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The Rise of Monasticism 2

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The Rise of Monasticism 2

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vseoane54
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Church

 History  I:  The  Rise  of  Monasticism  (c.  250  –  c.  540  AD)  
 
“If  you  would  be  perfect,  go,  sell  all  your  possessions,  and  give  the  money  to  the  poor,  
and  you  will  have  treasure  in  heaven;  then  come,  follow  me.”  (Matt.  19:21,  NRSV)  
 
Definitions:  
 
Eremitic  monasticism  –  Eremitic  monks  are  solitary,  this  word  is  also  the  root  of  our  
word  hermit.    Eremitic  monks  are  sometimes  also  called  anchorites,  meaning  those  who  
have  withdrawn.    They  remove  themselves  from  human  society  to  inhabit  a  desert  or  
some  other  kind  of  wild  land  and  commune  with  God  alone.  
 
Coenobitic  monasticism  –  Coenobitic  monks  live  in  community  with  one  another  under  a  
Rule  that  directs  their  daily  behavior,  often  down  to  the  smallest  detail.    They  commune  
with  God  through  corporate  worship  and  directed  prayer.  
 
Ascetic  –  An  ascetic  is  a  person  in  training.    In  the  case  of  Christian  monasticism,  both  
solitary  and  communal,  that  training  includes  dedication  to  prayer,  the  purgation  of  
sinful  thoughts  and  deeds,  and  the  denial  of  bodily  comforts  or  even  necessities  in  the  
pursuit  of  perfection.    First  and  foremost  this  means  relinquishing  all  private  property.    
 
Rule  –  The  description  of  the  community  life  of  a  group  of  coenobitic  monks  that  is  
enforced  and  interpreted  by  the  Abbot,  or  father,  of  the  monastery.    
 
Three  Early  Monastic  Leaders:  
 
Antony  of  Egypt  (c.  251  –  356)  
 
Antony  is  often  considered  the  father  of  Christian  monasticism.    Though  he  was  not  the  
first  monk  he  was  the  most  charismatic  early  monk  and  the  longest  lived.    He  is  also  the  
subject  of  a  brilliant  biography  by  Athanasius,  one  of  the  most  famous  churchmen  of  the  
4th  c.    Following  his  entry  into  the  monastic  life,  Antony  moved  further  and  further  away  
from  civilization  into  the  Egyptian  desert  until  he  was  almost  entirely  alone.    There  he  
prayed  and  wrestled  demons  and  sought  wisdom  until  he  was  ready  to  move  back  to  a  
place  where  he  could  teach  disciples.  
 
Pachomius  of  Egypt  (c.  290  –  346)  
 
Pachomius  founded  coenobitic  monasticism.    He  converted  to  Christianity  and  became  a  
monk  in  the  generation  after  Antony  began  setting  his  example  (though  Antony  outlived  
him).    Pachomius  started  out  as  a  hermit  but  when  disciples  gathered  around  him  he  
decided  to  live  together  with  them  in  an  ordered  community,  probably  due  to  his  time  
in  the  Roman  military.    He  wrote  a  rule  which  directly  influenced  many  later  rules  

1
around  the  Mediterranean.    By  the  time  he  died  he  was  abbot-­‐general  over  nine  
monasteries  for  men  and  two  for  women.  
 
Benedict  of  Nursia  (c.  480  –  c.  550)  
 
Benedict  is  the  founder  of  European  monasticism;  all  the  monastic  orders  of  the  middle  
ages  were  based  on  his  order  and  his  rule.    The  Rule  of  St.  Benedict  is  austere  but  less  
harsh  and  militaristic  than  that  of  Pachomius  and  it  encourages  an  asceticism  far  less  
severe  than  that  practiced  by  the  desert  fathers.    The  central  practice  of  the  Benedictine  
community  was  the  Divine  Office,  or  the  Liturgy  of  the  Hours,  which  involved  the  
recitation  of  the  Psalms  and  some  hymns  in  a  continual  cycle:  
 
Lauds:  Midnight  prayer.  
Matins:  Early  morning  prayer.  
Prime:  The  first  hour  of  daylight,  ca.  6  am.  
Terce:  Mid-­‐morning,  or  ca.  9  am  prayer.  
Sext:  The  office  of  the  sixth  hour,  which  marks  the  middle  of  the  day.    
Vespers:  Evening  prayer.  
Compline:  Late  evening  or  night  prayer.  
 
Benedict’s  rule  also  stresses  prayer,  work  and  above  all,  obedience.  
 
Positive  Aspects  of  Early  Monastic  Life:  
 
1) It  encouraged  charity;  monks  gave  all  their  possessions  to  the  poor.  
2) It  mandated  prayer  and  memorization  of  the  Bible.    
3) It  inculcated  a  strong  sense  of  morality  and  the  belief  that  conversion  to  
Christianity  necessitated  a  real  change  in  one’s  life.  
 
Negative  Aspects  of  Early  Monastic  Life  
 
1) It  often  expressed  an  aversion  to,  or  even  a  pathological  hatred  of,  the  body.  
2) Spiritual  athleticism  brings  with  it  the  danger  of  pride.    Some  monks  thought  that  
only  monks  were  likely  to  be  saved.  
3) Monks  cut  themselves  off  from  the  wider  Christian  community  and  they  were  
often  in  conflict  with  their  clergy.  
 
How  does  Henry  Chadwick  explain  the  rise  of  monasticism  in  the  third  century?  

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