“LIVED EXPERIENCES OF CIGARETTE STUDENT SMOKERS IN

BARANGAY PANGDAN”

A Research Study
Presented to
Don Emilio Canonigo Senior High School
Pangdan, City of Naga, Cebu 6037, Philippines

ALIGANGA, VICENTE R.
GALIWAN MARJUN C.
CUYOS ANGELICA
DELANTAR JEA A.
AFABLE RINEL A.
SAYABOC JELLIE
 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, we praise, glory, and thank our Almighty Father for His constant blessings,

unwavering strength, and profound knowledge. His guidance was crucial to our

research success. We are grateful for the enlightenment that allowed us to

produce significant research. Our Heavenly Father's support throughout this

endeavor fills us with gratitude. Again, we thank Him for His divine presence and

unwavering help.

The researchers would like to thank Mrs. April May Abrasado Dupal.Ag for the

leniency and the patience in handling the researchers when it comes to seeking

for an assistance

We are grateful to all respondents who answered our questionnaire. You made

this study possible. Your dedication made our research possible. Your support

and cooperation are greatly appreciated.

We are grateful to our parents and family, whose unwavering support has

sustained us throughout our research. Their financial support, moral support, and

unwavering faith in our abilities inspired us to finish this research. Their support

and encouragement have helped us overcome obstacles and reach our goals.

We are grateful for our loving and supportive parents and family. Their

unwavering support and presence are indescribable.

 3

We thank all our classmates and study participants for their unwavering support,

no matter how small. Your presence helped complete and succeed this project.

We are grateful to those who brought us joy during the hardest parts of this

activity. Your jokes, ideas, and advice motivated us to keep researching. We

appreciate your contributions.

Many thanks!
 4

DEDICATION

This research paper is devoted to everyone.

Students, teachers, readers, and school personnel are all included.

As well as the Don Emilio Canonigo Senior High School administration

Who provided us with the opportunity to perform this Research.

This is also in recognition of our amazing friends, family, and teachers.

Who have also assisted and encouraged us along our research journey. We

appreciate the time and work they put in for us.

Particularly to those who took the time to respond

In answering the surveys.

God bless you all!

 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

TITLE PAGE . . . . . . . . . 1

ACKNOWLEDGMENT . . . . . . . 2

DEDICATION . . . . . . . . 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . 4

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE . . . .

Rationale . . . . . . 7

Statement of the Problem . . . . 8

Scope and Limitations of the Project . . 9

Significance of The Study. . . . . 10

Definition Of Terms . . . . . 11

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE . . . 12

Related Literature . . . . . 12

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY . . . . 15

Design . . . . . . 15

Environment . . . . . . 16

Informant . . . . . . 17

Sampling Design . . . . . 17

Data Gathering Procedure . . . . 17

 6

Data Analysis . . . . . 18

Data Flow . . . . . . 19

Ethical Considerations . . . . 21

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale of the Study

In 2019, tobacco use was responsible for approximately 8.17 million

deaths globally. Despite a decrease in smoking rates, a significant proportion of

the population, specifically 25.0% of men and 5.4% of women, continue to smoke

daily.

The smoking prevalence in the Philippines is the third highest in Southeast

Asia, with approximately 20% of the population engaging in smoking. The

incidence has decreased steadily since 1990, with a consistent rate of decline.

The mean daily cigarette consumption has risen from 18.5 in 1980 to 21.4 in

2012, which is a cause for concern. Ng et al. found that this number exceeds the

corresponding values in over 50% of the 187 countries studied. The "hardening

hypothesis" suggests that tobacco control measures primarily impact less

dependent smokers, leading to the persistence of "hardened" smokers who are

unlikely to quit. This theory is supported by the observed increase in smoking

intensity and decrease in prevalence.

The Sin Tax Reform Act of 2012 resulted in a substantial rise in cigarette

excise taxes by the Philippine government. Subsequently, a sequence of tax

hikes ensued, as outlined in Table 1 which provides an overview of excise tax

 7

reforms. The mean cost per cigarette stick was approximately PhP 2.46 or 5 US

cents by 2015. This represents 1.5% of the mean daily per capita income in the

Philippines in 2015, which was PhP 166.25 (approximately USD 3.3). The

authors calculated the amount using the 2015 average household income and

assuming an average household size of 4.4. Tax increases have been identified

as the most effective intervention to reduce demand for tobacco, based on a

substantial body of evidence.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact that smoking has on

the lives of cigarette smokers who live in Pangdan, which is located in the city of

Naga on the island of Cebu, and to explore the lived experiences of those

smokers. Through the sharing of the experiences of smokers in Pangdan, City of

Naga, Cebu, the researchers hope to increase awareness among people who do

not currently smoke cigarettes.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this research is to compile accurate information regarding

the experiences of cigarette student smokers who live in Pangdan, which is

located in the city of Naga Cebu.

1. What is the profile of the informant as to:

1.1 Age Started Smoking

1.2 Common Cigarette Used

2. What are the lived experiences of these smokers?

3. What are the effects of smoking towards their lives?

 8

Scope and Limitations of the Study

The researchers seek to give emphasis to the experiences from the students

who smoke and how their lives are affected by smoking. Smoking is considered a

vice and an addiction that can’t be easily controlled to be stopped once the

smoker decides to. This study aims to describe 10 students who are smokers as

to their lived experiences in smoking. This study aims to raise awareness on the

experiences of these student smokers from Pangdan, City of Naga, Cebu

Significance of the Study

This study is made with the aim to provide essential information and

knowledge regarding the chosen topic from the respondents, recent studies or

theses, and related sites needed for the expected importance to the individuals

as follow:

Student Smokers

The students who smokes could benefit from this study. It is because it could

help them to be more wry of the possible harm that smoking could cause to their

body and they will be able to learn and develop a habit of stopping this addiction.

Parents

The parents are essential in this study for this study focuses on the lived

experiences of the students who smokes from the Pangdan, City of Naga, Cebu.

The parents could be more aware and be vigilant about the behavior of their

children to help them not to indulge in such vices.

 9

Teachers

The educator will benefit by sharing their knowledge with their department,

fostering professional camaraderie, and directing their students' attention inward,

resulting in improved academic performance. This will facilitate the maturation of

students into responsible members of society. Educators possess the capacity to

influence the upcoming cohort of leaders via their instructional materials. Class

instructors should act as role models and inspire students. Hence, students will

prioritize academic success to decrease their chances of participating in severe

criminal behavior in the future.

 10

Future Researchers.

The researcher will benefit from this study because it will enable them to acquire

additional knowledge about the lived experiences of the cigarette student

smokers and learn a great deal about the study that was carried out. The

researchers will not only gain knowledge but also a factor that may assist them in

developing themselves further as individuals. The researcher will become more

open-minded about what they will understand from it. It will broaden their

horizons and offer you a better comprehension of the research study. We may

also advocate for our department’s students, encouraging them to study harder

in order to ensure that they have a brighter future ahead of them. Finally, this

research will remind us that studying is vital not only for learning school

teachings, but also for showing our gratitude to those who send us to school and

assist us financially.

Students.

The findings of this study will help contribute to the broader understanding of

students about the topic. It will help them realize how difficult it is to be indulge in

smoking as it will bring danger in the future. The study will rather encourage

pushing forward students in the pursuit of prioritizing their studies by informing

them on the consequences of committing the said addiction. They may have

gained knowledge and apply or share it to others. This can considerably assist

students in determining their degree of understanding of the items they come

across in their daily lives.

 11

Youth.

The study of cigarette smokers can have a positive impact on youth by

equipping them with information and enlightening their minds about these

circumstances. This can encourage them to be more aware of and focused on

their academic achievement before they encounter a situation that they are

unable to handle. They may have obtained knowledge that they can apply or

share with others in order to disseminate information about heinous crimes,

which can reduce the community’s crime rates. Additionally, youth participation in

programs has been found to contribute to a number of factors including

enhanced self-esteem, the ability to overcome adversity in life, willingness to

engage in efforts to help others, the development of leadership skills, and

involvement in political and social activities in young adulthood. It can enhance

individual development as it provides youth with opportunities to generate real

community change; increased status and stature in the community; increased

self-discipline and time management; and the organization’s credibility among

both young people and advocates.

 12

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Chain Smoker - involves a person smoking continually - as soon as one

cigarette is discarded, another it lit up and smoked straight after. Yourself or

someone you know who is a heavy smoker could be unaware of the extremity of

their smoking habits if it has become part of their routine.

Cigarette Smoking- Daily smokers were defined as those who smoked at least

one cigarette per day for at least one month before completing the questionnaire;

occasional smokers were defined as those who did not smoke daily; former

smokers (ex-smokers) were defined as those who previously had a daily smoking

habit for a continuous period.

Lived Experiences- is the things that someone has experienced themselves,

especially when these give the person a knowledge or understanding that people who

have only heard about such experiences do not have.

Tobacco Smoking - Smoke that comes from the burning of a tobacco product and

smoke that is exhaled by smokers.

 13

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The majority of the victims are adolescents and young adults. Vulnerable

demographics for cigarette and EC use Wamamili et al., 2020; Hammond et al.,

2020). Curiosity, enjoyment, as well as family-related psychosocial factors peers

and the school can explain the situation to some extent High school and

university smoking and vaping habits Lindström and Rosvall (2018); Wamamili et

al. 2020). Surprisingly, nursing students all over the world have been discovered

to have used cigarettes and EC, and Based on the data, smoking has a 40%

prevalence and vaping has a 12% prevalence. on the basis of recent multicenter

studies and systematic reviews Granville et al. 2017; Fernández-Garca et al.

2020). Zeng et al. 2020; Martnez et al. 2019).

According to the US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of

Health, Aldana (2017) conducted a study. (20170 As part of the Global Burden of

Disease Study conducted by the Harvard University School of Public Health in

1997, it was predicted that mortality and morbidity from tobacco use would more

than triple globally in the next 20 to 25 years. Similar predictions have been

made by the Oxford University Center led by Sir Richard Doll, who was one of

the first researchers to link cigarette smoking with lung cancer in the 1950s.

According to Ebrahimi, H., Sahebihagh, M. H., Ghofranipour, F., & Tabrizi,

J. (2014) Globally, cigarettes cause five million fatalities annually. Smoking

cigarettes is a major cause of premature mortality. Smoking is estimated to

 14

cause 16% of male deaths and 7% of female deaths. Tobacco consumption

elevates the risk of developing coronary artery disease, renal failure, cancer, and

pulmonary diseases. Exposure to it has been associated with adverse outcomes

such as stillbirths, impaired fetal growth, pediatric cancers, sudden infant death

syndrome, and reduced fertility.

Few studies have been conducted in the Philippines to describe smoking. Among

high school students, as well as prevalence and EC use This population is vastly

understudied (Palmes). Lubos et al. 2014; Zagada et al. 2015; et al. 2021). This

is concerning, given the prevalence of cigarette and EC use among senior high

school students may endanger their health as well as their careers. critical roles

in health promotion and disease prevention. It appears that the smoking

experience is well-established. nurses can have a negative impact on their

engagement and implementing smoking cessation interventions with credibility

Duaso et al., 2017; Rezk-Hanna et al., 2018; WHO, 2014). The smoking habits

and lack of exercise were discussed in the literature review.expertise of Asian

health workers, particularly nurses,prevent them from providing effective smoking

cessation services Rahman and Huriah (2021) discuss education. According to

research, the risk factors for nursing students' Cigarette smoking and possibly

EC use are not unique to them population. For example, they frequently smoke

to relieve stress.

Vol. of the Philippine Journal of Science, No. No. 151, February 2022 Resano et

al. Stress, Electronic Cigarette and Nursing Students perceived stress, which

contrasts with findings from cross-sectional studies of adolescent and young

 15

adult participants. In general, students (Aho et al. 2019; Al-Rehaili et al.

Lindström and Rosvall 2018; 2019). Furthermore, another. According to

research, the stressful work environment Contributes to smoking among

healthcare professionals. They use cigarettes to enhance their behavior. Mental

function and mood, as well as alleviate extreme physical pain

Tan and Dy-Agra (2009) make similar claims.

Some studies on medical students in developed countries found a

smoking prevalence rate of 16-21% (5-8), whereas a multi-country survey in

developing countries found a smoking prevalence rate of 11%, 6.7%, 10.6%,

17.8%, and 17.4% (Taheri et al., 1970). According to Bommelé et al. (2020),

Approximately 25% of the global population are smokers. Smoking

prevalence has decreased in the United States, but it has increased in

developing countries and among specific demographics, such as women. The

World Health Organization (WHO) reports a shift in the geographic distribution of

cigarette smoking from developed to developing countries, with a more severe

problem in Asia. The prevalence of smoking in Iran varies across cities and

sources. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported a smoking

prevalence of 10.8% for the entire population, 20.4% for men, and 1% for

women.
 16

It is imperative to identify the youth's perception of smoking. Further research is

required to examine the cognitive processes that occur before and during

smoking. Comprehensive comprehension of health-related concepts can

enhance the efficacy of healthcare delivery. Concepts enhance nurses'

comprehension and proficiency in smoking prevention and cessation programs,

thereby improving the provision of treatment and care.

It has been hypothesized that the year 2022 will usher in a number of

notable shifts, as stated in a research article titled "The Year 2022 Will Usher in a

Number of Distinct Shifts," which was written by Thompson, Polossa, and Sin

and published in the journal In Practice in 2022. This article suggests that the

year 2022 will bring about these changes. Tobacco use has been found to be a

contributing factor in the development of asthma in a sizeable percentage of

adult asthma sufferers across the world. It has been observed that a sizeable

percentage of these people are either current smokers or formerly engaged in

the habit of smoking. According to the findings of some studies, the use of

tobacco may be to blame for a sizeable portion of adult asthma cases around the

world. This statistic applies to people in all age categories equally. People who

have asthma and also smoke are sometimes referred to as having a "asthma-

smoking phenotype(s)."

The categorization has significant ramifications for determining the

appropriate treatment, pinpointing the root cause of the condition, and gaining an

understanding of how it initially presented itself. Due to the restrictions placed on

adult asthma patients' participation in research studies and clinical trials, it has
 17

been difficult for us to make any headway in our understanding of the impact that

smoking has on these patients. In order to gain insight into the smoking habits of

people living in Pangdan, which is situated in the City of Naga on the island of

Cebu, the researchers have conducted a comprehensive analysis of the studies

that are relevant to the topic.

The smoking habits of people in Pangdan were the focus of the

investigation, as was the potential impact smoking may have on the individuals'

health. In order to gain insight into the factors that may contribute to smoking

behavior, the primary goal of their investigation was to gain an understanding of

the lifestyle factors that are prevalent among people who smoke in Pangdan.

Their investigation was centered on gaining an understanding of the

lifestyle factors that people who smoke in Pangdan have, with the goal of gaining

a better understanding of the reasons behind their smoking behavior and how it

is caused. In the Philippines, the region referred to as Pangdan is located within

the municipality of Naga, which is found within the province of Cebu on the island

of Cebu. Pangdan is also a common name for this area.

 18

CHAPTER 3

RESEACRH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the planning part of this research study. This

includes a thorough elaboration on the research design, research participants,

sampling design and the research environment.

Research Design

The aim of the research is to gather information from customers through

individual interviews. The focus of these interviews will be the students from

Pangdan, City of Naga, Cebu and their personal experiences. The researchers

will engage in discussions with participants regarding individuals who have

previously smoked. This study is a phenomenological study which means that

Phenomenological research is a qualitative research approach that seeks to

understand and describe the universal essence of a phenomenon. The approach

investigates the everyday experiences of human beings while suspending the

researchers' preconceived assumptions about the phenomenon. The strategy of

purposive sampling has been chosen to gather sufficient information for the

study, as it aligns with the requirements of the project. The process of candidate

selection comprises several stages, among which the interview holds significant

importance.

Environment
 19

The research will be carried out in the City of Naga, which is located in the

province of Cebu; the interviews and observations may be limited to the locals of

the Pangdan neighborhood in the City of Naga, Cebu. In addition to this, the

researchers will make use of the data gathered from the experiences that

smokers have had in their lives. The researchers have observed that there are

quite a lot of students from the Pangdan, City of Naga, Cebu have been smoking

and the researchers wanted to give essential, reliable and validated information

of the lived experiences from the students who smoke cigarettes.

Figure 1.2 Locale of the Study

 20

Informant

Ten (10) students from the Don Emilio Canonigo Senior High School in Pangdan,

situated in the city of Naga, Cebu, have expressed their interest in participating in

the study. Furthermore, the determination of the number of participants is based

on the feasibility of analyzing the data.

Sampling Design

Since this is a quantitative research, the researcher will make use of

probability sampling method, specifically the purposive sampling method wherein

a set of criteria will be utilize in selecting the participants of the study. Must be a

Senior High School Student from the Don Emilio Canonigo Senior High School

Pangdan, City of Naga, Cebu.

Data Gathering Procedure

To best serve the intended respondents, the researchers invested a great

amount of time, effort, and teamwork in creating their questionnaire. The

researchers will create a letter of consent for the respondents to be signed in

order to have a formality that the respondents are willingly volunteered to be a

part of this study. The interview questions were developed by the researchers

individually and with relevant questions that were derived from related study. It is

required that respondents devote at least 5 minutes to discussing the interview

and providing feedback. The other choice is to display the data accumulated with
 21

the transactions of the students as they made purchases using an e-commerce

website. The researchers will transcript the respondent’s response that will be

used to formulate the emerging themes of the study.

Data Analysis

To analyze the data the researcher will make use of the Colaizzi

method. Colaizzi’s (1978) distinctive seven step process provides a rigorous

analysis, with each step staying close to the data. The end result is a concise yet

a sweeping description of the phenomenon under study, validated by the

participants that created it. The method depends upon rich first-person accounts

of experience; these may come from face-to-face interviews, but can also be

obtained in multiple other ways; written narratives, blogs, research diaries, online

interviews and so on.

The stages are illustrated in the table below. The following are the steps of the

Colaizzi’s Method

1. Familiarization. The researcher familiarizes herself with the data, by reading

through all the participant accounts several times.

2. Identifying significant statements. The researcher identifies all statements

in the accounts that are of direct relevance to the phenomenon under

investigation.

3. Formulating meanings. The researcher identifies meanings relevant to the

phenomenon that arise from a careful consideration of the significant statements.

The researcher must reflexively “bracket” his or her pre-suppositions to stick

 22

closely to the phenomenon as experienced (though Colaizzi recognizes that

complete bracketing is never possible.

4. Clustering themes. The researcher clusters the identified meanings into

themes that are common across all accounts. Again bracketing of pre-

suppositions is crucial, especially to avoid any potential influence of existing

theory.

5. Developing an exhaustive description. The researcher writes a full and

inclusive description of the phenomenon, incorporating all the themes produced

at step 4.

6. Producing the fundamental structure. The researcher condenses the

exhaustive description down to a short, dense statement that captures just those

aspects deemed to be essential to the structure of the phenomenon.

7. Seeking verification of the fundamental structure. The researcher returns

the fundamental structure statement to all participants (or sometimes a

subsample in larger studies) to ask whether it captures their experience. He or

she may go back and modify earlier steps in the analysis in the light of this

feedback
 23

Ethical Consideration

Here, the researchers have presented insight to a range of methodologies

and methods available to researchers along with detailed examples of its

practice. However, in addition to the importance of selecting an appropriate

research methodology and methods is the importance of the ethical

considerations around conducting the research. In this study, Fleming (2018)

highlights some ethical dilemmas commonly encountered as an ‘insider

researcher’, including the power differential and ongoing relationships with

participants. It is, however, important to further consider the fundamentals of

ethical research involving human participants. Most research involves human

participants; therefore, it is fundamentally important that human research ethics

approval has been obtained. It is important that approval has been gained before

the commencement of data gathering from human participants because human

research ethics committees cannot grant approval for research after the data

collection has begun.

Trustworthiness

In this research study, it is essential to have trustworthiness for it builds

future research to utilize and inform the public policy and to use this as a guide

individual choice and community action.

Dependability

Although the data gathered was purely based on the researcher's respondent's

responses, this research study is important and should be dependable to future

 24

researchers. It is important for the researchers to make it beneficial to the students who

will serve as their guide in conducting a study.

Comfortability

Respondents should feel at ease answering the interview questions; it is

important not to press respondents to answer questions they do not want to answer. The

researchers should respect the respondents' right to choose and should not be forced to

do anything.
 25

REFERENCES

ABS: National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social survey 2008. 2009,

Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics (No. 4714.0)

ABS: Tobacco smoking - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: a

snapshot, 2004–05. 2007, Canberra: Australian Bureau of Statistics (No.

4722.0.55.004)

Mayhew KP, Flay BR, Mott JA: Stages in the development of adolescent

smoking. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2000, 59: S61-S81.

Breslau N, Peterson EL: Smoking cessation in young adults: age at initiation of

cigarette smoking and other suspected influences. Am J Public Health. 1996, 86:

214-220. 10.2105/AJPH.86.2.214.

Vos T, Barker B, Stanley L, Lopez AD: The burden of disease and injury in

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples 2003. 2007, Brisbane: School of

Population Health, The University of Queensland

Tyas SL, Pederson LL: Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: a

critical review of the literature. Tob Control. 1998, 7: 409-420. 10.1136/tc.7.4.409.

Turner L, Mermelstein R, Flay B: Individual and contextual influences on

adolescent smoking. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2004, 1021: 175-197.

10.1196/annals.1308.023.
 26

O’Loughlin J, Karp I, Koulis T, Paradis G, DiFranza J: Determinants of first puff

and daily cigarette smoking in adolescents. Am J Epidemiol. 2009, 170: 585-597.

10.1093/aje/kwp179

Park S, Weaver TE, Romer D: Predictors of the transition from experimental to

daily smoking in late adolescence and young adulthood. J Drug Educ. 2010, 40:

125-141. 10.2190/DE.40.2.b.

Taheri, E., Ghorbani, A., Salehi, M., & Sadeghnia, H. R. (1970). Cigarette

Smoking Behavior and the Related Factors Among the Students of Mashhad

University of Medical Sciences in Iran. Iranian Red Crescent Medical

Journal, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.16769