Int J Primatol

DOI 10.1007/s10764-010-9422-6

Rondon’s Marmoset, Mico rondoni sp. n.,

from Southwestern Brazilian Amazonia

Stephen F. Ferrari & Leonardo Sena &

Maria Paula C. Schneider & José S. Silva Júnior

Received: 30 July 2009 / Revised: 19 October 2009 / Accepted: 11 June 2010

# Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

Abstract We describe Rondon’s marmoset (Mico rondoni sp. n.) from the Rio
Jamari in the Brazilian state of Rondônia and differentiate the species from other
Amazonian marmosets on the basis of morphological, genetic, and zoogeographic
characteristics. Mico rondoni sp. n. is a typical bare-eared marmoset of
predominantly grayish coloration and unpigmented face and cheiridia, which
contrasts clearly with its more brownish and pigmented parapatric congeners Mico
melanurus and M. nigriceps. Genetically, the new species is unquestionably
distinct from Mico emiliae, with which it had been synonimized previously. The
geographic range of the new species is defined as the area delimited by the
Mamoré, Madeira, and Jiparaná rivers to the west, north, and east, respectively, and
the Serra dos Pacaás Novos, to the south, where it is substituted by Mico
melanurus. Depending on its exact limits, this range may cover an area of little
more than 100,000 km2. A characteristic of the ecology of Mico rondoni sp. n. is
its range-wide sympatry with the similarly sized tamarin Saguinus fuscicollis
weddelli, which may be a key factor determining the rarity or absence of the new
species from many areas within its geographic range. Its apparent scarcity may
make the new species exceptionally vulnerable to the effects of the intense human

S. F. Ferrari (*)
Department of Biology, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Jardim Rosa Elze,
49.100-000 São Cristóvão, SE, Brazil
e-mail: [email protected]

L. Sena
Department of Pathology, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Pará 66.087-670, Brazil

M. P. C. Schneider
Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará 66.075-900, Brazil

J. S. S. Júnior
Department of Zoology, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Belém, Pará 66.040-170, Brazil
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

colonization occurring throughout much of its known range, and provoke cause for
concern for its long-term survival.

Keywords Brazilian Amazonia . Callitrichidae . conservation .

Mico rondoni sp. n. . molecular genetics . zoogeography

Introduction

The marmosets (Mico Lesson, 1840, cf. Rylands et al. 2000) of the southern Amazon
basin constitute one of the most diverse platyrrhine groups, encompassing ≥13
species, 6 of which were described during the final decade of the 20th century
(Ferrari and Lopes 1992a; Mittermeier et al. 1992; Silva and Noronha 1998; van
Roosmalen et al. 1998, 2000). Despite 2 major revisions based on morphology
(Hershkovitz 1977; Vivo 1991), and a growing body of genetic data (Nagamachi et
al. 1996; Sena et al. 2002; Tagliaro et al. 2000), the systematics of the group is still
controversial. This is at least partly due to the considerable lacunas in our knowledge
of the distribution of the genus in many areas.
The Brazilian state of Rondônia is a case in point. Up until 1990, only 4 localities
of Mico were available (Hershkovitz 1977; Martins et al. 1987; Vivo 1985) for an
area of ca. 240,000 km2. Hershkovitz (1977) originally placed the whole of
Rondônia (south of the Madeira) within the distribution of Callithrix (= Mico)
argentata melanura, whereas Vivo (1991) identified newly collected material as
Mico emiliae, a taxon not recognized by the former author, even at the subspecific
level. Before this, Mico emiliae was known only from southern Pará (Rylands et al.
1993; van Roosmalen et al. 1998, 2000), east of the Tapajós River, the region’s
primary zoogeographic barrier (Sena et al. 2002).
Ferrari (2004) mapped the distribution of Mico in Rondônia and identified 2
principal zoogeographic barriers, the Rio Ji-Paraná and the Pacaás Novos mountains,
which further reinforced the isolation of the local Mico emiliae from the original,
eastern population. Given these considerations, we reevaluated the morphology and
zoogeography of the marmosets from northern Rondônia, and analyzed sequences of
the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene. The combined results indicate that
the population found in the northern-northwestern extreme of the state is clearly
distinct from both the eastern form of Mico emiliae and parapatric congeners. This
population is thus reclassified as a new species, Mico rondoni sp. n., which is
presented here.

Mico rondoni sp. n.

Holotype

MPEG-21893, adult female, was collected at the type locality by Fernando da Silva
Braga and Arlindo Pinto de Souza Júnior on November 25, 1987. Stuffed skin, skull,
and skeleton. Deposited in the zoological collection of the Goeldi Museum in
Belém, Brazil.
A New Marmoset Species

Paratypes (all from the type locality)

MPEG-21366, MPEG-21646, MPEG-21659, MPEG-21660, MPEG-21886, MPEG-

21894, MPEG-21896, and MPEG-21897 (adult males); MPEG-21367, MPEG-
21647, and MN-28486 (adult females).

Type Locality

Cachoeira Samuel (now the Samuel Hydroelectric reservoir) on the Rio Jamari, a
right bank tributary of the Rio Madeira, in the municipality of Candeias do Jamari,
Rondônia, Brazil (08°45′S, 63°28′W).

Geographic Distribution

The available evidence indicates that Mico rondoni sp. n. is endemic to the Brazilian
state of Rondônia, where it is restricted to the area delimited by the Rio Mamoré to
the west, Rio Madeira to the north, Rio Ji-Paraná to the east, and the Serra dos
Pacaás Novos to the south (Fig. 1, Appendix I). The genus Mico is absent west of
the Mamoré and north of the Madeira (Hershkovitz 1977; van Roosmalen et al.
2000), and M. nigriceps occurs east of the lower Ji-Paraná (Ferrari 1993; Ferrari and
Lopes 1992a).
Mico melanurus occurs at a number of sites south of the Serra dos Pacaás Novos
and east of the upper Ji-Paraná (Ferrari 2004). National Museum (Rio de Janeiro)
specimen 23827 is from the Rio Urupá (Vivo 1985), which originates in the Serra
dos Pacaás Novos and flows into the Ji-Paraná at the town of Jiparaná. Weddell’s
saddleback tamarin, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli, which is sympatric with Mico
rondoni sp. n. throughout its range, is also found only on the left or west bank of the
Rio Ji-Paraná, including some areas south of the Pacaás Novos (Ferrari 2004).
The new species appears to be absent from many sites within the limits of its
geographic range, including those at which Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli is present
(Fig. 1). Ferrari et al. (1998) recorded Mico rondoni sp. n. at only 3 of the 20 sites
they surveyed, whereas they recorded Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli at 13. Mico
rondoni sp. n. was also relatively rare where it was syntopic with Saguinus
fuscicollis weddelli (Appendix I). The occurrence of Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli at
most sites would seem to contradict the idea that they lack habitat appropriate habitat
for callitrichids. Mico rondoni sp. n. has been recorded at only 5 sites within the
range proposed here, although it likely occurs in other areas (Ferrari pers. obs.).

Diagnosis

A bare-ear marmoset of the argentatus group (sensu Hershkovitz 1977), the new
species presents a typical silvery-gray coloration pattern, but a combination of
diagnostic characteristics that differentiate it from other members of the group. These
include the presence of blackish hairs on the forehead and the sides of the face, which
are lighter and denser closer to the ears and the sides of the neck; the presence of a
distinct whitish patch, contrasting with the crown, restricted to the center of the
forehead; blackish crown pelage that extends to the back of the head and laterally to the
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

Fig. 1 Records of callitrichids at 28 sites in Rondônia within the Ji-Paraná-Guaporé/Mamoré interfluvium

(see Appendix I), including the type locality (site 1). Sites at which ≥1 species was recorded are marked as
squares, those at which no callitrichids were observed are circles. Black squares=Mico rondoni sp. n.;
gray squares=Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli; white squares=M. melanurus.
A New Marmoset Species

front of the auricular pavilion; the lower dorsum and proximal portions of the legs are
grayish-brown, darkening to almost black at the base of the tail, with hairs that are
reddish-brown basally, darkening abruptly in the medial band, and then lighter toward
the apex; the pelage of the legs darkens gradually to reddish-brown on the shin,
darkening to blackish on the ankle (Fig. 2).

Description of the Holotype

The holotype (Fig. 3) presents the most common configuration found in the
specimens. The face is thinly and sparsely haired except between the eyes and nasal
region; facial vibrissae are present; blackish hairs extend from forehead to sides of
the head, becoming lighter in color and denser close to the ears and on the sides of
the neck; crown is in the form of a large blackish patch, fading gradually toward the
nape; this patch spreads laterally as far as the front of the auricular pavilion.
The face is unpigmented, but presents small spots of melanic pigmentation around
the lips and nostrils. The ears are virtually naked, except for short, sparse hairs at the
front of the posterior surface, unpigmented on the attached portion and mottled with
eumelanin on the free portion. The forehead pelage is blackish-gray, with a small
whitish patch at the center, contrasting with the crown.
The nape and mantle are silvery-gray, the latter indistinct from the back and
proximal portions of the arms, darkening gradually toward the center of the back,
becoming dark silvery-gray. The basal portion of hairs on the nape and mantle is
silvery-white, darkened abruptly in the medial band and apex. The proximal portion
of the dorsal surface of the arms is similar to the mantle, darkening gradually to

Fig. 2 A living specimen of

Mico rondoni sp. n. (juvenile).
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

Fig. 3 The holotype of Mico rondoni sp. n.

blackish-gray on the forearms, darkening further at the wrists and the back of the
hands. The lower dorsum is grayish-brown, darker at the tail base, with hairs
yellowish-brown basally, darkening abruptly in the medial portion, but lighter again
at the apex.
The tail is completely black, except for the presence of sparse, dark brown hairs at
the base. The dorsal surface of hands is moderately hirsute, dark gray, with a few
A New Marmoset Species

yellowish-chestnut and grayish-chestnut hairs. The dorsal surface of the proximal

portion of the legs is slightly lighter in color than the lower dorsum, with a diffuse,
lighter patch on the side of the thighs. The pelage of the legs darkens gradually
toward the ankles, which are blackish toward the heel.
The throat and chest are light gray, lighter than the mantle. The ventrum is
yellowish-brown; the pelage of the flanks is light yellowish-brown, virtually
indistinct from the thighs. The ventral surface of the thighs is yellowish-brown,
darkening to reddish-brown on the shins and to black at the ankles.

Paratypes

The coloration of the majority of the paratypes is similar to that of the holotype. The
only infant specimen (MPEG-21892) is distinct from the adults. The lightly colored
forehead patch is ampler, and extends sideways to the temporal region; the crown is
darker, despite a larger quantity of grayish hairs. The ears are moderately hairy,
unlike those of the adult. The pelage is longer on the sides of the neck and in front of
the ears; the pelage is distinctly more agouti over all the dorsal surface of the body,
especially the back. The extremities are much lighter in color than in the adult; the
arms are more uniformly agouti, and lack the darker wrists, ankles, and dorsal
surfaces.
Among the adults, specimen MPEG-21366 is considerably darker than all other
individuals, with a blacker coloration of the crown, which contrasts markedly with
the white forehead patch. There are whitish-gray hairs on the sides of the forehead,
in front of the ears; the mantle is dark gray, darkening along the dorsum, to blackish-
gray on the lumbar region and legs. The thorax is dark gray, similar to the mantle,
darkening to blackish-gray on the abdomen and grayish-brown on the lower
ventrum. The ventral surface of the arms is dark gray, gradually getting darker
toward the extremities, where it becomes blackish-gray. The ventral surface of the
legs is a dark reddish-brown proximally, turning abruptly blackish-brown from the
knee to the ankles.
Specimens MPEG-21646, 21660, and 21897 do not have the yellowish tone of
the lower back and thighs. Specimens MPEG-21894 and 21897 have slightly lighter
mantles. In specimen MPEG-21897, the basal band of the mantle hairs is less well
defined. The crown is relatively dark in specimen MPEG-21646. The mantle of
specimen MPEG-21659 is more silvery in color than in the other individuals.
Specimen MPEG-21896 is slightly more yellowish coloration than other individuals
from the type locality.

Additional Chromatic Variation

Additional morphological variants were found in the supplementary material.

Specimen MPEG-21889 is a juvenile, and presents a coloration pattern intermediate
between that of the infant (MPEG-21892) and adult specimens. The crown is lighter
than that of the infant, and the general agouti coloration is less extensive; the
extremities of the arms are slightly darker than those of the infant, but much lighter
than those of the adults. The coloration of the lower back and legs is more similar to
that observed in adults.
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

Specimens MPEG-21651 and 21655 present a much darker longitudinal dorsal

line than all other individuals. In specimen MPEG-21649, the external surface of the
thigh is grayish, similar to the coloration of the mantle, and there is a darker patch at
the center of the nape of the neck (also seen in MPEG-21653). Specimens MPEG-
21650, 21652, and 21887 all have an area of lighter gray between the shoulders.
Specimens MPEG-21657, 21658, and 21885 present a lighter gray coloration on the
lower dorsum, extending as far as the base of the tail. The ankles of specimen
MPEG-21658 are relatively lightly colored. Specimen MPEG-21895 is blackish-
brown in color, especially on the legs, which lack the reddish tones observed in all
other specimens.

Chromatic Differences Among Taxa

The new species is clearly distinct from Mico emiliae, with which it was grouped
previously (Fig. 4). Mico rondoni sp. n. differs from the M. emiliae paratype and the
series from the Serra do Cachimbo, Pará (Appendix II), east of the Rio Teles Pires,
in the dark gray coloration of the dorsum, which contrasts with silvery-gray to
brownish-silver in M. emiliae. The skin of the ear is not melanized as in Mico
emiliae. The forehead is dark gray, with a contrasting small, whitish patch in the
center, differing from the white mask in M. emiliae, which extends to the sides of the
forehead and face. The hairs of the nape and mantle have a silvery-white basal band,
which changes abruptly to silvery-gray in the medial and apical portions, distinct
from Mico emiliae, which presents a gradual transition. There is a reduced quantity
of yellowish-chestnut and grayish-chestnut hairs on the back of the hand, in contrast
with blackish-gray. The ankles are dark—blackish at the heel—in contrast with Mico
emiliae, in which the ankles are brown, like the back of the foot. The coloration of
the throat and chest is lighter than that of the mantle, whereas in Mico emiliae, it is
of the same color. The ventrum is less hirsute than that of Mico emiliae, and is
yellowish-brown, rather than silvery-yellow as in M. emiliae. The coloration of the
crown extends laterally only as far as the front of the auditory pavilion, whereas in
Mico emiliae, it extends over the whole of it; it also lacks the abrupt contrast with the
nape observed in M. emiliae.
A comparison of Mico rondoni sp. n. with specimens of M. emiliae collected in
Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, west of the Rio Teles Pires, revealed a number of major
differences, which included, in M. emiliae, the presence of more ample pigmentation
in the circumbuccal region, and hairs on the external surface of the auricular
pavilion, with small tufts on the anterior part of the ears. The crown of Mico emiliae
is lighter in color, and less distinct. The pelage on the sides of the face and neck is
lighter in Mico emiliae, which also has a much darker, well-defined triangular patch
on the lower forehead, just above the middle of the eyes, contrasting with the lighter,
more discrete patch in M. rondoni sp. n., due to the presence of a large number of
grayish hairs. The extremities of the arms of Mico emiliae are similar in color to the
proximal portion, rather than contrasting. The back of the hands in Mico emiliae is a
light yellowish-brown. The ventral surfaces of the arms and the belly of Mico
emiliae are yellowish-beige, whereas the ventral surface of the legs is light
yellowish-brown. The ankles of Mico emiliae are a more pronounced yellowish-
brown, barely distinct from the more proximal pelage, although the dorsum of the
A New Marmoset Species

Fig. 4 Mico rondoni sp. n. in comparison with its immediate geographic neighbors—M. melanurus and
M. nigriceps—the 2 species that occur further east of its range—M. intermedius and M. marcai—and M.
emiliae from southern Pará. (Drawing by Stephen Nash.)

foot is a stronger tone of yellowish-brown than that of the ankle. The base of the tail
of Mico emiliae is a distinct yellowish-brown, especially on the ventral (perianal)
surface. The pelage of the ventrum and members of Mico emiliae is longer and
denser, with more contrast between the dorsal and ventral coloration along the
flanks.
The coloration of Mico rondoni sp. n. is also markedly distinct from that of its
geographical neighbors, M. melanurus and M. nigriceps (Fig. 4). Mico melanurus is
clearly different from M. rondoni sp. n. due to the almost completely pigmented face
and ears, and a well-defined yellowish-brown patch on the rump and frontal portion
of the thigh. Specimens from Mato Grosso lack the lighter patch on the forehead,
which is uniformly blackish. The crown is brown, darker toward the forehead and
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

lighter toward the nape. The dorsum is brown, darkening gradually toward the rump.
The proximal portion of the arms is brown, similar to the mantle. The frontal surface
of the legs is reddish-brown, shifting to blackish-brown on the posterior surface. The
chest and throat are light brown, contrasting with the rest of the ventrum, which is
reddish-brown. The ventral surface of the thighs is a lighter reddish-brown,
darkening on the shins and ankles. There is a strong contrast between the coloration
of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the trunk.
Specimens from Rondônia (São Francisco do Guaporé) present a more agouti
pelage than those from Mato Grosso, and are distinct from both of these specimens
and Mico rondoni sp. n. in the broader, lighter apical band of the hairs, which
contrasts with the darker medial band. The crown is blackish-brown, which contrasts
with the light brown nape. There is a tiny, ill-defined grayish patch on the forehead.
The yellowish-brown thigh stripe is larger and more well-defined than that in the
specimens from Mato Grosso. The pelage is lighter at the extremities of the
members. The back of the hands is yellowish-brown; the dorsal surface of the feet is
yellowish-brown, speckled with red hairs. The chest, throat, and ventral surface of
the arms are beige, contrasting subtly with the yellowish-brown of the abdomen. The
ventral surface of the thighs is like the abdomen, darkening gradually to reddish-
brown on the legs and ankles.
The species distributed to the east of the Rio Ji-Paraná, Mico nigriceps, is
characterized by an almost completely pigmented face, except for the nasal and
supraorbital area. The light-colored forehead patch is outlined more distinctly; the
ears have small hairs, denser than those in Mico rondoni sp. n., especially in the
front. The crown is blackish, and extends down to the nape and sides of the head.
The dorsum presents much darker pelage from the region of the shoulders, hairs with
blackish-brown basal and subapical bands. The hairs of the lower back have a
distinct light gray apical band. The flanks are yellowish-brown, with less contrast
relative to the ventral surface. The back of the hands is light gray, with a more agouti
pelage. The legs are yellowish-brown, darkening on the back of the foot; there is no
blackish hair on the heels. The throat is light gray, contrasting with the rest of the
ventrum, which is light yellowish-brown. The ventral surface of the arms is light
brown. The anogenital area is more hirsute, with a strong reddish-brown coloration,
which does not extend as far as the base of the tail.
The general coloration of a juvenile of this species (MPEG-22956) is darker than
that of the adults, and differs from that of the juvenile specimen of Mico rondoni sp.
n. (MPEG-21889) in its darker pelage, which is also less agouti. The crown is
blackish; arms are brown colored; back of the hand as in the adult; neck and thorax
dark gray, hairs with wide light gray basal band. The ventrum is light reddish-brown.
The extremities of the arms are relatively dark; the backs of the hands and feet are
reddish-brown, similar to the ventral surface of the legs.

Body Size

We obtained external measurements of the museum specimens analyzed here

(Table I) from their labels, recorded by the respective collectors. A posteriori
evaluation of the reliability of such measurements is virtually impossible, given the
effects of processing. Body mass is probably the most reliable of these measure-
A New Marmoset Species

Table I External measurements of Mico rondoni sp. n., holotype and adult paratypes from the Goeldi
Museum (MPEG)

Specimen Body mass (g) Length (mm) of:

Body (bregma-ischium) Tail Foot Ear

MPEG-21366 320 – – 61 30
MPEG-21367 300 220 315 63 29
MPEG-21646 340 200 320 60 29
MPEG-21647 400 260 300 63 27
MPEG-21886 310 200 320 53 30
MPEG-21891 250 215 330 52 23
MPEG-21893 385 240 310 51 29
MPEG-21894 330 230 300 55 29
MPEG-21896 320 210 295 56 30
MPEG-21897 320 240 310 59 31

ments and, even allowing for the possible effects of the lack of standardization in
data collection, Mico rondoni sp. n. appears to be a relatively small marmoset, in
comparison with most other members of the bare-eared group (Table II).

Craniometry

Our qualitative analysis of the crania of the Mico rondoni sp. n. holotype and adult
paratypes revealed age-related differences. The holotype (MPEG-21893) and 6 of
the paratypes (MPEG-21366/7, 21647, 21659/60, and 21897) present well formed
cranial sutures and little or no dental wear. By contrast, specimens MPEG-21646,
21886, 21894, and 21896 present clear signs of aging, including ossification of the
cranial sutures and marked tooth wear, especially in the mandibular dentition,
apparently related to bark gouging. We present quantitative data on 33 craniometric
variables in Appendix III. As for body size, most values for Mico rondoni sp. n. are
relatively small in comparison with those of other bare-eared marmosets (Table III).

Ecology and Conservation

Mico rondoni sp. n. presents the characteristic specializations of the digestive tract
related to the dietary exploitation of plant exudates, including both chisel-like lower
incisors, used to gouge the bark of gum-producing trees, and the relatively complex
and enlarged cecum necessary for the digestion of exudates (Ferrari and Martins
1992). At the type locality, the new species has been observed regularly gouging the
bark of gum-producing trees with its lower incisors to provoke exudate flow, and
feeding on this gum (Lopes and Ferrari 1994). Other data on the ecology of the new
species are scant, although it seems likely that it is similar to that of other
Amazonian marmosets (Rylands 1986; Tavares and Ferrari 1999).
One fundamental ecological difference in comparison with other species is
widespread sympatry with a tamarin (Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli). Sympatry with
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

Table II A comparison of mean measurements recorded for adult Mico rondoni sp. n., with values
available for other bare-ear marmosets

Species Mean body mass in g (n) Mean length in mm (n specimens) of:

Body (bregma-ischium) Tail Foot Ear

Mico rondoni sp.n.a 330.2 (17) 220.6 (15) 311.3 (16) 55.0 (16) 27.6 (16)
M. emiliaea,b 335.0 (5) 216.0 (5) 341.0 (5) – 26.0 (5)
M. argentatusa – 214.1 (13) 317.6 (13) 60.8 (13) 21.8 (8)
M. argentatusc 355.6 (14) 210.7 (30) 326.7 (29) 61.6 (29) 27.8 (29)
M. melanurusc – 225.9 (9) 330.4 (9) 69.8 (9) 27.2 (4)
M. nigricepsa 365.0 (6) 211.1 (6) 332.3 (6) 60.1 (6) 26.3 (6)
Mico nigricepsc 370.0 (3) 206.3 (4) 319.3 (4) 65.3 (4) 29.3 (4)
M. satereid 431.6 (3) 209.0 (03) 367.6 (3) 66.0 (3) 26.6 (3)

a
Specimens from MPEG
b
Specimens from Mato Grosso
c
Data from Ferrari and Lopes (1992a)
d
Data from Silva Jr. and Noronha (1998)

Saguinus occurs in 2 other marmosets, Mico argentatus (Ferrari and Lopes 1996)
and M. melanurus, but is limited to a small portion of their geographic ranges. In the
case of Mico melanurus, sympatry with Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli appears to be
restricted to a contact zone south of the Pacaás Novos (Fig. 1). Sympatry between
Mico argentatus and Saguinus niger is limited to the northern extreme of the
Tocantins-Xingu interfluvium. The more widespread distribution of Saguinus niger
within this area indicates that the larger tamarin has a competitive advantage,
although Mico argentatus may be more successful in disturbed habitat (Tavares and
Ferrari 1999).
By contrast with these other marmosets, the range of Mico rondoni sp. n. appears
to be wholly encompassed by that of Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli. Saguinus
fuscicollis is noted for the formation of interspecific associations with other
callitrichids, in particular Saguinus (Heymann and Buchanan-Smith 2000), and also
Callimico (Porter 2004). Lopes and Ferrari (1994) observed similar associations at
Cachoeira Samuel.
As niche separation in these species is related to body size differences, it may be
relevant that Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli is closely similar in size to Mico rondoni
sp. n. The tamarin is also known to “parasitize” the gum-feeding sources of Mico
rondoni sp. n. (Lopes and Ferrari 1994), which may provide an additional
competitive advantage. Mico rondoni sp. n. is relatively rare or absent throughout
much of its probable geographic range, which is characterized by extensive
deforestation, primarily along the main BR-364 interstate highway. Despite its
apparent ability to tolerate habitat disturbance, the new species may be relatively
vulnerable to the effects of human colonization. Mico rondoni sp. n. may in fact be
the member of the genus most threatened with extinction, although for the time
being, we would recommend allocating it to the IUCN (2001) category of data
deficient.
Table III A comparison of mean craniometric measurements of adult Mico rondoni sp. n. with those of other bare-eared marmosets

Species Mean dimension in mm (n specimens)

Cranial Condylo-basal Zygomatic Brain case Orbital Width across upper Length of Height of auricular Length of upper Width across upper
A New Marmoset Species

length width width width width molars mandible process molar series canines

Mico rondoni sp. n. 45.4 (12) 36.8 (10) 30.6 (2) 25.9 (14) 26.5 (14) 16.4 (13) 29.2 (16) 15.3 (17) 10.5 (16) 11.7 (14)
M. emiliae (MT) 45.3 (2) – 30.0 (2) 25.6 (1) 26.3 (2) 16.5 (2) 29.5 (3) 14.4 (4) 10.4 (3) 12.1 (2)
M. emiliae (PA) 46.2 (3) 36.6 (3) 30.2 (3) 26.9 (3) 24.8 (2) 16.1 (2) 29.7 (3) 15.0 (3) 8.5 (3) 11.8 (3)
M. argentatusa 45.7 (88) 36.8 (74) 30.4 (73) 26.1 (83) 26.2 (79) 15.0 (88) 28.5 (81) 16.5 (71) 10.1 (70) 12.0 (81)
M. argentatusb 45.4 (21) 36.8 (20) 29.8 (17) 25.8 (22) 26.1 (22) 17.7 (19) 27.8 (20) 14.6 (20) 10.2 (17) 11.8 (17)
M. leucippea 46.5 (15) 36.7 (15) 30.5 (14) 26.3 (16) 26.2 (16) 15.2 (15) 28.6 (15) 16.4 (14) 10.1 (15) 12.1 (14)
M. melanurusa 46.7 (14) 38.1 (12) 30.4 (13) 26.1 (14) 26.6 (17) 15.2 (15) 28.6 (12) 15.9 (7) 10.2 (11) 11.6 (13)
M. nigricepsb 46.2 (3) 37.8 (3) 31.0 (2) 26.2 (3) 26.5 (4) 16.0 (4) 29.5 (3) 14.8 (4) 11.0 (4) 12.6 (4)
M. nigriceps 46.2 (3) 37.5 (3) 31.0 (2) 26.4 (2) 27.0 (3) 16.5 (3) 30.2 (3) 15.4 (3) 10.8 (3) 12.1 (3)
M. satereic 47.2 (3) 37.7 (3) 31.7 (3) 26.7 (3) 27.6 (30 16.5 (3) 30.8 (3) 16.1 (3) 11.1 (3) 12.4 (3)
M. acariensisd 47.6 (1) – 30.8 (1) 23.3 (1) 27.3 (1) 13.5 (1) 31.1 (1) – 10.8 (1) 8.9 (1)
M. manicorensisd 45.5 (2) 36.9 (1) 30.8 (2) 24.5 (2) 26.9 (2) 13.6 (2) 29.6 (2) 15.3 (1) 11.1 (1) 8.4 (1)

Specimens from the Goeldi Museum (MPEG), unless otherwise indicated

a
From Vivo (1991)
b
From Ferrari and Lopes (1992a)
c
From Silva and Noronha (1998)
d
From van Roosmalen et al. (2000)
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

Genetics

The genetic characteristics of Mico rondoni sp. n. are relatively well known owing to
the collection of specimens from the type locality during the flooding of the Samuel
reservoir. Like other Mico species, the karyotype of Mico rondoni sp. n. is somewhat
homogeneous, although a certain amount of variation is seen in some chromosomes
(Barros et al. 1990), and Nagamachi et al. (1996) identified relatively large amounts
of distal constitutive heterochromatin.
In their electrophoretic study, Meireles et al. (1992) identified distinct poly-
morphisms on opposite banks of the Rio Jamari. Whereas specimens from the right
bank were polymorphic for 5 protein systems, those from the left bank were variable
for only 1 system (PGD), indicating that the Jamari has acted as a zoogeographic
barrier between local populations of Mico rondoni sp. n. in recent times.
Sena et al. (2002) were able to include a wider sample of species, including Mico
emiliae, in their phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of the
mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase II (COII). For this, we processed samples
from 26 individuals belonging to 12 species, including 4 specimens of Mico rondoni
sp. n. and 1 of M. emiliae from northern Mato Grosso, via the dideoxyterminal
method, resulting in the sequencing of 549 base pairs. We constructed maximum
parsimony and maximum likelihood phylogenetic trees and obtained pairwise
maximum likelihood distance values among the specimens studied (Sena 1998).
In this analysis (Fig. 5), Mico emiliae forms a monophyletic clade with M.
argentatus, the only other Mico species distributed east of the Rio Tapajós, the major
zoogeographic barrier within the range of the genus. Despite its geographic
proximity to Mico rondoni sp.n., M. melanurus forms a clade with M. saterei and
the tassel-eared species Mico humeralifer and Mico mauesi. Though Mico rondoni
sp. n. is loosely associated with this clade (no samples were available for M.
nigriceps), the bootstrap value (100) for the node that separates this group from the
M. argentatus-M. emiliae clade is indisputable.
Cytochrome oxidase II provided relatively conservative estimates of divergence
among Mico species (Sena et al. 2002) in comparison with the mitochondrial D-loop
(Tagliaro et al. 1997). Even so, there is a clear pattern of divergence in nucleotide
sequences—2.84%—between Mico rondoni sp. n. and M. emiliae, while that
between M. emiliae and M. argentatus (1.35–1.37%) is consistent with their
geographic proximity.
Perhaps surprisingly, Mico rondoni sp. n. was only slightly less divergent from its
geographical neighbor, M. melanurus (2.62%), and similar values were recorded for
other western species. This may reflect the relative isolation of Mico rondoni sp. n.
populations, due to a combination of its outlying position, and the ecological and
zoogeographic barriers that separate it from neighboring species. It would
nevertheless be important to include M. nigriceps in future analyses, to clarify the
genetic relationships among these geographically proximate species.

Vernacular Names

The local names for this marmoset—“sagüi-branco” or “macaquinho-branco”—refer

to its whitish or silvery coloration (branco=white), in contrast with the similarly
A New Marmoset Species

Fig. 5 Phylogenetic relationships among Mico species derived from the 549 base pairs of the
mitochondrial COII gene. This is a partial view of the Maximum parsimony tree obtained for the
marmosets and Callimico, using PAUP (Sena et al. 2002). Bootstrap values (%) are calculated from 2000
replications.

sized, but distinctly blackish Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli, with which it is

invariably syntopic. This tamarin is known locally as “sagüi-preto” or “mac-
aquinho-preto” (preto=black). In English, the species should be referred to as
Rondon’s marmoset.

Etymology

In the absence of any distinctive traits, the new species is named after the Brazilian
explorer Cândido Rondon, who commanded the first terrestrial expeditions through
southwestern Amazonia—traversing the geographic distribution of Mico rondoni sp.
n.—in the early 20th century. The new species is endemic to the Brazilian state—
Rondônia—which was named after Rondon in 1958, so its name also alludes to its
geographic distribution.

Discussion

The sum of the genetic, zoogeographic, and morphological evidence indicates

clearly that Mico rondoni sp. n. (Fig. 6) constitutes a taxon distinct from Mico
emiliae, with which it was synonimized previously. It is also divergent enough from
the neighboring forms—Mico melanurus and M. nigriceps—to warrant its
classification as a distinct species, following the approach adopted by Vivo (1991)
and subsequent authors (Ferrari and Lopes 1992a; Mittermeier et al. 1992; Silva and
Noronha 1998; van Roosmalen et al. 2000).
In addition to its morphological and genetic distinctiveness, the new species is
arguably the most geographically isolated member of the genus, with no congeners
to the north or west. To the east, the range of Mico rondoni sp. n. is isolated
effectively from that of M. nigriceps by the lower Ji-Paraná, which plays an
important role in the zoogeography of a number of other platyrrhines, as varied as
Saguinus fuscicollis, Cebus albifrons, Chiropotes albinasus and Lagothrix cana
(Ferrari 2004; Ferrari et al. 1999; Iwanaga and Ferrari 2002), as well as Callicebus
(van Roosmalen et al. 2002).
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

Fig. 6 Mico rondoni sp. n.

(Drawing by Stephen Nash.)

The southern limit of the range of Mico rondoni sp. n. is less well defined, but
appears to be determined by a combination of factors, including both physical (the
Serra dos Pacaás Novos) and ecological barriers. A contact zone may nevertheless
exist between the new species and Mico melanurus, most probably either to the west
of the Pacaás Novos, close to the Rio Mamoré, or to the east, in the vicinity of the
town of Jiparaná. At the present time, information on the distribution of either
species within this area is sketchy and, though probable, contact between their
ranges has not been confirmed.
By contrast, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli appears to be more widespread within
this area than either marmoset species (Ferrari 2004). Even so, the identification of
the exact limits of the distribution of the 2 species, and associated ecological and
genetic patterns, should be a priority for future research.
Priority should also be given to the identification of the populations of Mico
rondoni sp. n. existing within the limits of its geographic range, as proposed here,
and the collection of more detailed data on their ecological characteristics, in
particular, their relationship with sympatric Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli. As
suggested in the preceding text, the combination of interspecific competition with
Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli, a limited distribution within a relatively small range,
and ongoing anthropogenic habitat disturbance within this range may pose a
significant threat to the survival of the new species over the long term. It is thus
essential to obtain more detailed information not only to define better the
conservation status of the new species, but also to contribute to the development
of management strategies.
A New Marmoset Species

Acknowledgments Fieldwork was supported by Tecnosolo S.A./DHV Consultants, SEDAM-Rondônia,

and the John T. and Catherine D. MacArthur Foundation. Genetic analyses were supported by CAPES. S.
F. Ferrari and M. P. C. Schneider thank CNPq for research stipends (302747/2008-7 and 311121/2006-3).
We thank Mário de Vivo (Museu de Zoologia), João Alves Oliveira (Museu Nacional), the National
Primate Centre, and the Rio de Janeiro Primate Centre for access to specimens. We especially thank
Aderson Avelar, Anthony Rylands, Cida Lopes, Ernesto Cruz, Horacio Schneider, Inocêncio Gorayeb,
Izaura Muniz, Marcelo Vallinoto, and Simone Iwanaga. Special thanks to Stephen Nash for the drawing of
the new species.

Appendix I

Table IV Records of callitrichids from 28 sites within the Jiparaná-Guaporé/Mamoré interfluvium

Site no. Locality (municipality) Coordinates Sighting rate (per 10 km of survey):

(Fig. 1)
Mico Mico Saguinus
rondoni melanurus fuscicollis
sp. n. weddelli

1 Cachoeira Samuel (Candeias do 08°45′S, 63°28′W Present – Present

Jamari)
2 Mouth of the rio Ji-Paraná (Porto 08°05′S, 62°55′W Present – Present
Velho)a
3 Guajará-Mirim state park (Nova 10°19′06′′S, 64°32′ – – 0.2
Mamoré) 31 W
4 Rio Jaciparaná (Campo Novo) 10°25′30′′S, 64°07′ – – 0.7
50′′W
5 Sítio do Antônio (Nova Mamoré) 10°19′07′′S, 64°34′ – – 0.6
26′′W
6 Sítio do Cabo Cleto (Nova Mamoré) 10°19′16′′S, 64°37′ 0.1 – 0.2
04′′W
7 Fazenda do A. Dias (Campo Novo) 10°25′25′′S, 64°06′ – – 0.2
26′′W
8 Fazenda do Luis (Nova Mamoré) 10°24′12′′S, 64°48′ – – 0.1
10′′W
9 Sítio do Lourival (Campo Novo) 10°30′45′′S, 63°47′ – – 0.5
03′′W
10 Fazenda do Venâncio (Nova 10°21′08′′S, 65°11′ – – –
Mamoré) 11′′W
11 Fazenda do Reuter (Campo Novo) 10°35′28′′S, 64°39′ – – 0.4
30′′W
12 Fazenda Nova Vida (Ariquemes) 10°12′58′′S, 62°43′ – – 0.4
57′′W
13 Fazenda Canaã (Ariquemes) 09°59′59′′S, 63°05′ – – –
13′′W
14 Sítio do Castelinho (Porto Velho) 09°42′02′′S, 65°11′ – – –
10′′W
15 Fazenda do Mauricio (Machadinho 09°01′17′′S, 62°01′ – – 0.6
do Oeste) 57′′W
16 2 de Novembero (Machadinho do 08°54′27′′S, 62°10′ 0.4 – –
Oeste) 06′′W
17 RESEX Ouro Preto I (Guajará- 10°49′39′′S, 64°25′ – – 0.6
Mirim) 46′′W
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

Table IV (continued)

Site no. Locality (municipality) Coordinates Sighting rate (per 10 km of survey):

(Fig. 1)
Mico Mico Saguinus
rondoni melanurus fuscicollis
sp. n. weddelli

18 RESEX Ouro Preto II (Guajará- 10°45′37′′S, 64°43′ 0.2 – 0.4

Mirim) 36′′W
19 RESEX Ouro Preto III (Guajará- 10°49′58′′S, 64°54′ – – 0.2
Mirim) 36′′W
20 Linha D/L30 (Nova Mamoré) 10°18′16′′S, 64°44′ – – –
44′′W
21 Linha D/L16 (Nova Mamoré) 10°25′33′′S, 65°03′ – – –
08′′W
22 Linha D/L3 (Nova Mamoré) 10°29′03′′S, 65°20′ – – –
13′′W
23 Fazenda do Mansur (São Miguel) 11°41′55′′S, 62°47′ – Presentb 0.4
33′′W
24 Sítio do Geraldo (São Francisco) 12°01′37′′S, 63°18′ – 0.4 1.7
42′′W
25 Sítio do Noel (Costa Marques) 12°04′23′′S, 63°58′ – – –
34′′W
26 Fazenda Arara Azul (Parecis) 12°12′03′′S, 61°25′ – – 0.1
59′′W
27 Fazenda 4 Maravilhas (Pimenteiras) 12°38′39′′S, 61°24′ – – –
48′′W
28 Fazenda São Paulo (Pimenteiras) 13°27′19′′S, 61°27′ – 0.4 –
40′′W

For sites 3–28, abundance is recorded in line transect surveys (Ferrari et al. 1998)
a
Record from Ferrari and Lopes (1992b)
b
Not recorded during line transect surveys

Appendix II

Specimens of bare-ear marmosets examined at the National Museum (MN) of the

Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, the Museum of Zoology of São Paulo
University (MZUSP), and the Goeldi Museum (MPEG)
Mico rondoni: Rondônia: UHE Samuel, Rio Jamari (type locality): MN-28486,
MPEG-21366, 21367, 21646, 21647, 21648, 21649, 21650, 21651, 21652, 21653,
21654, 21655, 21656, 21657, 21658, 21659, 21660, 21885, 21886, 21887, 21888,
21889, 21890, 21891, 21892, 21893, 21894, 21895, 21896, 21897, 21898.
Mico emiliae: Pará: Maloca, Rio Curuá, left bank tributary of the Rio Iriri (type
locality): MPEG-170; Serra do Cachimbo: MPEG-38104, 38105, 38106; Mato
Grosso: Alta Floresta: MPEG-24595, 24596; Ourolândia, Alta Floresta: MPEG-
24606, 24608, 24609.
Mico nigriceps: Amazonas: Lago dos Reis, BR-230 (Humaitá-Itaituba), Km 17,
right bank of the Rio Madeira (type locality): MPEG-21996, 21998, 21999; Lago
dos Reis, BR-230 (Humaitá-Apuí), Km 18, right bank of the Rio Madeira: MPEG-
A New Marmoset Species

22956, 22957, 22958, 22959; BR-230 (Humaitá-Apuí), Km 104, right bank of the
Rio dos Marmelos: MPEG-22961, 22962; BR-230 (Humaitá-Apuí), Km 164, right
bank of the Rio dos Marmelos: MPEG-22955; BR-230 (Humaitá-Apuí), Km 292,
right bank of the Rio dos Marmelos: MPEG-22960.
Mico melanurus: Rondônia: BR-429, São Francisco do Guaporé: MPEG-38102,
38103; Mato Grosso: Jururu, Salto: MN-2853; Rio Aricá: MN-2854, 2855, MZUSP-
6327, 6328, 6330, 6333; São Luís de Cáceres: MN-5843, 5845, 5847, 5849;
Chapada dos Guimarães: MN-24912, 24913; Porto Esperidião: MN-25008; Cidade
Humboldt, Rio Aripuanã: MPEG-13289, 13290, 13295, 13296, 15266, 15267,
21395, 21396; Santo Antônio do Laverger: MZUSP-4263, 4264, 4265, 4266; Mato
Grosso do Sul: Corumbá: MZUSP-3367, 3368, 3369, 3370, 3376; Palmeiras:
MZUSP-6329.
Mico argentatus: Pará: Cametá (type locality): MZUSP-4833, 4916, 4967, 4968;
Fazenda Vaicajá, Cametá: MPEG-29, 38, 151, 156, 157, 162, 163, 164, 165, 583,
MN-2845, 2846; Estrada PA-156 (Cametá-Tucuruí), Km 27: MPEG-23156, 23157,
23158; Rio Tocantins: MN-5954; Rio Pracupi, Portel: MPEG-336; Altamira, Rio
Xingu: MPEG-166; Colônia Mararu, Rio Tapajós: MPEG-154; Fazenda Marucu:
MZUSP-3588, 3589, 3590, 3591, 3592, 3593, 3594, 3595, 3596; Tauari: MZUSP-
4313, 11272, 11307, 11308; Os Patos: MZUSP-11367; Caxiricatuba: MZUSP-4829,
4865, 4900, 4901, 4902, 4903, 4904, 4906, 4907, 4908, 4909, 4911, 4913, 4940,
4959, 4964, 4965, 4966, 4969, 4970, 4972, 4973, 4974, 4975, 5007, 5026, 11407,
18865; Piquiatuba: MZUSP_4840, 4899, 4905, 4910, 4914, 4915, 4918; Mojuí dos
Campos, Rio Tapajós: MPEG-13288, 13291, 13292, 13293, 21372, 21373, 21389,
21390, 21393, 21394; Belterra, Rio Tapajós: MPEG-269, 916, 6878, 8951, 8952,
8954, 8955, 8982, 8983, 8984, 8985, 8986, 8987, 9200, 9201, 9202, 9203, 9204,
9205, 9206, 9207, 9208, 9212, 9852, 10021, 10022, 10023, 10024, 10025, 10026,
11361, 11362, 11363, 11364, 11365, 11366, 11367, 11368, 11369, 21375, 21377,
21378, 21379, 21380, 21383, 21385, 21387, 21388, 22922, 22923, 22924, 22925,
22923, 22927, 22928, 22929; Curuá-Una: MPEG-11372, 11373, 11374; Santarém:
MZUSP- 4971, 6633, MN-5953, 11571, 11572, 11573, 11574, 11575, 11577,
MPEG-269, 328, 917, 918, 961, 6878, 21384, 21386, 21391; Fazenda Taperinha:
MPEG-1460, 4776, 4777; Vila São Brás, Rio Tapajós: MPEG-21374; Rio Tapajós:
MN-5946; Born at Centro Nacional de Primatas, Ananindeua: MPEG-21630, 21631,
21632, 21633, 21634, 21635, 21636, 21637; Origin unknown: MN-2847, 2848,
2849, 5718, 11576; 11915, MPEG-21376, 21381, 21382, 21392, 21414.
Mico leucippe: Pará: Monte Cristo, Rio Tapajós: MZUSP-3598, 3599, 3600,
3602, 3603, 11361; Pedreira, Rio Tapajós: MZUSP-9964; Lago do Araipá, Rio
Tapajós: MZUSP-9965; Tavio, Rio Tapajós: MZUSP-10094, 11394; Fordlândia, Rio
Tapajós: MN-4798, MZUSP-10093, 11248, 11249, 11280, 11281, 11291, 11295,
11296, 11305, 11311, 11402, 11403; Origin unknown: MPEG-10034.
Mico marcai: Amazonas: Mouth of the Rio Castanho (type locality): MN-2951,
2856, 2857.
Mico saterei: Amazonas: Foz do Canumã, right bank of the lower Rio Canumã,
municipality of Borba (type locality): MPEG-23955, 23956; São João, left bank of
the Rio Marimari, left tributary of the Rio Abacaxis: MPEG-23957, 23958; Terra
Preta, right bank of the Rio Abacaxis: MPEG-23959, 23960; Locality unknown:
MPEG-23961.
 S. F. Ferrari et al.

Appendix III

Table V Craniometric measurements of the Mico rondoni sp. n. holotype and adult paratypes from the
Goeldi Museum collection

Measurement (mm) for Goeldi Museum (MPEG) specimen number:

21366 21367 21646 21647 21659 21660 21886 21893 21894 21896 21897

Cranium length 45.37 45.20 45.05 46.35 46.53 45.83 43.90 44.94 46.46 44.67 45.93
Condylobasal breadth 35.87 36.88 35.87 37.32 37.55 36.07 – 37.29 38.31 36.22 36.95
Zygomatic breadth 29.56 30.48 – 30.59 32.04 28.65 30.40 31.07 32.17 – –
Brain case width 25.63 25.93 25.95 26.66 25.63 25.79 25.94 26.23 26.31 – 25.37
Orbital width 26.80 25.77 27.40 26.02 26.80 25.41 27.29 26.70 27.43 27.44 26.13
Width across upper 17.03 16.11 15.95 16.52 16.78 16.56 – 16.20 16.71 17.14 17.35
molars
Length of mandible 29.00 29.01 29.25 29.61 30.48 27.69 30.15 30.06 30.90 30.53 29.64
Height of auricular 15.06 16.18 15.82 16.03 15.90 14.07 15.98 15.28 16.32 15.73 16.04
process
Length of upper 10.61 10.77 – 10.97 10.38 11.06 10.58 10.75 11.01 10.32 11.14
molar series
Width across upper 11.31 11.61 12.06 11.48 11.58 11.39 11.81 12.00 12.31 11.82 12.24
canines
Mandibular ramus 10.37 10.35 – 10.66 11.22 9.43 11.26 11.26 11.69 11.27 10.64
(width)
Width across lower 13.58 13.18 – 13.06 6.65 13.62 – 12.97 13.63 13.04 13.22
molars
Gnathic index 9.01 8.50 8.11 8.67 8.32 7.79 9.37 8.75 8.54 8.44 9.31
Width between lateral 25.72 26.11 – – 25.76 24.51 25.39 26.47 26.49 25.84 25.70
surfaces of
mandibular
condyles
Width between 23.58 23.26 – 23.75 23.77 23.72 23.26 23.63 24.23 24.27 24.58
coronoids
Mandibular condyle 3.20 3.23 3.40 3.59 3.26 3.44 3.44 3.48 3.74 3.34 3.23
(width)
Lower canine (width) 6.86 6.62 – 6.63 6.64 6.76 6.59 6.52 6.99 6.86 6.85
Width between 19.32 19.94 – – 19.25 17.53 19.12 19.89 19.62 19.49 19.30
medial surfaces of
the mandibular
condyles
Coronoid (height) 16.82 16.36 – 17.57 17.34 15.19 16.86 16.60 18.31 17.48 17.49
Nasal-prostium 8.45 8.99 8.48 7.83 9.01 6.86 7.88 7.95 9.56 7.84 –
distance
Nasal-opisthocranial 42.98 42.76 43.05 43.50 43.43 43.29 41.84 43.10 43.83 42.14 –
distance
Minimum width 5.66 5.10 6.19 5.24 5.65 4.59 5.36 5.38 6.30 5.90 5.38
between orbits
Lower molar series 9.51 9.45 8.71 9.37 9.42 9.93 9.06 8.81 9.41 9.05 9.33
(length)
Cranium height 25.02 24.18 24.78 24.93 24.21 24.48 – 24.13 25.91 24.71 25.60
A New Marmoset Species

Table V (continued)

Measurement (mm) for Goeldi Museum (MPEG) specimen number:

21366 21367 21646 21647 21659 21660 21886 21893 21894 21896 21897

Nasal width 4.70 5.28 5.47 4.75 5.77 4.25 5.32 5.47 5.98 5.42 5.32
Upper canine (length) 5.73 5.81 3.46 5.34 – 4.49 5.25 5.92 4.03 4.57 5.79
Palate (length) 15.51 16.40 – 16.31 16.02 14.92 15.43 15.50 16.47 16.60 16.45
Palate (width) 11.07 10.45 10.40 10.56 10.68 10.08 – 11.14 11.31 10.22 10.73
Orbit height 10.37 10.53 10.94 10.15 10.98 10.80 10.54 10.67 10.71 9.95 11.17
Pterion-pterion 22.51 22.42 22.04 22.32 21.56 21.69 22.02 22.94 22.21 22.20 22.87
distance
Foramen magnum 7.09 7.26 6.79 6.46 7.14 6.98 – 6.97 6.07 6.35 6.78
(width)
(length) 6.18 6.33 6.60 6.25 6.15 5.95 – 6.45 5.43 6.10 6.17
Width between 10.40 11.65 10.61 10.66 11.31 10.92 – 10.84 10.36 10.33 10.50
occipital condyles

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