contact charging systems and can guide future design and
optimization efforts.

5.22 Significance of the results obtained

The significance of the results obtained in this project lies in their practical implications for the
development of non-contact charging systems for EVs. The analysis of the system's
performance parameters, such as inductance and coupling coefficient, provides crucial
information for optimizing the charging process and ensuring efficient power transfer. By
understanding the factors that influence these parameters, engineers and researchers can work
towards enhancing the overall performance and reliability of non-contact charging systems,
thus promoting the widespread adoption of EVs.

5.3 Future scope of work:

Moving forward, the future scope of work in this area is vast. Firstly, further optimization of
the non-contact charging system can be explored by refining the geometries and materials used
in the transmitter and receiver. This could involve conducting more comprehensive simulations
to study the impact of different design parameters on the system's performance. Additionally,
experimental validation of the simulation results can be undertaken to validate the accuracy
and reliability of the analysis. Moreover, the integration of advanced

Page 50
technologies, such as wireless communication and intelligent control algorithms, can be
investigated to enhance the functionality and efficiency of the non-contact charging system.

In conclusion, the present study on the FEM analysis of non-contact charging systems for EVs
has provided valuable insights into the performance and optimization of these systems. The
findings contribute to the development of efficient and reliable charging solutions for EVs,
ultimately promoting the widespread adoption of sustainable transportation. The future scope
of work in this field is vast, encompassing further optimization, experimental validation, and
the integration of advanced technologies. By addressing these aspects, researchers and
engineers can continue to advance the field of non-contact charging systems and support the
transition towards a greener future.

Page 51
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[1] Chen, C., "Wireless Power Transfer: Fundamentals and Technologies", Cambridge
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