TEST 10

B. LEXICO - GRAMMAR (50 points)

Part 1. Choose one of the words marked A, B, C, or D which best completes each of the following sentences.
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. (20 points)
1. Choose whatever you like from the menu. It’s your birthday so money is no ______.
A. brain B. barrier C. factor D. object
2. Students should be encouraged to _______ critically the information that they are given.
A. debate B. discuss C. comment D. argue
3. When I joined the army, I found it difficult to ________ orders from my superiors, but I
soon got used to it.
A. finish off B. wrap up C. carry out D. follow through
4. On Christmas Eve, the _________ family gathers for dinner, usually at my grandmother’s
house.
A. mere B. entire C. total D. complete
5. ____________, helped shape the history of American industry.
A. Joseph Wharton, along with his many successful business ventures, has
B. Joseph Wharton, including his many successful business ventures, have
C. Joseph Wharton, along with his many successful business ventures, have
D. Joseph Wharton and his many successful business ventures has
6. I’d like to _______ the crossword puzzle in the newspapers everyday.
A. answer B. fill C. do D. make
7. Her living room, with its delicate furniture and knickknacks, made him feel like a bull in a
__________ shop.
A. China B. French C. Swedish D. German
8. The thing I don’t like about my present job is that we often have to work up to ten hours
________ a stretch.
A. to B. at C. over D. through
9. Cyclone Althea devastated portions of northern Australia in December 1971; the strong
winds ripped roofs off houses, hail damaged vehicles and windows, and __________ cost
the Australian federal government close to a billion dollars in modern-day adjusted values.
A. it B. they C. those D. the storm
10. Some of the members were so _______ by the way Jack opened the meeting that they
walked right out.
A. joyous B. incensed C. unaffected D . tired
11. He pressed on, ______, planning the largest electric furnace in the world.
A. thinking better of it B. thinking out loud C. thinking back D. thinking big
12. Mad Max was a low-budget film. It received a lot of good reviews ________.
A. however B. although C. whatever D. though
13. After receiving the result of the latest exam, Sally was in _______ .
A. rigour B. anguish C. jeopardy D. offence
14. He will never ________ his pride and try to bring his ex back.
A. drop B. shed C. overlook D. swallow
15. Yesterday, I ________ my homeroom teacher when I was having coffee with Dan.
A. dropped in B. got on C. bumped into D. came over
16. Cooks should remember that some raw foods are very ________ and should be
refrigerated or chilled until ready to be eaten or cooked.
A. peripheral B. perishable C. periodic D. permanent
17. He had no ________ about lying to her mother despite her efforts to lift up his spirits .
A. qualms B. doubts C. queries D. thoughts
18. Due to the blatant plagiarism of his classmate, Tim is now emitting smoke from ______
orifices.
A. nine B. seven C. nil D. double
19. Would you mind if I _________ the door?
A. closed B. closing C. close D. am closing
20. I’ll _________ your suggestions and reply to you next week.
A. glance through B. mull over C. look up D. refer to
Part 2. Read the following text which contains 10 mistakes. Identify the mistakes and write the correction in
the corresponding numbered boxed (10 points)
While the internet opens up a whole new world of knowledge and information for this and future generations to
explore, it also poses a number of serious concerns as parents with young, net-savvied children. For starters, it is
exceptionally difficult to monitor your children's net activity and make abreast of whom they are interacting
with online. Secondly, there is little if any censorship of the internet, so parents must be willing to do the
censorship themselves or rely on software products to do it for them. Even still, there are ways around the best-
intentioned of such programmes, and, besides, the alarming level of growth in cyber-bullying is indication of a
trend parents should, perhaps, be far more concerning about. It used to be that children were protecting from the
bullies one they returned to the safe confine of their home, having escaped their schoolyard tormentors, but not
anymore. There is nowhere to run thanks to social networks like Face book, which, if anything, make the
spreading far and away of malicious rumours and the like easier than ever before given the virulence nature of
the internet.
Part 3. Give the correct form of the words in brackets. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered
boxes. (10 points)
Meditation
People are often put off meditation by what they see as its many mystical associations. Yet meditation
is a (1) ______ (STRAIGHT) technique which merely involves sitting and resting the mind. In addition to its
(2) ______ (SIMPLE), meditation offers powerful help in the battle against stress. Hundreds of studies have
shown that meditation, when (3) ______ (TAKE) in a principled way, can reduce hypertension which is
related to stress in the body. Research has proved that certain types of meditation can (4) ______
(SUBSTANCE) decrease key stress symptoms such as anxiety and (5) ______ (IRRITABLE). In fact, those
who practice meditation with any (6) ______ (REGULAR) see their doctors less and spend, on average,
seventy percent fewer days in hospital. They are said to have more stamina, a happier (7) ______ (DISPOSE)
and even enjoy better relationships.
When you learn to meditate, your teacher will give you a personal ‘mantra’ or word which you use
every time you practice the technique and which is (8) ______ (SUPPOSE) chosen according to your needs.
Initial classes are taught individually but (9) ______ (SEQUENCE) classes usually consist of a group of
students and take place over a period of about four days. The aim is to learn how to slip into a deeper state of
(10) ______ (CONSCIOUS) for twenty minutes a day. The rewards speak for themselves.
C. READING (50 points)
Part 1. Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D) best fits each gap. Write your
answers in corresponding numbered boxes. (10 pts)
TURN OFF THE HEATING
By 1_________ your hand into a freezing cold bucket of water, you can discover how quickly your body burns
calories. This basic experiment is the starting point for a pioneering study into the effects of brown- or good -
fat in the body.
Everyone is born with brown fat around the shoulder 2________. It is central to keeping a baby’s body
temperature on an even 3________ by using up this 4__________ of fat in order to keep babies warm.
Scientists, though, have long believed that this brown fat vanishes as babies grow out of 5___________ and it is
no longer needed.
However, a few years ago, researchers were carrying out scans 6________ adults during the winter and realized
there were 7__________ of fat that seemed to have been 8________ by the cold weather. This discovery has
encouraged scientists to 9_________ further research in the hope it is the 10__________ gun that will help
solve weight problems amongst the obese. They have already determined that the cold, certain foods and
exercise can activate this brown fat to people’s benefit.
1. A. prodding B. thrusting C. propelling D. heaving
2. A. blades B. joints C. bones D. sockets
3. A. path B. track C. course D. keel
4. A. store B. storation C. storage D. storing
5. A. development B. infancy C. adolescent D. childhood
6. A. over B. for C. on D. off
7. A. stretches B. areas C. tracts D. pockets
8. A. developed B. formed C. provoked D. triggered
9. A. make B. conduct C. perform D. absorb
10. A. grease B. zip C. smoking D. light
Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. (15 points)
A prodigy is defined as a person with a great natural ability which shows itself at an early age; they may
become expert musicians or be (1)______ of doing complex mathematics. Some youngsters develop (2)
_____ remarkable abilities that they attract the (3) _____ of the media, like Arran Fernandez, a five-year old
who became the youngest person to pass a GCSE, an exam for school leavers. He had obviously benefited
intellectually (4) ______ being taught at home by his parents, who said that their son was still a happy and
normal child (5) ______ never having been to any form of school. Arran could add up at the age of two and
a half, so he obviously had a natural gift, but without a great deal of effort on the part of his parents, it’s
unlikely that he would have applied (6)______ to serious study. The role parents (7) ______ in such cases is
highly controversial. Many people believe that the more you push young children, the greater the chances
are that the child will have social and emotional problems (8) ______ in life. The story of another young
person, Sufiah Yusof, who entered university at the age of 13, is often quoted as proof of this. She (9) _____
out of her studies at Oxford two years later, claiming that her parents attitude towards her constituted
emotional abuse. It seems that being a prodigy is (10) _______ substitute for a normal childhood.
Part 3. Read the passage and choose the best option A, B, C, or D to answer the questions. Write your
answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. (10 points)
POPULATION ECOLOGY
Population ecology is the science that measures changes in population size and composition and
identifies the causes of these fluctuations. Population ecology is not concerned solely with the human
population. In ecological terms, a population consists of the individuals of one species that simultaneously
occupy the same general area, rely on the same resources, and are affected by similar environmental factors.
The characteristics of a population are shaped by its size and by the interactions among individuals and
between individuals and their environment.
Population size is a balance between factors that increase numbers and factors that decrease numbers.
Some factors that increase population are favorable light and temperature, adequate food supply, suitable
habitat ability to compete for resources, and ability to adapt to environmental change. Factors that decrease
populations are insufficient or excessive light and temperature, inadequate food supply, unsuitable or
destroyed habitat, too many competitors for resources, and inability to adapt to environmental change.
Another important characteristics of any population is its density. Population density is the number of
individuals per unit, such as the number of maple trees per square kilometer in a country. Ecologists can rarely
determine population size by actually counting all individuals within geographical boundaries. Instead, they
often use a variety of sampling techniques to estimate densities and total population sizes. For example, they
might estimate the number of black bears in a national park by counting individuals in a few sample plots
representative of the whole park. In some cases, they estimate population size through indirect indicators, such
as the number of nests or burrows, or signs such as tracks or droppings.
Another important population characteristics, dispersion, is the pattern of spacing among individuals
within the population’s geographical boundaries. Various species are distributed in their habitats in different
ways to take better advantage of food supplies and shelter, and to avoid predators or find prey. Within a
population’s range, densities may vary greatly because not all areas provide equally suitable habitat, and also
because individuals space themselves in relation to other members of the population.
Three possible patterns of dispersion are clumped, uniform, and random. A clumped dispersion pattern
means that individuals are gathered in patches throughout their habitat. Clumping often results from the
irregular distribution of resources needed for survival and reproduction. For example, fallen trees keep the
forest floor moist, and many forest insects are clumped under logs where the humidity is to their liking.
Clumping may also be associated with mating, safety, or other social behavior. Crane flies, for example,
swarm in great numbers, a behavior that increases mating chances, and some fish swim in large schools so
they are less likely to be eaten by predators.
A uniform or evenly spaced distribution results from direct interactions among individuals in the
population. For example, regular spacing of plants may result from shading and competition for water. In
animal populations, uniform distribution is usually caused by competition for some resource or by social
interactions that set up individual territories for feeding, breeding, or resting.
Random spacing occurs in the absence of strong attraction or repulsion among individuals in a
population. Overall, random patterns are rare in nature, with most populations showing a tendency toward
either clumped or uniform distribution.
Population change in size, structure, and distribution as they respond to changes in environmental
conditions. Four main variable – births, deaths, immigration and emigration – determine he rate of change in
the size of the population overtime. A change in the birth rate or death is the major way that most populations
respond to changes in resource availability. Members of some animal species can avoid or reduce the effects
of environmental stress by immigrating to another with more favourable environmental conditions, thus
altering to population’s dispersion.
1. Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in par.1 ?
A. Any species of life can be studied in population ecology.
B. Population ecologists care about the future of humanity.
C. The growth of the human population is a major concern.
D. Population ecology does not consider humans worthy of study.
2. According to the passage, which factor might cause the population of a species to decrease in size?
A. A favorable amount of light and water
B. An ability to hide from or defend against predators
C. A large number of other species competing for food
D. A greater number of births than deaths
3. Which of the following is an indirect indicator of a population’s density?
A. The distribution of food in a given area
B. The number of nests in a given area
C. The number of births in a given period of time
D. The number of individuals counted in a given area
4. The distribution pattern of individuals within a population’s geographical boundaries is known as ______.
A. population ecology B. population density
C. population change D. population dispersion
5. The word “range” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ______.
A. territory B. control C. history D. shelter
6. The word “patches” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to
A. dark places B. family groups C. warm spots D. small areas
7. The word “their” in paragraph 5 refers to ______.
A. resources B. trees C. insects D. logs
8. All of the following are given as reasons for clumping EXCEPT _____.
A. uneven resource distribution B. territorial disputes
C. mating behavior D. safety from predators
9. Which of the following situations would be most likely to result in a uniform dispersion pattern?
A. Birds compete for a place to build their nests.
B. Fish swim in large schools to avoid predators.
C. Whales develop strong bonds among relatives.
D. Elephants form a circle to protect their young.
10. Why does the author mention immigration and emigration in paragraph 8?
A. To identify factors affecting population dispersion
B. To give examples of territorial behavior in animals
C. To show that populations balance themselves over time
 D. To explain why animal populations are uniformly dispersed
Part 4. Read the text and do the following tasks. (15 points)
For questions 1-6, choose the correct heading for paragraphs A-G from the list of headings below. Write
your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.

List of headings
i. Why some early social science methods lost popularity
ii. The cost implications of research
iii. Looking ahead to an unbiased assessment of research
iv. A range of social issues that have been usefully studied
v. An example of a poor decision that was made too quickly
vi. What happens when the figures are wrong
vii. One area of research that is rigorously carried out
viii. The changing nature of medical trials
ix. An investigative study that may lead to a new system
x. Why some scientists’ theories are considered second- rate

Example Paragraph A: x
Try it and see
In the social sciences, it is often supposed that there can be no such thing as a controlled experiment.
Think again.
A. In the scientific pecking order, social scientific are usually looked down on by their peers in the nature
sciences. Natural scientists do experiments to test their theories or, if they cannot, they try to look for
natural phenomena that can act in lieu of experiments. Social scientists, it is widely thought, do not
subject their own hypotheses to any such rigorous treatment. Worse, they peddle their untested
hypotheses to government and try to get them turned into policies.
B. Governments require sellers of new medicines to demonstrate their safety and effectiveness. The
accepted gold standard of evidence is a randomized control trial, in which a new drug is compared with
the best existing therapy (or with a placebo, if no treatment is available). Patients are assigned to one
arm or the other of such a study at random, ensuring that the only difference between the two groups is
the new treatment. The best studies also ensure that neither patient nor physician knows which patient is
allocated to which therapy. Drug trials must also include enough patients to make it unlikely that chance
alone may determine the result.
C. But few education programmes or social initiatives are evaluated in carefully conducted studies prior to
their introduction. A case in point is the ‘whole-language’ approach to reading, which swept much of the
English-speaking world in the 1970s and 1980s. The whole-language theory holds that children learn to
read best by absorbing contextual clues from texts, not by breaking individual words into their
component parts and reassembling them (a method known as phonics). Unfortunately, the educational
theorists who pushed the whole-language notion so successfully did not wait for evidence from
controlled randomized trials before advancing their claims. Had they done so, they might have
concluded, as did an analysis of 52 randomized studies carried out by the US National Reading Panel in
2000, that effective reading instruction requires phonics.
D. To avoid the widespread adoption of misguided ideas, the sensible thing is to experiment first and make
policy later. This is the idea behind a trial of restorative justice which is taking place in the English
courts. The experiment will include criminals who plead guilty to robbery. Those who agree to
participate will be assigned randomly either to sentencing as normal or to participation in a conference
in which the offender comes face-to-face with his victim and discusses how he may make emotional and
material restitution. The purpose of the trial is to assess whether such restorative justice limits re-
offending. If it does, it might be adopted more widely.
E. The idea of experimental evidence is not quite new to the social science as sneering natural scientists
might believe. In fact, randomized trials and systematic reviews of evidence were introduced into the
social sciences long before they became common in medicine. An apparent example of random
 allocations is a study carried out in 1927 of how to persuade people to vote in elections. And
randomized trials in social work were begun in the 1930s and 1940s. But enthusiasm later waned. This
loss of interest can be attributed, at least in part, to the fact that early experiments produced little
evidence of positive outcomes. Others suggest that much of the opposition to experimental evaluation
stems from a common philosophical malaise among social scientists, who doubt the validity of the
natural sciences, and therefore reject the potential of knowledge derived from controlled experiments. A
more pragmatic factor limiting the growth of evidence-based education and social services may be
limitations on the funds available for research.
F. Nevertheless, some 11,000 experimental studies are known in the social sciences
(compared with over 250,000 in the medical literature). Randomised trials have been used to evaluate the
effectiveness of driver-education programmes, job-training schemes, classroom size, psychological counseling
for post-traumatic stress disorder and increased investment in public housing. And where they are carried out,
they seem to have a health dampening effect on otherwise rosy interpretations of the observations.
G. The problem for policymakers is often not too few data, but what to make of multiple and conflicting
studies. This is where a body called the Campbell Collaboration comes into its own. This independent
non-profit organization is designed to evaluate existing studies, in a process known as a systematic
review. This means attempting to identify every relevant trial of a give question (including studies that
have never been published choosing the best ones using clearly defined criteria for quality, and
combining the results in a statistically valid way. An equivalent body, the Cochrane Collaboration, has
produced more than 1,000 such reviews in medical fields. The hope is that rigorous review standards
will allow Campbell, like Cochrane, to become a trusted and authoritative source of information.
For question 7-10, choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Fighting Crime
Some criminals in England are agreeing to take part in a trial designed to help reduce their chance of
7.________. The idea is that while one group of randomly selected criminals undergoes the usual
8._________, the other group will discuss the possibility of making some repayment for the crime by meeting
the 9.___________. It is yet to be seen whether this system, known as 10.________, will work.
D. WRITING (50 points)
Part 1. Finish each of the following sentences in such a way that it means the same as the one printed before
it. Write your answers in the space provided. (10 points)
1. He assumed that she would brush up her English after this course.
He took it _________________________________________.
2. Passengers can only board the plane when all bags have been checked.
Only after _________________________________________.
3. My boss has got to persuade the investor to sign the contract.
My boss has got to ___________________________________.
4. Reports say that police have arrested a number of people since the robbery.
A number of people ___________________________________.
5. Josh does a very good imitation of the French teacher.
Josh takes ___________________________________________.
Part 2. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word
given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.

1. Most people seem to think that I will be next to be promoted. LINE

Most people seem to think that __________________________a promotion..
2. Paul wanted to be famous so much that he participated in a reality show. DESIRE
So great _____________________________ that he participated in a reality show.
3.The police have put a barrier around the building to keep people out. CORDONED
The building ___________________________ police.
4.He was unable to take part in the tournament because of nagging injury. RULED
A nagging injury ____________________________ the tournament.
5. Troops are not allowed to go into the town’s pub and bars. BOUNDS
The town’s pubs and bars __________________________ troops.