RAY

-YeEartwh e
""
M
e
c,
-
L
in
S"* ,
il

/
--W
I~~
-
I "Airy
Disc"(I)

t roo 1
a Of
↳
↑

- e
0 1 22xL
.

CLASS 12 New Notes PHYSICS

Made With
⑬ Swi
Bang⑱ B
r a

C
Instagram

gsunil
Telegram
OX
"
Sunil
Sunil
Jangra Jangra 26

Jangra Physics
 Ray Optics
CLASS 12
physics
lights light is a form of energy which produces sensation
of vision to our
eyes
and makes objects visible ·

Optics
which deals with the study of
The branch of physics
nature of
light ,
its properties ,
effects and
propagation
is known as opl-So
Optics
Ray o generical Optics
-

il Jan
Wave or
- - - - Physical optics
n
-

This branch of optics deals This branch of optics

gr
Su

·
in deals with wave
with propagall on of right
terms
valid
of
rays
if
which
sizes
are

of obstacles
a phenomenon like
interference , diffraction
,

and polarisation
comparison
PHYSICS
in
are
large
.

with
wavelength of light
(in nm
range) .

characteristics of light
whose nature
⑧
light waves are
electromagnetic waves ,

is transverse .

in is 3408m/s but it
·
The speed of light vacuum

is different in different media .

when
· The speed and wavelength of light change
it travels from one medium to another but its

frequency remains unchanged .

Important Terms

1) Luminous
.

Objects called
The objects which emits its own
light are

other stars oil lamp

objects
an
luminous , eg Sun , ,

etc .

2). Non-luminous objects

but become
The objects which do not emit its own
light
them
visible due to the reflection of light falling on

non-luminous objects
a
are called

J n
.

e
g
moon table chair
il trees etc .

n
.

, , ,

3)
. Beam of light
gr
Su

is called beam
A bundle of the adjacent light rays a

of
light
. a
⑭
#

"
↑

PHYSICS
⑳ B &

Parallel beam of ④
Divergent beam
convergent beam
light of
light of Light .

4 Real
Image
.

The
image obtained by the real meeting of light rays
is called a real image I :

·
Real image can be obtained a screen on .

Real
image is inverted
· .

5) Virtual Image
.

are not
obtained when light rays really
The
image is called a
meeting but appears
to meet
only ,

virtual
image .
& Reflection of light
strikes the surface of object, some of the
When light an

light is returned into the same medium .

This phenomena
is called reflection .

iscinenirag Mr
incidence
-
Ray <i
angle of
=

e Cr= reflection
angle of
2

.
Reflecte
11111111111I

Laws of Reflection :
il Ja n
i) The angle of n is equal
incidence to the angle of

gr
Su

reflection
a
.

at the
ii) The incident ray
.

,
the normal to the mirror point
of incidence lie in the same
reflected
PHYSICS ray
and
plane .

Mirror
surface is
A smooth and
highly polished reflecting
called a mirror .

surface is
is Plane
. Mirror A
highly polished plane
called mirror
a plane .

formed by plane mirror

Different properties of image
are
given below
size of Object
· size of
image=
magnification
=

Unity
from the mirror Distance of object
image
=
· Distance of
from the mirror .
 · A plane mirror form a virtual as well as real
may
image .

· A man see his full image in a mirror of half height

of man :
⑬

"
-
3
E 7
I

-
·
B B
· extented
⑳ < --

.
I
⑧--------------
⑳
image
-Image
object

-
⑧ S
A Al
-

7
L
N

Ja
formation of
n
Plane Mirror
images
l
by a

i
.

n
location of
- Note: To find the image

.
u
inclined
gr
of an object from an
Su

plane have to see the

mirror, you
I perpendicular a distance of Object
from the mirror
,
virtual .

Object ---
PHYSICS S"
-
-
7

formation of
mirror of a
image by
virtual object
plane
.
·. ....,
Deviation Reflection
produced by plane Mirror
by Single
A
a B 6 = 180 -

(i + 1)
- A

⑳
I

A
7
S =

180"-2i
L ↳ Or
N

-↳
S Plane Mirror 8 =

180 -zr
2 11111111111/
A

0
"
So
3
L
1 /1131 /1/1/17
-

deviation by reflection
The at two
produced
inclined o is
Mirrors to each other at an
angle
S =

360° -
20
Rotation produced in reflected ray due to rotation of a

plane mirror
the the plane Mirror
fixed incident ray
i) .
For a
given ,

in the plane of
is rotated
through an
angle o
incidence , the reflected
ray
turns
through an
angle
20
M M

an
:

③ *

= " il
n in
Jan I
e

gr plane , the
Su

Mirror is rotated its own

ii) If a planc
incident ray
and the reflected ray a remain at same

positions ·

Multiple Images PHYSICS

in Plane Mirrors

Number of formed
images ↑ 07E

if 360° if two plane mirrors

30
n 1 even
=
=

are parallel to each

other , then infinite
n
=

360 if 360° Odd number of images will

be formed
- O
.

·
Spherical Mirrors
is
A
sphorical mirror a part of a hollow sphere ,
whose
side is
one side is
reflecting and other opaque
.

Two spherical mirrors

types of

Concave Mirror
(Converging Mirror)
·

Convex Mirror
(Diverging Mirror
·
.
 -
M

:-
Concave Mirror
(Converging Mirror)
·
,
W

whose
reflecting surface is towards
the centre of the sphere of which .
the Mirror is a
part
-
"I -

M2

.·-
M
Convex Mirror
(Diverging Mirror
·

......
.

surface is
reflecting
whose
away
from the centre of the perc ·
--------

a
sphere of -
which the mirror is a
part
il J n ↓principal alis
n
,

-
gr
M2⑧ M
Su

some Definitions
1) Pole
.
: The middle point or
a
centre of the spherical mirror
is called vertex or pole of the mirror It is represented

PHYSICS
.

P
by .

2). Centre of curvature : The Centre of curvature of spherical

mirror is the centre of the sphere of which the mirror
forms a part It is represented by C . .

3) Radius of curvature: Radius of curvature of a spherical

.

mirror is the radius of the sphere of which the mirror

forms a part .
It is represented by R .

4 .

Principal Axis · It is a
straight line joining the pole(P)
and the Centre of curvature (C) extended on both sides .

3) Linear
.

Aperture : The diameter M , M2 of the spherical

mirror is called the aperture or linear aperture of
the mirror .
6)
Angular Aperture : The
angle M , CM2 , subtented at C by the
diameter of the spherical is
mirror called the
angular
aperture of the mirror .

A Principal focus : Principal focus is a point on the principal

.

axis of the mirror at which the

light rays coming
parallel to principal axis actually meet after reflection
Cor appears to meet) .
B

-
>
7

Federa
⑰

3 S

a
-

l J n -...
C

i
⑧
a

----- ⑧
n
P

gr
7 >
Su

a
3
>

a) Concave
.

Mirror
Mirror (diverging Mirror)
Converging Mirror) b) Convex

PHYSICS
.
.

8) Focal (f) : The distance between the pole and

length
focus is called focal (f)
length .

Conventions
Sign
1) .
All distances have to be measured from the pole of
the mirror .

2 Distances
:
measured in the direction of incident light
are positive ,
and those measured in
opposite direction
are taken as positive .

and normal to the

3) Heights
. measured upwards
principal axis of the mirror are taken as
positive ,

while those measured downwards are taken as

negaleVe
-
· Relation between focal length(f) and Radius of Curvature (R) .

Consider concave mirror with pole at P

a of small
aperture ,

Principal focus at F and

-
A B
centre of curvature at C Then
----------- ↑
.

definition -

by Pc= R and PF= f

P
Y ·
From Figure
LABC= 1 <CBF = r 1 R -

alternate angle
LABC= LCBF

Ja
CBF is isosceles
n Triangle
since
l
i LBCF LIBC.

i
r
=
=

So that CF =
FB
n is
gr small , point B is close
Su

since the aperture of the mirror

to point↑ and hence FB PF =

a is the of
" CF=PF , This means that F midpoint
Cp .

i .
PF= PHYSICS
IPC f=1 Or
Mirror Formula : Simple Relation between the distance u

of the object from the mirror , the distance y of the

the mirror
image from the mirror and focal
length f .

I This is known Mirror Formula

↓
+
- as .

·
Valid for both Concave & Convex Mirro
Derivation

F
A
⑰ I ..
⑳

.
from pair of similar Triangles -
> ↳

ABC and ABC :

B D

a
D M

l J n
i
B C E
[

A ,
=
CB
-
①
ni Al 15 ->

gr
kv -
Su

li u N

from pair of Similar

another

triangles AB'F and EP'F Ray diagram .

a D

for image
formation of Concave
P PF But AEIIBP'
=

- PHYSICS mirror .

o A PFF
AB' BE .. PE= -

②
AB -

Comparing 2q 000
3 P
Peter
=

N0+28
CB' BE
Focal
length
using sign convention .

↓ S
= - Convex concave
-U -
-

V+ f
# #
Positive Negali e
-

on
solving equation
the

I I+
=
Linear
Magnificall-on : The linear magnification of a

spherical mirror is the ratio of height of image (1) formed

by the mirror to the height of the object (0) .

i.e Linear
Magnification
m
=I
In similar triangles ABP8 AB'P
AB = =
=
=

I
il Jan
n
gr
Su

a
PHYSICS
Cause of Refraction The speed of light is different in different media .

Note: As
ray of light moves fromits
a medium I to medium 2 ,
its
wavelength changes but frequency remains constant .

Absolute Refractive index .

Speed of light in
U= vacuum u
E
=

speed of light in medium

principle
a ray
ot reversibilitysuffer nightStates that whenfinalpatht
refractions is reversed , the retraces its path
ray , exactly

!
Normal

Jan
·

l
1 ① Raren
na , x
niz=
i
↳

Ma=
is n ② Denser
-

gr
mirror
.

5
.
Su

plane
Refraction of Light Through a
Rectangular
a Glass Slab .

·On
Lateral
-
I
in

Ma g a s .
displacement
Perpendicular distance between
incident ray and
emergent A
PHYSICS B
is called as ↑ N
ray
Lateral displacemento -
Sq ene
t
Y
Here we have to find K
In DNKL
sin(i ,-4)= 4 -
①
↓
a
"Turn
*
NK D N
find Nik
to NK
using - .

cosr =
,
-> NK
=

I -
②
cost
,

using O and ② k =

NK SinCi-n)
k = Sinci . -4)
cosU
,
 -

Apparent Depth and Normal Shift : -

when an object is in denser medium and ①

I ⑰
observer is in rarer medium then object 2 S
O
,
L ⑱

e
to be at lesser than its
appears depth
depth
A
actual .

= D-mar-
5
- -

Acc to shell's Law .

Sinc tani= AB
↳

na= sini -

8
-
a
sinz Al ②
-

0 Since tanr AB U
----
↓E
=

-
-

AO ---

Mal n
*x
A A
n
=
= =
=

Al
AO Actual
Apparenteptepth
=

Jan
Al A Al d Al

l
= =

i
= = .

n N

Normal Shift= AO-AI

->nd(-)
gr
Su

Total internal Reflection : When a

a
light ray
, travelling from
densel medium towards a rarer medium is incident at the
-cal
·

interface at an greater than incidence 4

PHYSICS
angle of 201

angle , then Light ray totally reflected back into the

densel medium This p henomena is called
. TIR ·

(2)
-B
Critical
*
Angle Raver
The angle of incidence in a 7

on ry ,Obamac i
medium 7

denser medium for which

(Air)
in Water-air
interface
-On in Of 04

·
the angle of refract
W
medi·
m becomes 900 >N
V
IS
-
rarer (1) j is ic

called critical angle

.

R
4 N 7 N
Totally
S

reflected ray
S
i.e i
Denser
= 2 When r= 98 medium
Partially
(water) reflected rays
A 2
i re
Sinc Have U
=
= *

air= 1 =
Sin"(t)
-

Ur
=

& e
Ud
=

Condition must be obeyed for TIR

1) The ray must travel from denser medium to Raver medium
.

2 The angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle

.
·
 Application of TIR Ego
Totally reflecting prism
..........
~
1) .
.

B 3 450
3
>
I
A
· 450
Prism are
right angled isosceles A
> A
>

triangle90
so
which turn ,
the
light 7900 45° Al
The critical
ray by C 1800;
<
or
for material of prism BiC
W

ang 12 W

must be less than 45% True B ** Al

for both crown glass a dense

(a) (b)
flint glass -

2) . Diamond : The critical angle for diamond is very small ,

very Likely
·

therefore once light enters a diamond , t is

to
undergo total internal Reflection inside it .
this Due to

Jan
diamond shiones brilliantly critical angle for diamond air

il
.

interface is = 24 40.

3) Optical n fabricated
fibres These fibres are with high quality
gr
:

composite glass/quartz
Su

fibres .

fibre consist of
Low n
cladding
a
each and a core E -

cladding ⑧
such that refractive index -
L 7
-

ot a higher than that of the

-
7
I

core
*

/
-
signal in the form of light High

PHYSICS
when a
n

is directed angle , it
·
at one end of the fibre at a sm table

undergoes repeated reflection

total internal
along the length
of the fibre and finally , comes out from other end .

Thus , these are

audio
extensively
video
used for
distances
transmitting
and
signals through long .

4) .
It is the phenomena I
Mirage :
in whi ch an inverted
image of

a
distance tall objects cause an

optical illuston of water .

This
---
type of mirage is especially
ni rim!
7

nearzorouma - na e

common in hot desents .

Air warmer

days , the air

........ -------
·
On not summer
near the ground becomes hotter
than the air at higher levels
i
.

· Hatter Mor is less dense , and * = "

-.....

has smaller refractive index then the coolar air .

· The optical density at different layers of air increases with

height ,

·
Thus light from
tall
object , passes through a medium
a
whose refractive index decreases toward ground Thus right .

rays bends away from the Normal and undergoes total

internal ReflectOn o
#

Refraction at spherical Surfaces [convex Raver to densers

Object is placed in

..................
· rarer & enser
is formed
medium and image Raver N fr
in denser medium . n,
·) n2

i
Acc to shell's law .

7
In
>

R Si n2 = O
14 v(
cBl> I
=
=

n Sinc I >M [ -
F-1
,

Esin 0

sinvary 1 n- V >

FrOM figure
i =
4 +
10 u =
V-

B Refraction at a spherical
surface separating two media .

( +V) nz(r)
(
So nz =
=
n =

a
-

J n
,
from figure x A
il B A AN
= =

n190
=

OM MI MC
using all value in
get
gr
we
Su

+]- ne[*] using sign convention

n

so
,

we
get
a OR= -H MCE+R
.

MI= +1

12
+ Nitz
= A
- =

PHYSICS
+
-

i R
for densel to Rarer .

For Raver to densel .

a
A
NOTE: A diver in water at a Or r =

1 <D
=
B
>N
r

depth I
&
ti
--
. . . -

sees the world & - -

d
outside .
through horizontal
- e

a
circle of . ↓
radius Atanic
-

r= -

LENS : A lens is a uniform transparent medium bounded

between two spherical or one spherical and one plane
surface .

S
Convex
Converging
concave or
diverging Lens
-

or Lens

R R & R R R2
R R R Ri Ra ,

Double plano Convexo

Double plano COnCVO-
concave concave concave
Convex convex convex
uens Lens Lens Lens Lens
Lens .
 Some definitions Related to Lens .

Optical Centre : The optical centre is a point within or outside the

lens , at which incident rays refract without deviation in its
patho
P- PS
O optical
=

0 centred O
>
-
S
S

principal focus
1) First Principal focus 2) second principal focus

I
.

It is a point on the
principal It is a point on the principal axis
axis of lens , the rays at which the rays coming parallel
starting
Jan
from this point in convex lens to the principal axis

l
converge
i
or rays directed to this point conver lens) or passing through it

n
in concave lens become parallel appear to diverge (concave lens) at
to principal axis this point after refraction from the

gr
.
Su

- Lenso 7
S

a
? " · =
↳

· ....
7
-
..
F2 . ----
E
3
PHYSICS
,
7

7 I

Note: Both the focus of convex lens are real

,
while that
of concave lens are virtua we
always uses
second principal focus ,

Lens Maker's formula

Raver
NA ~mN
X
den set

-
⑧
-
B
Ri

-
S

- 7
Pz
⑰
·

-
⑳ ⑳

I
⑳

k c
C2 Ra R
,
,
,
A n - -
-
-- -

Refraction at Interface XP Y
,
Now Refraction at interface XP2Y
Rarer to denser
,
we
get (Densel to Raver]
i
. e (4, acts as object)
nz-n
-

+ = -

Ri
-
D
- =
2
-

②
Rz
 adding equation & we
get .

(e) -(rh
** I -
=
-

R *
2
,

it u xv f
i ↓ (*) (E,-R2)
=

=
- + =

SO

I (k -)) (E ,*2) or
1 (n-1)
(itz)
=
=

min
Thin Lens formula one -

-
+
t
=

I - -
F

i
Jan
S
Li

magnification
il S

n
I x -
Image
7

·
size of the image
(a)

3
gr
=

m Object"
Su

size of the
object .

2 ------------- 28

a
↳ 1

m =
= e
i m = the for convex
m= -
ve for concave

power of
rays pas sing
of
a lens
PHYSICS
: It is the
through
ability deviate
of the lens to
it If the lens
converges rays
path
the
the

parallel tO principal axis its power is said

I , positive and
its power alive
if it
diverges the rays , IS
neg
.

Notes - The reciprocal of the focal

length of a lens , when it
is measured In metre is called power of a lens
.

its unit is diopter (D)

Power of a lens p
Iemetre)
=

/ .

combination of thin lenses in contact .

the first vens

at I Since
produces
I
,
is real
an
,
image
it serves
,
as a virtual for the second
object
F
Lens By producing final image at
For ⑰
&. . . .
&
↳

Lens A
the
,
we image
get C .
formed by the first

- for the image formed by second lens B

-=I ②
↓ = Iz
-

, -
adding eg ① ②
& we
get & -

tu =

§ tfz
,
+

ace to thin lens formula get tf If -1¥

.
we =

, ,

and Power P =P , -1Pa or P =P *

, Pztp} - . -
.

Total
magnification m of combination m=
mixmzxmz
Refraction
through a Prism :→
v4 Rarer
medium

Angle of deviation : The angle between the

Rs and the direction
emergent ray
the incident is called the is ' %
of ray PQ
deviation 8
angle of .

①
from
fig 8=8,1-82 the
-

Den see
medium
i=S,+r, SF i -9
G-
Satra Sz= e- be apogee

using value Ots, &S

,
in eg ① .

we
get g= i from
-
r + e- rz
, quadrilateral AQNR .

S= ⑤ + e) -
Cr tri
,
-

② < A -190° -1 LQNR -1 900=3600

< At LQNR = 180°
③ -

equating eg 384 we
get
.

from
A =P 1- V2
triangle QNR
rz= 180° ④
,
so
equation 2nd r -1
,
LQNR + - -

can be written as .

f- ite -
A -
⑤
Minimum deviation
% The of of the
from the second face equals the of
.

ray
incidence of angle emergence
the on first face then
angle
deviation produced is minimum
ray .

i. e f- Dm ,
i=e which implies 7=1 .

so 5th become
eq s .

Dm 2i E-
A
DmztA
= -

& A =P, -11 F- A/ 2

Ace to Snell 's law

µ= sin ( Aten ) called as

sin prism formulas

Ctz)
.

.
 for small prism Dm minimum deviation
-
-

sin
.

sin
(A+¥m) =
Azim (E) =
Az .

U=
AtzDm_ XAI MA A- + Dm Dm= te 1) A
= -

Note: Thin prism do not deviate

light much •

__-g@

Optical Instrument .

Power of accommodation : The ability of eye to see near object

as well as far
objects is called power of accommodation
•

Range of vision : The minimum distance for clear vision of an

object is called distance of
least distinct vision CDs .

For normal eye this distance is taken to be

25cm .
generally
visual Angle :
object
.
•

the size of the

image on the h
01
retina is
to the
angle
roughly proportional
sub tented the
by is
k¥ so
I image
object This known
on the eye
angle
.

visual
as
Angle
.

is the factor by which the

Magnifying Power
can be
image on the retina

enlarged by using the microscope or telescope .

Power of
Magnifying a microscope
M= visual angle formed by final image .

visual
angle formed by the object kept at Do

Magnifying Power of a Telescope

M= visual angle formed by final image
visual
angle formed by the object
optical Instrument .

telescope
*

Microscope

| Refracting telescope
9T is an instrument used to
see very small
object
.

Simple Microscope Reflecting Telescope

Compound Microscope .
 11 Simple Micro scope it is used
.

observing magnific images of

for
objects .
it consists of a
converging lens of small focal length :

Al
convex lens

n
Angle subtented by object B 0 C
B A
magnifying power
M = visual angle formed by image
visual
angle formed by Object kept at D .

M 0 tand A D M
I
=

e
"T
=
- =

To tando u

Magnification
il Jan Minimum Magnification
n
Maximum magnification
.

when imagex formed at D

gr
image formed when at a.
Su

D f +f H R + f

a
u= 0
= =

u 4
= =
= - -
-
-

using thin formula

=
lens so =
!
.
=
- +
+
↳ I
=
-

I
=
+
1
So M= It
1
PHYSICS Mo=
Compound Microscope : It consists of two convex lenses coaxially
is
separated by some distance
. The lens nearer to the
object
called the objective .
The lens through which the final image is
viewed is called the eye piece .

i
to

.g

*
mepiece
B
M= tano I object piece fe

o
-

tanDo h >
Al
Ol
M A
All A
= A 7
He XAB
L
1-
Wo
EY- 7
Me
Be B ho
-
From thin lens
formulde
Bl
=
ve ent
B

Y ( Ye)
A
so M =

visual Angle formed by

objects
 I
Maximum magnification Minimum Magnification += fe
when Ve=-D ↳= He f fe when re=-00 U - He =
=
-
.

SO
from thin Lens formula
thet-t Le he be
.
=
*

ne+t= In
RY
( *e)
He I' So M=
(the
=

distance between
length of Compound Microscope :
object & eye piece
i .

l L =

Not He

Telescope : To look at distant object such as a

Jan
star ,

l
a

planet or a distant tree etc , we use telescopes

i
n Reflecting
.

Telescope
Refracting gr
Su

Telescope Telescope

Refracting Telescope (Astronomical Telescope) a

Magnifying Power : Visual Angle formed by Final image
PHYSICS
(i) visual angle subtended by the
Object

,
D
eye
M= tanB From Object piece piece 7
Eanx object) 7
L
Vo g
Do
M -A

............
L

ABX
= -

#B N
⑧

1
"
C

sen"
O - ReB --

M =
Yo= fo
r

........
SO M= t B
Vo
ue en
< ->
objective has
KY
=

fo
-- large aperture &
Maximum Magnification I
Large focal length
.

at ze in =
=
Ve
< I
from thin lens formula .

Ike+t Ie =
=

↳Let's So M
(olfct() M
I )
=
=> =
for Minimum
Magnification U =-He v 0 f fe
= =

so
the +- he Le
I
Ie
-

My
so
fe
-ength of Telescope
L =

Not He when image is ↳= for fe when image formed

at De at infinity ..

Disadvantages of Reframing Telescope

Aberrations Actual image formed an optical system is usually
by
:

imperfect. The defect of

images are called aberration .

Jan
chromatic aberration The
image of an object by a lens is usually

il
.

coloured and blurred This defect of image is called

.

n
chromatic aberration This defect arises due to the fact that
.

focal length of a lens is different for different colours

gr
.
Su

Monochromatic aberrations : This is the defect in image due to

optical system
NOte8
-
To
.

remove these defects we

a use
Reflecting Telescope

Reflecting Type Telescope :

PHYSICS

&*
Newtonian Telescope .

Note: for three reason ,

modern telescopes use a concave mirror
rather than a lens .

·
There is no abervation in mirror .
· due to parabolic reflecting surface , spherical aberration is
removed :
·
Mechanical Support is much less needed ·

Magnifying Power
fe
=

m
-
I

Canf[you
nil Jan
gr
Su

a
-
PHYSICS