Church
History
I:
The
Rise
of
Monasticism
(c.
250
–
c.
540
AD)
“If
you
would
be
perfect,
go,
sell
all
your
possessions,
and
give
the
money
to
the
poor,
and
you
will
have
treasure
in
heaven;
then
come,
follow
me.”
(Matt.
19:21,
NRSV)
Definitions:
Eremitic
monasticism
–
Eremitic
monks
are
solitary,
this
word
is
also
the
root
of
our
word
hermit.
Eremitic
monks
are
sometimes
also
called
anchorites,
meaning
those
who
have
withdrawn.
They
remove
themselves
from
human
society
to
inhabit
a
desert
or
some
other
kind
of
wild
land
and
commune
with
God
alone.
Coenobitic
monasticism
–
Coenobitic
monks
live
in
community
with
one
another
under
a
Rule
that
directs
their
daily
behavior,
often
down
to
the
smallest
detail.
They
commune
with
God
through
corporate
worship
and
directed
prayer.
Ascetic
–
An
ascetic
is
a
person
in
training.
In
the
case
of
Christian
monasticism,
both
solitary
and
communal,
that
training
includes
dedication
to
prayer,
the
purgation
of
sinful
thoughts
and
deeds,
and
the
denial
of
bodily
comforts
or
even
necessities
in
the
pursuit
of
perfection.
First
and
foremost
this
means
relinquishing
all
private
property.
Rule
–
The
description
of
the
community
life
of
a
group
of
coenobitic
monks
that
is
enforced
and
interpreted
by
the
Abbot,
or
father,
of
the
monastery.
Three
Early
Monastic
Leaders:
Antony
of
Egypt
(c.
251
–
356)
Antony
is
often
considered
the
father
of
Christian
monasticism.
Though
he
was
not
the
first
monk
he
was
the
most
charismatic
early
monk
and
the
longest
lived.
He
is
also
the
subject
of
a
brilliant
biography
by
Athanasius,
one
of
the
most
famous
churchmen
of
the
4th
c.
Following
his
entry
into
the
monastic
life,
Antony
moved
further
and
further
away
from
civilization
into
the
Egyptian
desert
until
he
was
almost
entirely
alone.
There
he
prayed
and
wrestled
demons
and
sought
wisdom
until
he
was
ready
to
move
back
to
a
place
where
he
could
teach
disciples.
Pachomius
of
Egypt
(c.
290
–
346)
Pachomius
founded
coenobitic
monasticism.
He
converted
to
Christianity
and
became
a
monk
in
the
generation
after
Antony
began
setting
his
example
(though
Antony
outlived
him).
Pachomius
started
out
as
a
hermit
but
when
disciples
gathered
around
him
he
decided
to
live
together
with
them
in
an
ordered
community,
probably
due
to
his
time
in
the
Roman
military.
He
wrote
a
rule
which
directly
influenced
many
later
rules
1
around
the
Mediterranean.
By
the
time
he
died
he
was
abbot-‐general
over
nine
monasteries
for
men
and
two
for
women.
Benedict
of
Nursia
(c.
480
–
c.
550)
Benedict
is
the
founder
of
European
monasticism;
all
the
monastic
orders
of
the
middle
ages
were
based
on
his
order
and
his
rule.
The
Rule
of
St.
Benedict
is
austere
but
less
harsh
and
militaristic
than
that
of
Pachomius
and
it
encourages
an
asceticism
far
less
severe
than
that
practiced
by
the
desert
fathers.
The
central
practice
of
the
Benedictine
community
was
the
Divine
Office,
or
the
Liturgy
of
the
Hours,
which
involved
the
recitation
of
the
Psalms
and
some
hymns
in
a
continual
cycle:
Lauds:
Midnight
prayer.
Matins:
Early
morning
prayer.
Prime:
The
first
hour
of
daylight,
ca.
6
am.
Terce:
Mid-‐morning,
or
ca.
9
am
prayer.
Sext:
The
office
of
the
sixth
hour,
which
marks
the
middle
of
the
day.
Vespers:
Evening
prayer.
Compline:
Late
evening
or
night
prayer.
Benedict’s
rule
also
stresses
prayer,
work
and
above
all,
obedience.
Positive
Aspects
of
Early
Monastic
Life:
1) It
encouraged
charity;
monks
gave
all
their
possessions
to
the
poor.
2) It
mandated
prayer
and
memorization
of
the
Bible.
3) It
inculcated
a
strong
sense
of
morality
and
the
belief
that
conversion
to
Christianity
necessitated
a
real
change
in
one’s
life.
Negative
Aspects
of
Early
Monastic
Life
1) It
often
expressed
an
aversion
to,
or
even
a
pathological
hatred
of,
the
body.
2) Spiritual
athleticism
brings
with
it
the
danger
of
pride.
Some
monks
thought
that
only
monks
were
likely
to
be
saved.
3) Monks
cut
themselves
off
from
the
wider
Christian
community
and
they
were
often
in
conflict
with
their
clergy.
How
does
Henry
Chadwick
explain
the
rise
of
monasticism
in
the
third
century?