Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

1. 7
A certain quantity of oxygen (𝛾 = 5) initially at a pressure P1 is compressed isothermally until its
pressure is doubled (P2). The gas is then allowed to expand adiabatically until its original volume is
restored. Then the final pressure P3 in terms of initial pressure P1 is

a) P3 = 0.55 P1 b) P3 = 0.76 P1 c) P3 = 0.68 P1 d) P3 = 2.55 P1

Sol. 𝑣1
For isothermal compression : p1v1 = p2v2  p1v1= 2p1 v2  v2 = 2
𝑣 𝛾
For adiabatic expansion : p2v2 = p3v3  2p1 ( 21 ) = p3 v1
7
𝑝 𝑝
p3 = 21-p1 = (2)1−5 p1 = 5 1 = 1.32
1
= 0.76 P
√4

2. A car fitted with a device which transmits sound 60 times per minute. There is no wind and speed
of sound in still air is 345 m/s. If you hear the sound 68 times per minute when you are moving
towards the car with a speed of 12 m/s, the speed of the car must be nearly

a) 20.0 ms/ towards you b) 30.0 m/s towards you

c) 10.0 m/s away from you d) 10.0 m/s towards you

Sol. Original frequency of the car : n = 60 per min

Frequency received by the observer : na = 68 per min
Apparent frequency when source and observer are moving towards each other :
𝑣+𝑣 345+12
na = ( 𝑣−𝑣𝑜 ) n = ( 345−𝑣 ) 60 = 68
𝑠 𝑠

345 – vs = 315  vs = 30 m/s

3. A 43 m long rope of mass 5 kg joins two rock climbers. One climber strikes the rope and the
second one feels the effect 1.4 sec later. What is the tension in the rope?

a) 110 N b) 301 N c) 215 N d) 154 N

Sol. Length of the rope: l = 43 m / mass of the rope: m = 5 kg

𝑚 5
Linear density of the rope:  = 𝑙
= 43 kg/m
𝑙 43
Speed of the wave pulse: v = = = 30.7 m/s
𝑡 1.4
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
Speed of the wave pulse: v = √𝜇  30.7 = √0.116  942.49 = 0.116  T = 110 N

4. Two cats in a house mew at each other with sound intensities 5 x 10-9 W/m2 and 9 x 10-6 W/m2.
By how many decibels is the louder sound above the other?

a) ~ 13 dB b) ~ 23 dB c) ~ 33 dB d) ~ 43 dB

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Sol. Intensity of first sound : I1 = 5 x 10-9 W/m2

Intensity of second sound : I2 = 9 x 10-6 W/m2
𝐼 5 x 10−9
sound level of first sound : 1 = 10 log 𝐼1 = 10 log 𝐼𝑜
𝑜
𝐼 9 x 10−6
Sound level of second sound : 2 = 10 log 𝐼2 = 10 log 𝐼𝑜
𝑜
Difference in loudness of the two sounds :
9 x 10−6 9
2 - 1 = 10 log (5 x 10−9 ) = 30 log 10 + 10 log (5) = 30 + 2.5 = 32.5 ≈ 33 dB

5. An electron orbiting a nucleus has angular momentum L. The magnetic field produced by the
electron at the centre of the orbit can be expressed as

a) 𝜇𝑜 𝑒 b) 𝝁𝒐 𝒆 c) 𝜇𝑜 𝑒 d) 𝑒
𝐿 𝑳 𝐿 𝐿
8𝜋𝑚𝑟 3 𝟒𝝅𝒎𝒓𝟑 𝜋𝑚𝑟 3 4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑚𝑟 3

Sol. Angular momentum of particle in circular path : L = mvr = mr2

𝑞 𝑒 𝑒𝜔 𝑒 𝐿
Current in the orbit due to electron movement : i = = 2𝜋 = =
𝑇 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑚𝑟 2
𝜔

𝜇𝑜 𝑖 𝜇 𝑒 𝐿 𝝁 𝒆
Magnetic field at the centre of the circle : 2𝑟
= 2𝑟𝑜 2𝜋 𝑚𝑟2 = 𝟒𝝅𝒎𝒓
𝒐
𝟑𝑳

6. Suppose a radioactive nucleus A disintegrates at origin into a nucleus B with the emission of a
positron e+ and a neutrino  such that the positron and the neutrino move at right angles to each
other and carry momentum 2 x 10-22 kg m/s (+ve Y axis) and 5 x 10-23 kg m/s ( +ve X axis)
respectively. Then the nucleus

a) A recoils with a momentum 2.86 x 10-22 kg m/s at angle 14.030 w.r.to +ve X axis.
b) A recoils with a momentum 2.06 x 10-22 kg m/s at angle 14.030 w.r.to –ve X axis
c) B recoils with a momentum 2.86 x 10-22 kg m/s at angle 14.030 w.r.to +ve X axis
d) B recoils with a momentum 2.06 x 10-22 kg m/s at angle 14.030 w.r.to –ve axis

Sol. Initial momentum of the radioactive nucleus : Pi = 0

Final momentum of the fragments: Pf: PB + Pe + P = PB + 2 x 10-22 𝑗̂ + 5 x 10-23 𝑖̂
Conservation of linear momentum: Pi = Pf: 0 = PB + 2 x 10-22 𝑗̂ + 5 x 10-23 𝑖̂
PB = −(2 x 10 − 22 𝑗̂ + 5 x 10 − 23 𝑖̂)  PB = 2.06 x 10-22 kg m/s
2 x 10−22
Angle with – ve X axis: 90 – tan−1 0.5 𝑥 10−22 = 90 – 75.96 = 14.030

7. Two identical strings with fixed ends separated by height h have their other ends tied to a body P of
2𝑔
mass m as shown in figure. When the body rotates with uniform angular speed 2 √ in a
ℎ
𝑇1
horizontal plane about the vertical axis, the ratio of tensions in the string is
𝑇2

a) 3 b) 𝟓 c) 2 d) 5
5 𝟑 5 2

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Sol. For vertical direction: T1 cos  = T2 cos  + mg  (T1 – T2) cos  = mg

For horizontal direction: T1 sin  + T2 sin  = mr2  (T1 + T2) sin  = mr2
2𝑔
𝑇 +𝑇 𝑚𝑟𝜔2 𝑚𝑟 𝑥 4 𝑥 8𝑟
Take the ratio of the tw expressions: 𝑇1 −𝑇2 tan  = 𝑚𝑔
= 𝑚𝑔
ℎ
= ℎ
1 2

𝑇1 +𝑇2 2𝑟 8𝑟 𝑇 +𝑇 4 𝑻 𝟓
𝑇1 −𝑇2 ℎ
= ℎ
 𝑇1 −𝑇2 = 1  𝑻𝟏 = 𝟑 (by componendo & dividendo)
1 2 𝟐

8. Two identical bodies M2 and M3 each of 4 kg are tied to a massless inextensible string which is
made to pass around pulleys P1 and P2 as shown in figure. Angle ABC = 370. The coefficient of
friction between the bodies and the surface on which they slide is 0.25. If the body M1 moves down
with uniform speed, neglecting the masses and friction of pulleys. M1 =

a) 36.8 kg b) 9.8 kg c) 4.2 kg d) 2.1 kg

Sol. For the hanging block: M1g – T = M1a = M1(0) = 0  T = M1g

For the block on horizontal surface:
T1 – f = M3 (0)  T1 = f = M3g = 0.25 x 4 x 9.8 = 9.8 N
For the block on inclined plane: T – T1 – M2g sin 37 - f = M2 (0) = 0
3 4
T = T1 + M2g +  M2g
5 5
3 4
M1g = 9.8 + 5 x 4 x 9.8 + 5 x 0.25 x 4 x 9.8
𝟒𝟏.𝟏𝟔
M1g = 9.8 + 23.52 + 7.84 = 41.16 → M1 = 𝟗.𝟖
= 4.2 kg

9. A particle of mass 0.2 kg moves along a path given by the relation: 𝑟̅ = 2 cos t 𝑖̂ + 3 sin t 𝑗̂.
Then the torque on the particle about the origin is

a) √13 𝑘̂ Nm b) 2 c) 3 d) ̂ Nm
0𝒌
√ 𝑘̂ Nm √ 𝑘̂ Nm
3 2

Sol. Position vector of the particle : 𝑟̅ = 2 cos t 𝑖̂ + 3 sin t 𝑗̂

Velocity of the particle : 𝑣̅ = − 2 sin t 𝑖̂ + 3 cos t 𝑗̂
Acceleration of the particle : 𝑎̅ = −2𝜔2 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑖̂ − 3𝜔2 sin t 𝑗̂
Force on the particle : 𝐹̅ = m 𝑎̅ = 0.2 (−2𝜔2 cos 𝜔𝑡 𝑖̂ − 3𝜔2 sin t 𝑗̂)

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𝑖̂ 𝑗̂ 𝑘̂
Torque about origin : 𝜏̅ = 𝑟̅ x 𝐹̅ = | 2 cos t 3 sin t 0|
−0.4𝜔2 cos 𝜔𝑡 −0.6𝜔 sin t 0
2

𝜏̅ = 𝑘̂ (−1.2𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 1.2𝜔2 sin 𝜔𝑡 cos 𝜔𝑡) = 0 𝒌

̂ Nm

10. A bead of mass 5 g can move without friction on a piece of wire bent in the
form of a semicircular ring of radius 0.10 m as shown in fig. This ring can
freely rotate about the vertical axis OY. At what height will the bead stay
above the ground level OX, if the semicircular wire revolves with angular
velocity 10.63 rad/s?

a) 0.013 m b) 0.087 m c) 0.027 m d) 0.073 m

Sol. For equilibrium of the bead: N cos  = mg and N sin  = mr2

Divide the two expressions:
mr r R sin   1 R
tan  = = =  =
mg g g cos 𝜃 g
𝑔 𝑅−ℎ 𝑔 𝑔 𝑔
cos  = 𝑅𝜔2  𝑅 = 𝑅𝜔2  h = R (1 − 𝑅𝜔2 ) = R - 𝜔2
9.8
h= 0.1 - = 0.013 m
10.632

11. One of the flat surfaces of a cylinder (radius r and length 𝑙) and the
flat surface of hemisphere are cemented together. The cylinder and
the hemisphere are made of the same material. The combined mass
of the system is M. The moment of inertia of the system about an
axis coinciding with the axis of cylinder is

a) 1 b) 𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝒍 + 𝟖𝒓 c) 1 3𝑙 +4𝑟 d) 1 5𝑟 3 𝑙+4 𝑙 2 𝑟 2

10
M [5r2 + 4l2] Mr2 Mr2 M 5𝑟+4𝑙
𝟏𝟎 𝟑𝒍+𝟐𝒓 10 3𝑙+2𝑟 10

Sol. 𝑚𝑟 2 𝑟2
Moment of inertia of the cylinder : Ic = 2
= r 2
l 2
2 2 2
Moment of inertia of hemisphere : Ihs = 5 (M – m) r = 5 r2
2
(3 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌)
𝑚𝑟 2 2
Total moment of inertia : I = Ic + Ihs = 2 + 5 (M – m) r2
𝑟2 2 2 𝑙 4𝑟 𝑀 𝑙 4𝑟 𝟏 𝟏𝟓𝒍 + 𝟖𝒓
I = r2l + 5r2 (3 𝜋𝑟 3 𝜌) = r4 (2 + 15) = r4 ( 2 ) (2 + 15) = 𝟏𝟎 Mr2
2 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑙 + 𝜋𝑟 3 𝟑𝒍+𝟐𝒓
3

12. The radius of cross section of a long pipe varies gradually as r = r0 e-x where x is the distance from
the pipe and  = 0.4 m-1 is a constant. Then the ratio of Reynolds's number for the cross sections
separated by a distance 8 m is

a) 24.5 b) 28.5 c) 2.45 d) 2.85

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Sol. Radius of cross section of the long pipe : r = r0 e-x

𝜌𝑣𝑟
Reynolds's number : Re = 𝜇
here  is coefficient of dynamic viscosity

𝜌𝑣𝑟 𝜌𝑣𝑟 𝜋𝑟 𝜌𝑣 𝜋𝑟 2 𝜌𝐴𝑣

Re = 𝜇
= 𝜇 𝜋𝑟
= 𝜇𝜋𝑟
= 𝜇𝜋𝑟 (Av is volume flux which is constant)

1 𝑅 𝑟 𝑅 𝑟 𝑒 −𝛼𝑥1 𝑅
Re ∝ 𝑟  𝑅𝑒1 = 𝑟2 → 𝑅𝑒1 = 𝑟0𝑒 −𝛼𝑥2 = 𝑒 𝛼(𝑥2 −𝑥1 ) → 𝑅𝑒1 = 𝑒 0.4 𝑥 8 = 𝑒 3.2 = 24.5
𝑒2 1 𝑒2 0 𝑒2

13. The Pitot tube shown in fig. is used to measure fluid velocity in a pipe of cross sectional area S. It
was invented by a French engineer Henri Pitot in the early 18th century. The volume of the gas
flowing across the section of the pipe per unit time is
(the difference in the liquid columns is h, 0 and  are the densities of liquid and the gas
respectively)

a) ∆ℎ𝜌𝑜 𝑔 b) 𝟐∆𝒉𝝆𝒐 𝒈 c) ∆ℎ𝜌𝑜 𝑔 d) 2∆ℎ𝜌𝑜 𝑔

Q = 2S √ 𝜌
Q=S√ Q=S√ 𝜌
Q=S√ 𝜌
𝝆

Sol. Difference in pressure: p = 0gh

1
Kinetic energy per unit volume: v2
2
1 2 𝟐∆𝒉𝝆 𝒈
2
v = 0gh  v = √ 𝝆𝒐
Volume of gas flowing across the section of pipe per unit time:
𝟐∆𝒉𝝆𝒐 𝒈
Volume rate of flow : Q = vS = S √ 𝝆

14. A thin ring has a radius R, density  and Young’s modulus Y. The ring is rotated in its own plane
about an axis passing through its centre with angular velocity . Then the small increase in its
radius is

a) 𝝆𝝎𝟐 𝑹𝟑 b) 3𝜌𝜔2 𝑅3 c) 6𝜌𝜔2 𝑅3 d) 𝜌𝜔2 𝑅 3

dR = dR = dR = dR =
𝒀 𝑌 𝑌 2𝑌

Sol. Consider a small section of the ring : 𝑑𝑙 = R d

Mass of the elemental ring : dm =  dV =  A𝑑𝑙 =  AR d
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Centripetal force : dm R2 = 2T sin 2
= 2T 2
= T d
ρAR d R2 = T d  T =  AR22
𝐹𝐿 𝐹(2𝑝𝑅) 𝑇𝑅
Young’s modulus: Y = 𝐴 ∆𝐿 = 𝐴 (2𝑝∆𝑅) = 𝐴 ∆𝑅
𝑇𝑅 A𝑅3 2 𝝆𝝎𝟐 𝑹𝟑
R = 𝐴 𝑌 = 𝐴𝑌
= 𝒀

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15. A uniform metal wire is clamped by chuck nuts at the two ends as shown in fig. The wire has cross
sectional area A, length 𝑙 and density 𝜌. A weight W is suspended from the midpoint of the wire.
Then the vertical displacement 𝛿 through which the midpoint moves down is given by

a) 𝑙 𝑊 1/2 b) 𝒍 𝑾 𝟏/𝟑 c) 𝑙 𝑊 1/2 d) 𝑙 𝑊 1/3

𝛿 = 2 (𝐴𝑌) 𝜹 = 𝟐 (𝑨𝒀) 𝛿 = 3 (𝐴𝑌) 𝛿 = 4 (𝐴𝑌)

Sol. 2
√( 𝑙 ) +𝛿2
𝑙 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙
Increase in length of the wire: l = cosec  - = (cosec  - 1) = (
2 2 2 2
2
𝑙 − 1)
2

2
√( 𝑙 ) +𝛿2
𝑊 𝑊
For equilibrium of the weight: 2T cos  = W  T = 2
sec  = 2
2
𝛿
2
√( 𝑙 ) +𝛿2 2 1/2
𝑊 2 𝛿
𝐹𝑙 𝑇𝑙 2 𝛿
𝑙 𝑊𝑙 (1+(𝑙/2) ) 𝑊𝑙 𝑙2 𝛿2 𝑊𝑙 𝑙2 𝑊𝑙 3
Y= 𝐴 ∆𝑙
= 𝐴 ∆𝑙
= = 2𝛿𝐴 1/2 = 2𝛿𝐴 4𝛿 2 (1 + 2 𝑙2 ) = 2𝛿𝐴 4𝛿 2 = 8𝐴𝛿 3
2 𝛿 2
√( 𝑙 ) +𝛿2 (1+( ) ) −1
𝑙 2 𝑙/2
𝐴 𝑙 −1
2
2
( )
𝒍 𝑾 𝟏/𝟑
= ( )
𝟐 𝑨𝒀

16. Two bodies of masses M1 and M2 are kept separated by a distance d. The potential at the point
where the gravitational field produced by them is zero is

𝑮 𝐺
a) − 𝒅 (M1 + M2 + 2 √𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐) b) − 𝑑 (M1 M2 + 2 √𝑀1 + 𝑀2 )
𝐺 𝐺
c) − 𝑑 (M1 - M2 + 2 √𝑀1 𝑀2 ) d) − 𝑑 (M1M2 - 2 √𝑀1 +𝑀2)

Sol. 𝑑
Location of null point from M1: x = 𝑀
1+√ 2
𝑀1
𝐺𝑀
Gravitational potential due to point mass: Vg = − 𝑟
Gravitational potential due to two point charges:
𝐺𝑀1 𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀1 𝐺𝑀2 𝐺 𝑀 𝑀2
Vg = − 𝑥
− 𝑑−𝑥2 = − 𝑑 − 𝑀
= − 𝑑 (1 + √𝑀2 ) (𝑀1 + 𝑀
)
𝑑√𝑀2 1 𝑑√ 2
𝑀 1
1+√ 2 𝑀1
𝑀1 𝑀
1+√ 2
𝑀1
𝑮
Vg = − 𝒅 (M1 + M2 + 2 √𝑴𝟏 𝑴𝟐 )

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17. A ball dropped on ground from a height of 1 m rises to a height of 75 cm on rebounce. When
thrown down from the same height with a velocity of 2 m/s, it would rise to (take g = 10 m/s2)

a) 80 cm b) 90 cm c) 85 cm d) 95 cm

Sol. ℎ 75 3
Coefficient of restitution: e = √𝐻 = √100 = √4

Velocity of the body before striking the ground: v = √𝑢2 + 2𝑔ℎ = √4 + 2 𝑥 10 𝑥 1 = √24 m/s
𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑉−0 𝑉
Coefficient of restitution: e = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑎𝑐ℎ
= 𝑣−0 = 𝑣
3
V = ev = √4 x √24 = √18 m/s
𝑉2 18
Maximum height attained by the ball: h = 2𝑔 = 20 = 0.9 m = 90 cm

18. A metal body of density 8000 kg/m3 has a cavity inside. A spring balance shows its mass to be 10
kg in air and 7.5 kg when immersed in water. The ratio of the volume of the cavity to the volume
of the material of the body is

a) 2 b) 𝟏 c) 1 d) 3
5 𝟐 4

Sol. Density of the metal body:  = 8000 kg

Mass of the metal body in air: m = 10 kg
10 10 1
(𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 )  = 10  𝑣 − 𝑣𝑐 = = 8000 = 800
𝜌
Mass of the metal body in water: mw = 7.5 kg
Buoyancy force on the metal body: FB = (10 – 7.5) g = 2.5 x 10 = 25 N
1
FB = vwg = 25  v x 1000 x 10 = 25  v =
400
𝑣−𝑣𝑐 1 𝑣𝑐 1 𝒗𝒄 𝟏
Take the ratio of the two expressions: 𝑣
= 2
 1- 𝑣
=2 𝒗
=𝟐

19. In a steel factory, it is found that to maintain M kg of iron in the molten state at its melting point,
an input power P watt is required. When the power source is turned off, the sample completely
solidifies in time t sec. The latent heat of fusion of iron is

a) 2𝑃𝑡 b) 𝑃𝑡 c) 𝑷𝒕 d) 𝑃𝑀
𝑀 2𝑀 𝑴 𝑡

Sol.
Mass of the iron : M kg
Input power required to maintain the iron in molten state: P
Time taken for the iron to solidify: t
𝑄 𝑷𝒕
Latent heat of iron : L = 𝑀  Q = ML  Pt = ML  L = 𝑴

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20. A LASER source of heat of power 1.2 W is placed very close to one end of a rod of cross sectional
area 3 cm2 and thermal conductivity 400 W/mK. Then length of the rod L required to maintain a
temperature difference of 100 C across its ends is
(assume that all the power emitted by the source falls on the rod)

a) 1.5 m b) 2.2 m c) 1.8 m d) 1m

Sol. Power of the LASER source: 1.2 W

Area of cross-section: A = 3 x 10-4 m2
Coefficient of thermal conductivity: k = 400 W/mK
Temperature difference:  = 10 0C
𝑑𝑄 𝐾𝐴 𝜃∆ 400 𝑥 3 𝑥 10−4 𝑥 10
For conduction of heat: =  1.2 = L=1m
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿

21. The temperature at which average de Broglie wavelength of helium atom becomes 0.5 nm is

a) 6.6 K b) 7.1 K c) 279.6 K d) 280. 1 K

ℎ ℎ ℎ ℎ
Sol. de Broglie wavelength of a particle :  = 𝑃 = 2𝑚𝑘
= =
√ 3
√2𝑚 𝑘𝐵 𝑇 √3𝑚𝑘𝐵 𝑇
2
h : Planck’s constant : 6.63 x 10-34 Js
kB : Boltzmann’s constant : 1.38 x 10-23 J/K
m : Mass of helium atom : 6.64 x 10-27 kg
Given :  = 0.5 nm = 5 x 10-10 m
6.63 𝑥 10−34 43.9569 𝑥 10−68
5 x 10-10 =  25 x 10-20 =  T = 6.6 K
√3 𝑥 6.64 𝑥 10−27 𝑥 1.38 𝑥 10−23 𝑥 𝑇 27.4896 𝑥 10−50 𝑇

22. A dielectric slab is introduced between the plates of a capacitor. If the charge on the capacitor is q
and the magnitude of the induced charge on the dielectric surface is q1 then

a) q1 < q (always) b) q1 > q (always) c) q1 = q (always) d) q1 = 0

Sol. 1
Induced charge on the surface of dielectric : q1 = q (1 − 𝐾)

Here K is dielectric constant of the dielectric slab.

K is a positive number, so q1 < q (always)
If the dielectric slab is replaced with metal slab, then q1 = q
Since for metals K is infinity

23. When two ends of a spring are pulled apart increasing its length, it produces force equal to kx at its
1
ends. At a point 4 of its length from one end the force is

a) 0.25 kx b) 0.75 kx c) 1.0 kx d) 0.5 kx

Sol.

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Mass of the spring is not mentioned.

So, it is to be taken as massless (ideal).
In the case of an ideal spring (string), tension developed anywhere
in the spring is transmitted throughout without any change.
1
So, the force at a point 4 of its length from one end is 1.0 kx

24. Two semicircular wires of radius 20 cm and 10 cm have a common centre at the origin O as shown
in figure. Assume that both the wires are uniformly charged and have an equal charge of 0.7 nC
each. The magnitude of electric field at the common center of curvature O of the system is

a) 100 V/m b) 301 V/m c) 401 V/m d) 501 V/m

Sol. Electric field intensity due to semi-circle:

1  1 𝑞 1 𝑞 2𝑞 1 2𝑞
E = 2𝜋𝜀 𝑟
= 2𝜋𝜀 𝑟𝑥𝑙
= 2𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
= 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2
= 9 x 109 x 𝑟2
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜 𝑜

The field is directed away from the centre as the charge is + ve.
2𝑞
Field due to larger semi-circle: E1 = 9 x 109 x 𝑅2 (right)
2𝑞
Field due to smaller semi-circle: E2 = 9 x 109 x (left)
𝑟 2
2𝑞 1 1 1 1
Net field : 9 x 109 x 
(𝑟2 − 𝑅2 ) = 4.01 x 104 (100 − 400)

E = 300.96 ≈ 301 V/m

25. An electron has its path unchanged when it is passing through a region of electric field
(E = 3.4 x 104 V/m) and a magnetic field (B = 2 x 10-3 wb/m2) both perpendicular to each other.
However, on switching off the electric field, the electrons move along a circular path. What is the
radius of the circular path?

a) 4.82 m b) 4.82 x 10-3 m c) 4.82 x 10-2 m d) none

𝑞
Sol. Specific charge of the electron : 𝑚 = 1.76 x 1011 C/kg
𝐸 3.4 𝑥 104
Speed of the electron in the crossed field : v = 𝐵 = 2 𝑥 10−3
= 1.7 x 107 m/s

Radius of the circular path followed by a charged particle in transverse magnetic field :
𝑚𝑣 𝑣 1.7 𝑥 107 17
r= 𝐵𝑞
= 𝑞 = 2 𝑥 10−3 𝑥 1.76 𝑥 1011 = 3.52 x 102 = 4.82 x 102 m
𝐵
𝑚

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26. A 1000 F capacitor fully charged to 250 V discharges through a resistance wire embedded in a
thermally insulated block of specific heat 2.5 x 102 J kg-1 K-1 and mass of 0.01 kg. How much is the
increase in the temperature of the block?

a) 12.5 K b) 8.5 K c) 7.0 K d) 15.5 K

Sol. 1 1
Energy stored in the capacitor : U = 2 CV2 = 2 x 1000 x 10-6 x 2502 = 31.25 J

Specific heat of the block : s = 2.5 x 102 J kg-1K-1

Mass of the block : m = 0.01 kg
Conservation of energy : electrostatic potential energy in the capacitor gets converted into heat
energy in the resistor which in turn heats the block
𝑄 31.25
For increase in temperature: Q = ms    = 𝑚𝑠 = 0.01 𝑥 2.5 𝑥 102 = 12.5 K

27. Two bodies A and B hanging in air are tied to the ends of a string which passes over a frictionless
pulley. The masses of the string and the pulley are negligible and the masses of two bodies are 2 kg
and 3 kg respectively. Body A moves upwards under a force equal to (g = 10 m/s2)

a) 30 N b) 24 N c) 10 N d) 4N

Sol. Common acceleration of the system:

𝑚 −𝑚 3−2
a = (𝑚𝐵 +𝑚𝐴 )g = (3+2) 10 = 2 m/s2
𝐵 𝐴

2𝑚1 𝑚2 2𝑥2𝑥3
Tension in the string: T = 𝑚 g= x 10 = 24 N
1 +𝑚2 2+3

Object A is moving up with an acceleration: 2 m/s2

Resultant force on A: Fnet = T – mg = 24 – 2 x 10 = 4 N

28. An object placed at a distance of 10 cm from a co-axial combination of two lenses A and B. The
combination forms a real image three times the size of the object. If lens B is concave with a focal
length 30 cm, then the focal length of lens A is

a) 10 cm b) 7.5 cm c) 6 cm d) – 6 cm

Sol. 1 1 1
Effective focal length of the combination : 𝐹 = 𝑓 + 𝑓
1 2
𝐼 𝑣
Magnification of the image : m = 𝑂 = 𝑢 = 3  v = 3u
1 1 1 1 1 1 3𝑢 3 𝑥 10
Lens formula : 𝑣 − 𝑢 = 𝐹  3𝑢 + 𝑢 = 𝐹  F = 4 = 4 = 7.5 cm
Focal length of the lens B : f2 = - 30 cm
1 1 1 1 1 1
Focal length of the lens A : 𝐹
= 𝑓 + 𝑓  7.5 = 𝑓 - 30  f1 = 6 cm
1 2 1

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29. Two concave refracting surfaces of equal radii of curvature face each other in air as shown in fig.
A point object O is placed midway between the centre and one of the poles. Then the separation
between the images of O formed by each refracting surface is

a) 11.4 R b) 1.14 R c) 0.114 R d) 0.0114 R

Sol. First surface: u = R/2, n2 = 1.5, n1 = 1

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛
Refraction at spherical surface 1: 𝑣2 − 𝑢1 = 2 𝑅 1
1.5 2 1.5−1 1.5 2 1 1.5 5 3𝑅
𝑣
+𝑅= −𝑅
 𝑣
= − 𝑅 − 2𝑅  𝑣
= − 2𝑅  v = − 5
For the second surface: u = 3R/2, n2 = 1.5, n1 = 1
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 −𝑛
Refraction at spherical surface 2: 𝑣2 − 𝑢1 = 2 𝑅 1
1.5 2 1.5−1 1.5 2 1 7 9𝑅
𝑣
+ 3𝑅 = −𝑅
 𝑣
= − 3𝑅 − 2𝑅 = − 6𝑅  v = − 7
3𝑅 9𝑅
Separation between the images: 2R – ( + ) = 0.114R
5 7

30. A ray of white light falls on an isosceles prism such that the red light leaves the prism
perpendicular to the other face of the prism. Find the angle of deviation if the refractive index of
the prism for red light is 1.37 and refracting angle of prism is 450

a) 200 37’ b) 280 37’ c) 350 37’ d) 300 37’

Sol. Apply Snell’s law at the point of incidence:

n1 sin 1 = n2 sin 2  1 x sin i = 1.37 x sin 45
sin i = 0.968  i = sin-1 (0.968) = 75.610
Angle of deviation:  = i + e – A = 75.61 + 0 – 45 = 30.610 = 300 37’

31. The voltage between the terminals of a battery is 6 V. when a wire is connected across its terminals
it falls to 5.6 V. If one more identical wire is connected between the terminals, then it falls to

a) 4.8 V b) 5.15 V c) 5.25 V d) 5.8 V

Sol. 𝑣 𝐸−𝑣
Emf of the discharging cell : E = v + ir  E – v = r  r = ( )R
𝑅 𝑣

Internal resistance of the cell remains constant in all situations.

6−5.6
r= 5.6
R (when one wire is connected to the cell)
6−𝑣 𝑅
r= (when both wires are connected to the cell)
𝑣 2
4 6−𝑣 𝑅
From the above equations: 56 R = 𝑣 2
 v = 5.25 volt

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33. The impedance of RL circuit given in the adjacent figure is expressed by the relation Z2 = A2 + B2.
Then the dimensions of AB are

a) [M1 L2 I-2 T-3] b) [M2 L4 I-4 T-6] c) [M1 L-1 I-2 T-3] d) [M-1 L-2 I2 T4]

Sol.
Impedance of the RL network : Z2 = A2 + B2  Z = √𝑅2 + 𝑋𝐿 2
𝑉
A : resistance : R = = [ML2T-3I-2]
𝐼
𝑉
B : inductive reactance : XL = 𝐼 = [ML2T-3I-2]
The dimensions of AB : [ML2T-3I-2] x [ML2T-3I-2] = [M2 L4 I-4 T-6]

34. A micrometer screw gauge with pitch of 0.5 mm and 50 divisions on circular scale is used to
measure the diameter of a thin wire. Initially, when the gap is closed, the fourth division coincides
with the reference line. Three readings show 46th, 48th and 44th division coinciding with the
reference line which is beyond 0.5 mm of the main scale. The (best) measured value is

a) 0.46 mm b) 0.94 mm c) 0.92 mm d) 1 mm

Sol. 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 0.5

Least count of the screw gauge: 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑒 = 50
= 0.01 mm
Main scale reading: 0.5 mm (PSR)
Zero error: +4 x 0.01 = + 0.04 mm
46+48+44
Circular scale reading: 3
= 46 (HSR)
Reading of the screw gauge: PSR+HSR (LC) - ZC
d = 0.5 + 46 x 0.01 – 0.04 = 0.5 + 0.46 – 0.04 = 0.92 mm

35. In a meter bridge experiment, the resistance to be measured is connected in the right gap and a
known resistance in the left gap has value of 50 ± 0.2  when the null point is judged to be at
60 ± 0.2 cm. The student notes that the ends of the bridge wire are not at 0.0 cm and 100.0 cm of
the scale and makes a guess that they may be somewhere within 0.2 cm beyond the scale ends. The
value of the unknown resistance should be expressed as

a) 33.33 ± 1  b) 75 ± 1  c) 75.0 ± 0.9  d) 33.4 ± 0.5 

Sol. Known resistance : R = 50 ± 0.2 

Null point from left end: 𝑙1 = 60 ± 0.2 cm and Null point from right end: 𝑙2 = 40 ± 0.2 cm
100−𝑙 40 100
Unknown resistance : x = R ( 𝑙
) = 50 x 60 = 3

𝑙
Unknown resistance x = R ( 2 )
𝑙1
Apply log on both sides and differentiate: log x = log R + log l2 – log l1
∆𝑥 ∆𝑅 ∆𝑙2 ∆𝑙1 0.2 0.2 0.2 100
𝑥
= 𝑅
+ 𝑙2
+ 𝑙1
 x = x ( 50 + 40 + 60 ) = 3
(4 x 10-3 + 5 x 10-3+ 3.33 x 10-3) = 0.411
So, the unknown resistance: x ± x = 33.4 ± 0.5 

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36. A body A revolves along a circular orbit close to the earth’s surface. Body B oscillates along an
imaginary straight tunnel drilled through the earth, whereas another body C through a similar
longest tunnel. Let TA, TB and TC be the corresponding periods of revolution or oscillation, then

a) TA > TB = TC b) TA > TC > TB c) TA = TB = TC d) TA < TB = TC

Sol. 𝑟3
Time period of revolution of a satellite: T = 2 √𝐺𝑀 (r = R + h)
When the satellite is close to surface of the earth: r = R
𝑅3 𝑅 𝐺𝑀
Time period of revolution of the satellite: TA = 2 √𝐺𝑀 = 2√𝑔 (𝑔 = 𝑅2
)
when a body is dropped into a tunnel made along any part of the earth, it undergoes SHM with a
𝑅
time period: T = 2√𝑔

37. The vibrations of a string of length 100 cm and fixed at both ends are represented by the equation:
𝜋𝑥
y = 2 sin 10 cos 50t. Then the equations of the component waves whose superposition gives that
above vibrations are

𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
a) 2 sin ( 10 + 50𝜋𝑡)+ 2 sin ( 10 − 50𝜋𝑡) b) sin ( 10 + 50𝜋𝑡) − 2 sin ( 10 − 50𝜋𝑡)
𝝅𝒙 𝝅𝒙 𝜋𝑥 𝜋𝑥
c) sin (𝟏𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎𝝅𝒕) + sin (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝝅𝒕) d) 2 sin ( 10 + 50𝜋𝑡) + 2 sin ( 10 + 50𝜋𝑡)

Sol. Equation of the stationary wave : y = 2A sin kx cos t

𝜋𝑥
Equation of the stationary wave : y = 2 sin cos 50t
10
𝜋
Here k = 10 and  = 50

Amplitude of the wave : 2A = 2  A = 1 unit

y = 2A sin kx cos t = A sin (kx + t) + A sin (kx - t)
𝝅𝒙 𝝅𝒙
y = sin (𝟏𝟎 + 𝟓𝟎𝝅𝒕) + sin (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟓𝟎𝝅𝒕)

38. Hot coffee in a mug cools from 900 C to 700 C in 4.8 min. The room temperature is 200 C.
Applying Newton’s law of cooling, the time needed to cool it further by 100 C should be nearly

a) 4.2 min b) 3.8 min c) 3.2 min d) 2.4 min

Sol. 𝑑𝜃
Newton’s law of cooling : 𝑑𝑡
= k (𝜃𝑎𝑣𝑔 − 𝜃0 )
90−70 90+70 20 1
4.8
=k( 2
− 20) = 60 k  4.8 = 60k  k = 14.4
70−60 70+60 10 1 𝟏𝟒𝟒
𝑡
=k ( 2 − 20) = 45 k  𝑡
= 45k = 45 x 14.4
 t= 𝟒𝟓
= 3.2 min

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39. A sinusoidal voltage of amplitude 15 V is connected between the input terminals of the circuit
shown in the figure. Assume that the diodes are ideal. In the output waveform

a) +ve peaks of the input will be clipped to +12 V and –ve peaks will be clipped to – 6 V
b) +ve peaks of the input will be clipped to +6 V and –ve peaks will be clipped to – 12 V
c) +ve peaks of the input will be clipped to +12 V and –ve peaks will be clipped to – 12 V
d) +ve peaks of the input will be clipped to +6 V and –ve peaks will be clipped to – 6 V

Sol. For +ve half cycle: D1 is forward biased, D2 is reverse biased.

12 V battery will be connected across the output.
For –ve half cycle: D1 is reverse biased, D2 is forward biased.
6 V battery will be connected across the output.

40. Correlate a physicist among P, Q, R to an appropriate physicist among L, M, N. Let us pay a

tribute to them.

P. Louis de Broglie L. Davisson & Germer

Q. Max Plank M. James Clerk Maxwell
R. Christian Huygens N. Arthur H Compton

a) P & N, Q & M, R & L b) P & L, Q & N, R & M

c) P & L, Q & M, R & N d) P & M, Q & L, R & N

Sol. Louis de Broglie/Davisson & Germer:

Wave nature of matter was proposed by de Broglie which was proved experimentally
(diffraction of electrons) by Davisson & Germer.

Max Planck/Arthur H Compton:

Planck proposed quantum (photon) nature of radiation which was experimentally demonstrated by
Compton (Compton effect)

Christian Huygens/James Clerk Maxwell:

Huygens developed wave nature (mechanical) of light which was later modified as
Electromagnetic wave theory by Maxwell.

41. In a circuit carrying an alternating current

a) Magnetic field around it oscillate with the frequency of the current

b) Heat is generated with double the frequency of the magnetic field
c) Voltage across the circuit is proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux around it
d) The current always lags in phase behind the applied voltage

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Sol. Let the supply voltage be: v = v0 sin t = v0 sin (2ft)

Current through the circuit: i = I0 sin (t ± ) = I0 sin (2ft ± )
magnetic flux in the inductor: B = Li = L I0 sin (2ft ± )
Heat generated in the resistive part of the network :
H = i2Rt (I0 sin (2pft ± j))2 Rt = I02 Rt sin2 (2ft ± j)
1 1 𝟏 𝟏
H = I02Rt (2 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2(2𝜋𝑓𝑡 ± 𝜑)) = I02Rt (𝟐 − 𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝟐𝝅(𝟐𝒇)𝒕 ± 𝝋))

42. The stress exerted by vehicles on the central part of a bridge with convex curvature will

a) be more than that at the ends

b) same as that at the ends
c) be less than that at the ends
d) decrease in proportion to the square of the speed of the vehicle

Sol. From the free body diagram of the vehicle on convex road, we can write
𝑚𝑣 2 𝑚𝑣 2
= mg cos  - N → N = mg cos  -
𝑅 𝑅
Stress exerted by the vehicle on the road is nothing but N.
cos  is a decreasing function. As the vehicle approaches the central part
of the road,  decreases and cos  increases.
So the normal reaction (stress exerted by the vehicle) also increases.

43. A cylindrical vessel filled with water is connected by a narrow pipe at its bottom to another
identical empty vessel. Then

a) potential energy of water is proportional to the square of the height of its level
b) 3/4th of the potential energy is lost when the water flow stops
c) half of the potential energy is lost when the levels in both the vessels are same
d) loss in potential energy is equal to the rise in thermal energy

Sol. Consider two cylindrical vessels of area of cross section: A

a) Potential energy of the liquid : Ui

ℎ ℎ 𝐴𝜌𝑔
Ui = mgh = volume x density x g 2 = Ahg 2 = 2
h2
So, potential energy of water is proportional to square of the height.

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c) Volume of the liquid remains same : Ah = Ah1 + Ah2  h = h1 + h2

Since both vessels are open to atmosphere, the liquid stands to the same height in both the vessels.
ℎ
h = 2h1  h1 = 2
𝑚 ℎ 𝑚 ℎ ℎ 𝐴𝜌𝑔
Final potential energy of the liquid : Uf = 2 g4 + 2 g4 = mg 4 = 4
h2
𝐴𝜌𝑔 𝐴𝜌𝑔 𝑨𝝆𝒈
Loss in potential energy: U = Ui – Uf = 2
h2 - 4
h2 = 𝟒
h2
So, half of the potential energy is lost when the levels in both the vessels are same

d) Conservation of energy:
Loss in potential energy should appear in some form of energy.
Since the liquid remains stationary in the vessel, it does not attain kinetic energy.
So, the loss in PE is equal to the rise in thermal energy.

44. The deviation produced by a prism depends upon

a) Angle of incidence on face of prism b) refracting angle of prism

c) refractive index of prism d) wavelength of light used

Sol. sin 𝑖
Angle of deviation is given by : δ= i + sin{μsin[A−sin-1 ( 𝜇
) ]}−A

So, angle of deviation depends on angle of incidence and refracting angle and refractive index
of the material.
𝐵
Cauchy’s formula for refractive index of material of a prism :  = A +
2

So, refractive index depends on wavelength of incident light.

45. Consider nine identical resistances arranged as shown in the figure. In this arrangement electric
current enters at node A and leaves from node D. Let VAD = 5 V and IBE = 3 mA. Therefore

a) IAB = 5 mA
𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
b) each resistance is 𝟏𝟏


c) effective resistance between A and D is 500 

𝟏𝟎𝟎
d) power dissipation along the path BCD is 𝟏𝟏
mW

Sol. Given : current in BE : 3 mA

The currents in other branches are as shown.
Applying KVL along ABED:
VA – R (3+x) – R x 3 – R x 3 – VD = 0
VA – VD = (x + 9) R
(x + 9) R = 5 -------- (1)

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Potential drop along BCD and BED is same: xR + 2xR = 3R + 3R  3xR = 6R  x = 2 mA

Current through AB: IAB = 3 + x = 3 + 2 = 5 mA
5 𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎
From eqn. (1): (x + 9) R = 5  (2 + 9) R = 5  R = 11 𝑥 10−3 = 𝟏𝟏


Total current entering/leaving the network: i = 3 + x + 3 + x = 6 + 2x = 6 + 2x2 = 10 mA = 10-2 A

Apply Ohm’s law: v = ir  5 = 10-2 r  r = 500 
5000 5000 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Power dissipation along BCD: x2R + 4x2R = 4 x 10-6 x 11
+ 4 x 4 x 10-6 x 11
= 𝟏𝟏
mW

46. Mark the correct statement (s) of the following

a) A convex mirror forms virtual images for all positions of the object
b) a concave mirror forms real images for all positions of the object
c) a concave mirror can form a virtual magnified image
d) the magnification produced by a convex mirror is always less than unity

Sol. a) A convex mirror is a diverging mirror. It diverges the incident rays coming from the object
and a virtual image is formed when the diverging light rays are extended backwards.
b) A concave mirror can form a virtual magnified image when the object is placed between
focal point and pole.
c) A concave mirror can form a virtual magnified image when the object is placed between
focal point and pole.
d) The image distance is always less than the object distance thus making the magnification
less than unity always.

47. A solid cylindrical conductor of radius a and charge q is co-axial with a

cylindrical shell of negligible thickness, radius b (>a) and charge –q.
The capacitance of this cylindrical capacitor per unit length is
proportional to

𝑏 𝑎 𝟏
a) log 𝑎 b) log 𝑏 c) [log (b/a)]-1 d)
𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒃 − 𝐥𝐨𝐠 𝒂

Sol. 1 
Electric field intensity at a distance r : E = 2𝜋𝜀 𝑟
𝑜
𝑣 𝑏 1 
Potential difference between the two surfaces : dv = - E dr  ∫𝑣 𝐵 𝑑𝑣 = ∫𝑎 − 2𝜋𝜀 𝑟
dr
𝐴 𝑜
 𝑏1  𝑏  𝑏
vB – vA = − 2𝜋𝜀 ∫𝑎 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 = − 2𝜋𝜀 ln 𝑎  v = vA – vB = 2𝜋𝜀 ln 𝑎
𝑜 𝑜 𝑜
 𝑏 𝟐𝝅𝜺𝒐 𝒍
Charge on a capacitor : q = C v  𝑙 = C 2𝜋𝜀𝑜
ln 𝑎 C= 𝒃
𝐥𝐧
𝒂
𝐶 2𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝐶 1 𝟏
Capacitance per unit length : = 𝑏  ∝ 𝑏 =
𝑙 ln 𝑙 ln 𝐥𝐧 𝒃 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒂
𝑎 𝑎

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Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

48. Mark the correct statement (s) of the following:

a) In case of liquids, the boiling point increases with pressure for all liquids
b) In case of solids, the melting point decreases with pressure for all solids
c) In case of ice , the melting point decreases with pressure
d) In case of ice, the melting point increases with pressure

Sol. When the saturation vapor pressure becomes equal to external pressure, the liquid starts boiling.
The constant temperature at which boiling takes place is known as boiling point. As the pressure on
the surface of the liquid increases, its boiling point increases.
As water freezes to form ice, it expands due to the presence of hydrogen bonds. In the case of those
substances that expand on freezing, melting point decreases with increase in pressure.

49. The electric potential (in volt) in a region along the X axis varies with x according to the relation
V(x) = 5 + 4x2 where x is in m. Therefore

a) the pd between the points x = 1 and x = -3 is 32 V

b) force experienced by a charge of 1 C placed at x = - 1 is 8 N
c) force experienced by the above mentioned charge is along +ve X axis
d) a uniform electric field exists in this region along X axis

Sol. Electric potential: v (x) = 5 + 4x2  v = v (-3) – v (1) = 41 – 9 = 32 volt

𝑑𝑣 𝑑
Electric field intensity: E = − =− (5 + 4x2) = - 8x
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Electrical force on the charged particle : F = Eq = - 8xq
Force on the charged particle at x = - 1: F (-1) = - 8 x -1 x 1 = 8 N
Force on a charged particle is in the direction of field for +ve charge.

50. A homogeneous bar of length L and mass M is situated

at a distance h from a particle of mass m as shown. The
gravitational force exerted by the bar on the particle
varies inversely as

a) (L – h)2 b) 𝐿 c) h (h + L) d) h2 if L << h
(h + 2) 2

Sol. Consider an elemental length dx of the bar at a distance x from the point mass.
𝑀
Mass of the element : dm =  dx = 𝐿
dx
𝑀
𝐺 𝑚 𝑑𝑚 𝐺𝑚 dx
𝐿
Force between point mass and mass element: dF = 𝑥2
= 𝑥2
𝑀
ℎ+𝐿 𝐺 𝑚 𝐿 dx
Total force between point mass and the bar: F = ∫ 𝑑𝐹 = ∫ℎ
𝑥2
𝑀 ℎ+𝐿 1 𝐺𝑚𝑀 1 𝐺𝑚𝑀 1 1 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝟏
F = 𝐺 𝑚 𝐿 ∫ℎ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐿 [− 𝑥] = 𝐿 [ℎ − ℎ+𝐿] = ℎ(ℎ+𝐿)  F ∝ 𝒉(𝒉+𝑳)

𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝐺𝑀𝑚 𝟏

F = ℎ(ℎ+𝐿) = 𝐿 = ℎ2
 F ∝ 𝒉𝟐
ℎ 2 (1+ )
ℎ

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Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

51. A particle is moving in +ve X direction with its velocity varying as v =  √𝑥. Assume that at t = 0,
the particle was located at x = 0, determine

I. the time dependence of velocity

II. Acceleration
III. The mean velocity of the particle averaged over the time that the particle takes to cover the first
s meter of the path

𝑑𝑥 1
Sol. Velocity of the particle : v =  √𝑥  =  √𝑥  dx =  dt
𝑑𝑡 √𝑥
𝑥 1 𝑡 𝛼2𝑡 2
Displacement of the particle: ∫0 dx = ∫0 dt  2√𝑥 = t  x =
√𝑥 4
𝑑𝑥 𝛼 2 2𝑡 𝟏 2
Velocity of the particle: v = = =  t
𝑑𝑡 4 𝟐
𝑑𝑣 𝑑 1 𝟏
Acceleration of the particle: a = = ( 2t) = 𝟐
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝟐
Velocity of the particle: v =  √𝑥  vi =  √0 = 0 and vf =  √𝑠
𝑣𝑖 +𝑣𝑓 0 +√𝑠 √𝒔
Mean velocity over a distance s: vmean = 2
= 2
= 𝟐

52. Two identical metal spheres of density  having equal and similar charges are supported from a
common point by means of a silk thread of length 𝑙 and negligible mass. The two threads make an
angle 21 with each other when in equilibrium in air. When the same system is immersed in a
dielectric liquid of density , then the angular separation changes to 22. Then find

I. the relative permittivity (𝜀𝑟 ) of the liquid in terms of , , 1, 2

II. In case of the angular separation remains unchanged even on immersing the system in dielectric
liquid, find the expression for 𝜀𝑟

Sol. For equilibrium of the particle :

1 𝑞2
Horizontal direction: T sin 1 = ; Vertical direction: T cos 1 = mg
4𝜋𝜀𝑜 𝑟2

1 𝑞2 1 𝑞2 1 𝑞2 1 𝑞2
tan 1 = 4𝜋𝜀 𝑟 2 𝑚𝑔
= 4𝜋𝜀 2 2 → tan 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃1 = 4𝜋𝜀 2 = 4𝜋𝜀 4𝑙 2 𝑉𝑔
𝑜 𝑜 4𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 𝑚𝑔 𝑜 4𝑙 𝑚𝑔 𝑜

When the particle is immersed in liquid, for equilibrium

Vertical direction: T1 cos 2 = mg – FB = Vg - Vg = Vg ( - )
1 𝑞2
Horizontal direction: T1 sin 2 = 4𝜋𝜀 2
𝑟 𝜀𝑜 𝑅

1 𝑞2 1 𝑞2 1 𝑞2
tan 2 = 2 = 2 2 → tan 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃2 = 2
4𝜋𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 𝑅 𝑉𝑔(𝑟−𝑠) 4𝜋𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 4𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2 𝑉(𝑟−𝑠)𝑔 4𝜋𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 4𝑙 𝑉(𝑟−𝑠)𝑔

1 𝑞2 1
tan 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃1 4𝜋𝜀𝑜 4𝑙2 𝑉𝑔 𝜌 𝜌−𝜎 𝜎
Take the ratio of the two expressions: tan 𝜃2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃2
= 1 𝑞2
= 1 1 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜌
= 𝜀𝑟 (1 − 𝜌)
4𝜋𝜀𝑟 𝜀𝑜 4𝑙2 𝑉(𝑟−𝑠)𝑔 𝜀𝑟 𝜌−𝜎

tan 𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃1 𝜎 𝝆
If the angular separation remains same: 𝜃1 = 𝜃2 → = 1 = 𝜀𝑟 (1 − )  𝜺𝒓 =
tan 𝜃2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃2 𝜌 𝝆−𝝈

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Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

53. The plane side of a thin Plano convex lens is silvered so that the lens acts as a
concave mirror of focal length 40 cm. The material of lens has refractive index
1.5. Determine of radius of curvature of the curved surface of the lens.

Sol. Refractive index of the material of the lens :  = 1.5

Focal length of the concave mirror : f = 40 cm
𝜇 𝜇
1 2( 2 ) 2( 2 −1)
𝜇1 𝜇1
Silvered lens formula : = 𝑓 𝑅2
- 𝑅1
Here : R1 is radius of curvature of un silvered surface
R2 is radius of curvature of silvered surface
1 is refractive index of surrounding medium
2 is refractive index of lens material

1 2(1.5−1) 1 1 1
=0- =  =−  R = −𝟒𝟎 cm
𝑓 𝑅 40 𝑅 40

54. Light falls on one end of a cylindrical glass rod at an angle . Determine the smallest refractive
index that the glass may have so that the light after entering the rod does not leave it through its
curved surface, irrespective of the value of 

1
Sol. For total internal reflection at N :  =
sin 𝑐
Snell’s law at M:
1 x sin (90 - ) =  sin (90 – c)  cos  =  cos c
1
cos  =  √1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑐 =  √1 − 𝜇2 = √𝜇2 − 1

cos  = √𝜇2 − 1   = √𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 1

For minimum value of , cos 𝛼 should be minimum (−1)
So min = √(−1)2 + 12 = √𝟐

55. A cyclic process is indicated in the following PV diagram.

In the initial state A: temperature, pressure and volume of the system are 300 K, 1 atm and 1000 cc
In the first process AB : the adiabatic expansion increases the volume to 2000 cc.
This is followed by an isobaric compression to reduce the volume of the gas to 1000 cc.
The gas is brought to initial state by isobaric process. The system is 1 mole of monoatomic gas

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Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

a) find the pressure and temperature at state B and C

b) calculate the work done in adiabatic, isobaric processes
c) calculate the work done in cyclic process and amount of energy supplied to system
d) calculate the efficiency of the cyclic process

Sol. 1 mole of monoatomic ideal gas is taken

3 5 5
Cv = R, CP = R,  = = 1.66
2 2 3

AB is adiabatic expansion : pv = constant

p1v1 = p2v2  1 x 1000 = p2 x 2000
1 1 1
p2 = = 5 = = 0.32 atm
2𝛾 3.17
23

Temperature at A : 300 K
Temperature at B : TV-1 = constant
300 300
300 x 1000-1 = T2 x 2000-1  T2 = 2𝛾−1 = 20.66 = 190 K
𝑉𝐵 𝑇𝐵 2000 190
Temperature at C : =  =  TC = 95 K
𝑉𝐶 𝑇𝐶 1000 𝑇𝐶
𝑛𝑅
Work done in adiabatic process: wAB = 𝛾−1 (T1 – T2)
1 𝑥 8.314
wAB = 1.66−1
(300 – 190) = 1385.6 J

Work done in isobaric process :

wi = p ∆𝑣 = 0.32 x 1.013 x 105x (2000 – 1000) x 10-6 = 31.4 J

Work done in isochoric process : wCA = 0 J

Total work done in cyclic process: w = 1385.6 – 31.4 = 1354.2 J

3
Energy supplied to the system: QCA = nCvdT = 1 x 2 R x 205 = 2556.5 J

𝑤 1354.2
Efficiency of the cycle:  = 𝑄 = 2556.5 x 100 = 53%

56. A 750 Hz, 20 V source is connected to a resistance of 100 , a capacitor of 1 F and an inductance
of 0.18 H in series. Calculate the following quantities

a) impedance of the circuit

b) draw an impedance diagram with suitable scale
c) power factor
d) the time in which the resistance will get heated by 100 C, provided that the thermal capacity of
resistance is 2 J / 0 C

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Kalyan’s Physics Challenge

Sol.

a) Impedance of the circuit :

z = √𝑅 2 + (𝑋𝐿 ~𝑋𝐶 )2 = √1002 + (848.2 − 212.2)2 = 643.8  = 644 
𝑅 100
c) Power factor of the circuit: cos  = 𝑍 = 643.8 = 0.155   = 810

d) Heat required to raise the temperature of resistor: Q = ms t = 2 x 10 = 20 J

𝑣 20
current through the resistor : i = 𝑧 = 644 = 0.03 amp

heat produced in the resistor : Q = i2Rt = 20  9 x 10-4 x 100 x t = 20

time taken: t = 207.4 sec

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