International Journal of Applied Social Science RESEARCH PAPER

Volume 6 (4), April (2019) : 873-880 ISSN : 2394-1405

Received : 11.02.2019; Revised : 25.02.2019; Accepted : 11.03.2019

An Analysis of Violence in Hindi Cinema

AJAY KUMAR
Assistant Professor
Department of Mass Communication, Rajiv Gandhi Government College, Saha, Ambala (Haryana) India

ABSTRACT
One thing that is very much objectionable in violence and expression is to show the glamour of violence and to show
violence getting rewarded. Hero or Villain spreads violence throughout the film but they do not get punished by the
law, even in the end of the film when the villain get punished, the villain get murdered by the people or by the hero of
film which again a violent activity and an illegal activity against the law. After watching such kind of activities,
especially adolescents started to think that doing violence is a matter of pride and by doing violence in the society
they can get power or special status. And by doing so, the law will not punish them. The present research is an attempt
to know what kind of violent activities are being shown in Hindi cinema and what is the use of weapons in doing such
activates. Apart from this consequences of violence are also analysed.

Key Words : Violent Cinema, Violence, Depiction of Violence, Impact of depicted violence.

INTRODUCTION Cinematograph Act 1952. Undoubtedly cinema has crept

in our lives so much and had such a great impact on our
Cinema is the most famous medium of entertainment lives, that if it is not regulated it can create havoc. Former
today. The audience often identified themselves with the Prime Minister Nehru in his speech stated that, “the
characters depicted on the silver screen. The impact of influence in India of films is greater than newspapers
cinema on the audience can be traced back to the very and books combined.”
beginning of the cinema itself. For instance, the Editorial Supreme Court of the country in a milestone
Board of Sudha magazine (a renowned film magazine) judgment, dwelling on the question that why certification
written in its first issue of 1927, raising concerns about for the films is necessary before public exhibition, says
the cinema’s impact on Indian youth and recommended that “A film motivates thought and action and assures a
the control over films content saying: high degree of attention and retention as compared to
“The bioscope-cinema tamasha is becoming very the printed words. The combination of act and speech,
popular in India. We have seen ourselves that in sight and sound in semi-darkness of the theatre with
Benares, children aged eight to ten years- who cannot elimination of all distracting ideas will have a strong impact
get good education but can easily acquire bad habits- on the minds of the viewers and can affect emotions.
buy two anna tickets and watch cinema daily. We have Therefore, it has as much potential for evil as it has for
even seen that because of this habit……. students of good and has an equal potential to instill or cultivate violent
Sanskrit are selling lemonade soda inside….in this or good behaviour. It cannot be equated with other modes
situation it is imperative for the government to exercise of communication. Certification by prior restraint is,
control over cinema” therefore, not only desirable but also necessary”.
Furthermore, Central Board of Film Certification is The recognition that Bollywood has the power to
a statuary body in India which aims to ensure the good impact society has dawned on us from the early days
and healthy entertainment in accordance with itself, but people have different notions on how to use
How to cite this Article: Kumar, Ajay (2019). An Analysis of Violence in Hindi Cinema. Internat. J. Appl. Soc. Sci., 6 (4) : 873-880.
 AJAY KUMAR

this piece of information. For Instance, Gandhi says that effects of a particular mass medium, with television being
films can corrupt young minds and should be shunned the focal point of the public attention since the 1950s.
while Nehru was of the view that they can be used for The most frequent source of concern was the portrayal
education purposes. In the modern day context, films of violence in programmes which, according to
have obtained a cult status; they have entered into every television’s critics, could undermine the moral values of
part of our lives, and have even hijacked our imagination. young people, teach lessons which encouraged delinquent
behaviour, play a significant role in contributing towards
Impact of films on children: rising levels of crimes in society.
Children are the future of the nation. They have the In 1928 William H. Short, executive director of the
responsibility to shape the future of the country, the motion pictures research council, invited a group of
country which is known as the youngest country in the university psychologists, sociologists and educators to
world. But unfortunately these young minds are the most design a series of studies to access the influence of the
vulnerable and susceptible to influence of cinema. Their movies on children. The research was funded by a private
minds are not mature enough to differentiate between philanthropic foundation called Payn Fund. The research
the reality and virtual reality. They start believing whatever findings were published in the early 1930s in ten volumes
they see in cinema and sometimes start imitating what and represent classic works. Among the questions they
their favourite actors do. We have listened many stories tackled were whether the movies eroded moral standards
where children being influenced by the superheroes (such and had an influence on conduct. Findings indicated that
as Krish and Shaktimaan) start committing fatal acts. many scenes of crime and sex could be found in the
Sometimes children found involved in heinous crimes, movies that were contrary to moral standards of the day,
probably learn from the movies. Apart from these impacts but no conclusive evidence emerged that the movies
language and behavioral influences of cinema are also actually had degenerating effects on their audiences.
very common among the children. Nowadays parents Dale (1935) reported an analysis of the major themes
allow children to watch films as they do not have much of 1500 films as part of the Payn Fund research and
time for other creative things. If regulated Films can teach found that about one in four films had a major themes of
children many skills in easy and enjoyable manner such crime and in an in depth analysis of 115 films, found an
as moral values, speaking skills, language etc. Cinema average or 3.9 crimes per film. His conclusions, like so
can play a vital role in nourishing their imagination but many later studies of television violence, were suffused
cinema now-a-days become significantly more violence with assumptions about the harmful effects due to this
in the recent years, which may lead the children behaviour excessive and dramatic way of presenting crime.
aggressive. The study reported evidence of media effects.
Films contain explicit sexual scenes which can result Research into movies influences on delinquency suggested
in premature sexual awareness, crude language and that there might be a link. One study of delinquency prone
violence can instill the same in them. All in all the extent youngsters reported that motion pictures played a direct
to which cinema can affect the children depends heavily role in shaping delinquent and criminal careers. Although
on the parents who can regulate what their kids watch. much of this research has been focused upon the potential
impact of violent television on children, who are regarded
Violence in cinema and its influence: as especially susceptible to media effects, there has been
Concern about violence on television and cinema wider public concern about television violence and its
can be traced back to the earliest days of the medium. In influence on the audience as a whole.
tracing the history of research into questions about Since 1970s when television broadcasting and
violence in the media, a number of historical milestones cinema became widespread, the attention of social
can be identified over a period spanning more than sixty science researchers has been predominantly drawn to
years. With the arrival of motion pictures in the 1920s as these mediums, particularly with reference to the possible
the first of the mass popular media, there began an almost impact, its depictions of violence might have upon
ritual like invoking of experimental, quantitative social viewers. Despite of censor board guidelines for not
science to investigate about media influences. At different showing violence in access, the filmmakers of India keep
times, public anxieties cantered on the potentially harmful making films full of violence and featuring fast paced

Internat. J. Appl. Soc. Sci. | April, 2019 | 6 (4) (874)

 AN ANALYSIS OF VIOLENCE IN HINDI CINEMA

actions and with themes commonly centered around inexplicable deviations increasingly displayed by children
violent solution of the problems. are being attributed to the growing impact of the media
In the past few decades there have been a series of in India and its disproportionate mind share amongst
reports from different parts of the country of alleged children. Studies indicated that children admire aggressive
media influenced acts of violence by children. In 1998 superheroes like Terminator, Krish, and Shaktimaan.
we had the most famous and controversial case There is a general perception that today children
concerning Shaktimaan. Newspapers printed stories that watch much more violence that those of previous
children were seriously injuring themselves by imitating generations. They are exposed to violent portrayals
dangerous stunts from Shaktimaan. Jumping off rooftops, through the cinema and television. With more than 150
swirling around for a take-off were amongst them. These television channels being available in India, children are
reports led to a court case against the producer of the turning couch potato. Today films depict realistic torture
serial and its hero, Mukesh Khanna. In view of this, DD scenes and murder, computer games enable the user to
temporarily withdrew the serial. The Court appointed a actively simulate the mutilation and killing of enemies and
panel of three people of eminence who found that the the internet has become a platform for watching gruesome
media reports were unsubstantiated by subsequent violence. Violence capture the attention of the viewers
investigations. Thereafter, the case was dropped and the including adolescent and youth. Most television and movie
show reinstated on DD. Taking the criticism of his show producers, who export their products, need a dramatic
seriously, Khanna responded by providing cautionary ingredient that requires no translation, “speaking action”
messages on the show and explaining the nature of his in any language and fits any culture. That ingredient
stunts. He asked children not to copy him. This had had centres round violence. As Gerbner points out: “Formula
a salutary effect. However, parents continue to complain driven media violence is not an expression of freedom,
that their children do imitate the super hero. popularity or crime statistics. It is a de facto censorship
Aaj Tak, reported that young children in video that chills originality and extends the dynamics of
parlours play games depicting aircraft flying, air bombing domination, intimidation and repression domestically and
and crashing. Children interviewed said, they enjoyed it, globally. The media violence overkill is an ingredient in a
and that it needed skill and concentration. The older ones global marketing formula imposed on media professionals
revealed that when they accomplish their sorties and foisted on the children of the world.”
successfully, it gives them a sense of achievement. Latest With the technological advancement and digitalization
figures indicate there are now approximately 2 million any media content has now become global. The different
PC owners in the country. For obvious economic reasons, types of the media have varied impact than the print
this ownership is concentrated in the metropolitan cities media. Audiovisual media due to its graphical presentation
such as Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore, and amongst the more of violence has greater impact on the viewers.
affluent sections of society. But cyber cafes exist all over The new means of digital media such as three
the country, urban and rural. Thus, these media are dimensional technologies which provide a feel of virtual
generating their own, discrete problems. Taken in its reality and interactivity, computer games have enhanced
totality, we have a situation where the concerns about the impact of the depicted violence. Violence has now
media violence are real and have increased. become an integral part of the cinema and television
The unprecedented exposure to various media has globally. Programs made for children and adolescents
occurred at a time when we are experiencing tremendous are not free from violence. Numerous studies have been
material and attitudinal changes. The nineties have carried out to know the extent of violence being depicted
witnessed economic liberalisation, rapid urbanisation, on television. In a study conducted in the United States,
increased commercialization, and a communication it was found that violent scenes occur about 5 times per
revolution which has driven media explosion. These hour in prime time and between 20 and 25 times per hour
developments have generated greater prosperity but also in Saturday morning children’s programs.
increased disparities and led to intense pressure on The depiction of violence is disguised in humour, so
modern life. The media said to have created and it is difficult for common viewers – especially children
aggravated these problems. High levels of consumerism and adolescents to understand what is being served to
are blamed on the media. Aggressive behaviour, them. In the United States, young people spend 6 to 7

(875) Internat. J. Appl. Soc. Sci. | April, 2019 | 6 (4)

 AJAY KUMAR

hours each day on an average with some form of media. Review of literature:
In a study conducted in the year 1999 reveals that one The available literature on the topic is very vast as
third of the young children of the U.S.A. and two third of studying the impact of cinema is as old as cinema.
the older children and adolescents have a television set Violence is part of cinema since the birth of the cinema
in their own bedroom. And those television sets are and this caught the attention of the scholars to investigate
equipped with the cable television and video cassette if there is any relationship between the depicted violence
recorder sets (Roberts, 2000). Sexual talk and erotic and aggressive behaviour. Various studies established this
scenes are increasingly frequent and explicit in the world relationship and several theories came into existence such
of mass media. One content analysis finds that sexual as social learning, cultivation analysis etc.
content ranging from flirting to sexual intercourse Shoma A. Chatterji (2008) conducted an Analysis
increased from slightly more than half of television of Violence in Hindi Cinema. She says any discussion on
programs in 1997-1998 to more than two-thirds of the violence in cinema remains confined within a discussion
programs in the 1999-2000 seasons. Depiction of of its purely physical aspects such as rape, fight scenes,
intercourse occurs in one of every 10 programs. Such murder and mayhem, blood and gore. The audio visual
depictions may fuel the inclination among adolescents aspect of cinema is far more powerful in impact than is
for sexual violence. outlined and fleshed out in the script. The audience in
One fifth to one half of music videos, portray any case, remains ignorant about the script. The fact is
sexuality or eroticism (Du Rant et al., 1997). Two thirds that the presentation, interpretation and reflection of
of Hollywood movies made each year are R-rated; most violence in cinema remains largely confined to its physical
young people have seen these movies long before they manifestations. The hidden, subtle, invisible undercurrents
reach the required age of 16 years (Greenberg et al., that define certain kinds of violence remain marginalized
1993). and neglected.
During the past few years interest of the researcher Bobbi Jo Kenyon (2002) conducted a study on “The
has increased to study the relationship between the Effects of Televised Violence on Students”. He observed
exposure to the media violence and aggressive behaviour American children for 40 years to know how televised
of young people in India. In the context sexuality and violence can lead to aggressive behaviour. He selected
sexual behaviour of young people the research has arrived Ottawa Hills summer school’s students and conducted a
at the findings that the media is a significant source of survey containing 50 questions. The researcher like
information on reproductive and sexual health matters, George Gerbner categorized the respondent in three
and is an important influence in young people’s lives, categories on the basis of television watching habits –
particularly with respect to their interaction with the light viewers, medium viewers, and heavy viewers. After
opposite sex. conducting-depth interview students the researcher
Recently, a youth based survey conducted in six concluded that the heavy viewers felt that the world was
states of India has found that substantial proportions of a dangerous place and they were bothered by violent
the youth are exposed to the media; that for many youth, content they see in television.
the media constitutes a leading source of sexual and American Academy of Paediatrics (2000), presented
reproductive health information; and that many youth, a joint statement on “The Impact of Entertainment on
particularly men, have watched blue films or seen blue Children, Congressional Public Health Summit”. The
magazines (IIPS and Population Council, 2010). Yet, very report concluded that children who see a lot of violence
few studies have explored media use patterns among are more likely to view violence as an effective way of
young people in India in terms of their media preferences, settling conflicts. Children exposed to violence are more
how they perceive violence and what is their perception likely to assume that acts of violence are acceptable
about the violence depicted in the media. Another study behaviour. Viewing violence can lead to emotional
on young people of India suggests that research should desensitization towards violence in real life. It can
be conducted in India to assess the media influence on decrease the likelihood that one will take action on behalf
young people and how young people negotiate these of a victim when violence occurs. Entertainment violence
influences towards their safe adulthood. feeds a perception that the world is a violent and mean
place. Viewing violence increases fear of becoming a

Internat. J. Appl. Soc. Sci. | April, 2019 | 6 (4) (876)

 AN ANALYSIS OF VIOLENCE IN HINDI CINEMA

victim of violence, with a resultant increase in self RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

protective behaviours and a mistrust of others. Further
Types of violent act were coded under 15 categories.
they assumed that viewing violence may lead to real life
The violence shown in films may take on many different
violence. Children exposed to violent programming at a
forms and involve a variety of different instruments or
young age have a higher tendency for violent and
techniques of aggression. In this Table 1 the violence
aggressive behaviour later in life those children who are
analysed in films is classified according to the activity
not so exposed. Although more studies need to be
and instruments of aggression. Table given above highlight
conducted to prove that there is a direct relationship
the wide range or variety of the violent acts depicted in
between watching violence on television screen and
the selected films. Of the total 6513 acts of violence
aggressive behaviour.
shown in the films, 29.43 per cent violent acts are
Groebel (1998) conducted a study comprising 5000
perpetrated with gun shots. 4.59 per cent acts of violence
adolescents from 23 countries in all regions of the world
are concerned with slapping while 8.91 per cent of
to know the how media violence increases aggression.
violence is committed by hitting with some objects,
The researcher investigated various factors such as media
punching represents 9.70 per cent violent act.
uses preferences of the participants, level of aggression
in their environment, and perception of the participants.
Surprisingly 91 per cent of the children universally have Table 1 : Classification of violent acts
the access to the television set at their home, and the Violence Activity Frequency Percentage
children spent an average of 3 hours daily in front of the Shooting 1917 29.43
television screen globally. The research reveals that media Verbal Threat 976 14.99
violence is universal and media portray violence as getting Kick 900 13.82
rewarded. The study also found gender differences and Punching 632 9.70
region differences in terms of the perception about the Hitting with object 580 8.91
depicted violence on television. Slapping 299 4.59
Supernatural Violence 245 3.76
Car/Bike Damage 250 3.84
METHODOLOGY
Explosion 160 2.46
In this study, content analysis is used to ascertain Stabbing 142 2.18
violence in the selected films of the popular Hindi Property damage 120 1.84
cinema. A sample of 25 top grossing Hindi films during Strangulation 110 1.69
of period of 2000 – 2015 has been selected in this study. Kidnapping 98 1.50
Sampled 25 films amounts to 3740.46 minutes which Touching 79 1.21
were a na lysed. Beca use we were inter ested in Rape 5 0.08
examining only violent scenes and acts were coded in Total 6513 100.00
this study. The entire films were watched to locate the
violent scenes. Four hundred twenty three scenes (423 1.50 per cent acts of kidnapping are also shown in
scenes of violence) and six thousand five hundred the sampled films. 3.76 per cent violent activities are
thirteen (6513 acts of violence) acts which contain carried out by supernatural elements in films such as Ra
violence were identified and included in this study. Acts One, Krish and Krish3. Crimes through stabbing are
of violence was coded according to the different violent committed in 2.18 per cent cases of violence;
activities in a violent scenes, for example if A hits B strangulation in 1.69 per cent cases while touching with
and then B hits A back, this is counted as two acts of sexual leaning is done in 1.29 per cent cases.
violence. A commits a violent act and then B commits a Audience research has indicated that viewers may
further violent act, is counted as separate violent acts be especially sensitive to acts of violence involving sharp
and counted as two violent acts. A codebook is prepared instruments in which someone gets stabbed (Gunter,
for the content analysis. Acts of violence were included 1985). The current study found 142 stabbing incidents
that were seen as well as inferred though harmful across the 25 films under study.
consequences. It was further found that more often stabbing
incidents resulted in someone’s death or at least being

(877) Internat. J. Appl. Soc. Sci. | April, 2019 | 6 (4)

 AJAY KUMAR

seriously hurt. Wanted film contains scenes of extreme one among the weapons used. We may say that the gun
violence. This film is certified as Adult film and is suitable is the most frequently used weapon for enacting a violent
for persons of 18 years and over. There are 15 stabbing scene in Hindi films. 1.50 per cent violent acts are
scenes in wanted film which contain use of sharp perpetrated using knife as a weapon. Many acts showing
instruments, and generous amount of blood do occur on the aggressor slitting the throat of victim or issuing a threat
the screen several times. to murder. Sword follows knife in the selected films for
Another type of violence acts which involves violence as a weapon. In 0.68 per cent acts of violence
strangulations of victims. In total 110 violent acts were sword is used by the aggressor. Rod, stick, and machine
found which involve an aggressor putting his or her hands gun are also used as weapon in the selected Hindi films.
around a victim’s neck or using a rope, wire, scarf or Consequences of violence were classified in terms
some other item to choke the victim. No physical injury of type of injuries caused to victims. Six codes were
was shown in 69 strangulation nine, while death was applied: death, serious wound, minor wound, psychological
shown as an outcome of the strangulation in remaining damage, no injury and cannot code. In 5.94 per cent
41 cases. Blood was rarely shown in the acts which violent acts death was shown as a consequence of the
involves strangulation. There were only four acts coded violence, whereas serious wound have been shown
where blood was shown in moderate or large amounts violence consequence in Hindi films which amounts to
as resulted in strangulation. A scene of Wanted film was 35.38 per cent of the total violent acts. Minor wound
coded as being potentially the most disturbing scene of have shown in 15.92 per cent violent acts while no injury
strangulation, where Salman Khan was the perpetrator is shown in 12.19 per cent violent acts. Some injuries
in the scene. Salman Khan strangles the victim who is a could not be codified, as the consequences were not clear
criminal with the help of a wire. Blood was shown in this and which amounts to 16.69 per cent of the total violent
scene and the victim was clearly seen to be suffering acts (Table 3).
and the strangulation was shown in close up for many
seconds. As a result the victim was died and crashed Table 3 : Consequences of violence
heavily on the floor. Circumstances Frequency Percentage
Table 2 deals with the classification of the violent Death 387 5.94
acts in terms of weapons used for violence in the selected Serious wound 2304 35.38
Hindi films. It reveals that out of the total act of violence Minor wound 1037 15.92
depicted in the selected Hindi films no weapon is used in Psychological damage 904 13.88
14.99 per cent violent acts. In 27.87 per cent acts of No injury 794 12.19
violence, gun is used as a weapon which ranks number Cannot code 1087 16.69
Total 6513 100.00
Table 2 : Classification of weapons
Weapon Frequency Percentage
Use of body 2599 38.12
Table 4 throws light upon the reasons which trigger
Gun 1815 27.87
violence shown in the selected films. 25.52 per cent
Machine Gun 102 1.57
violence in the selected 25 films enacted from the evil
Knife 98 1.50
nature of the characters. Violence is perpetrated only to
Sword 44 0.68 create terror in the society. This kind of violence is
Stick 92 1.41 generally committed by the antagonist or by the goons
Rod 88 1.35 forming the gang of the antagonist. Anger is also a major
Other objects 400 6.14 reason which sparks off violence in Hindi films. 18.69
Explosive 160 2.46 per cent of total depicted violent acts are attributable to
Car 103 1.58 the volatile and furious temperament of the character.
Other Vehicles 147 2.26 These acts of violence are mainly performed by the
Chemical 4 0.06 protagonist.
Electricity 1 0.02 7.58 per cent violence portrayed as having been
No weapon used 976 14.99 committed for self defense from the aggressor or the
Total 6513 100.00 villain, while 7.09 per cent acts of violence are committed

Internat. J. Appl. Soc. Sci. | April, 2019 | 6 (4) (878)

 AN ANALYSIS OF VIOLENCE IN HINDI CINEMA

Table 4 : Classification of violent acts according to commonly used weapons comprised various parts of the
causes body. Except body as a weapon, in general use of gun
Reason of Violence Frequency Percentage either by police, military or criminals dominated in the
Evil 1662 25.52 violent acts in the films under this study. Films such as
Anger 1217 18.69 Bang – Bang, Singham, Singham Returns, Ek Tha Tiger,
Upholding the Law 1094 16.80 Baby, and Holiday portrayed guns as a weapon most
Desire For Money 540 8.29 commonly.
Self Preservation 494 7.58 On the whole, it could be concluded that Hindi films
Revenge 462 7.09 are coming us with good subjects and stories and films
Well being of society 338 5.19 are growing very popular among adolescents, although
Well being of family 260 3.99 the depiction of violence is a debated issue when it comes
Sexual 91 1.40 to being viewed by adolescents.
Ambition or Power 78 1.20
Other 277 4.25
Total 6513 100.00 REFERENCES
Agnihotri, R.A. (1992). Artistes and their films of modern Hindi
cinema: Cultural and socio political impact on society,
to seek revenge on some conspirator or evil character. 1931-1991. New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers.
5.19 per cent violence is perpetrated to promote the well
Ali, Arshad, Hassan, Syed Ali and Ayesha. (n.d.). Portrayal of
being of the society, followed by 3.99 per cent violence
verbal violence in Pakistani feature films: a case study of
depicted to have been committed for safeguarding the women.
interest of the family. 4.25 per cent of violent acts fall in
the other category, under which various causes such as Barker, M. and Petley, J. (2013). Ill Effects: The Media Violence
saving the life of actress, fight between brothers are Debate. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis.
covered. 1.40 per cent violence follows in a bid to satiate Banaji, S. (2006). Reading ‘Bollywood’: The young audience
sexual lust. 1.20 per cent acts of violence can be and Hindi films. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave
attributed to the pursuit of realization of ambition or gaining Macmillan.
power. Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. N.J: Prentice Hall.
P. 13
Conclusion: Baron, R.A. and Byrne, D. E. (2006). Social psychology.
It is found that violence and aggression is portrayed Boston: Pearson Education.
as a desirable and indispensable thing in Hindi films. It is
Berkowitz, L. (1993). Aggression: Its causes, consequences,
true that in real life also, the police officer has to confront
and control. Boston Ma: McGraw-Hill.
violence; police encounters are also executed. But the
way violence is perpetrated by the hero in the film Bhattacharya, N. (2013). Hindi cinema: Repeating the subject,
‘Wanted’ that seems far removed from reality. Sometimes Routledge.
even the violence committed by the villain is also Bushman, B.J. and Huesmann, L. R. (2006). Short-term and
extremely glamorized. For instance, in the film ‘Wanted’ Long-term Effects of Violent Media on Aggression in
Parkash Raj in the role of Gunny Bhai is depicted as the Children and Adults. Archives of Paediatrics &
main villain. His dialogues seem to be glamorizing Adolescent Medicine.
violence. It is shown that after committing violence, he Center for media advocacy and research. (2001). Media
remains unconcerned and unruffled. Moreover, a deep Violence and Its Impact on Children. Retrieved from http:/
impact is left on the minds of the audience due to the /cfar.org.in/
powerful dialogue delivery and acting. Besides this Chatterji, S.A. (2014). 100 years of jump-cuts and fade-outs:
‘Wanted’, ‘Bang-Bang’, ‘Singham’, Singham ‘Returns’ Tracking change in Indian cinema (1st ed.). Rupa & Co.
and ‘Rowedy Rothore’ are the films which are soaked in Cumberbatch, G. (1987). The portrayal of violence on British
violence and the hero is depicted to be very furious and television: A content analysis. London: BBC.
violent. Usage of different instruments of aggression are
frequently shown across all film under study, the most Freedman, J.L.(2002). Media violence and its effect on

(879) Internat. J. Appl. Soc. Sci. | April, 2019 | 6 (4)

 AJAY KUMAR

aggression: Assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto: cgi?article=1591&context=theses

University of Toronto Press.
The UNESCO global study on media violence, Retrieved from
Ganti, T. (2014). Bollywood: A guidebook to popular Hindi http://unesdoc. unesco.org/
cinema. New York: Routledge.
Vasudevan, R. (2002). Making meaning in Indian cinema. New
Gunter, B. (1985). Dimensions of television violence. New York: Delhi: Oxford University Press.
St. Martin’s Press.
Wimmer, R. D. and Domnick, J. R. (2006). Mass Media Research
Huesmann, L.R., Eron, L.D., Lefkowitz, M.M. and Walder, L.O. Process, Approaches
(1984). Stability of aggression over time an d
Understanding Media Violence: School Shootings, Media
generations. Developmental Psychology.
Stories and the Framing of Social Reality. (n.d.). Youth
Shoma A. Chatterji (2008). An Analysis of Violence in Hindi and Media.
Cinema.
http://www.medialit.org
The Effects of Televised Violence on Students. (2002). Retrieved
http://ncrb.gov.in
from http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.
http://www.mospi.gov.in

************

Internat. J. Appl. Soc. Sci. | April, 2019 | 6 (4) (880)