Marine Micropaleontolog.

v, 21 ( 1993 ) 1-45 I
Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., A m s t e r d a m

The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary transition in the Antarctic

Ocean and its global implications

Gerta Keller
Department o.f Geologtcal and Geophysical Sctences, Prtnceton Universtty. Prtnceton. NJ 08544. USA
( Received March 12, 1992; revision accepted January I 1, 1993 )

ABSTRACT

Keller, G., 1993. The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary transition in the Antarctic Ocean and its global implications. Mar
Micropaleontol., 21:1-45.

Three Antarctic Ocean K / T boundary sequences from ODP Site 738C on the Kerguelen Plateau, ODP Site, 752B on
Broken Ridge and ODP Site 690C on Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, have been analyzed for stratigraphic completeness and
faunal turnover based on quantitative planktie foraminiferal studies. Results show that Site 738C, which has a laminated
clay layer spanning the K / T boundary, is biostratigraphically complete with the earliest Tertiary Zones P0 and P I a present,
but with short intrazonal hiatuses. Site 752B may be biostratigraphically complete and Site 690C has a hiatus at the K/T
boundary with Zones P0 and P l a missing.
Latest Cretaceous to earliest Tertiary planktic foraminiferal faunas from the Antarctic Ocean are cosmopolitan and
similar to coeval faunas dominating in low, middle and northern high latitudes, although a few endemic species are present.
This allows application of the current low and middle latitude zonation to Antarctic KIT boundary sequences. The most
abundant endemic species is Chiloguembehna watparaensis, which was believed to have evolved in the early Tertiary, but
which apparently evolved as early as Chron 30N at Site 738C. Since this species is only rare in sediments of Site 690(? in
the Weddell Sea, this suggests that a watermass oceanographic barner may have existed between the Indian and Atlantic
Antarctic Oceans.
The cosmopolitan nature of the dominant fauna began during the last 200,000 to 300,000 years of the Cretaceous and
continued at least 300,000 years into the Tertiary. This indicates a long-term environmental crisis that led to gradual
elimination of specialized forms and takeover by generalists tolerant of wide ranging temperature, oxygen, salinity and
nutrient conditions. A few thousand years before the K / T boundary these generalists gradually declined in abundance and
species became generally dwarfed due to increased environmental stress. There is no evidence of a sudden mass killing of
the Cretaceous fauna associated with a bolide impact at the K / T boundary. Instead, the already declining Cretaceous taxa
gradually disappear in the early Danian and the opportunistic survivor taxa ( Ch. waiparaensis and Guemhehtria cretacea)
increase in relative abundance coincident with the evolution of the first new Tertiary species.

Introduction For each team the presence of a continuous re-

cord of sedimentation is critical to reconstruct
The Cretaceous/Tertiary ( K / T ) boundary this time interval in Earth history. It is not sur-
is the most intensively studied interval by the prising then, that of over 29 Cretaceous/Ter-
most diverse teams of investigators ranging tiary boundary sections from deep-sea and on-
from paleontologists to chemists and astro- shore marine deposits published, nearly all
physicists. Each of these teams of investigators claim a continuous record of sedimentation
aims at sleuthing the step by step history of one across this critical boundary. If true, this would
or more bolide impacts, period of global vol- be a feat unrivaled by any other Epoch bound-
canism and mass extinction of Cretaceous di- ary characterized by environmental upheav-
nosaurs, invertebrates and marine plankton. als. Since, as a rule, major stratigraphic age

0 3 7 7 - 8 3 9 8 / 9 3 / $ 0 6 . 0 0 © 1993 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. All rights reserved.

2 G KELLER

boundaries are placed at major lithologic Tethyan Sea (Spain, Tunisia, Israel; Canudo et
changes and faunal discontinuities, their very al., 1991; Keller, 1988; Keller et al., 1990;
nature tends to record a break in the history of Keller and Benjamini, 1991 ), Gulf of Mexico
sedimentation. (Brazos Texas; Keller, 1989 ) and tropical Pa-
Contrary to the numerous claims of a con- cific (Site 577; D'Hondt and Keller, 1991 ).
tinuous sedimentation record, the K/T Absent from this N-S transect is the high lati-
boundary transition is no exception. High res- tude southern ocean. Could it be that a contin-
olution centimeter-scale litho-, chemo-, uous deep-sea record across the K/T boundary
chrono-, and biostratigraphic analyses and was preserved in the Antarctic Ocean? Creta-
quantitative faunal studies of 15 K/T sections ceous/Tertiary boundary sequences recently
and integration of these data via graphic cor- recovered from ODP Site 690C, on Maud Rise,
relation has provided a composite temporal Site 738C on Kerguelen Plateau and Site 752B
sequence of 75 latest Maastrichtian to early on Broken Ridge seemed most promising (Fig.
Paleocene (Zones P0-PIc) planktic forami- 1). In each section a well defined iridium
niferal and nannofossil datum events (Mac- anomaly is present at the K/T boundary
Leod and Keller, 199 la,b). This composite (Michel et al., 1990; Schmitz et al., 1991; Asaro
data set allows individual K/T sequences to be et al., 1991 ) and shipboard studies, based on
related to one another within a common wider sampling spacing, reported a relatively
chronostratigraphic model. Evaluation of all 29 complete biostratigraphic record (Stott and
"complete" K/T boundary sequences reveals Kennett, 1990a; Pospichal and Wise, 1990;
the presence of intrazonal hiatuses of varying Huber, 1991; Thierstein et al., 1991; Pospichal
duration in virtually all sections. et al., 1991; Pospichal, 1991 ).
Only six sections were found to have a tem- The search for this elusive temporally com-
porally complete record across the K/T plete deep-sea marine K/T boundary record
boundary with sedimentation continuing for at prompted this study. The most complete K/T
least several tens of thousand years after de- boundary sections known to date (Brazos
position of the Ir layer. E1 Kef in Tunisia, Agost River, E1 Kef, Agost, Caravaca, Nye Klov,
and Caravaca in Spain and 3 sections along the Mimbral) indicate a prolonged period of en-
Brazos River in Texas (MacLeod and Keller, vironmental instability beginning 200-300 kyr
1991 a,b). Each of these sections was deposited
in the relatively shallow water upper slope and
continental shelf regions of the Tethyan Sea-
way and Gulf of Mexico. In contrast, all deep-
sea sections examined have a hiatus that re-
moved sediments representing between 50 and
400 kyr of the basal Tertiary. Hence, reports of
instantaneous mass extinctions and abrupt
geochemical anomalies in these sections are
largely artifacts of a temporally incomplete
record.
The 15 sections investigated by our team
span from the mid-latitude South Atlantic (Site
528, 30°S, D'Hondt and Keller, 1991 ) to the
high latitude North Atlantic (Stevns Klint and Fig. 1. Locations of ODP Sites examined plotted on a pa-
Nye Klov, 50°N; Sehmitz et al., 1992; Keller leogeographic reconstruction of continental positions at
et al., 1993 ) with most sections centered in the the time of the K / T boundary (66,4 Ma).
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 3

before the K / T boundary and continuing 300- Antarctic Ocean, (2) the stratigraphic corre-
500 kyr into the early Tertiary. During the late lation of these sections to mid- and low-lati-
Maastrichtian the climate cooled (Stott and tude sequences, ( 3 ) the similarities and differ-
Kennett, 1991 b) accompanied by a sea-level ences between Weddell Sea and southern
drop (Schmitz et al., 1992 ) and many tropical Indian Ocean and their oceanographic impli-
foraminiferal taxa gradually disappeared cations and (4) the global implications of a
(Keller and Barrera, 1991 ). By K / T boundary cosmopolitan fauna spanning from equator to
time most large, complex tropical planktic for- poles during the latest Cretaceous to earliest
aminifers had disappeared and a small low di- Tertiary.
versity cosmopolitan fauna dominated (Keller,
1988, 1989a,b). Many of these taxa survived Methods
well into the earliest Tertiary and gradually de-
clined coincident with a gradual decrease in Five-cm 3 samples were collected at 20 cm
j I3C values of surface waters, not a sudden shift and at 5 cm intervals across the K / T boundary
as reported from biostratigraphically incom- transition at ODP Sites 752B, 738C and 690C.
plete deep-sea sections (Barrera and Keller, The laminated layer across the K / T boundary
1990 ). Is this species survivorship and gradual at Site 738C was sampled at 1 cm intervals ( 1
~13C shift limited to continental shelf regions cm 3 samples). Samples were processed for for-
that may have acted as refugia, or is the appar- aminiferal analysis by standard micropaleon-
ently catastrophic nature of this mass extinc- tological techniques and quantitative faunal
tion in the deep sea exaggerated because of the counts were based on washed sample splits
temporally incomplete deep-sea record? It was (using a microsplitter) of 300-400 individu-
hoped that the southern high latitude sites with als in the size fraction > 63/~m except for the
their reported complete records may answer laminated interval where the > 38 /~m size
these questions especially since the survivor fraction was used because most species are very
fauna in low latitudes is a cool water cosmo- small ( < 63/tm ). The remaining sample resi-
politan assemblage. Of the three sites exam- due was searched for rare species. All speci-
ined, Site 752B has rare and poorly preserved mens were picked from each sample split and
foraminifera and biostratigraphic determina- mounted on microslides for a permanent re-
tion is not certain; Site 690C has a brief hiatus cord and identified. Preservation of planktic
at the K / T boundary and Site 738C has two foraminifera was generally good in Sites 738C
very brief hiatuses 8 cm and 14 cm above the and 690C, but poor in Site 752B. Neverthe-
KIT boundary. However, between the bound- less, 17 out of 20 samples examined between
ary clay layer and these hiatuses at Site 738C cores 10R section 4 through 12R section 1
is a lithologically undisturbed laminated inter- yielded sufficiently diagnostic planktic fora-
val that represents the earliest Tertiary. Thus, minifers for biostratigraphic zonation. At Site
a nearly continuous, albeit condensed bound- 738C (cores 20R, 21R, and 22R) 55 samples
ary transition, may have been found in the In- were analyzed and at Site 690C (core 14, sec-
dian Antarctic Ocean. tions 1 to 5) a total of 53 samples were ana-
This study reports on the bio- and chronos- lyzed. In the laminated clay layer of Site 738C
tratigraphic records and oceanographic impli- benthic foraminifera average between 350 and
cations of major variations in planktic fora- 600 specimens per cubic centimeter and
miniferal faunas of ODP Sites 690C, 738C and planktic foraminifera average between 250 and
752B. The primary goals of this investigation 500 specimens, except for the 1 cm immedi-
are: ( 1 ) the evaluation of the temporal com- ately above the K / T boundary and Ir anomaly
pleteness of the K / T boundary transition in the (20R-5, 96-95 cm) where only 84 specimens
4 G. KELLER

TABLE 1

Relative percent abundance of planktic foraminifera across the K / T transition at ODP site 738C

Core-section 22R-1 22R-1 22R-1 22R-1 22R-1 21R-I 21R-I 21R-I 21R-I 21R-I 21R-I
Depth in centimeters 100-102 74-76 49-51 25-27 5-6 60-61 48-50 39-41 29-31 20-22 9-11

Abathomphalus intermedius 0.61 0.99 0.28 0.71 1.23 0.40

Abathomphalus mayaroensis 0.61 0.33 0.28 0.48 0.41 0.40
Globigerinelloides aspera 24.77 11.96 13.52 12.16 10.93 18.29 25.08 22.75 23.33 20.16 20.40
Globigerinelloides multispinatus 0.93 0.56 0.68 0.33 1.40 3,29 1.611
Globigerinelloides subcarinatus 19.8 I 12.50 9.86 8.11 6.56 25.00 19.14 8.15 7.14 I1 II 5.60
Globigerinoides monmouthensis O.3 I 0.56 0.68 0.55 0.66 1.69 1.43 1.23 2.40
Globotruncanella caravacaensts
Globotruncanella citae 1.22 0.33 0.28 0.82
Globotruncanella petaloidea 054 0.56 2.70 6.56 1.22 2.64 1.69 4.76 3.70 2.40
Guembelitria cretacea 0 40
Guembelitria danica
Guembelitria trifolia
Gublerina robusta 0.27 0.61 0.28 0.24 0.41 3.2U
Hedbergella holmdelensis 2.17 3.80 4.79 4.73 3.01 0.66 1.40 1.43
Hedbergella monmouthensis 7.12 5.43 t 1.27 11.71 10.11 4.27 5.61 5.06 5.24 4.5~ 2.00
Hedbergella sliteri 0.62 0.99 1.40
Hedbergella sp. 1.55 1.22
Heterohelix carinata O.62 0.54 0.28 0.68 0.55 0.61
Heterohelix complanata 4.33 16.30 12.11 I 1.04 23.77 9.76 8.58 10.39 10.24 7.82 8.40
Heterohelix dentata 0.62 2.72 0.45 1.37 0.61 1.32 0.84 0.95 1.23 3.20
Heterochelix globulosa 25.70 28.26 32.11 27.03 24.59 13.41 19.80 37.64 29.52 25.10 32.40
Heterohelix navarroensis 0.90 0.55 0.33 0.28
Heterohelix planata 0.62 0.27 3.38 7.43 5.74 7.93 1.40 0.95
Pseudoguembelina palpebra O.93 1.36 1.41 1.13 0.82 1.90 0.41
Pseudoguembelina punctulata 0.61 0.99 0.28 0.41 ~) 40
Pseudotextularia deformis 0.28
Pseudotextularia elegans 0.23 0.28 0.24
Rugoglobigerina rugosa 0.62 0.82 1.69 2.03 0.27 0.28
Shackoina multispinatus 0.3 I 0.23 0.33 0.28
Chiloguembelina crinita
Chiloguembelina midwayensis
Chiloguembelina morsei
Chiloguembelina strombiformis
Chiloguembelina waiparaensis 8.05 14.13 7.89 6.98 4.10 9.76 9.57 5.34 7.62 18.11 ~6.80
Woodringina claytonensis
Woodringina hornerstownensis
Eoglobigerina danica
Eoglobigerina cf. edita
Eoglobigerina eobulloides
Eoglobigerina fringa
Eoglobigerina simplicissima
Eoglobigerina trivialis
Globanomalina pentagona
Globanomalina taurica
Globoconusa conusa
Globoconusa daub)ergensts
GIoboconusa extensa
lgorina spiralis
Morozovella inconstans
Murciglobigerina aquiensis
Murciglobigerina chascanona
Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina
Planorotalites compressus
Subbotina moskvini
Subbotina pseudobulloides
Subbotina triangularis
Subbotina triloculinoides
Subbotina varianta
Zeuvigerina teuria
Juveniles no identification 0.93 1.36 1.13 0.27

Total number counted 323 368 355 444 366 164 303 356 420 243 250
K/T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 5

20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5
114-115 100-I11 102-103 100-101 98-100 97-98 96--97 95-96 94-95 93-94 92-93

0.31
0.31
19.57 12.62 13.56 10.19 6.61 6.74 8.55 1.19 2.37 3.86 9.03
3.36 0.62 0.42
7.03 5.54 10.17 15.74 7.71 3.52 8.32 3.57 2.37 2.81 4.17
2.45 2.77 1.69 0.93 0.59 0. I 1
1.19 1.40 4.17

0.61 1.85 1.27 1.85 0.23

0.85 0.28 0.88 0.34 3.57 5.14 3.16 12.50
9.03
0.31 0.28 1.76
0.31 0.42
0.31 0.85 9.64 9.97 5.13 1.19
6.12 5.54 3.39 5.56 3.19
2.15
0.46

4.89 7.38 10.59 7.41 5.51 2.93

6.42 6.15 5.51 6.48 0.91 1.40
33.33 38.77 34.75 31.48 28.10 16.42 3.99 7.14 2.37 2.81 2.08
0.61 0.42 2.78
0.31
2.45 !.85
0.42

0.28 4.76 0.40

12.23 13.85 15.25 17.59 41.60 57.18 68.76 77.38 84.58 82.81 52.08

1.19 0.79 0.70 4.17

0.79 1.05 2.78

327 325 236 108 363 341 877 84 253 285 144
6 G KELLER

TABLE 1 (continued)

Core-section 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5
Depth in centimeters 91-92 90-91 89-90 88-89 87-88 86-87 85-86 84-85 " 83-84 82-83 81-82

Abathomphalus intermedius
Abathomphalus mayaroensis
Globigerinelloidesaspera 3.10 b.79 1.84 2.24 6.15 2.56 9.22 8.49 7.88 4.42 :.20
GIobtgerinelloides mult#spinatus
Globigerinelloidessubcarinatus 4.07 3.21 276 2.56 2.77 2.27 3.28 0.74 489 3.5a 2.27
Globigerinoides monmouthensis 0.20
Globotruncanella caravacaensis 0.58 1.89 0 92 0.32 0.31 0.85 0.61 3 i~:
GIobotruncanella citae
Globotruncanellapetaloidea 0.75 0.23 1.85 2.05 0.37 (I.44 i57.
Guembelitriacretacea 15.50 7.92 19.54 10.22 1.85 5.68 0.20 1.48 I).82 0.44
Guembelitria danica 2.52 2.26 0.69
Guembelitria tr~folia 0.75 6.90 4.47 ~.27
Gublerina robusta ~ 23 0.20
Hedbergellaholmdelensis 0.58 4.92 0.28 1.84 2.58 3.53 0.44 -.30
Hedbergella monmouthensis 0.32 I 3~
Hedbergella sliteri
Iledbergella sp.
Heterohelix carinata
Heterohelix complanata 0.19 O.46 0.37
lt eterohelix dentata 0.57
Heterochelixglobulosa 2.13 4.91 2.99 2.24 2.15 0.85 1.84 1.11 1.36 1.77 1.~9
Heterohelix navarroensis
Heterohelix planata
Pseudoguembelina palpebra
Pseudoguembelina punctulata
Pseudotextularia deformis
Pseudotextularia elegans
Rugoglobigerina rugosa O.20 !144
Shackoina multispinatus
Chiloguembelinacrinita 1.16 0.75 0.46 2.24 0.31 5.68 1.11 11.82
Chiloguembelina midwayensis
Chiloguembelina morsel
Chiloguembelina strombiformis
Chiloguembelinawatparaensis 68.60 66.42 60.00 72.20 55.69 63.64 68.65 61.62 02.50 77.43 5947
Woodrtngina claytonensis
Woodringina hornerstownensis
Eoglobtgerina danica 2.15 0.57 4.10 3.32 217 2.65 ~,.7'~
Eoglobigerina cf. edita 0.38
Eoglobigerina eobulloides
Eoglobigerina fringa 0.97 1.89 0.92 0.32 6.77 5.40 2.46 5.54 1.53
Eoglobigerina simplicissima 0.23 0.64 5.23 0.57 0.74
Eoglobigerina trivialis iJ38
Globanomalina pentagona 1.85 1.48
Globanomalina taurica
Globoconusa conu.s'a 0.78 1.32 1.84 2.24 1.70 0.2(I 0.74 0.27
Globoconusa daubjergensis 0.92 1.70 1.43 4.80 1.52
Globoconusa extensa
Igorina spiralis
Morozovella inconstans
Murciglobigerina aquiensis
Murciglobigerina chascanona
Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina 1.23 5.68 0.82 2.58 4.62 0.44 0.38
Planorotalites compressus 1.85 1.42 2.25 1.85 2.72 0.44 0.38
Subbotina moskvini 0.92 0.28 0.41 0.74 0.54 1.33 5.68
Subbotina pseudobulloides 2.46 0.85 0.37 2.45 1.77 6.44
Subbotina triangularis 0.82 1.14
Subbotina triloculinoides 0.62 0.82 2.65
Subbotina varianta
Zeuvtgerina teuria
Juveniles no identification

Total number counted 516 530 435 313 325 352 488 271 368 226 264
K/T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 7

20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-5 20R-4 20R--4 20R-4 20R-4 20R-3 20R-3
80-81 79-80 74-75 39-40 4-5 134-135 99-100 59-61 19-21 139-141 99-101

4.88 1.89 1.85 16.28 6.86 8.24 5.13 5.60 1.02 0.85 2.53

3.30 0.62 4.65 1.63 1.96 2.33 1.60 0.26 0.28

1.00 0.23 0.27 0.26
0.66 1.86

0.24 1.99
2.59 0.39 0.26 0.56

0.33
0.33 0.39
0.65
1.00 3.92 0.23

0.98

1.65 2.33 2.29 1.18 0.70 0.51 0.56

2.59 3.70 7.64 0.33 0.78 2.33 1.07 0.26 0.56

0.33 1.63 0.53

0.39

0.24 0.33 0.39 0.23 0.28

0.70 0.28
0.26 1.40
0.23 0.77

48.78 24.76 64.20 42.52 57.19 46.27 51.52 50.13 61.13 41.41 3.09
0.39 1.40 2.67 0.26 0.28 0.28
0.33 0.53 0.26 1.69 1.97
4.88
2.35
1.99 3.59

9.80 9.09 8.27 0.26 1.97

0.24 0.62 0.66 2.29 0.78 1.07 0.51 0.84
0.39 3.20 1.69 0.84
2.36 0.62 2.75 2.56 8.27 1.28 1.13 1.12
0.33 0.33
5.19 4.94 1.00 0.65 0.23 0.53 0.77 0.28 7.58
0.77 0.84
0.77 7.61 12.36

0.51 2.54 4.21

1.69

4.88 5.90 6.79 4.98 5.23 1.57 7.93 7.20 6.14 3.66 16.29
14.63 5.19 0.62 0.33 2.94 0.47
12.20 16.27 16.05 9.63 9.80 18.43 10.49 4.53 13.04 6.20 3.93
9.76 14.62 0.66 3.53 1.07 2.81 9.86 17.42
11.08
0.70 2.67 7.42 18.59 21.63

1.42 I 0.65 0.80 0.51 0.56 1.12

441 424 162 301 306 255 429 375 391 355 356
8 ~, KELLER

TABLE 1 (conttnued)

Core-section 20R-3 20R-3 20R-3 20R-2 20R-2 20R-2 20R-2 20R-I 20R-1 20R-I 20R-I
Depth in centimeters 64-66 39-41 9-11 129-131 89-91 49-51 9-11 119-121 84-86 40-51 19-21

Abathomphal~ intermedius
Abathomphalus mayaroensis
Globigerinelloides aspera 1.48 1.66 2.3t~ 3.49 3.63 1.37 t.80 .350 q (lO 222
GlobigerineUoides multispinatus
GIobtgerineUoides subcarinatus 0.89 0.55 1.37 0.3O 0.26
Globigerinoides monmouthensis 0.58 0.26
Globotruncanella caravacaensis 0.28 058 0.3(I 1).70
Globotruncanella citae
Globotruncanella petaloidea
Guembelitria cretacea 0.30
Guembelitria danica
Guembelitria trifolia 0,26
Gublerina robusta
ttedbergella holrndelensis
Hedbergella monmouthensts
Hedbergella sliteri
Hedbergella sp.
Heterohelix carinata
Heterohelix complanata
Iteterohelix dentata
Heterochelix globulosa 1.19 0.68 1.16 0.60 1.03 1.80 t~.88
tt eterohelix navarroensis
Heterohelix planata
Pseudoguembelina palpebra
Pseudoguembelina punctulata
Pseudotextularia deformis
Pseudotextularia elegans
Rugoglobigerina rugosa
Shackoina multt spinatus
Chiloguembelina crinita O.30 0.26
Chiloguembelina midwayensis 2.67 1.93 1.37 1.45 1.37 1.05 -16
Chiloguembelina morsei O.59 055 (I.08 0.34 1.55
Chiloguembelina strombiformis 1.71 4.07 5.74 15.75 4.64 3.85 t.82 ~.22
Chiloguembelina waiparaensts 6.53 5.25 2.73 2.91 4.53 1.03 0.26 1.75 912 ~2.22
Woodringina claytonensis 1.19 0.28 (I.34 0.29 1.03
Woodringma hornerstownensis O.59 2.03 1.51 1.03 0.26 1.411
Eoglobigerina danica
Eoglobigerina cf. edita
Eogloblgerina eobulloides
Eoglobigerina fringa
Eoglobigerina simplicissirna 0.30 1.113
Eoglobigerina trivmlis 1.93 1,37 0.58 0.70
GIobanomalina pentagona 5.34 4.42 12,29 12.21 15.11 14.04 9.79 4.90 7.94 ,,44
Globanomalina taurica 13.35 12.71 15,02 10.76 19.34 7.88 13.66 10.49 16.47 2 78
Globoconusa conusa
Globoconusa daubjergensis 13.06 20.17 21.16 19.77 13.29 19.18 18.04 9.79 h.47
Globoconusa extensa 2.67 1.66 1.71 2.33 3.02 0.68 3.09 1.05 119
lgorina spiralts 7.72 9.67 3.07 2.03 2.72 1.03 2.06 5.59 2.94 I1!
Morozovella inconstans 0.89 (I.28 1.71 3.49 4.53 9.59 3.35 4.55 3.24
Murciglobtgerina aquiensis I. 19 2.21 2.05 1.74 0.91 0.68 0.52 1.75 ~L29 3 33
Murciglobigerina chascanona 0.59 1.38
Parrularugoglobigerina eugubina
Planorotalites compressus 13.06 t 5.47 12.63 16.28 I 1.78 17.12 11.60 12.59 i5.59 12.22
Subbotina moskvini
Subbotina pseudobulloides 10.09 7.73 4.78 9.88 11.18 4.79 24.23 34.27 25.2t~ 7.22
Subbotina triangularis 8.90 2.49 4.44 0.58
Subbotina triloculinoides 0.89 0.55 171 1.45 0.60 1.37 0.77 1.40
Subbotina varianta 6.53 6.63 5.80 1.74 0.26 0.70
Zeu vigerina teuria O.89 (I.55 1.71 1.45
Juveniles no identification 2.21 I 02 0.58 0.60 0.68 0.26

Total number counted 337 362 293 344 331 292 388 286 340 14 18(1
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 9

were recovered (Table 1 ). This 1 cm interval ther refined by Keller (1988, 1989a,b), Can-
contains the lowest percent CaCO3, 69% as udo et al. (1991) and Keller and Benjamini
compared to an average of 75% to 80% in the ( 1991 ) based on high resolution quantitative
rest of the laminated layer (Thierstein et al., faunal studies from both deep-sea and conti-
1991 ). Tabulation of species abundance data nental shelf sections and their zonation is ap-
in percent is given in Tables 1 and 2, and char- plied in this study. This zonation currently
acteristic species are illustrated in Plates I-V. provides a higher stratigraphic resolution than
any of the other microfossil zonal schemes.
Cretaceous reworking Figure 2 illustrates this zonation and the most
relevant datum levels along with the correla-
Cretaceous species including Globigerinel- tion to the zonal scheme of Berggren and Miller
loides aspera, G. subcarinatus, Hedbergella ( 1988 ), the Antarctic zonation recently devel-
holmdelensis, H. monmouthensis, Chiloguern- oped by Stott and Kennett (1990a) based on
belina waiparaensis and Heterohelix globulosa Site 690C, and the nannofossil zonation of
are present in most samples examined above Pospichal and Wise (1990).
the K / T boundary. In many samples, the very The planktic foraminiferal assemblages
large size and different preservation make it present in the Weddell Sea Site 690C and Ker-
obvious that some of these specimens are re- guelen Plateau Site 738C are most similar to
worked. It is likely, however, that most speci- those observed on Walvis Ridge Site 528 in the
mens of these Cretaceous taxa are from in-situ South Atlantic (D'Hondt and Keller, 1991 )
survivors as has been observed in other sec- and at Stevns Klint and Nye Klov in Denmark
tions (Keller, 1988, 1989a; Barrera and Keller, (Schmitz et al., 1992; Keller et al., 1993), but
1990; Canudo et al., 1991; Keller et al., 1993 ). they also share most of the same taxa with
Because stable isotope values across the Cre- Tethyan faunas. A similar observation was
taceous-Tertiary transition show no ~3C shift made by Pospichal and Wise (1990) for nan-
in Site 738C (Barrera and Keller, in prep.), noplankton assemblages. The biostratigraphy
stable isotope measurements cannot be used to and chronostratigraphy of Antarctic assem-
identify survivor taxa as has been done in low blages can therefore be easily evaluated based
latitude sediments (Barrera and Keller, 1990). on the current low to middle latitude Danian
For a detailed study of the biogeographic dis- zonal scheme. This zonal scheme is illustrated
tribution of Cretaceous survivor taxa in earli- in Fig. 2 along with a sequence of major plank-
est Tertiary sediments, the reader is referred to tic foraminiferal datum events based on a
MacLeod and Keller (in press) and MacLeod composite data set of 15 K / T sections. A brief
(in press ). definition of Danian zones is given below.

Zone PO: Guembelitria cretacea Zone

Planktic foraminiferal zonation
Partial range of the nominate taxon. The
During the past ten years, early Tertiary base of this zone, which marks the K / T
(Danian) planktic foraminiferal zonations of boundary is defined by the first occurrences of
Bolli (1966), Blow (1979), Berggren (1977) Tertiary species including Eoglobigerinafringa,
and Berggren and Miller ( 1988 ) have changed E. simplicissima, E. eobulloides, E. edita, Glo-
completely thanks to intensive high resolution bastica conusa and Woodringina hornerstow-
centimeter-scale studies of K / T boundary sec- nensis. The top of Zone P0 is defined by the
tions worldwide. The initial revision was made first appearance of Parvularugoglobigerina eu-
by Smit (1982) and modified by Smit and gubina and/or P. longiapertura (Canudo et al.,
Romein (1985). This zonal scheme was fur- 1991 ).
|0 (J. KELLER
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 11

In deep-sea sections the last appearance of characterized by the first major p o s t - K / T

Abathomphalus mayaroensis is reported just boundary evolutionary diversification result-
below the first appearance o f Tertiary species. ing in the first appearances o f Globoconusa
This is not the case, however, in shallow con- daubjergensis, Planorotalites planocompressus,
tinental shelf sections or in the Antarctic Ocean P. compressus, Globonomalina pentagona, G.
Site 738C where A. mayaroensis disappears taurica, Eoglobigerina trivialis, Subbotina
well below the K / T boundary. A. mayaroensis pseudobulloides, S. triloculinoides, S. moskvini
is therefore not a reliable index taxon for iden- and Chiloguembelina midwayensis (Plates I, II
tifying the K / T boundary (see also Huber, and V). Zone P la can be subdivided into two
1991 ). The K / T boundary is generally m a r k e d parts P l a ( 1 ) and P l a ( 2 ) based on the first
by a p r o m i n e n t lithological change from car- appearance o f Subbotina pseudobulloides as
bonate-rich marls to clay sedimentation and proposed here:
anomalously high values o f iridium. Zone P0
generally spans the K / T boundary clay layer Subzone Pla(1)
and represents about 40-50 kyr (Berggren et Interval from the first appearance of P. eu-
al., 1985; Herbert and D ' H o n d t , 1990; Mac- gubina a n d / o r P. longiapertura to the first ap-
Leod and Keller, 1991 b). In the most contin- pearance o f S. pseudobulloides (Plates II and
uous sedimentary records the K / T boundary V).
corresponds to just above the middle o f Chron
29R, whereas in sections with condensed sedi- Subzone Pla(2)
mentation or hiatuses the K / T boundary often Interval from the first appearance ofS. pseu-
corresponds to near the Chron 2 9 R / 2 9 N dobulloides to the last appearance of P. eugu-
boundary (MacLeod and Keller, 1991 b). bina a n d / o r P. longiapertura.
Most workers lump P. longiapertura (Blow)
Zone Pla: Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina with P. eugubina, although future phylogenetic
Zone studies m a y eventually show that these are two
distinct species (see Canudo et al., 1991 ). P.
Interval from the first occurrence o f P. eu- longiapertura is easily identified by the elon-
gubina a n d / o r P. longiapertura to the last ap- gate slit-like aperture, compressed test and
pearances o f these taxa. The top o f this zone smooth surface. In contrast, P. eugubina has a
appears to correspond to the basal part o f mag- low-arched aperture, non-compressed test,
netochron C29N. Z o n e P I a spans a m i n i m u m rounded chambers and lacks a smooth surface
o f 180 kyr (Berggren et al., 1985; Herbert and texture. Since both species have similar age
D'Hondt, 1990) to a m a x i m u m o f 240 kyr ranges, either can be used to characterize Zone
(MacLeod and Keller, 1991 b). Zone P 1a is P la. At Sites 738C and 752B relatively few P.

PLATEI
Characteristic Cretaceous-Tertiary transition fauna from the Antarctic Ocean Site 690C, Weddell Sea and Site 738C,
Kerguelen Plateau. All figures at 400 × magnification (scale bar= 75 mm ).
1. Gublerina robusta de Klasz, Site 690C, 15-5 (44-46 cm ), A. mayaroensis Zone.
2, 3. Heterohelix globulosa ( Ehrenberg ), Site 738C, 21 R- 1 (20-22 cm ), A. mayaroensis Zone.
4, 9. Chiloguembelina midwayensis (Cushman), Site 690C, 15-2 ( 138-140 cm), Plc( 1) Subzone.
5- 8. Chiloguembelina waiparaensisJenkins, Site 738C, 21 R- I (20-22 cm ), A. mayaroensis Zone.
IO- 13. Woodringtna claytonensis Loeblich and Tappan, Site 690C, 15-2 (99-101 cm ), P 1c ( 1) Subzone.
14. Abathomphalus mayaroensis (Bolli ), Site 690C, 15-5 ( 143-145 cm ), A. mayaroensis Zone.
15, 16. Globotruncanellapetaloidea ( Gandolfi ), Site 738C, 21R-I (20-22 cm ), A. rnayaroensisZone.
17. Globigerinelloidessubcarinatus (Br6nnimann), Site 738C, 21 R- i ( 20-22 cm ), A. mayaroensis Zone.
12 (~ KELLER
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 13

eugubina and P. longiapertura are present and Subzone Plc(2)

they are cited as P. eugubina in Tables 1 and 2 Interval from the first appearance of Moro-
and two specimens are illustrated in Plate V. zovella inconstans to the first appearance of M.
trinidadensis.
Zone P l b
Site 738C Kerguelen Plateau, Indian Ocean
Interval from the last occurrence ofP. eugu- ODP Site 738C was drilled in 2252 m water
bina a n d / o r P. longiapertura to the first occur- depth on the southern Kerguelen Plateau
rence of Subbotina varianta (Plate IV; Keller (62.7°S, 82.8°E) in the Indian Antarctic
and Benjamini, 1991 ). Zone P 1b corresponds Ocean. At the time of the Cretaceous-Tertiary
to the lower part of magnetochron C29N. transition the 'paleodepth of the Kerguelen
Plateau was about 1000 m as estimated from
Zone P l c: Subbotina pseudobulloides Zone normal subsidence rates for oceanic crust (De-
trick et al., 1977). Thus, the high latitude lo-
cation and relatively shallow paleodepth of Site
Partial range of nominate taxon from the
738C provides an ideal monitor for oceano-
first occurrence of Subbotina varianta to the
graphic changes in surface to intermediate
first occurrence of Morozovella trinidadensis.
water depths in the Indian Antarctic Ocean.
The last appearance of G. conusa and first ap-
Sediment recovery was poor in uppermost
pearance of M. inconstans occur in the lower Maastrichtian sediments which consist of in-
part of Zone P lc. The first appearance of M. durated white chalks interlayered with cherts.
inconstans seems to be globally isochronous These strata are overlain by softer Paleocene
(MacLeod and Keller, 1991 a,b) even in the
chalks and carbonate oozes. The K / T bound-
Antarctic Ocean (this study) and therefore is
ary was recovered within a 15 cm thick lami-
an excellent datum event to subdivide Zone nated clay-rich interval. An Ir anomaly marks
P I c into two parts P l c ( l ) and P l c ( 2 ) . This
the K / T boundary in a 2 m m thick grey clay
modification is proposed here.
layer (20R-5, 96.2 cm) 2 cm above the base of
the laminated layer (Schmitz et al., 1991 ).
Subzone Plc(1) Huber ( 1991 ) and Thierstein et al. ( 1991 ) re-
Interval from the first appearance of Subbo- ported the first appearances of Tertiary plank-
tina varianta to the first appearance of Moro- tic foraminifera and calcareous nannoplank-
zovella inconstans( Plate III and IV ). ton immediately above the Ir anomaly as also

PLATE II

Characteristic Danian fauna from the Antarctic Ocean Site 690C, Weddell Sea and Site 738C, Kerguelen Plateau except
tbr figs. I-3. All figures at 400 × magnification (scale b a r = 75 ~ m ) except for figs. 5-7 which are at 200 X magnification
(scale b a r = 75/~m ).
1. Globigerinelloides multtspinatus ( Lalicker ), Site 738C, 21 R-1 (20-22 cm), A. mayaroensis Zone. G. multispinatus
differs from G. aspera in having two apertures instead of one.
2, 3. Globtgerinelloides aspera Bolli, Site 738C, 2 I-R- 1 ( 20-22 cm ), A. mayaroensis Zone.
4, 8, 9. Planorotalites compressus (Plummer), Site 690C, 15-2 ( 138-140 cm ), Subzone P I c ( 1 ).
I O. Eoglobigerina eobulloides (Morozova), Site 690C, 15-2 ( 101 - 103 cm ), Subzone P I c ( 1 ).
11. Eoglobigerina trivialis (Subbotina), Site 690C, 15-2 (28-30 cm), Subzone PIc( 1 ).
12, 13. Subbotina pseudobulloides (Plummer), Site 690C, 15-4 ( 9-11 cm ), P 1b Zone.
14-16. Globonomalina taurica (Morozova), Site 690C, 15-4 (9-1 I cm), P l b Zone.
17-18. Morozovella inconstans (Subbotina), Site 690C, 15-1 (39-41 cm), P l c ( 2 ) Subzone.
14 G~KELLER
16 ( i KELLER
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 17

PLANKTIC FORAMINIFERAL ZONATION Calc. Nanno.

Stott & Kennett Berggren & Pospichal
Datum events this study
1990a Miller r 1988 1990

Pld Plc
..t.M. Itlnldaaema=
AP 1b

Q_
..LId. Inconman= Plc CPlb

•" r G. conusa E Pla

. t . S . vadanta &
Plb
L" Plb
APla
t~
~" P. eu~blna
T: -r p. kmOU~oe~ura
I- -L p. compmssus
..L E. ~'ivialts
-L (3. l ~ t a g o n a
E.
J - S. p l ~ x l ~ l l ~ l ~
-1- S. ~lo(~linoi~es
..L G. aaubjatgensis Pla
S. mo~kvini CPla
..L p. planocompressus
. L G. taurica
.L C. midwayensis E. Pc(
unzoned
..L p. I o ~ l ~ e r t u t a
..L p. eugublna

-L. E. eOhulloiOGs
-L E. e0ita. W. home,st. PO unzoned
..i- G. cotlusa
-L E. frlnl~l, E. simpllc.
"-r p. Oeformis
tj unzoned
m A. may.aro- A. mayaro-
"~" A. maymo4msls
ensls ensis N. frequens
L_ A. may.aro-
O ensIs

Fig. 2. Low to middle latitude planktic foraminiferal biozonation and datum level sequence based on a composite data
set of 15 of the most complete K / T boundary sequences (MacLeod and Keller, 1991b) compared with biozonations of
Stott and Kennett (1990a), Berggren and Miller (1988) and the nannofossil zonation of Pospichal (1990). Dashed line
marks uncertain location of A P l a zonal boundary. Zonal index species are shown in bold type.

which spans the last 350,000 years of the Cre- Biostratigraphically the Maastrichtian sedi-
taceous and first 230,000 to 280,000 years of ments below core 20R-5, 110 cm are in the
the Tertiary (Berggren et al., 1985; Herbert and Abathamphalus mayaroensis Zone as indi-
D'Hondt, 1990; MacLeod and Keller, 1991 b). cated by the persistent presence of this index
Core 22R, section I is reported to be in C30N species, but above this interval A. mayaroensis
(Sakai and Keating, 1991 ). is absent (see also Huber, 1991 ). The interval

PLATE IV

Characteristic Danian fauna from the Antarctic Ocean Site 690C, Weddell Sea. All figures at 400× magnification (scale
bar = 75 gm).
1-5. Globanomalinapentagona (Morozova), Site 690C, 15-1 ( 19-21 cm), P l c ( 2 ) Subzone.
6, 10. Subbotina varianta (Subbotina), Site 690C, 15-2 (50-52 cm), P l c ( I ) Subzone.
7-9. Igorina spiralis (Bolli), Site 690C, 15-1 ( 119-121 cm), P 1c (2) Subzone. This species has also been observed in
Danian sediments of northern high latitudes (Nye Klov, Denmark).
1 I - 13. Globoconusa daubjergensis (Br6nnimann), Site 690C, 15- I ( 121 - 123 cm ), P I c (2) Subzone.
18 ci K.ELLER

PLATE V

Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina (P. Iongiapertura) from O D P Site 738C, 20R-5, 86-87 cm. P l a ( 2 ) Subzone. Scale
bar = 100 ~m.

immediately below the K / T boundary is there- Keller et al., in press). This indicates global
fore unzoned (Figs. 4 and 5 ). Abathomphalus dominance of a generalist fauna able to toler-
mayaroensis is frequently absent in uppermost ate a wide range of conditions during at least
Maastrichtian sediments either due to ecolog- the last 200,000 to 300,000 years of the
ical exclusion, diachronous last appearance or Cretaceous.
extinction below the K / T boundary. In the lat- Chiloguembelina waiparaensis Jenkins was
ter case a hiatus could explain why in some originally described from the Tertiary Waipara
sections this index species is found to range up Formation of New Zealand and until now has
to the K / T boundary (MacLeod and Keller, not been observed in Cretaceous sediments
1991 b). Further studies are necessary to deter- (Jenkins, 1971 ). Specimens from both Creta-
mine the extinction datum ofA. mayaroensis. ceous and Tertiary sediments of Site 738C were
Figures 4 and 5 illustrate that the dominant examined by Jenkins who confirmed their
species in the uppermost Maastrichtian of Site identification as Ch. w.aiparaensis (D.G. Jen-
738C are Heterohelix globulosa, H. complan- kins, pers. commun., 1991 ). This species ap-
ata, Globigerinelloides aspera, G. subcarinatus, parently evolved during the late Maastrichtian
Hedbergella holmdelensis, H. rnonmouthensis in the Antarctic Ocean.
and Chiloguembelina waiparaensis (Plate I). There are two major changes in the relative
All of these species are small, unornamented abundances of these generalist taxa in the
biserial, planispiral and trochospiral. More- Maastrichtian interval studied. The first faunal
over, all except Ch. waiparaensis are cosmo- change occurs in core 21R-I between 30 to 50
politan and common in middle and low lati- cm (Fig. 4) and results in a strong decrease in
tudes at this time (Keller, 1988, 1989a; hedbergellids (H. holmdelensis, H. mon-
Canudo et al., 1991; D'Hondt and Keller, 1991; mouthensis), some globigerinellids (G. sub-
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN T H E A N T A R C T I C CK?EAN 19

A n t a r c t i c Ocean O D P S i t e 7 3 8 C Foram. Zonatlons & N a n n o . Zonation.,

DATUM EVENTS This Study ~Stott& Kennetl Wei & Thier- Wei & Pos~-
1990a stein, 1991 chal. 1991

Plc(2) APlb

o~ - L M. I n c o n s t a n s Z. IeLKia NP2
-I ..L M chascanona
t- CPlb
"~ -- . L I. s~ralis, M. aqu~nsis Plc(1)
t~ ,¢ G. extensa

~'~ ~ _L S. variant,
(--
~'~ :3 -- ..L W.claytonensis

Plb APla

I--
. L E. vivialis
-1- p. eugubina NP1
G.pentagona, S. moskvini,
o s. tnloculi.o~, E ~an~ Pla(2)
S. pseudobuilo~es,
P. corrw'essus,
CPla
G daubje'gensis,
- L ~ p. eu~.ubina
In" . L E. siml~icissima,E, eobull. PO APe{
O~ ..L G. conusa, G. caravacaensis
..L E. hlnga

:3 J " C. crinita unzoned unzoned

o ~- A. mayaroensis ~-
o
4.A -- A. maya- A.maya- ~ z
a) "7 roensis roensis -
Z

Fig. 3. Planktic foraminiferal zonation and datum level sequence of Site 738C based on this study and compared with the
,Antarctic zonation developed by Stott and Kennett (1990a) and nannofossil zonations of Wei and Thierstein ( 1991 )
and Wei and Pospichal ( 1991 ). Wiggly lines mark hiatuses. Zonal index species are shown in bold type.

carinatus) as well as some heterohelicids (H. It is also instructive to examine the non-
complanata ), whereas 11. globulosa, G. aspera dominant taxa which vary from being consis-
and G. multispina increase in relative abun- tently present, to rare or absent, in the interval
dance. Since the remainder of this core is miss- below the K / T boundary. These taxa include
ing, it is not possible to investigate this faunal all large specialized morphotypes including
change further in Site 738C. The second faunal globotruncanids (A. mayaroensis, A. interme-
change begins 4 cm below the K / T boundary (flus) and larger globular and multichambered
and is marked by the terminal decline of all forms ( P. elegans, P. deformis, G. robusta).
c o m m o n Cretaceous taxa except Chiloguem- Taxa that are present show a gradual disap-
belina waiparaensis which dramatically in- pearance below the K / T boundary with larger
creases in relative abundance at this time as will forms generally disappearing earlier than
be discussed below. smaller morphotypes (except for Shackoina
20 {; KEI.LER

p4ualxa c~

< ~g
UJ
< = 0

_J
n
~,.-.
Z o ~.=
W
d
W
(lds eu,Ja6~qol[X~

(.5 r,% ~..

~C
r--7
W [..J

0
(3O
CO
r--.. #£'

III ! ['SOl' q u . u F,

CO
S~}l'iJdbll 'l .t, e.) ~ 1'J.~(J .!' ~"

! qnle,J,Je:J~H-, tj

; SISU-Jq]C~OWIJO,b H '~, S I S U ~ l ~ U a l O L i bI

eleJeldwO,

uivluap
F1

i, j
UIUbP!O r~ i
I i
3 ldI,NVS, 1-~. . . . . . ~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

, ~,ool ........... ~,~-~-,;;~;. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~-- H .,~.;o_~ k\~l~,~",,,~]

.......... ;~'~'" . . . . . . ~ .... ~ [ °:~ El ~,,,u-~o,~,~,~- ,.
IL . . ..oo.~i
...... L. . . . . . . . .
A. E .I V l.l 1 9. 3 1. . . . . . .
-:i~!9
. .
1.. . .
Sf-IOBOVA3EtO
. .
!
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC C)CEAN 21

"" ,I i

: l: n b, ,.,

b'i> ' rl : I
.,.., ~ .,.-, . ~ .

I.U

_.A 0..~

.v .E.-
Z
w
._1

klA
©
rr I
W

o
oo
co
b-.

F--
• ~zr. E
O0

n
..
~N o~
aN~

"2
~=nv.~l " I

1'"'~'" "- '

~ - - ~ ¢ . ......... ~- ...... , . . . . .
I ........
- . . . . . . . .
~~ - _b. "_~'"'I
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . .

. _-.__,._~~,, ..... c~,..L.- l ,<,,--.o i .... -~-i--L~_~ '":-:i-:_"_ ..... I _:"'"".-,~..

L" '"__" tl __ ~u._v_u..~ a± ........
j__ sno~0v_zauo .......
22 ,i KELLER

sp.; Fig. 5 ). Only small species range up to the and gradual declines in G. aspera and G. sub-
K / T boundary ( Globotruncanella petaloidea, carinatus (Fig. 5 ). Hedbergellids show a small
Globigerinoides monmouthensis, and Hetero- relative abundance increase from 5 to 10% be-
helix dentata) and some small species may tween 2 and 4 cm below the K / T boundary and
have survived into the earliest Tertiary (H. decline and disappear near the boundary. The
globulosa, Globigerinelloides aspera, G, sub- most dramatic change is seen, however, in
carinatus). This pattern of successive species Chiloguembelina waiparaensis which in-
disappearances, along with changes in the rel- creases from 15% to 90% in the 4 cm immedi-
ative abundances of dominant species is indic- ately below the K / T boundary and presum-
ative of long-term environmental changes ably invaded niches vacated by other species.
which apparently preceded the K / T boundary. Chiloguembelina waiparaensis remains domi-
Such patterns cannot be attributed to the Sig- nant throughout the laminated layer but de-
nor-Lipps effect (Signor and Lipps, 1982 ) and creases 2 cm above the K / T boundary from an
dismissed with the argument that if you look average of 90% to 70% as triserial taxa (guem-
hard enough you will find a specimen of each belitrids) increase and new Tertiary species
rare species right up to the K / T boundary evolve (Fig. 5).
where they "got wiped out" by the bolide im- Figure 6 illustrates the Ir concentrations with
pact (Ward, 1991 ). Implicit in this argument respect to the relative abundance, size varia-
is the incorrect conclusion that the Signor- ,tion and stable isotope values of Chiloguem-
Lipps effect disproves gradual extinctions and belina waiparaensis, and geochemical ratios of
proves that major extinctions are catastrophic. Ba/Sc and Fe/Sc (Schmitz et al., 1991).
In fact, the Signor-Lipps theory simply cau- Faunal abundance changes (Fig. 5) and
tions that because rare species may not be dwarfing of Ch. waiparaensis clearly precede
present in every sample, the last observed ap- the Ir anomaly and the marked increases in Ba/
pearance may not be its absolute extinction. Sc. and Fe/Sc ratios at the K / T boundary. The
What is forgotten in this argument is that the Ir anomaly is very large (17.76 ppb) with a
behavior of stratigraphically rare taxa does not sharp increase at the K / T boundary compared
"make or break" the extinction hypothesis. to other KIT boundary sections and it is unu-
Such rare and endangered species may have sual in that it tails off gradually while remain-
become extinct with or without a major envi- ing high ( > 4 ppb) throughout the laminated
ronmental change. layers of Zones P0 and Pla. Above the lami-
nated interval Ir concentrations are below I
K/T transition ppb (Schmitz et al., 1991 ).
The sharp increase in Ir concentration from
The faunal transition across the K / T bound- 2.5 to 17.7 ppb occurs in the 1.8 cm laminated
ary in Site 738C begins 2 cm below the base of interval below the K / T boundary. A similarly
the laminated layer and 4 cm below the K / T sharp increase occurs in the Fe/Sc and Ba/Sc
boundary. Changes are dramatic in the fauna, ratios, although the latter values temporarily
in size variation of species, and in geochemical drop in the 2 mm thin clay layer that contains
indicators (Figs. 5 and 6). All species are the maximum Ir concentration ( Fig. 6 ). These
dwarfed in this interval (as well as through sharp geochemical anomalies clearly argue
Zone P0) and in most cases reach maturity in a~ainst sediment mixing or bioturbation as
less than half their usual size. Moreover, there cause for the strong pre-K/T boundary species
is a sharp decline in abundances of H. globu- abundance and size variation changes (Figs. 5
losa from 40% to 4% by K / T boundary time, a and 6). If the pre-K/T boundary faunal
decline and disappearance of H. complanata, changes were due to sediment mixing (no bio-
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 23

,5
.o
.u')

i
0

£ i
.0

5~ -:.:-:.......:-:.:.:... co ~o

iiiii!ii!i i
0
0

~.~ ~,~
N ~ ,.£ o

~ ~.: ~

- ,~

~:~
~.~ .~ ~.

.......... c~-o~ e~oo ........... I ~ \ ~ ~- ~ e~c

XJel~al ~ l snoeoe~e~o
24 (, KELt.ER

turbation is evident in the laminated layer), cm below the K / T boundary is also observed
one would expect the geochemical records to in all other Cretaceous planktic and benthic
be equally mixed, which they are not. The foraminiferal species of Site 738C and thus
faunal and geochemical data thus strongly sup- implies changing oceanographic parameters in
port environmental changes immediately pre- the surface to deep ocean. Similar species
ceding the K / T boundary event. dwarfing across the K / T boundary has also
Stable isotope data of Ch. waiparaensisshow been observed at El Kef, Brazos River and Nye
no major variations in either 6 ~80 or 6 R3C val- Klov (Keller, 1988, 1989; MacLeod and Keller,
ues across the K / T boundary (Fig. 6 ). Surface 1990; Keller et al., 1993). Foraminiferal test
temperatures remained stable whereas ,~13C size can be affected by changes in fertility and
values suggest a slight increase in surface pro- environmental stress (Berger, 1969; Mc-
ductivity (Bah'era and Keller, in prep.) in Namarra, 1990; MacLeod and Keller, 1990).
contrast to the productivity drop of 3 permil In fertile areas, planktic foraminifers exhibit
generally recorded in low latitudes (Zachos and rapid growth and reach early sexual matura-
Arthur, 1986; Zachos et al., 1989; Keller and tion at relatively small test sizes.
Lindinger, 1989). Thus, unlike in the low lati- Increased surface productivity may have
tudes, the environmental changes across the K/ been responsible for the species dwarfing at Site
T transition in the Antarctic Indian Ocean were 738C. This is suggested by the increased Bar-
not related to climate and productivity ium (Ba) concentrations, a proxy for produc-
changes, and they precede the Ir anomaly which tivity, beginning at the base of the clay-rich
is thought to be indicative o f a bolide impact. laminated interval (Schmitz et al., 1991 ). Fig-
What then is the effect of the bolide impact ure 6 shows a significant increase in Barium
on the planktic foraminiferal faunas? This is normalized to Scadium (Ba/Sc) (Sc is an ele-
very difficult to determine in Site 738C as well ment contributed only by clay minerals ) which
as all other K / T sections with the most contin- most likely reflects enhanced surface water
uous sedimentation records. Clearly there was productivity. There is also a strong indication
no sudden and catastrophic mass extinction at of higher surface productivity in the carbon
Site 738C, nor in other lower latitude regions isotopic composition of bulk sediments (Bar-
(Keller, 1988, 1989a,b; Canudo et ai., 1991; rera and Keller, in prep.). 6~3C values of C
Keller et al., in press), as commonly claimed waiparaensis, however, do not indicate signif-
by impact proponents. In fact, at Site 738C it icantly higher productivity (Fig. 6). This is
seems impossible to separate the effects of the probably because C. waiparaensis lived at
proposed impact from the continued environ- depth within the oxygen minimum zone and
mental changes in progress. It is likely, how- its isotopic composition may be affected by the
ever, that a bolide impact hastened the demise oxidation of organic matter in the water col-
of an already declining latest Cretaceous cos- umn as also observed at Nye Klov by Keller et
mopolitan fauna. al. (1993).
A clue to the nature of the K / T boundary The enlaaaced productivity suggested by the
environmental change in the Indian Antarctic increased Barium concentrations may be re-
Ocean can be gained from the geochemistry lated to the Fe enrichment (Fe normalized to
and the morphology of Cretaceous survivor Sc) which began at the base of the clay-rich
taxa. For instance, as C waiparaensis began to laminated interval (Fig. 6). Martin (1990)
dominate the polar Indian Ocean, its test size proposed that in an iron deficient ocean phy-
(measured as total area of test) decreased by toplankton are unable to utilize excess surface
over 50% and continued through Zone P0 (Fig. nitrate/phosphate, whereas Fe enrichment
6 ). Similar dwarfing of test size beginning 4-5 would greatly enhance phytoplankton growth.
K/T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTAR(_~I'IC OCEAN 25

It is possible that the Fe enrichment at Site 738 iment deposition occurred in less than 500 m
is due to Fe-rich atmospheric dust derived from depth in all of these sections. In contrast, all
terrestrial arid regions. There is some stable deep-sea sections that were deposited at depths
isotopic evidence for high latitude climate greater than 1000 m appear to have a hiatus or
warming at this time in Denmark (Schmitz et condensed interval with Zone P0 and fre-
al., 1992; Keller et al., 1993) as well as the At- quently Zone P l a missing (MacLeod and
lantic Antarctic Ocean Site 690 (Stott and Keller, 1991 a,b).
Kennett, 1990b). Site 738C, which was deposited at about
Thus, increased abundance and dwarfing of 1000 m depth, is the first deep-sea section re-
C. waiparaensis and increased Ba and Fe con- covered with Zone P0 present. Figure 5 shows
centrations strongly indicate enhanced surface this zone with m a x i m u m abundances in tris-
water productivity beginning at the base of the erial guembelitrid species and the first Tertiary
clay-rich laminated interval several thousand taxa Globoconusa conusa, Eoglobigerina fringa,
years prior to the K / T boundary. This in- E. sirnplicissirna and Globotruncanella carava-
creased surface productivity in polar regions is caensis all of which are characteristic of this
in marked contrast to the decreased surface zone at all latitudes. What is different and en-
productivity generally observed in low latitude demic to the Indian Antarctic Ocean is the
regions. It is still unclear, however, what trig- dominance of biserial Chiloguembelina wai-
gered these pre-K/T boundary changes in sedi- paraensis and the presence of rare C. crinita.
mentation, faunal turnover and surface pro- Zone P0 is represented by only 8 cm of lami-
ductivity although available data point towards nated sediments. This is comparable to Zones
a climatic warming associated with a sea level P0 in the Agost and Caravaca sections (Can-
rise which continued across the K / T boundary udo et al., 1991 ) where a hiatus is present at
and Zone P0 (MacLeod and Keller, 199 la,b; the P 0 / P I a Zone boundary as also observed at
Schmitz et al., 1992; Keller et al., 1993 ). Site 738C.

Zone PO Zone P l a

In the most continuous K / T boundary se- Zone P I a spans the interval from the first to
quences known to date, Zone P0 is present at the last appearance of Parvularugoglobigerina
the base of the Tertiary. This zone spans from eugubina or P. longiapertura. In Site 738C this
the first appearance of Tertiary planktic fora- zone is very short and represented by only 6
minifers ( E. fringa, E. simplicissima, G. con- cm of laminated sediments (Fig. 5). At the
usa, W. hornerstownensis) to the first appear- base of this zone, (sample 20R-5, 88-87 cm)
ance of Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina (or P. eight new Tertiary species appear (P. eugu-
longiapertura), To date only seven K / T bina, Eoglobigerina danica, Globoconusa
boundary sequences are known with such a daubjergensis, Subbotina moskvini, S. trilocu-
continuous sedimentation record (El Kef, linoides, Planorotalites cornpressus. S. pseudu-
Tunisia (Smit, 1982; Keller, 1988 ), Agost and bulloides, Globonomalina pentagona). Since
Caravaca, Spain, (Canudo et al., 1991 ), 3 sec- these eight species evolve sequentially in the
tions at Brazos River, Texas (Keller, 1989a,b), lower part of Zone P l a (Keller, 1988, 1989;
and Nye Klov, Denmark (Keller et al., 1993 ). MacLeod and Keller, 1991 b), their sudden ap-
In all of these sections, except for the shallow pearance in the same 1 cm interval marks a
water Brazos River sections, Zone P0 is repre- short hiatus or interval of nondeposition at the
sented by a dark grey to black clay layer (see P 0 / P l a zone boundary, similar to the hiatus
also Smit and Romein, 1985 ). Moreover, sed- observed in the Agost and Caravaca sections
26 t ; KELLER

(Canudo et al., 1991; MacLeod and Keller, ofP. eugubina in this interval and first appear-
1991 b). The lower part of Zone P I a [ Subzone ance of Subbotina varianta at the top of this
P I a ( 1 ) ] appears to be missing at this hiatus as interval characterizes Zone P 1b (Fig. 3 ). As
well as part of Zone P0 (Figs. 3 and 5). Most discussed earlier a hiatus appears to be present
species present are characteristic of Zone P 1a between Zones P 1a and P I b.
at all latitudes. Endemic high latitude species
present are C. waiparaensis and C. crinita as Zone P l c
well as Eoglobigerina danica, a species known
from K / T boundary sections in Denmark. The interval from the first appearance of
The top of Zone P 1a coincides with the top Subbotina varianta which marks the Zone P I b/
of the laminated clay layer (20R-5, 82 cm). P I c boundary in core 20R-4, 100 cm to the top
Above this layer is a 1.5 cm thick disturbed in- of the section examined (top of core 20) is
terval (probably due to coring) followed by a characteristic of Zone P I c (Fig. 4). Datum
well indurated chalk layer. Foraminifera are events of Zone P l c which appear to be en-
recrystallized in this chalk layer and most ear- demic to the Antarctic Ocean Sites 738C and
liest Tertiary taxa have disappeared, including 690C, as well as northern high latitudes (Nye
P. eugubina, G. conusa, E. fringa and E. danica Klov, Denmark), include Igorina spiralis,
( Fig. 5 ). This interval is thus characteristic of Murciglobigerina aquiensis and Globoconusa
Zone Plb. A hiatus is present at the P l a / P l b extensa near the base of Zone P I c followed by
Zone boundary that has removed part of the M. chascanona and Zeuvigerina teuria ( Plates
upper part of Subzone P l a ( 2 ) . This is indi- III and IV; Huber reported a single occurrence
cated by the lithologic break that juxtaposes the of Z. teuria in Core 21R-cc). These taxa have
laminated clay layer and the overlying indur- not been observed in lower latitudes during the
ated chalk, the sudden disappearance of Dan- Danian. Morozovella inconstans first appears
ian species and the sudden rise to dominance (together with Z. teuria) in core 20R-3, 65 cm
of Tertiary nannofossils at this interval and seems to have a globally synchronous first
(Thierstein et al., 1991 ). In addition, Zone P I a appearance ( MacLeod and Keller, 1991 b ) that
is very short (6cm) at Site 738C as compared makes it an excellent index species for subdi-
to Brazos River (50 cm ), Agost and Caravaca viding Zone P lc into two parts P lc ( 1 ) and
(70 cm) and El Kef (300 cm). In all of these P 1c (2) ( Fig. 3 ). Morozovella inconstans also
sections, except El Kef, a hiatus can be recog- marks the AP I a / A P 1b zonal boundary of Stott
nized at the P I a / P 1b boundary (Keller, 1988, and Kennett ( 1990a ).
1989; Canudo et al., 1991; MacLeod and The P l c ( l ) to P l c ( 2 ) zonal subdivision is
Keller, 1991 b ). characterized by a dramatic drop in abun-
dance of C. waiparaensis from 70% to 5%, high
Zone P l b abundance in I. spiralis and S. varianta and in-
creasing abundances in G. daubjergensis, P.
Relative species abundances in the early compressus and the G. pentagona-G, taurica
Tertiary Zones P l b and P I c are illustrated in group. The upper part of Zone P 1c [ P I c ( 2 ) ]
Fig. 4. Zone P l b is present in the interval be- is marked by c o m m o n C. strombiformis, high
tween the top of the laminated layer in Core abundance in S. pseudobulloides, G. penta-
20R-5, 81 cm and Core 20R-4, 100 cm which gona-G, taurica group, P. compressus, G.
is characterized by continued abundance of C. daubjergensis, and increasing abundance in M.
waiparaensis, c o m m o n Eoglobigerina sp., S. inconstans (Fig. 4 ). Moreover, the last sample
pseudobulloides, G. pentagona, and few G. examined in Site 738C shows an increase in the
daubjergensis (Fig. 4; Plate III). The absence abundance of C. waiparaensis. The sudden
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 27

drop in C. waiparaensis and their continued ithus sparsus appears in 11R-3, 72 cm, 22 cm
low abundance through most of Subzone above the Ir anomaly (Pospichal, 1991 ). No
P l c ( 2 ) seems to imply a change in oceano- planktic foraminifers were identified immedi-
graphic conditions in the Indian Antarctic ately above the K / T boundary. Magnetostra-
Ocean. Little is known regarding environmen- tigraphy places the K / T boundary near the
tal preferences of chiloguembelinids. Boersma middle of C29R (Gee et al., 1991 ).
and Premoli Silva (1987) proposed that they For this study 20 samples were examined
may have thrived in low oxygen environ- across the K / T transition. Foraminiferal pres-
ments. If this is the case, then dominance of C. ervation is generally good in uppermost Cre-
waiparaensis in Zones P0 to P l c ( 1 ) would in- taceous sediments, but very poor in the basal
dicate an expanded 02 m i n i m u m zone in the Tertiary interval and no quantitative study was
southern Kerguelen Plateau which was depos- possible. The biostratigraphy of Site 752B
ited at about 1000 m depth. Stable isotope data based on this study is illustrated in Fig. 7 along
of C. waiparaensis at Site 738C as well as from with the magnetostratigraphy and calcareous
Nye Klov suggest that this is the case (see nannofossil zonations.
Keller et al., 1993). It seems, however, that
these conditions would have been localized Maastrichtian: A. mayaroensis Zone
(isolated basin?) since chiloguembelinids are
nearly absent in the Weddell Sea Site 690C The uppermost Maastrichtian sediments ex-
which was deposited at 2000 m depth (Zones amined ( 12R-l, 150 cm to 11R-3, 88-89 cm)
Plb-Plc). contain a typical latest Cretaceous fauna simi-
lar to Site 738C including the nominate taxa A.
Site 752B Broken Ridge, Indian Ocean mayaroensis and c o m m o n Chiloguembelina
waiparaensis. In the well-indurated chalks im-
Site 752B was drilled in 1086 m water depth mediately below the K / T boundary (I1R-3,
on Broken Ridge in the Southern Indian Ocean 119-120 cm) no planktic foraminifers could
(30° 53'S, 93°34'E). At the time of the Creta- be separated although the sediments contain
ceous-Tertiary transition, Broken Ridge was abundant clasts. Van Eijden and Smit ( 1991 ),
located between paleolatitudes 50 ° to 55°S however, report Cretaceous planktic forami-
near the northern part of the Kerguelen Pla- nifers including A. mayaroensis in core IIR-3,
teau at a paleodepth of 1000 m (Pospichal et 96-77 cm just 1 cm below the Ir anomaly.
ai., 1991 ). The K / T boundary transition was Sample spacing in their study, however, is 1
recovered in an expanded sequence of indur- sample per core, or about 9 m; the continuity
ated Maastrichtian chalks overlain by a se- of A. mayaroensis in the uppermost Maas-
quence of uppermost Maastrichtian to Ter- trichtian at site 752 is therefore still uncertain.
tiary ash (6.5 m thick), chert and chalk layers. No planktic foraminifera were recovered from
Sediment recovery consists of numerous drill- sediments immediately above the K / T bound-
ing biscuits as a result of the chert and indur- ary ( I I R - 3 , 89 cm) and no samples were
ated chalk layers. An iridium anomaly was available for the K / T boundary interval.
found at the K / T boundary ( 11R-3, 94 cm)
and high Ir values, possibly due to reworking, K/T transition
are also present 80 cm above the K / T bound-
ary (Asaro et al., 1991 ). The last Cretaceous The biostratigraphic completeness of Site
planktic foraminifera are reported to occur at 752B cannot be determined precisely based on
the first Ir anomaly (Van Eijden and Smit, planktic foraminifers because of dissolution
1991 ). The first Tertiary nannofossii Bianthol- and poor preservation. The first Tertiary
28 t ; KELLER

Antarctic O c e a n O D P S i t e 7 5 2 B F o r a m . Z c m a t i o n $ & N a n n o . Z o r m t l o n =
~
w i ~ DATUMEVENTS TinsStudy Eij0e~
1991
& Stair, Res--ti.
1991 Pospicnal,
,991

Plc(2)
O

P P1 a NP2
0 -J- M. Incon@tans
o
CPlb
Plc(1)
-LS. vadan~
>,
I._
(a
,m
Plb
!._

4)

G.pentagona, S. trilocul. No Data

-=- G. taurCa NP1
C. w= r'P=m'~SiS.
C. m k ~ , . ~ / ~ s i s Pla
C O . ~ _-~_~,_'_%E. eobull.
CP1 a

11-3.40cm

Ir A n o m a l y - - No Data - - -

t..-
A mayaroens=s II-a,12ocm ~

A. may.a- ~
roensls Z Z

Fig. 7. Planktic foraminiferal zonation and datum level sequence of Site 752B based on this study and compared with
Van Eijden and Smit ( 1991 ) and nannofossil zonations of Resiwati ( 1991 ) and Pospichal ( 1991 ). Zonal indcx spccics
are shown in bold type.

planktic foraminifers were found in a glaucon- dex taxa P. eugubina and P. longiapertura ( Fig.
ite-rich sample about 55 cm above the K / T 6 ). In this study no data was available for the
boundary ( l l R - 3 , 30-40 cm). A diverse al- 55 cm interval between the Ir anomaly and the
though poorly preserved assemblage is present Zone P la assemblage and it cannot be ruled
in this sample containing Subbotina pseudob- out that Zone P0 and hence a biostratigraphi-
ulloides, Globoconusa daubjergensis, Planoro- cally complete sequence may be present. Van
talites compressus, Eoglobigerina eobulloides, Eijden and Smit (1991) did not find any
E. fringa, Guembelitria cretacea, Chiloguem- planktic foraminifers between the K / T bound-
belina waiparaensis, C. midwayensis, Parvula- ary and core 10R-6, including the interval re-
rugoglobigerina eugubina and P. longiaper- ported here. This may be due to the rarity of
tufa. This species assemblage is characteristic samples containing foraminifers (many sam-
of Zone P I a because of the presence of the in- ples are barren), the fewer samples they ex-
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC O('EAN 29

amined, and their examination of only the T boundary near the top, as compared to the
larger ( > 63/tm ) size fraction. upper one third, of C29R which is usually the
No Parvularugoglobigerina eugubina or P. case in pelagic sections (Channell and Dob-
longiapertura were found in samples 11-2, 135 son, 1989). Despite this anomaly most ship-
cm and 11R-2, 115 cm, however, Globanom- board studies found the K / T transition to be
alina taurica, G. pentagona and Subbotina tril- essentially continuous, albeit condensed be-
oculinoides are present. In the absence of Zone cause of the presence of an Ir anomaly. Pospi-
P la index taxa and S. varianta, this interval is chal and Wise (1990), however, argued for the
probably part of Zone P lb. Subbotina varianta presence of a hiatus near the K / T boundary
which marks the P l b / P l c boundary first ap- ( C P I a / C P I b boundary). Our study supports
pears in 10R-6, 110 cm along with E. trivalis. their observation.
The first appearance of Morozovella incon- Figure 8 illustrates the planktic foramini-
stans, the marker species for the P l c ( l ) / feral biostratigraphy of Site 690C based on this
P l c ( 2 ) boundary was observed in 10R-4, 49 study and its correlation to the magnetostratig-
cm. Resiwati ( 1991 ) reported the CP I a / C P I b raphy ( Hamilton, 1990), the nannofossil zon-
nannofossil boundary in I IR-2, 135 cm and ation of Pospichal and Wise (1990) and the
Pospichal ( 1991 ) reported the NP I / N P 2 nan- Antarctic planktic foraminiferal zonation by
nofossil boundary in 10R-6. The relative posi- Stott and Kennett (1990a). Strong bioturba-
tions of these calcareous nannofossil zonal tion across the K / T boundary has resulted in
boundaries with respect to the planktic fora- the c o m m o n presence of Tertiary taxa in Cre-
miniferal zonal boundaries of this study are taceous sediments as shown in Fig. 9 and Ta-
approximately the same in Sites 738C and ble 2. Since this anomalous Cretaceous occur-
752B. This indicates that these two sections are rence of Tertiary taxa is obviously an artifact
biostratigraphically comparable at this inter- of bioturbation, their first appearances are
val (Figs. 3 and7). listed at the base of Tertiary sediments in Fig.
8.
Site 690C Maud Rise, Weddell Sea
Maastrichtian: A. mayaroensis Zone
Site 690C was drilled in 2914 m water depth
on the southwestern flank of Maud Rise in the
Weddell Sea (65 ° 10'S, 1 ° 12'E). Depth of de- The uppermost Maastrichtian at Site 690C
position at K / T boundary time is estimated at correlates to the top of A. mayaroensis Zone
about 2000 m (Stott and Kennett, 1990a). with the nominate taxon consistently present.
Sediment recovery across the Cretaceous-Ter- The topmost sediments of the Maastrichtian,
tiary transition is excellent. The K / T bound- however, may not be present. This is suggested
ary interval, however, is intensely bioturbated by the early Danian hiatus at the K / T bound-
as observed by the mixing of Maastrichtian ary that is apparent in planktic foraminifera as
light colored chalks with brown clay-rich Ter- discussed below. The similarities in relative
tiary chalks, as well as by the mixing of Creta- abundance variations between Sites 690C and
ceous and Tertiary microfossils. A prominent 738C in the uppermost Maastrichtian suggest,
iridium anomaly is present (Michel et al., however, that only the top few tens of centi-
1990) coincident with the first occurrence of meters may be missing (Figs. 4 and 9).
Tertiary nannofossils (Pospichal and Wise, As at Site 690C, planktic foraminiferal as-
1990) and planktic foraminifera (Stott and semblages are dominated by small cosmopoli-
Kennett, 1990a) and thus marks the K / T tan heterohelicid, globigerinellid, globotrun-
boundary. Magnetostratigraphy places the K / canellids and hedbergellid taxa including
30 %. K E L L E R

Antarctic Ocean ODP Site 690C Forum. & Nanno. Zonatlons

Ston &Kanmm &
g DATUM EVENTS This Study
o 19908 W'lSe, 1990

-- Plc(2) APlb

.a- M. I ~ l l t l m l

CPlb

, ..LI. spiraliS, M. aquiensis P 1 C(1 )

M, chascanona

APla

..L S. v l d a n t a

.a. w Oaytonens~s
.C, mKJwayonlis,W. homen~t
~- s. ~.o~..
S I~u~tl~s,
Plb
P.0~=,.=,.. G . , = , , CPla
G. ( ~ s t s , E. eot)ufl,
G, td~alig, S moslwini,
~--~--.Lo G- pentagona, G taurca
,,- T A. mayaroensis

A. maya- A.maya- =
~_ roensis roensis

Nt z

Fig. 8. Planktic foraminiferal zonation and datum level sequence of Site 690C based on this study and compared with
Stott and Kennett (1990a) and Pospichal and Wise (1990). Wiggly line marks hiatus at K / T boundary. Zonal index
species are shown in bold type.

Heterohelix globulosa, H. complanata, H. den- cies is endemic to the Indian Antarctic Ocean.
tata, Hedbergella monmouthensis, Globigeri- These faunal differences may indicate the ex-
nelloides aspera, G. multispinatus and G. sub- istence of a geographic watermass barrier be-
carinatus (Fig. 9; Plates I and II ). Guembelitria tween the Atlantic and Indian Antarctic Oceans
cretacea, a nearshore taxon, is conspicuously at this time. Despite these differences the rel-
rare or absent. High abundance of Gublerina ative abundances of the dominant taxa in
robusta in Site 690C (Plate I) and its near ab- Chron 29R of Sites 690C and 738C are similar
sence in Site 738C suggests that this species is although the faunal change observed in Site
endemic to the Atlantic Antarctic Ocean. In 738C cannot be identified in Site 690C. This
contrast, the rare occurrence of Chiloguembel- is probably due to the major abundance fluc-
ina waiparaensis in Site 690C and its high tuations induced by carbonate dissolution and
abundance in Site 738C suggests that this spe- the resultant peak abundances in dissolution
K/l" GLOBAl. IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC (')(?E.~N 31

i .;tJ.4, ~ ~.;

JO

<
W
CO
_J
__I 0

W ~N

0
0
(99

Iii ~e
8._=

O0
EL . . . . I I .

r'h
8z
0 u

• 0

F~
• ; ,~ j n ( u J . , O . ,I

L,.~t:..o i ;.i~I t) "=

i q7o~NVS~_ l

3~C7 ! ~. ~¢:> - . ,

I _ 7 - -
L ~ ~ I. . . . . . . . . . . .
32 (; KELLER

TABLE 2

Relative percent abundance of planktic foraminifera across the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition at ODP site 690C

Core-section 15-6 15-6 15-6 15-6 15-6 15-5 15-5 15-5 15-5 15-5 15-5
Depth in centimeters 139-140 99-100 75-76 50-51 4-6 143-145 121-123 95-96 67-69 44-46 23-25

Abathomphalus intermedius 0.26 0.90 0.68 3.83 1.28 3.61 0.60 0.44 4.72 2.69
Abathomphalus mayaroensis 0.69 0.90 0.68 1.05 2.30 1.08 0.89 0.44 -.52 0.90
Globtgerinelloides aspera 13.72 19.72 22.99 I 1.49 17.77 22.51 25.99 23.21 20.04 1 i.32 20.96
Globigerinelloides multtsplnatus 10.82 14.22 17.31 4.05 4.88 3.32 0.36 2.08 2.64 "~7"7 2.10
Globigerinelloides subcarinatus 4.49 4.82 4.18 29.05 3.14 4.09 14.08 12.80 I 1.67 1.26 2994
Globotruncanella caravacaensis
Globotruncanella petaloidea 2. I 1 I 1.01 3.28 3.38 2.79 1.02 1.44 0.89 (I.88 ~,.94 090
Guembelitria cretacea
Guembelitria danica
Guembelitria trifolia
Gublerina robusta 22.65 22.51 18.05 6.25 3.30 2201 ¢,.SU
HedbergeUa holmdelensis 0.51
Hedbergella monmouthensis 15.04 13.30 16.72 6.08 12.20 17.39 0.36 14.29 13.88 24.84 i 5.2-'
Iledbergella plamspira
Hedbergella sp.
Heterohelix complanata 15.04 13.76 8.96 12.16 4.18 5.37 8.30 3.87 6.83 ".23 .~.0~,
Heterohelix dentata 0.26 0.46 1.49 3.38 0.77 0.72 0.89 0.44 ~k63 1.20
Heterohelix globuh)sa 32.72 16.06 19.70 25.00 26.48 17.90 24.91 33.93 38.77 211 75 ~138
Iteterohelix planata 4.22 4.36 2.39 0.68
Pseudoguembelina punctulata 0.70 0.26 0.36
Rugoglobtgerina rugosa 0.53 0.23 0.30
('hiloguembelina crmita
Chiloguembelina midwayensis
('hiloguembelina morsel
Chiloguembelina strombiform~s
Chiloguembelina waiparaensis 0.53 0.92 0.60 1.35 0.60
Woodringina claytonensis
Woodringma hornerstownensis
Eoglobigerina cf. edita
kgoglobtgerina eobulloides
Eoglobtgerina simplicissima
Eoglobigerina trivialis
Globanomalina pentagona
Globanomalina taurica
Globocon usa con usa
GIoboconusa daubjergensis
Globoconusa extensa
Globoconusa cf. extensa
lgorina spiralis
Morozovella inconstans
Murciglobtgerina aquiensis
Murciglobtgerina chascanona
Planorotalites compressus
Subbotina moskvini
Subbotina pseudobulloides
Subbotina triloculinoides
Subbotina varianta
Juveniles no identification 0.26 0.46 0.30 2.03 0.35 0.77 0.72 o30

Total number counted 379 436 335 148 287 391 277 336 454 3i,~ ~,34
K/T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 33

15-5 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4 15-4
3-5 144-145 124-126 119-121 95-96 69-71 49-51 44-46 39-41 34-36 29-31

0.54 0.83
1.63 1.10 1.42 0.80 0.79 1.13 0.52 0.84 0.29
23.91 23.14 24.08 17.43 29.52 16.84 20.00 19.06 5.85 3.13
3.80 1.65 1.42 4.83 0.95 1.05 2.82 0.42 0.29
16.30 7.99 6.23 5.09 0.32 4.74 1.41 1.31 0.29 0.35
0.55
0.82 1.93 0.57 2.68 1.90 2.37 0.56 1.04 0.84 0.35

6.79 2.48 3.40 2.68 0.95 0.79 1.69 0.78

1.05
12.77 8.82 14.73 16.35 20.63 16.05 15.49 6.53 5.88 0.29

7.61 15.98 9.63 4.02 10.48 11.32 2.54

0.54 1.93 1.98 3.22 2.22 2.63 1.97 1.04
25.27 33.61 36.54 42.90 33.02 40.26 42.25 25.54 5.88 4.97 4.51

0.42

1.04

1.13 0.52 0.42

1.46 1.74
2.63 3.13
1.83 9.24 12.57 10.42

0.42 1.17 0.35

0.78 0.84 0.29 5.21
1.31 10.92 3.22 1.74
0.29 0.35
1.57 2.52 0.58 2.78

10.08 3.22 10.07

20.17 16.37 6.94
1.32 1.69 5.22 30.67 45.32 47.92
0.53 1.13 5.22
0.26 6.20 28.72
0.29

0.42 0.58

368 363 353 373 315 380 355 383 238 342 288
 34 l , KELLER

TABLE 2 (continued1

Core-section 15-4 15-4 15-3 15-3 15-3 15-3 15-3 15-3 I 5-3 ! ;.I i 5-3
Depth in c e n t i m e t e r s 19-21 9-11 149-150 139-141 129-131 109-111 99-101 79-81 59-61 4U-41 I~J-2!

Abathomphalus intermedius
A bathomphalus mayaroensis
Globigerinelloides aspera 5.4 l 4.08 6.2 ~ 4.26 2.64 0.33 0 76 2..t 7 64 i .0o
Globlgerinelloides multtspinatus
Globigerinelloides subcarinatus 1.69 2 17 0.73 3.99 0.90 0.33 1.02 ' I~i
Globotruncanella caravacaensts
Globotruncanella petaloidea
Guembehtria cretacea
Guembelitria danlca
Guembelitria tnfoha
Gublerina robusta
l l edbergella holmdelensis
Hedbergella monmouthensts
tledbergella planispira
tledbergella sp.
Ileterohelix complanata
tteterohelix dentata
Ileterohelix globulosa 3.38 326 623 3.45 1.2{) 1.30 076 3.05 ) 19 ~' ~,?,
tteterohelD; olanata
Pseudoguembelina punctulata
Rugoglobtgerina rugosa
Chiloguembelina crinita
('hiloguembelina midwal,ensts 0.27 0.37 0.53 0.60 ,9.40 1.6t~ 4.38 2.33
Chiloguembeltna morsel 0.34 1. IO (I.27 0.30
Chiloguembelina strombiformis
Chiloguembelina watparaensis 0.34 0.80
Woodringina claytonensis (I.27 2.10 3.26 3.95 6.11 I 1.19 !5.28
Woodringina hornerstownensis 0.54 I).30
Eoglobtgerina cf. edita 0.6(I 0.05 0 ?6 ~.6~',
Eoglobigerina eobulloides 12.84 8.42 I 1 v2 6.38 14.97 22.80 35.57 24.75 13.56 56
Eoglobtgerina simplicissima 2.17 7.49 4.23
Eoglobtgerina trivialis 3.38 6.25 12.82 7.98 3.50 7.82 13.44 12.12 3.39 o.82 1.99
Globanomalina pentagona 3.04 5.43 6.59 18.09 2.99 6.19 7.11 5 30 5.76 ~.78 5.32
Globanornalina taurica 3.38 6.25 5 13 5.32 3.89 1.95 2.37 t.28 2.71 " 4(I *,)18
Globoconusa conusa 0.30 0.40
Globoconusa daubjergensis 2.70 7.07 3.3(I 7.98 8.08 4.89 1.58 6(16 11.19 .[ 2.4 : I " 94
Globoconusa extensa c) ? 3 0.80 0.30 0.98 3.16 2.02 4.75 7.6 ~ 9.30
Globoconusa cf. extensa {I.27 0.30 0.70 U)5 !37 0.33
Igorina spiralis ~82 ? 31
Morozovella inconstans
Murciglobigerina aquiensis r J 2 -I 0.33
Murciglobigerina chascanona 'J.2" 033
Planorotalites compressus 14.86 10.33 2.93 14.36 18.26 10.75 3.95 13.89 13.56 'J.86 0.98
Subbotina moskvini 5.74 9.24 15.75 13.30 12.28 11.73 14.62 1212 8.14 ].56 t) t) 7
Subbotina pseudobulloides 42.9 I 33.15 24.91 11.44 16.77 18.24 9.09 10.10 12.2{I 685 4.30
Subbotina triloculinotdes 0.37 2.10 4.56 2.77 025 0.68 ",'.97
Subbotina varianta 0.79 1.26 0.34 ¢t.55 {I.66
J u v e n i l e s no i d e n t i f i c a t i o n 1.09 1.10 0.80 0.25 1.82 (I.~3

Total n u m b e r c o u n t e d 296 368 273 376 334 307 253 396 295 365 301
K/T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONSIN THE ANTARCTICOCEAN 35

15-3 15-2 15-2 15-2 15-2 15-2 15-2 15-2 15-1 15-1 15-1
1-2 138-140 121-123 99-100 73-75 50-52 25-30 9-11 144-145 119-120 89-91

0.87 0.94 0.51 1.08 0.58 0.88 0.56 1.13 0.96 0.25

0.94 0.25 0.58 0.28 0.32 0.32

0.29

2.20 0.51 0.54 0.87 0.29 0.28 0.64 0.25

0.29 0.32
2.92 1.57 2.03 2.15 2.89 2.34 1.69 0.56 0.64 3.48 1.53
2.04 1.02 0.81 0.29 0.29 0.85 0.28 1.27 0.63 0.51
0.63
0.87 0.58 0.88 0.85 0.28 0.64
16.62 11.64 6.35 9.68 5.49 7.60 5.07 2.26 1.91 0.63
0.58 0.63 0.25 0.29 0.64 0.63

0.29 1.89 1.52 2.15 3.76 2.34 1.97 1.13 2.55 2.85 1.53
7.00 6.29 3.81 2.96 4.91 3.80 6.20 5.08 2.87 3.48 5.09
7.00 10.38 10.66 2.69 2.31 2.63 1.97 3.67 4.14 3.48 2.80

26.24 27.67 26.14 17.47 9.83 18.71 12.39 9.04 18.07

2.92 1.89 6.09 0.27 1.45 1.17 0.28 2.26 11.20
1.27 0.27 0.51
0.58 2.20 3.81 1.88 0.58 1.46 9.30 5.65 17.83 12.03 4.58
0.28 0.96 0.32 1.02
0.31 1.02 0.81 1.16 0.58 0.28 1.69 1.91 1.27 1.02
0.31 0.25 0.27 0.58 0.29 0.28 0.85 0.32 0.63 0.76
10.20 12.58 12.69 13.17 9.83 5.26 4.23 5.08 9.55 4.43 3.82
2.62 1.89 1.52 0.27 1.73
9.33 6.29 7.61 17.74 23.12 14.62 15.77 9.60 10.83 12.03 11.20
2.92 5.03 4.31 9.68 12.72 13.74 15.21 19.77 21.66 22.78 10.43
6.12 4.72 8.38 16.13 16.76 22.81 23.10 30.51 20.38 30.06 25.45
0.29 0.63 0.28

343 318 394 372 346 342 355 354 314 316 393
36 t, KELLER

TABLE 2 (continued)

Core-section 15-1 15-1 15-1 14-5 14-5 14-5 14-5 14-5 14-5
Depth in centimeters 64-66 39-441 19-21 134-136 104-106 69-71 49-51 24-26 4-6

Abathomphalus intermedius
Abathomphalus mayaroensis
Globigerinelloidesaspera 0.27 0.96 0.24 0.34 0.35 0.31 o.3~
Globigerinelloides multispinatus
Globigerinelloides subcarinatus O.75 ~) ~
Globotruncanella caravacaensis
Globotruncanella petaloidea
Guembelitria cretacea
Guembelitria danica
Guembelitria trifolia
Gublerina robusta
Hedbergella holmdelensts
tledbergella monmouthensis
ftedbergeUa planispira
t l edbergella sp.
Heterohelix complanata
Heterohelix dentata
Heterohelixglobulosa 0.24 {).24 0.31 0 33
Heterohelix planata
Pseudoguembelina punctulata
Rugoglobtgerina rugosa
Chiloguembelina crinita 0.24 O.3 I
Chiloguembelina midwayensis 1.61 5.26 3.86 0.49 0.68 1.88 1.06 4.60 3A~7
Chiloguembelina morsei 1.07 0.72 0.97 1.25 1.7" t32
Chiloguembelina strombiformis
Chiloguembelina waiparaensis 0.49 0.68 0.31 0.31 0.66
Woodringtnaclaytonensis 0.27 1.20 0.74 (1.34 2.19 1.77 1.53
Woodringma hornerstownensis
Eoglobigerina cf. edita
Foglobigerina eobulloides
Eoglobtgerina simplicissima
Eoglobtgerina trivialis 1.61 0.24 0.97 0.31 0.35
GIobanomalinapentagona 18.77 7.89 6.52 13.83 13.36 22.26 18.79 27.91 23.18
Globanomalina taurica 5.90 4.78 0.72 3.46 3.77 5.64 3. I t) 3.07 g 64
Globoconusa conusa
Globoconusadaubjergensis 21.45 45.93 36.23 25.19 17.81 10.03 8.16 7.36 3.97
Globoconusa extensa 13.94 13.64 25.36 0.99 0.34 0.31
Globoconusa cf. extensa 1.34
Igorina spiralis 1.88 1.69 0.99 0.35
Morozovella inconstans 1.07 0.96 3.38 6.42 6.16 5.33 9.93 4.29 397
Murciglobtgerina aquiensis 2.68 1.91 0.24 1.48 1.37 1.88 1.06 0.92 2.98
Murciglobigerina chascanona 0.27 0.72 2.17 1.48 1.71 0.63 0.71 0.61 (I.66
Planorotalites compressus 6.97 6.94 7.73 20.00 18.84 14.73 10.64 15.34 17.22
Subbotina moskvini 1.84 0.99
Subbottna pseudobullotdes 8.04 7.18 5.56 20.99 34.25 32.29 4 I. 13 31.29 36.42
Subbotina triloculinoides 6.70 0.24
Subbotina varianta 6.17 1.44 3.62 3.21 0.34 0.94 0.35
Juveniles no identification (I.25

Total number counted 373 418 414 4()5 292 319 282 326 302
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 37

resistant species (e.g.G. subcarinatus in 15-6, and Kennett (1990a) recorded the first com-
50cm, 15-5, 35 cm; Fig. 9). mon (12%) S. pseudobulloides higher upsec-
The age of magnetochron C29R from the K / tion in core 15-3, 132-136 cm. This difference
T boundary to the top of C30N is well con- is likely due to the higher resolution sample
strained with the K / T boundary calibrated at spacing in this study (53 samples as opposed
66.4 Ma (Berggren et al., 1985 ) and the C29R/ to 15 analyzed by Stott and Kennett for the
C30N boundary 350 kyr earlier based on anal- same interval ). Stott and Kennett (1990a) de-
ysis of orbitally driven bedding cycles at Site fined their new Antarctic Zone A P a / A P I a
528 (Herbert and D'Hondt, 1990). By this age boundary by the first common occurrence of
estimate and assuming near continuous sedi- S. pseudobulloides which in this study would
mentation, depositional rates for this interval coincide with the K / T boundary (Fig. 9 ). This
averaged 1.28 c m / 1 0 3 years which compares illustrates that the first common occurrence of
favorably with average sedimentation rates of a species may not be a good zonal marker. Re-
1.71 cm/103 years for the same interval at Site cognizing this problem, Huber (1991) pro-
528. It must be cautioned, however, that these posed to use the first appearance of Globocon-
rates may be too low for Site 690C since a hia- usa daubjergensis instead of the first common
tus is present at or near the base of C29R that S. pseudobulloides. Since G. daubjergensis al-
has removed most of C30N. ready evolved in Zone P la and is also present
at the K / T boundary in Site 690C, this will not
provide a better biostratigraphic marker for the
K / T transition APa/AP 1a boundary.

A bioturbated interval, mixing brown clay- Zone Plb (Hiatus PO-Pla)

rich Tertiary and light colored Maastrichtian
chalks, marks the K / T boundary in Site 690C. At Site 690C eight Tertiary species first ap-
This suggests that a major change occurred in pear simultaneously at the K / T boundary
biogenic and pelagic sedimentation at the K / (Eoglobigerina eobulloides, E. trivialis, Gla-
T boundary (Ir anomaly) as earlier suggested banomalina pentagona, G. taurica (= G. poly-
by Stott and Kennett (1990a,b). Because of camera of Stott and Kennett, 1990a), Piano-
this bioturbated interval, first and last appear- rotalites compressus, Globoconusa daub-
ances of taxa are suspect. Nevertheless, the jergensis, G. conusa, Subbotina pseudobul-
boundary conditions can be evaluated from loides). Another 6 species first appear within
quantitative planktic foraminiferal analysis the first 30 cm above the K / T boundary (S.
which show a sudden shift from a Cretaceous triloculinoides, E. edita, Woodringina horner-
to a well developed and diverse Danian fauna stownensis, W. claytonensis, Chiloguembelina
in core 15-4, 44-46 cm coincident with the midwayensis, C. morsei (Table 2; Fig. 9 ). Al-
major increase in iridium (Michel et al., 1990; though bioturbation may have obscured the
Fig. 9). Pospichal and Wise (1990) observed sequence of evolutionary first occurrences, this
a similar shift in calcareous nannofossil assem- high species diversity ( 14 taxa) is unknown for
blages at this interval. the basal Tertiary (Smit, 1982; Keller, 1988,
The most common species observed within 1989a; Canudo et al., 1991 ), but is character-
the first 40 cm of the Tertiary is Subbotina istic of Zones P I a to P I c (Keller et al., 1990;
pseudobulloides (Plate II, 13, 14) ranging be- Keller and Benjamini, 1991; Keller et al., in
tween 25% and 47% in relative abundance of press). Moreover, in K / T sections with rela-
the total assemblage (Fig. 9 ). In contrast, Stott tively continuous sedimentation these 14 spe-
38 ( i KELLER

cies evolve sequentially in Zones P0 and P l a Zone P l c

(see Fig. 2) an interval spanning the first 240
to 280 kyr ofthe Tertiary. At Site 690(3 the high The first occurrence of Subbotina varianta
species diversity and abundance of Tertiary which marks the P l b / P l c boundary was ob-
species at the K / T boundary, and the absence served in core 15-3, 99-101 cm correlative with
of P. eugubina and Subbotina varianta which the lower part of C29N (Fig. 8 ). Similar to Site
mark Zones P l a and Plc, places this interval 738C, the high latitude endemic species Igo-
in Zone Plb. This study shows that a hiatus rina spiralis, Murcigobigerina aquiensis and M.
spanning at least Zones P0 and P l a (240-280 chascanona first appear in the lower part of
kyr) and probably part of Zone P lb is present Subzone P l c ( l ) (Figs. 8 and 9; Plate IV).
at or near the K / T boundary although biotur- Morozovella inconstans, the marker species for
bation rules out precise placement. the P l c ( l ) / P l c ( 2 ) and A P l a / A P l b bound-
There is also independent evidence for a aries first appears in core 15-2, l 0 cm. Similar
hiatus from calcareous nannofossils, and mag- to the Kerguelen Plateau Site 738C Subzone
netostratigraphy. In nannofossil assemblages, P l c ( 1 ) is characterized by peak abundances in
Pospichal and Wise (1990) noted an abrupt I. spiralis and S. varianta (Figs. 4 an 9 ). But in
abundance change in Cruciplacolithus and contrast to Site 738C Chiloguembelina waipa-
Hornibrookina along with the co-occurrence of raensis is very rare in Site 690C whereas
Cruciplacolithus primus and C. tenuis where the Woodringina claytonensis is common. This
former should precede C. tenuis. They con- pronounced difference in biserial taxa be-
cluded that a hiatus at the CP 1a / C P 1b bound- tween the Indian and Atlantic Antarctic Oceans
ary (45 cm above the K / T boundary) is a suggests an ecologic barrier (oxygen minima? )
"distinct possibility". Planktic foraminifera existed at this time. This faunal difference
show major abundance changes at this interval seems to decrease in P I c (2) when few biserial
in Zone P I b along with the first occurrences of taxa are present and the faunal assemblages are
C. claytonensis and G. extensa (Fig. 9; Plates I dominated by S. pseudobulloides, G. penta-
and III ). It is therefore possible that a second gona-G, taurica, G. daubjergensis and P. com-
short hiatus is present within Zone P I b. pressus at both sites (Figs. 4 and 9 ).
Magnetostratigraphy also supports the pres-
ence of a greatly reduced C29R interval above Discussion
the K / T boundary. As noted earlier, the K / T
boundary generally correlates to the upper one Ir anomalies and hiatuses
third of magnetoehron C29R (Channell and
Dobson, 1989), whereas at Site 690C this It is commonly assumed that the presence of
boundary correlates to near the top of C29R, an iridium anomaly a priori proves the contin-
or (about 35 cm above the K / T boundary uous nature of sedimentation across the K / T
Hamilton, 1990). The age for C29R from the boundary. However, this is not the case since
K / T boundary to the C29R/C29N boundary an iridium anomaly can still be present when a
is calibrated at 240 to 280 Ka by Herbert and hiatus is present. This is because when a hiatus
D'Hondt (1990), Berggren et al. (1985) and is formed iridium and other rare earth metals
MacLeod and Keller ( 1991 b). If sedimenta- may concentrate as a result of associated dis-
tion was continuous, this would indicate a very solution or non-deposition (Keller et al., 1987;
low average sedimentation rate of 0.15 cm/103 Donovan et al., 1988; Schmitz, 1988). At the
yr for this interval which is highly unlikely K / T boundary these rare earth metals tend to
given the high calcareous content of these concentrate in a few millimeters thin red or
sediments. rust-brown clay layer that is devoid of carbon-
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 39

ate (Schmitz, 1988). In a survey of 29 K / T imply that a complete and continuous sedi-
boundary sections, an Ir anomaly is present in mentation record is present. It only means that
only 4 biostratigraphically continuous sections at least some part of each biozone is repre-
(El Kef, Agost, Caravaca, Sopelana) and each sented. Short intrazonal hiatuses are common,
contains a well defined clay layer above the thin although more difficult to demonstrate than
Ir-rich red layer. In each section, this clay layer hiatuses that result in removal of one or more
contains a characteristic basal Tertiary Zone P0 biozones. At Site 738C, the most complete
fauna (Smit and Romein, 1985; Keller, 1988; Antarctic section, short intrazonal hiatuses ap-
Canudo et al., 1991 ). In seven of the 29 KIT pear to be present at the P 0 / P 1a and P I a / P I b
boundary sections however, an iridium anom- boundaries, whereas at Site 690C the first two
aly is present even though the earliest Danian Tertiary Zones (P0-PI a) are missing. Intra-
Zones P0 and part of P I a are absent (Stevns zonal hiatuses have been documented globally
Klint, Gubbio, DSDP Sites 465,524, 525,527, at these times and seem to represent global
516; MacLeod and Keller, 1991 a,b). The max- oceanographic events related to decreased sur-
imum duration of these hiatuses, while still face productivity in low latitudes and sea level
preserving an iridium anomaly, is about fluctuations (Keller and Benjamini, 1991;
200,000 years (upper part of C29R). With the Canudo et al., 1991; MacLeod and Keller,
exception of Stevns Klint, all of these sections 1991 a,b; Schmitz et al., 1992 ).
were deposited in a bathyal environment with
dissolution and non-deposition (and hence Cretaceous- Tertiary cosmopolitan fauna
concentration of clay minerals and rare earth
metals) rather than physical erosion, the pri- It is generally assumed that southern high
mary cause of the hiatus formation. The in- latitude faunas (Austral Province of Sliter,
creased dissolution and consequently non-de- 1977; Krasheninkov and Basov, 1983, 1986;
position during the early Danian is related to Huber, 1991 ) are uniquely different, charac-
the dramatically decreased surface productiv- terized by their low species diversity and dom-
ity in low latitudes (Zachos and Arthur, 1986; inance of small biserial (heterohelicid), tro-
Zachos et al., 1989; Keller and Lindinger, chospiral (hedbergellid) and planispiral
1989). (globigerinellid) morphotypes. One of the
The Antarctic K / T boundary sections seem more surprising results of this study, however,
to conform to this pattern also. Even though is the great similarity of latest Maastrichtian to
all three sections examined (Sites 738C, 752B earliest Tertiary Antarctic planktic foramini-
and 690C) have Ir anomalies at the K / T feral assemblages with northern high latitude
boundary, they are not equally complete (Denmark) and low latitude assemblages
chronostratigraphically. Site 738C, which has (Spain, Tunisia, Israel, Texas, Mexico). This
a laminated clay layer spanning the K / T similarity is present both in the morphotypes
boundary, is biostratigraphically the most of species present and in the species which are
complete Antarctic Ocean K / T boundary se- dominant across latitudes. For instance, the
quence recovered to date. Site 752B which has latest Maastrichtian (C29R) assemblages of
a thin clay layer, but poor microfossil preser- Antarctic Sites 738C and 690C are of a cos-
vation, may also be biostratigraphically com- mopolitan nature dominated by small biserial,
plete, whereas Site 690 which lacks a clay layer, trochospiral and planispiral taxa such as Het-
has a hiatus at or just above the K / T boundary. erohelix globulosa, H. complanata, H. dentata,
The fact that all biostratigraphic zones are Hedbergella monmouthensis, H. holmdelensis,
recognizably present in a section (e.g., the sec- Globigerinelloides aspera, G. multispinatus and
tion is biostratigraphically complete) does not G. subcarinatus. These taxa, however, also
40 t i KEI.LER

dominate in middle latitudes (Site 528; and 690C. Taxic diversity is also reduced in
D'Hondt and Keller, 1991 ), low latitudes shallow water regions such as Brazos River
(Mexico, Texas, Tunisia, Spain; Keller 1988, (30% reduction compared to El Kef) and
1989a,b; Canudo et al., 1991; Keller et al., in Stevns Klint (60% reduction compared to Sites
press) and northern high latitudes (Denmark; 738C and 690C). The increase in taxic diver-
Schmitz et al., 1992; Keller et al., 1993 ), span- sity in low latitudes is largely due to the pres-
ning open ocean to shallow continental shelves. ence (although rare ) of large, complex, ornate
Each region, however, also has a few endemic taxa which gradually disappeared during the
species. end Cretaceous (Keller, 1988). The global
Examination of the relative species abun- similarity in planktic foraminiferal faunas
dance distributions ( > 63/~m size fraction ) in during the last 300,000 years of the Cretaceous
these sections indicates that dominance of accompanied by the elimination of large trop-
small biserial, trochospiral and planispiral ical taxa during this time, is indicative of in-
morphotypes is not unique to the Austral creasing environmental stress, and in particu-
Province, but instead is a global phenomena lar, of global climatic cooling for which there
during at least the last 300,000 years of the is evidence from stable isotopes and plants in
Cretaceous. For instance, in the southern high the Antarctic Ocean and Seymour Island (Stott
latitudes: Sites 738C, 690C and Walvis Ridge and Kennett, 1990b; Askin, 1988, 1992 ).
Site 528, Heterohelix globulosa, H. complan- Near the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary
ata, Globigerinelloides aspera, G. multispina, G. continued or increasing environmental stress
subcarinatus and Hedbergella monmouthensis led to the decline and eventual extinction of
dominate. In the northern high latitudes, the even the small cosmopolitan heterohelicid,
same group of species dominates in addition hedbergellid, globigerinellid and globotrunca-
to common triserial taxa (Guembelitria dan- nellid taxa. But similar to the outgoing latest
ica, G. cretacea) due to shallow water and Maastrichtian fauna, the evolving and domi-
proximity to shore of the Danish sections. In nating Tertiary fauna is also cosmopolitan
the Tethyan Province (Spain, Tunisia, Negev, consisting of small biserial (chiloguembelinids
Mexico) a more diverse assemblage of small and woodringinids ), triserial (guembelitrids),
biserial taxa dominates ( H. globulosa, H. na- and trochospiral (globigerinids) forms. In the
varroensis, H. glabrans, P. costulata, H. com- earliest Tertiary Zone P0 (~40,000 years)
planata) along with reduced abundances of only surviving Cretaceous biserial and triserial
Hedbergella monmouthensis and Globigerinel- taxa dominate. In the succeeding Zone P la
loides aspera. In the very shallow and near- (180-240 kyr) globigerinid and trochospiral
shore Brazos River sections the faunal assem- taxa increase and eventually dominate in Zones
blage is dominated by H. globulosa and G. P l b and P lc. With few exceptions the faunal
cretacea with reduced abundances of G. as- assemblages present in the earliest Tertiary
pera, H. complanata and H. navarroensis. Thus, Zones P0 to P I c of Sites 738C and 690C ( Figs.
the dominant faunal constituents a r e essen- 4 and 8 ) are characteristic of this time interval
tially the same across latitudes with differ- worldwide (Keller, 1988, 1989a,b; Canudo et
ences restricted to shallow nearshore regions al., 1990; Keller and Benjamini, 1991 ; Keller
and higher diversity of small dominant biserial et al., 1993; in press). The few species endemic
taxa in low latitudes. The major difference, to southern high latitudes include the biserial
however, is in the higher diversity of subsidi- taxa Eoglobigerina danica, C. waiparaensis, C.
ary taxa in middle to low latitudes. For in- crinita and W. claytonensis and the trochos-
stance, at El Kef, Agost, Caravaca and Mim- piral taxa Igorina spiralis, Murciglobigerina
bral taxic diversity is twice that of Sites 738C aquiensis and M. chascanona. Preliminary
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 41

study of northern high latitude sections sug- fauna dominated by small, simple biserial, tro-
gests that most or all of these species are en- chospiral and planispiral forms and the simi-
demic to northern and southern high latitudes larly generalist cosmopolitan earliest Tertiary
where they appear to have evolved and at a fauna dominated by the same general morpho-
later time migrated to lower latitudes (Keller types, points towards a long-term global envi-
et al., 1993). This suggests that high latitude ronmental crisis. Although we do not yet fully
regions, particularly of the Southern Hemi- understand the cause or nature of this environ-
sphere, acted as a center oforigin and dispersal mental change, it is clear that it began well be-
for planktic foraminifera as earlier observed for fore the K / T boundary and continued long
invertebrates by Zinsmeister and Feldmann thereafter. It fostered an environment that ex-
(1984). cluded specialized forms in the Cretaceous and
The remarkable lack of species extinctions led to dominance of generalists that could tol-
in the Antarctic Ocean and survivorship of erate a wide range of conditions. Moreover, it
generalist taxa is also not unique to planktic lead to the evolution of similarly small simple
foraminifera. For instance in a study of inver- morphotypes in the Tertiary that gradually re-
tebrates across the K / T boundary transition of placed the Cretaceous survivors. It is possible
Seymour Island, Antarctica, Zinsmeister et al. that an extraterrestrial bolide impact at K / T
(1989) observed no major extinction horizon boundary time hastened the demise of the al-
but a gradual faunal turnover spanning 30 m. ready declining cosmopolitan fauna, but the
A study ofdinocyst assemblages of this section decline of the end Maastrichtian fauna was
by Askin (1992) placed this boundary in the caused by an earlier environmental change that
lower part of the 30 m interval near an iridium may be related to major global volcanism ac-
enrichment. However, also in this group no companied by a greenhouse effect and rapid
major ecologic trauma was observed. Domi- global warming. Evidence of high latitude
nant components of the palynomorph assem- warming beginning 5000 to 10,000 years be-
blages continued unchanged across the K/T fore the K / T boundary is present in northern
boundary while only a few rare pollen species high latitude sections (Denmark; Schmitz et
disappeared at or near the K / T boundary (As- al., 1992; Keller et al., 1993 ).
kin, 1988, 1992 ). Similar survival phenomena A clue to this environmental change is now
were reported for nonmarine vertebrates of also emerging from high latitude stable isotope
North America by Archibald and Bryant analyses of individual planktic and benthic
(1990). These investigators recorded that as foraminiferal species at Nye Klov, Denmark
much as 48% o f n o n m a r i n e invertebrates (am- and ODP Site 738C (Keller et al., 1993; Bar-
phibians, reptiles and mammals) survived the rera and Keller, in prep. ). These data indicate
K / T boundary, a level of extinction that is that the 3 permil negative c~13Cshift and elim-
comparable to the Campanian/Maastrichtian ination of the surface-to-deep 813C gradient
( 55% ) and Puercan/Torrejonian (early/mid- that characterizes low latitudes (e.g., Zachos
dle Paleocene, 58%) survival rates. Since am- et al., 1989; Zachos and Arthur, 1986; Keller
phibians and reptiles were less specialized than and Lindinger, 1989), is diminished or absent
the dinosaurs, and mammals were primitive at in high latitudes. For instance, at Nye Klov the
this time, one might argue that survival in the dt3C shift is only 0.6%o (Keller et al., 1993)
terrestrial realm also favored nonspecialized and in ODP Site 738C there is no evidence of
generalists capable of adapting to changing en- decreased d ~3C values near the K/T boundary,
vironmental conditions. but rather slightly increased surface values
The generalist and cosmopolitan nature of (Barrera and Keller, in prep.). In neither of
the latest Maastrichtian planktic foraminiferal these two sections is there a change in the sur-
49 ~, kEI.I,ER

face-to-deep t~~3C gradient. Since the # ~3C shift Antarctic Oceans (Site 690C) are very similar
and elimination of the surface-to-deep gra- during the latest Maastrichtian and early Ter-
dient in low latitudes is generally interpreted tiary with few significant exceptions. During
as the near shut-off of surface water productiv- the latest Maastrichtian the biserial species
ity in the marine realm (Zachos and Arthur, Chiloguembelina waiparaensis is a dominant
1986; Zachos et al., 1989 ), this effect was either element in Site 738C, but extremely rare in Site
minimal or absent in high latitudes. This could 690C, whereas Gublerina robusla is a domi-
account for the near absence of species extinc- nant form in Site 690C, but nearly absent in
tions and the only minor faunal changes asso- Site 738C. The genus Chiloguembelina was be-
ciated with the K / T boundary event in high lieved to have evolved during the early Ter-
latitudes. The cause for this high-low latitude tiary, but it is already present in the late Maas-
stable/isotopic difference is still unclear. trichtian C30N and seems to have evolved in
the southern Indian Ocean. During the early
Conclusions Tertiary (P0-P I c) C. waiparaensis dominates
( > 60%) the faunal assemblage in Site 738C.
Contrary to current assumptions, latest but biserials are nearly absent in Site 690C.
Maastrichtian to earliest Tertiary planktic for- This faunal difference suggests that a oceanic
aminiferal assemblages from the Indian and water mass barrier existed between the south-
Atlantic Antarctic Oceans (Sites 738C, 752B ern Atlantic and southern Indian Ocean that
and 690C) are not restricted to a southern high prevented early migration of the evolving
latitude province, but are cosmopolitan domi- chiloguembelinids.
nating high to low latitudes. Only very few spe- The cosmopolitan nature of the dominant
cies are endemic to different latitudinal prov- latest Maastrichtian fauna began at least
inces and all low latitude datum levels are 200,000 to 300,000 years before the end of the
present. As a result of this cosmopolitan fauna, Cretaceous and continued at least for 300,000
the high resolution low latitude zonation of years into the Tertiary. An environmental cri-
Smit (1982), Smit and Romein (1985) and sis, of yet unknown origin but accompanied by
modified by Keller (1988, 1989a) and Can- climatic cooling followed by warming resulted
udo et al. (1991) can be directly applied to in the gradual elimination of specialized taxa
Antarctic faunas. permitting expansion of generalists able to tol-
Kerguelen Plateau Site 738C is the biostra- erate a wide range of conditions. The terminal
tigraphically most complete deep-sea K / T decline of this Cretaceous cosmopolitan fauna
boundary sequence recovered to date. This site in the Antarctic Ocean began at least several
contains a biostratigraphically complete (e.g., thousand years before the K / T boundary and
all biozones present, P0-P I a) K / T boundary Ir anomaly at Site 738C as estimated from de-
transition in a 15 cm thick laminated clay layer. position of 5 cm of calcareous ooze and lami-
Two intrazonal hiatuses are present at the P0/ nated clay-rich sediments. Highly stressed en-
P l a and P l a / P l b boundaries. Site 752B may vironmental conditions are indicated
also be biostratigraphicaUy complete, but poor beginning at this time by the terminal abun-
microfossil preservation prevents high resolu- dance decline of common and cosmopolitan
tion studies. WeddeU Sea Site 690(2 has a hia- species, the concurrent increase in the oppor-
tus at the K / T boundary that removed at least tunistic Chiloguembelina waiparaensis, the
Zones P0 and P 1a, or about 230,000 to 280,000 onset of laminated clay-rich sediments and the
years. onset of dwarfing of all taxa in both planktic
Planktic foraminiferal assemblages from the and benthic foraminiferal assemblages.
Indian Antarctic (Site 738C) and Atlantic Dwarfing of foraminifera continues through
K / T GLOBAL IMPLICATIONS IN THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 43

d e p o s i t i o n o f Z o n e P 0 o f the clay-rich lami- graphic implications from a new Cretaceous-Tertiary

boundary section from Seymour Island. Antarct. J.
n a t e d layer. T h e t e r m i n a l decline o f this cos-
U.S., 25(5): 42-44.
m o p o l i t a n f a u n a m a y be due to i n c r e a s e d stress Barrera, E. and Keller, G., 1990. Foraminiferal stable iso-
a n d the a t t a i n m e n t o f t h r e s h o l d c o n d i t i o n s for tope evidence for gradual decrease of marine produc-
t h e i r existence. W h e t h e r v o l c a n i s m p l a y e d a tivity and Cretaceous species survivorship in the ear-
m a j o r role is u n k n o w n , b u t t h e r e is e v i d e n c e liest Danian. Paleoceanography, 5: 867-890.
Barrera, E. and Keller, G., in prep. Productivity and
o f m a j o r volcanic activity o n B r o k e n Ridge Site planktic foraminiferal changes across the Cretaceous-
752 w h e r e 6.5 m o f v o l c a n i c s e d i m e n t s were Tertiary boundary in high latitudes.
d e p o s i t e d across the K / T b o u n d a r y . T h e r e is Berger, W.H., 1969. Ecologic patterns of living plank-
n o e v i d e n c e o f a s u d d e n mass killing o f the en- tonic Foraminifera. Deep-Sea Res., 16: 1-24.
Berggren, W.A., 1977. Atlas of Paleogene planktonic for-
tire C r e t a c e o u s f a u n a as a result o f a b o l i d e im-
aminifera. Some species of the genera Acarinina and
pact at the K / T b o u n d a r y a n d t h e r e is n o evi- Truncorotaloides. In: A.T.S. Ramsey (Editor), Oceanic
d e n c e o f earlier e x t r a t e r r e s t r i a l b o l i d e i m p a c t s Micropaleontology. Academic Press, London, pp. 250-
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