‘ HA DBAULIC CIRCLTTS Aintreduction: te nvstem, Nuid is pressurized and the presomee ener fluid to he used wherever swe want vuthin the syatetn, The comp eviter i sometirnen callial the hudeautic cisouil The hydraulic cireuits comtain a few ghancats and those elements ane relatively simple. A pump is used to pressurized thy fluid, The is then carried bs su:iable popelines 1 come] wah stich as digcetional control, flow control anu Pressure contro! vsives. Finally, the Thad expands its stoted pressure energy ty doing some useful work in cylinders or Fhiid motors. : is stored in hydraulic Advantages of hydraulic clrewity, - 1) Simplicity of design Almost all hivdraulic systeris ere much simpler in conunsction. Hovewar relatively fw moving parts. the fuid power systems are free of inertia force problem whichis fixe main concern int any other system pantcularly in a mechanical system. : 2) Multiplication of forces Fluid pawer svulemh generate s high forces at low spzoda with relative césc. Tt has the easiest and efficient way of amphfication: of force, almost infiniry. Also, the force applications are unlimited. 3) Automatic overiosd protection Fluid power system is the only cheapes! device known with the automatic overload protection.” A krydraulic eysiemt simply dumps over the relief “valve. ACthe same tine, it maintains the maxienum pressure. Hf an electri ‘moter. for ¢xample. is installed, the protection against overloading i complicated and expensive. ‘The protection is the most important fequirement for any system, ~ 4) Easiness and accuracy of speed control, ‘ “In fluid syntoms. a Largs range of speed control is possibly, D.C, motur > the only device which i extensively used an speed controlling wigh imtinite + stops, But, oven they can be controlled w certain mnimumem speeds only Hivdraulic rams can be made to cows a distance i y fizstion oF a second of to ory! along at a speed of a tortvise, It provides quick 1verse without any shock : 3) Efficiency and economy *. ” Fificiencs of fluid power systoms is always superior ty any offer system, since the fractional losses are nvinkmunt to these sysigms. [f follows that the eost of transmission of power ivalso mininsum. ‘Disadvantages of hydraulic circuits, , 1) Temperature offeets ‘Vempcraturc'raw within the bydrnutic sysfsin has always been a dource ‘of problems, This problem i manmally solved at the actection stage by aclecting. suitable oitsior the ane application. 2) Leakages ) ‘This caunot entirely be eli munatest. Nevertheless, Wuakages can be reduced! by efficient methods of jos and packings, ‘The important point toremember is that oil sump hast te supplemented by regular supply, of excess oil in onder to compensate the hove of oil due to Ieakeges. Vary high pronstire The possibility of obtaming high forces from the; fiuid at relatively low Spectis is vatirely due to tho trigh pressure clewelopment in the system. Ot the other hand this is a problem in desig the system elements: have tw by designed rigid cnudgh to withstand sach high pressure a Lines joining “A aa Flexible lines ae eee a ‘Lines to reservoir above | fluid Tevet La Direction of flow Bleemis motor Pressure gauge Power pack s ‘Unidirectional pump Reversible pump Unidirectional mowor Reversible nioter Heal engine Coupling Single acting eylinder Double acting sylinder2 Componen (ere rdun. (presmute- ow dlirostiown) gh pressure . High prenwira | ro VALVES | ~+ ye Pome ACT Tom tly dewa = +: evhinder: rian: oo ‘i MOVER (clec.motor heat ongine) tr seb aco Low presstsne Jaw prose GH BAC ELEMENTS OF 4 JV DRAULIC ACL wechanieal oncrgy inte ttuid emerey. ‘This can never be hundred percent officiont There in some energy » Huid and mechanical Iriction Movi putuys uperate semewhore between 70 and XS percent cffiney, Pampy ane alr KNOWN ah paWKure genctators, sincy they pressured the {Buk \ A prime mover iniwed ts drive the pump. Ihe pia mover may be an clociric fotor or heat cngine, Whatever the type may, be, is the extemal power source: im the liydleautic eineant ody Evan my, Ke primp cau be divicied inter three cateyorice according, to the uid Mow inside the pump. ie aaRackat Low bh) Mixed flow o) Axial flaw pu fugal pumpe hi he radial thi catlogay. Ceainfugal punyp is 1 PUBTAP she ay BL Pumns. 4 pup converts auc Linen, ELZLOvUE Dipplacemet Mamie Very hight opetsting prosaures san be obiaine in the case of pusinive displacement paunps, The only ctor divit afllcts lve sesions of theue pkaeyys iv internal Leakage, Thi logetber with unlulamced hydrostatic ores, generally limit their masimuini power. Positive dixplaccenont ph variable and fixed displacement typos Hudens (Kame), This is a way of producing near mation from the oi! How The dst travels iv called the * sire * an. ia termed the * setractiom * whily of tho pistes ent oF known ay une © exicnsion "A sarily of types of actuator gis. cSlinklss phi Piston) in possible, bur the ones used ui thiv simulator are single piston, double w the cvlinderFunction s a! py (CHECK © MULTYPLE [*COMPENSATION UNCOMPENSAT Contyol __y males PRESSURE = FLOW Low resintance way | ir Onie direciton Constant flow im Flow rate regulated : Spite of press.” But with presa. vanation changes [(~T TET Td *RELIEF *SEQUEN COUNTER HOLDING UNLOAD “REDUCING SHOCK CE -BALANCE -ING SUPPER (SAFETY (INTERLO , (BY-PASS, (PRE. FPOP-OFF) CKING) : PRESS REGK.) OUT PRE! DAMPER) | t Limits max. + External Normally closed Special type of Differential Normally epan Acton by Prose Dram sed for oweimn: counter balwice eutun end preset pres.” ie of wing koad Adds ate ever bis out press. rise re, FlGutii - VALVE CLASSIFICATIONFeLi F Pee ARE, AQZUST MEME JV = TACHIN ¥VALY Cracking ( Opening ) SA. iecacat ( Sealing/ Closing) | Pressure : Floa Rate1O SYSTEM,b3Nahves. (See Fig 1.4 1 Diteetion Control Valves, Av the name implies . this type of salvo reudes the dirceuon of ow. Many types ate possible bat the valve studied here is a 4 way, 3 position’ spool type 43.2 Presuure Control Valves, a) Relief Valves. The purpose of a relict valve in to limit the maximum pressure which can ocewr in a circutt to a value svhich com be preset sdjusiment of the spring Y as shown in Figiv. In onder to limit he pressive , the valve neavides am alorutros path for the otf flow i.e, when the pressure at A ix vifficient to uneeat | spool w, then the cutlet port B comes into opuration to remove excess pressue. When the sywem pressure drops, the valve will fend to stay open duc to flow forces ond hence tts * reseal © pressure is below ity * cracking * pressure (Fig v) . A direct acting relict valve is fast i) response but noisy in action and ay the valve spoct | W (Figiv) moves further hack to allaw an increased flow of bypass oil; the spring s compressed finther and henve a higher pressure is requived (Fig.v) i.c. a relatively high pressure ts required te pen the valve fully, and the’ differesce betmeen the initial opening, {cracking} pressure ami the fully open pressure is called the * differential *. Direct acting velyea usually havea high differcotial and hence arc net recommended for close pressure control. 4 pilot * qelicf valve (Fig.vi) offers operation wish a smaller dificrential pressure. It has a, nWo Maye operation . i quieter in ‘operation than the direct section type hur is slower . dui: ta the wo stages moked, Db) Sequenced Valves. Many machines require operations that must ovcur it ihe eurrect order, and this type oF contro) is accomplished hydrautically by the usp of sequencing satves. The outlet por! o 2 sequumce Valve to subjected to the system prewuire required for ape irk ection or Bias spring munt be-estormally drained to prevent * controhend + back, Pressure. This is he primary difference horween celiet valves ad sequence valves ¢) Reducing Valve. A reducng valve is normally open end Dkrcks or tredulates flow at a pre-set pressure " U2.) Flow Comirol Valves. Uncemnjensmted. A single dhvoithe salve is an cxampis of an uncompensated flow eontral valve, I st forma if is a restrictor ineneporating an orifice. IL restachons dae requir! in both directions of flow, then a simphe unifige plate incorporsied n suiiahle firting with suffice If an caljustable needle, operating in the orifice, ® used * then the valve cau be, adjusted to provide dhflersnt twotling 1 characteristics, An inherent disuivinuage of this (ype of valve is thatthe flow is strictly dependent on the pressure drop across the vals, and. thas © though * flow wall vary with changes of load. : mm this trainer i of the * mnt urn 49 Med a) Compensated. The valve uichucicd Prensure compensated © type. If a fis fm circu and the (usd flow requir tegulated” then a sidiable Tow control valve im necessory. be its simplest foam an. ad ustable meedie valve which is sinyply # variable orifice in high the flan varies as the pressure drop across the restriction, could he uscd Gut tt + often required fo achieve Now wontrol wivhout altering fhe pressure and this ss cchisved using the valve described here (Fg cos The flow of oil through an onfize depends on the orifice size and the pressure drug ie Q= Coty 2ap area is cet by manual adqusinnent, the flow rate will oni) be constant if the walve pressure dsop doce not alter, ‘Changs m vonditions downstream of the salve will alter the valve, pressure drop ip and heree change the flow Q: by * pressure somaens: te flow can de stabilized. The upstream pressure F. (Fig Mil trem the pump acts on the varlable erifjce vatve V, and the Lane side of the spool W. ‘The downstream pressuie Ps acts on Sie back of spoo] W topether with the spring pressurs X. For equilibrum of spew! W : Pie P+ P, ie Pie BP) = PO - dp : a commant determined by the spring eiling . thus sith’ Sp and Ay os Gueugh the valcs V, i censtant. Miko the unit vi vels av a teliel valve since i Py increased such hen the peesstive on the hack of the spool W cannot morea-e, If Py on face of W inctcases. spring N may oe somprested to its maximum amotnitse that ‘a relist path from A, paA W te the port B will form. b4A Reservoir The size of o@ mesccvow (tank m an hydraulic circuit is * desermumed oy the capacity of the pump in the carcuit, The tank should be of at feast Sto + times capacity of the pump per minute as this will then allow for Test davsepanon and separation ot eniramed arr, Thus. vafficient space should fe allowed around the reterwoar to pesmi good circulation af air for the-heat removal and baffles in the tank arc required fe eriforce a slower passage of oil ang hence ansie an the Pelcase of entrained att. The baitles will als asaist in Preventang the carry through. from mnfet i@ uuriea, of solid mattor Which. is in seopenaion m the liquid, since thes serve to sepafute the intake and discharge pape The as vent in the reservoir is provided with 4 tilter as es the cil filler,LAL Eation, The vise of comect oil anc correct filalion » great Unporiance fn any lnydvautic circuit, since aust, dir. cust, paint and abrasive par cea shorten she tif of hydraulic components, { allowed sa circuste throughout dhe system 1L_Beesare Contre, A LDiredt Acting Relist Valve, Ye object of using a relte! valve is ty Lonit the maximums pressure on a circuit and thus protect the pion and Qther components fiom pressure overload. The ings! important Parameters for 9 relief valve are « #)- pressue verenasie ue. the difference hetwe Sticking oF opening ” pressure and * reset, sealing or closing * pressure, 5) pipurtional hacdividih 1c. the change in inlet pressure MB Mespwinse to am increase im fos rate-as the valve pene ate Hy, U) 2 Generally. the valve design Will incenporaty a means of adjustment of the cracking peessure 13 Pilot Operated) Rellef Vatye, titer operation of teliel satven ix Rommally cmploy cu a higher power levels than direet acing sched valves. at pilot operation an stave advantages at all power tov ls ‘Valves of the pilot type ane very siuble endl thziy Co ees affected by the flow comscmod, Thes are, aowever only suitalte for clean fluid and musi oot be used in «ett Welter there ia a chance ut contamination building sp wi ive liqiisd, as this may cauny the Salve to bevome inoperative and hence danucrous. a Diccetopal Control AL Extension And Wetraction at A Double Netlue Cylinder. nn system could be used for positioning a werk able or other aft machine clement ic. by uning she appropriate flaw path the piston an * the sviinder may he extended or resrasted 4s scqulired. When the prssin roaches the end af stv sinake, prossure in the system will busid up 10 the setiing of the system relief valve. The relief valve will then oper sia ‘by-pass the flow of the pump iach tothe reservou, while at the same time, holling pressure on the pisioa equal to the relict valve setting, Thus, the system: not only positions the aad but hokds + in position, Elon Coniral, BL Meter In Circuit, The speed of operavon of am bydrwulic’ motor can be controlled by means of a restrictor fitted in the in'el hine ice. mactering in aysiem. This (ype of circuit is uked when 1) the load may kick bach2) the circult power oF preanure level muir he rvteined when the motor load devel falls off ie the menor moat be als undet hood 3) dividhog Nows to multiple branch eins, ‘Tis type ol viteuit i not suilable where + : 4) control of a load movin naturally ip the motor is f te a folowing k 3) the sped of the motor varies will dhe Examples of applications of dhs type of circuit 6) feeds on urinder tabies, welding nna ate, 7) rotary hydraulic motor drives. esime direchun a4 ins, milling machines 32 Meter Our Circuit, The specd of operation of a hydraulic moter can be controled by meas of a resthtor fitted in the outlet line 1.2, Metering Ou system. This tye of control rs when + 3) the load is ovechauling. 2) the load can fall aw. 3) @ back pressure is desired for tipidily ia wonton This type of circuit i not suifeble where = 4} constant spued is required since speed will vary with applied ° joad. ‘Examples of application of this type of cinewit are: 3) where good speod control is required for lathes. drifting machines. mil cl 14. Dyfuse Circuit ( Bleed Off) The speed of operation of a hydraulig motor can be coavolled by ani adiniable volve connected in a parallel circuut such that off not required Sy the mator is by~passed. ‘The adjustable volvy is fully open for zero moxur speed and then it can be gradwally chowsd in give the requized «pyed. This mcthod of apced control is uscd where precisc conte! in not required. ‘This one of contre! is usert Whe ‘ 1) a sof circuit 1 required, 2) the power te he controlled is a tract activator, The disad« anioges of using this circ 3} that dhe speed control is indie at of dhe of the jsnuy «with oad 24 Pressure Con peosated luw Control Valve, oi through an ontice depends on the onfice wire dleop. in ortlsr that the orifice size « pressure drop. across it sast ben He use is rime * ofa pressure compensated wah y thiy consists of two Fostrictors in ecrica. one Tixed ensi the other sutomatically variable. suf the citcu power to the any = ct wilt vary if the actual delivery © the thew of and the pressure fect the fiw theAl Regenerative Contiok Ita double i cylinder as shown in Fig. were operated sanphy from @ fiver! dimplacsment wurce of 1 dllivery, thee estensiin speed yrould he fess than the retracing. speed dic to the different syptun wolved ic, crow nemonal area dung SMICOSION IS pMOR area, whilst during retastidn it pistin orca fines comnesting aied area : : Lc. tf cylinder supplied from a pump delivering qn! sec then: extension time Teo Lt ay . and Tt Lo woke Ap of piston Age = arex of cine, rod, With 2 regenerative circuit wwe is made of the differential volume 40 that during the extension siruke. oil from the connecting rod end of the oylinder is parsect 4o the bead cau of the eytinder along’ with the new “ intake of oil from the power pack. {f the dumensions ary chosen such vga of thy competing mpd. then the mgensrativs, wok syill rest in equal peel and farce in-both the estegsice aud restrigiiva simakes, tn ane case. even if the dimensionsare not specially shoven, the entension speed, when using regenerative conizol, ia faster than for normal operation, AZ Sequence Clreuit. Hydradlic ¢ytinders nnust wften function in a set sequence and the simplest nay to achieve this vonttal ix ta morporaty a sequence valve in the circus, When oil flows eo the heud: ond of sylindgr 1. itis also present al tise onict port of dhe eoqucrce Vane Vs Which is spring toaded and araugcd io remain close wei thy piston 9 cylinder 1 is fully ectemded. When the piston & fully estended the pressure butkds up ai sq inet port and vereomes th. spring senting, Opening valve \'sq fully oni thus there will tho flew in axlineer 2, Pressure at the head endl of etter | with mover be dest ian, the sequence valve uperating se fides 2 is eMtending, When the dirczhenal vshy \ pw operates in abe'other diccution, oj ean the Puimp flows io the rod ond of both cilindets. Wn mniegra: chek valve iit the sequence valve \ sa allows oil tomy the head end of eylender 2 fo join with the dischseged oil Lom the teadendl of ceTindlet | and freely’ flow back to the reservoir No prmision is made it thes circuit lo reiract the cylinders in sequence Winlsé * CUTY Redyetng Circuit, This is a typical circtsct which is wsed When different spocus of exicnsion are required for iw evliaders which epeite indspcascnlly but with a certain relaucashap to ack ther, Lc. a \ypical ceruaif could cause a work prigse to be mowed into a may need to hecientww Mok Calder MNomeding. 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