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Pier design consideration

Research · May 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.4273.8085

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Sudharshanaram Ramakrishnan
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 Coastal Engineering Structures
(OCE 4525)
Fall 2014
FINAL DESIGN PROJECT

Prof. Steven M Jachec, Gabriel Oliveria

05 Dec 2015 Martin Jacob
Kylee McKaige
Sudharshanaram R
 Foreword

The Pier at Cocoa beach pier is soon to be rebuilt. This project

studies the design parameters that should be considered to choose

the pile dimensions. The project also identifies the data required

to carry out the study required to design the onshore structure.

This includes maximum force and moments that will expected on

the structure, due to wave predicted to occur over a hundred year

period. We have acquired the data from the trust worthy source

and used the guidelines of the coastal engineering manual and the

knowledge acquired on the coastal structural design class.

2
 CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION:........................................................... 4
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA: ................................................ 4
METHOD: ................................................................... 5
CALCULATIONS ........................................................ 8
BATHYMETRY: ....................................................... 8
WAVE DATA ............................................................. 10
REVERSE SHOALING AND REFRACTION: ................ 11
LONG TERM WAVE ANLYSIS .................................. 14
PILE DESIGN ......................................................... 16
ELEVATION OF THE PILE ............................................ 19
CONCLUSION: ............................................................ 19
REFERENCES ........................................................... 20
APPENDIX: CODES ................................................... 21
DISPERSION EQUATION ........................................... 21
REFRACTION AND SHOALING INVERSE .................... 21
BATHYMETRY PLOT ................................................ 21
REFREACTION SHOALING ........................................ 23
REFRACTION SHOALING FOR BREAKING ................. 24
FINAL PROJECT DESIGN CODE. ................................ 24
100 YEAR WAVE HEIGHT .......................................... 25
PILE DESIGN FORCE ................................................ 27
DISTANCE ............................................................... 27

TABLE 1 LOCATION ....................................................... 6

TABLE 2 DESIGN DATA ............................................... 17
TABLE 3 : TOTAL FORCE ON PILE (N) ........................... 18
TABLE 4 TOTAL MOMENTS ON PILE (NM) ..................... 19

FIGURE 1 BATHYMETRY CHART ................................... 9

FIGURE 2 WAVE DATA FROM THE STATION 63439 ................. 10
FIGURE 3 WAVE DATA FROM THE STATION 63437 ................. 11
FIGURE 4 REFRCTION SHOALING VS BREAKING WAVE HEIGHT OR
STATION 63437 ........................................................... 13
FIGURE 5 REFRCTION SHOALING VS BREAKING WAVE HEIGHT OR
STATION 63439 ........................................................... 14
FIGURE 6 DATA DISTRBUTION PATTERN ...................... 15
FIGURE 7 RETURN PERIOD VS WAVE HEIGHT ............... 16

3
Introduction

The beach pier is located in the Cocoa Beach. The city has

decided to destroy the existing pier and rebuild the new pier. The

pier would be built with vertical timber piles supporting the deck.

The proposed design dimensions are 150 m in length and 5 m in

width and the pile would be a wooden circular pile.

Like any other design challenge, we also have various

factors that might affect and hinder the construction of the beach

pier. The major part of it from the environment. Unlike the land

structure any structure at sea undergoes higher value of both

static and dynamic forces, that are both repetitive and varying in

nature.

The data required for the design considerations are taken

from the Wave Information Studies (WIS) website.

[http://wis.usace.army.mil/hindcasts.shtml ].

Since we are interested in the maximum possible force and

moment the vertical piles would confront, the data can be

limited to the waves with max height.

Environmental data:

Being a dynamic environment the major problem is there is

nothing standard or defined. Including the sea surface. Only way

to understand them is to closely follow them for long period of

4
time. Even this will allow only a reasonable prediction, and

proven methods. These makes the design considerations to be very

precisely calculated because some time nature doesn’t give much

chance for the weak-link. Also It is necessary to monitor the

structure continuously through out its life to ensure the safe

operations and behavior to the change in it environmental factors

(for example: erosion, corrosion, storms, etc). From the history of

the location it is note worthy that the present pier is

approximately 250 m long and supported by 270 piles.[

http://www.cocoabeachpier.com/about-us/history].

Method:

Like any other design challenge, we also have various

factors that might affect and hinder the construction of the beach

pier. The major part of it from the environment. Unlike the land

structure any structure at sea undergoes higher value of both

static and dynamic forces that are both repetitive and varying in

nature. So, we need to respect the rules and consider all the

variables to make a safe design.

To design the pile we had to combine the environmental data

(Bathymetric, Wave data from the stations and the tides), with the

pier locations. Then we need to compute to bring the waves to the

pier by refraction and shoaling, using the depth of the

bathymetric data; also we need to calculate the deep-water

conditions. Thus predict the 100 years wave height. Finally,

5
compute the maximum forces and moments on the piles in order to

define the diameter and the elevation of the deck, which are the

goals of our projects. All of this were done, considering some

approximations to simplify those calculations.

The most important step in the design in these

environments is the data collection. This has a major affect on the

final calculations and simple typographical error can lead to

under estimation of the force resulting in a premature failure or

overestimation which might result in a heavy cost.

For the purpose of this study we get our data form trust

worthy resources like government organizations that keep their

records updated. The bathymetry data was collected from an

online resource. The site (beach pier) is influenced by the WIS

stations 63437,63439, which are just off coast of the Cocoa

Beach. The latitude and longitude position of the proposed pier

and stations are as follows:

Farthest tip of the pier 28.367658 N, -80.600567 E

Station 63437 28.333000 N, -80.417000 E

Station 63439 28.416000 N, -80.333000 E

Table 1 Location

From the above mentioned stations, the 20 data of extreme

wave analysis conditions were chosen for the calculations. The

following are some of the major steps of the calculation:

6
Initial wave data is not at a deep-water condition. So the wave

data is used to find the deep water wave parameters. From the

wave data collected from the WIS station the condition of deep

water is checked (d/L>0.5) . It was found that the location was

more of the intermediate water. But for calculation wave data

using refraction and shoaling , we need the deep water wave data(

like hO, tetha0). So using reverse refractions and shoaling

function the deep water wave parameters are found.

• Using the topography data the slopes are calculated.

o The topography data is collected from a webpage

[http://topex.ucsd.edu/cgi-bin/get_data.cgi]. We got

latitude, longitude depth for various location for an

area including the site of the pier. Using this data and

contour function the bathymetry chart is plotted. From

the plot the depth of the sea floor at the proposed site

is found to be 2m.

• Using the deep water wave data the wave parameters at the

site of the pier are found using refraction and shoaling.

o Now the wave data at sight is determined theoretically

using the refraction and shoaling function.

• Using long term statistics, 100 year wave height at the pier’s

depth is found

o Using function of long term analysis the wave

maximum wave height for 100 years is calculated.

• Using the wave data from the 100-year wave height the force

7
 and moments are calculated for different pile diameters.

o With the calculated wave height we can find forces and

moments exerted on piles (using different diameters of

the pile).

• Minimum pier elevations are calculated from the 100 years

storm surge graph.

o From the graph- “combined total storm tide elevation

versus return period for three representative transect

lines in bevard county” it is possible to estimate the

approximate height or elevation of the sea level over

period of 100 years.

CALCULATIONS

BATHYMETRY

The bathymetry data is acquired from the online resource.

The web page [http://topex.ucsd.edu/cgi-bin/get_data.cgi

Topography Reference: Smith, W. H. F., and D. T. Sandwell,

Global seafloor topography from satellite altimetry and ship

depth soundings, Science, v. 277, p. 1957-1962, 26 Sept., 1997 ]

is one of large collection of topography data available for free

usage. The data range is chosen such that, it covers both the WIS

stations and pier. This help us to calculate the slope which is

parameter for determining the refracted wave height. The distance

between the co ordinates are found using spherical law of cosine,

which is as follows:

8
 DISTANCE=ACOS(SIN(LAT1)*SIN(LAT2)+COS(LAT1)*COS(LAT2)*COS(LONG 2‐LONG1))*R

WHERE;
R= EARTH’S RADIUS (MEAN RADIUS= 6371KM)

Once we find the distance between the points, we can find

the slope. So now we have co-ordinates, depths, and slopes

calculated in the code (Bathy_slope.m).The size of the data is

7x12 double. The bathymetry plot generated using the code

(bathy_slope.m) is shown in the figure.1

Figure 1 BATHYMETRY CHART

9
Wave data:

Wave data is obtained from the wave information system

(WIS) web page. There where two stations that would fit our

data requirement (those listed above). But they has a wave data

for 30 years for every hour. This would add up to the whole

processing time and debugging would require more time too.

More over so much of wave height , time period angle of

incident would make the problem more complex. So in an

attempt to simplify the approach the same stations had already

identified extreme wave conditions (about 10 in each stations)

which totaled up to 20 wave data. The graph by which these

where determined is given below.

Figure 2 wave data from the station 63439

10
 Figure 3 wave data from the station 63437

REVERSE SHOALING AND REFRACTION:

A set of data was formed with these extreme data.

For this data the Length (L) was calculated and D/L was checked ,

if :

D/L< 0.05 , this implies that the wave is a shallow water wave.

0.05<D/L<0.5, this implies that the wave is intermediate water

wave.

D/L > 0.5 , this implies deep water wave.

This evaluation is crucial because many other calculations depend

and change as per the criteria in which the wave belongs.

11
 After data checking the available data from the WIS

station with this criterion, it was found that the wave data

belongs to an intermediate water wave range. This means we

cannot use them as deep water wave values for the refraction and

shoaling. In order to solve this, we had to find the deep water

wave conditions with present wave data. This was done by using

the refraction and shoaling equation in the reverse order to find

H0, theta0.

REFRACTION AND SHOALING

We now have a wave data for deep water conditions,

using this we can find the wave parameter at site by normal

refraction and shoaling function. The incident wave parameters at

the pile(H_i, tetha_i, L_i) and breaking wave height are

calculated using the refraction and shoaling breaking function.

The function uses the theoretical breaking modeling of MICHE

(1994);

a=43.75*(1-exp(-19*m))

b=1.56/(1+exp(-19.5*m))

Hb=b./((1./d+(a/(g.*T^2))))

Using this formula we can calculate the maximum height the

wave will reach before it break due to the constrains of the depth

and slope of the sea floor. As a practical approach both the wave

heights ( refracted wave height, and breaking wave height) are

plotted on the graph and their intersection will decide the

breaking depth. Shore side of the breaking depth the breaking

12
height is the maximum possible height the wave might attain.

Hence it shall be considered as the incident wave height at the

depth less than the breaking depth. The graph in figure 4, 5 shows

the plot for each WIS stations considered in this design.

14

12

10
Wave Height (m)

2
H from Refraction and Shoaling
HB model
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Depth (m)

Figure 4 Refrction shoaling vs Breaking wave height or station

63437

13
 14

12

10
Wave Height (m)

2
H from Refraction and Shoaling
HB model
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Depth (m)

Figure 5 Refrction shoaling vs Breaking wave height or station

63439

From the graph it can be found that the breaking

depth is approximately 3 m. The propose side depth is 2m. Hence

we will consider the breaking wave height (Hb) as our incident

wave height and will use this as data for long term wave analysis.

LONG TERM WAVE ANLYSIS

The gumbell’s long term analysis formula is used to find the

100 year wave height. The co-effecients (A,B) are calculated as

per the Coastal Engineering Manual. [ the rsqure.m is a function

code by Jered R Wells]. The graphs in the figure 5 explain the

method of attempting to fit the data available to the closest

14
function to determine the possible wave height in 100yrs. The

figure 6, shows the estimated waves for different return periods.

For the 100years retun period the wave height is estimated to be

1.68m.

4
R2 using CEM A&B=0.12282
R2 using Lsq for A&B=0.32229
3
-ln(-ln(P))

0 Data
Gumbel fit using CEM A & B
Gumbel fit using Lsq A & B
-1
1.59 1.595 1.6 1.605 1.61 1.615 1.62 1.625
H

Figure 6 DATA DISTRBUTION PATTERN

15
 Wave Height for Given Return Period
1.75

1.7 The heihgt for Tr 100=1.6808m

H(m)

1.65

Gumbel fit using Lsq A & B

1.6
0 1 2 3
10 10 10 10
Return Period, Tr(yrs)

Figure 7 RETURN PERIOD VS WAVE HEIGHT

PILE DESIGN

For the design considerations we have the following details.

Wave height (m) Wave length (m) Time

(s)
1.62016036461756 63.9538439025584 14.53
1.61912257432783 58.4671901763003 13.30
1.62100027582281 69.7018501888319 15.82
1.62068707893733 67.3854941051886 15.30
1.62043728780840 65.6922188548254 14.92
1.61738106076163 51.7167276616104 11.79
1.61924581883719 59.0474162226977 13.43
1.62155171514532 74.4212088462864 16.88
1.62085960320280 68.6255412686061 15.58
1.61885478196050 57.2567857046683 13.03
1.62022623297323 64.3486764110979 14.62
1.61971332145016 61.4062054792007 13.96
1.62114018349794 70.8151713591223 16.07
1.62081125964577 68.2692782533356 15.50
1.62085360082715 68.5883587007554 15.57

16
 1.61774075979205 52.9281642750946 12.06
1.62092487658591 69.1154076842226 15.69
1.61755728062962 52.3021889666827 11.92
1.62156113672103 74.5015713862863 16.90
1.61905470998683 58.1495601940363 13.23
1.59438333518076 63.9538439025584 14.53
1.59378862045012 58.4671901763003 13.30
1.59486442055653 69.7018501888319 15.82
1.59468505162328 67.3854941051886 15.30
1.59454197461567 65.6922188548254 14.92
1.59278991514718 51.7167276616104 11.79
1.59385926344730 59.0474162226977 13.43
1.59518016135648 74.4212088462864 16.88
1.59478386044724 68.6255412686061 15.58
1.59363510802207 57.2567857046683 13.03
1.59442107086999 64.3486764110979 14.62
1.59412719224871 61.4062054792007 13.96
1.59494453680255 70.8151713591223 16.07
1.59475617380821 68.2692782533356 15.50
1.59478042288898 68.5883587007554 15.57
1.59299626520604 52.9281642750946 12.06
1.59482124180196 69.1154076842226 15.69
1.59289101272837 52.3021889666827 11.92
1.59518555514253 74.5015713862863 16.90
1.59374971910817 58.1495601940363 13.23

Table 2 DESIGN DATA

The force and moment tabulated below are calculated using

the formulae and guidelines from the coastal engineering manual.
The co-efficient are calculated for the maximum force values.

Pile dia =0.5 Pile dia =0.75 Pile dia =1 m Pile dia =1.25
m m m
1709.93492134467 2927.03292343917 4385.55128648179 6085.49001047252
1750.91585881312 3021.50625293198 4555.51829019236 6352.95197059428
1673.45202764133 2843.11106578431 4234.72545347549 5848.29519071489
1687.45624969106 2875.30508173149 4292.56771856853 5939.24416020216
1698.27503868945 2900.19318450133 4337.29841462465 6009.59072905942
1812.13038451069 3163.04071265618 4810.51446472844 6754.55164072746
1746.25141330594 3010.74220675704 4536.14305807357 6322.45396725552
1647.45500760546 2783.41219765938 4127.52251188078 5679.78595026965
1679.84933803860 2857.81463995031 4261.14036379031 5889.82650955858
1760.92438424207 3044.61246663617 4597.11780921233 6418.44041197052
1707.23535697612 2920.81727783002 4374.37536026114 6067.90960426948
1728.12434468863 2968.93793362477 4460.91913362211 6204.06794468067
1667.02637430769 2828.34752311351 4208.20731302066 5806.60574402913
1682.00837694674 2862.77813768265 4270.05827992692 5903.84880367956
1680.07369412405 2858.33039340795 4262.06699417309 5891.28349641948

17
1800.10684121040 3135.20073801600 4760.32161895520 6675.46948402800
1676.91459821939 2851.06879620676 4249.02092677924 5870.77098993684
1806.25711574846 3149.43892861833 4785.98957815196 6715.90906434935
1647.03916378242 2782.45794692289 4125.80953089620 5677.09391570236
1753.50537633167 3027.48327390240 4566.27797774306 6369.88948785363
1709.93492134467 2927.03292343917 4385.55128648179 6085.49001047252
1750.91585881312 3021.50625293198 4555.51829019236 6352.95197059428
1673.45202764133 2843.11106578431 4234.72545347549 5848.29519071489
1687.45624969106 2875.30508173149 4292.56771856853 5939.24416020216
1698.27503868945 2900.19318450133 4337.29841462465 6009.59072905942
1812.13038451069 3163.04071265618 4810.51446472844 6754.55164072746
1746.25141330594 3010.74220675704 4536.14305807357 6322.45396725552
1647.45500760546 2783.41219765938 4127.52251188078 5679.78595026965
1679.84933803860 2857.81463995031 4261.14036379031 5889.82650955858
1760.92438424207 3044.61246663617 4597.11780921233 6418.44041197052
1707.23535697612 2920.81727783002 4374.37536026114 6067.90960426948
1728.12434468863 2968.93793362477 4460.91913362211 6204.06794468067
1667.02637430769 2828.34752311351 4208.20731302066 5806.60574402913
1682.00837694674 2862.77813768265 4270.05827992692 5903.84880367956
1680.07369412405 2858.33039340795 4262.06699417309 5891.28349641948
1800.10684121040 3135.20073801600 4760.32161895520 6675.46948402800
1676.91459821939 2851.06879620676 4249.02092677924 5870.77098993684
1806.25711574846 3149.43892861833 4785.98957815196 6715.90906434935
1647.03916378242 2782.45794692289 4125.80953089620 5677.09391570236
1753.50537633167 3027.48327390240 4566.27797774306 6369.88948785363

Table 3 : TOTAL FORCE ON PILE (N)

Pile dia =0.5 m Pile dia =0.75 m Pile dia =1 m Pile dia =1.25 m
1719.35803844226 2942.32823732943 4407.49255599395 6114.85099443583
1762.32966913822 3040.14107084169 4582.38351730141 6389.05700851737
1681.29672675373 2855.77698567524 4252.81184162651 5872.40129460755
1695.88595168253 2888.94345718238 4312.07731578796 5965.28752749926
1707.17438677756 2914.61404457203 4357.95534530362 6037.19828897233
1826.97895804656 3187.48942235135 4846.01387684380 6802.55232152391
1757.42658390021 3028.97543316437 4562.41465397124 6357.74424632080
1654.28054086886 2794.39024382065 4143.14623511736 5700.54851475897
1687.95809529429 2870.91919292372 4279.86832387469 5914.80548814718
1772.86098055329 3064.12817794227 4625.28651340614 6456.33598694490
1716.53556608183 2935.90722598332 4396.01480379187 6096.85829950747
1738.40179752932 2985.66345749268 4484.96562492184 6236.30829981681
1674.61117151344 2840.58223048028 4225.66360492053 5829.85529483419
1690.20745495661 2876.03284364814 4289.00600648183 5929.12694345767
1688.19180867255 2871.45049954017 4280.81771476201 5916.29345433809
1814.23506160364 3158.42520762668 4793.99709713054 6720.95073011522
1684.90155969596 2863.97096650166 4267.45279127917 5895.34703402849
1820.75093637737 3173.28442794286 4820.58993509288 6762.66745782743

18
1653.84908591540 2793.41020457719 4141.39570704171 5697.80559330895
1765.05303793204 3046.34348435025 4593.47654906993 6406.45223209106
1719.35803844226 2942.32823732943 4407.49255599395 6114.85099443583
1762.32966913822 3040.14107084169 4582.38351730141 6389.05700851737
1681.29672675373 2855.77698567524 4252.81184162651 5872.40129460755
1695.88595168253 2888.94345718238 4312.07731578796 5965.28752749926
1707.17438677756 2914.61404457203 4357.95534530362 6037.19828897233
1826.97895804656 3187.48942235135 4846.01387684380 6802.55232152391
1757.42658390021 3028.97543316437 4562.41465397124 6357.74424632080
1654.28054086886 2794.39024382065 4143.14623511736 5700.54851475897
1687.95809529429 2870.91919292372 4279.86832387469 5914.80548814718
1772.86098055329 3064.12817794227 4625.28651340614 6456.33598694490
1716.53556608183 2935.90722598332 4396.01480379187 6096.85829950747
1738.40179752932 2985.66345749268 4484.96562492184 6236.30829981681
1674.61117151344 2840.58223048028 4225.66360492053 5829.85529483419
1690.20745495661 2876.03284364814 4289.00600648183 5929.12694345767
1688.19180867255 2871.45049954017 4280.81771476201 5916.29345433809
1814.23506160364 3158.42520762668 4793.99709713054 6720.95073011522
1684.90155969596 2863.97096650166 4267.45279127917 5895.34703402849
1820.75093637737 3173.28442794286 4820.58993509288 6762.66745782743
1653.84908591540 2793.41020457719 4141.39570704171 5697.80559330895
1765.05303793204 3046.34348435025 4593.47654906993 6406.45223209106

Table 4 TOTAL MOMENTS ON PILE (Nm)

Elevation of the pile

Minimum elevation of the pier above
National Geodeti vertical Dataum (NGVD is based on the previous
experience from storm and tides. We have considered the
“Combined total storm ,Tide frequency Analysis for Brevard
county, Florida” [by Robert George Dean, Tsao Yi Chiu, 1986].
as a source of this information. The suggested values are from the
numerical modeling and storm statistics in mentioned paper. The
proposed site is in between the north and middle profile. So we
shall consider the minimum elevation required to be 11.5m.

Conclusion:
The study focused on understanding the various parameter
that govern the design of a coastal structure. This exposed us to
different practical problems and their solutions to achieve a safe
design parameter.

19
REFERENCES
>COASTAL ENGINEERING MANUAL
>COMBINED TOTAL STORM, TIDE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
FOR BREVARD COUNTY, FLORIDA” [BY ROBERT GEORGE
DEAN, TSAO YI CHIU, 1986
> http://topex.ucsd.edu/cgi-bin/get_data.cgi
>http://www.gpsvisualizer.com/calculators
>http://www.geoplaner.com/

20
 APPENDIX: CODES

DISPERSION EQUATION
function [k, L ]=lin_disp_OLiveira(T,d);
g=9.81;
%Deep Water Caracteristics
Linf=g.*T.^2/(2*pi);
% Length in Deep Water
k0=2*pi./Linf; % K in deep water
w=2*pi./T;
tol=10^-5; %tollerance
myobj=9;
while(myobj>tol)
k=w.^2./(g*tanh(k0.*d));
myobj=abs(k-k0);
L=2*pi./k;
k0=k;
end

end

REFRACTION AND SHOALING INVERSE

function[H0,theta0,L0]=refraction_shoaling_Oliveira_inverse(H,T,theta,d)
[ k,L ] = lin_disp_OLiveira(T,d);
g=9.81;
L0=g.*T.^2/(2*pi); % Length in Deep Water
n=1/2*(1+4*pi.*d./(L.*sinh(4*pi.*d./L)));
C=L./T;
C0=L0./T;
Cg=C.*n;
%Snell`s Law
theta=90-theta;
angle0=C0./C.*sind(theta);
theta0=asind(angle0);
Kr=real(sqrt(cosd(theta0)./cosd(theta)));
Ks=sqrt(C0./(2*Cg));
kr_ks=Ks.*Kr;
H0=H./Kr.*Ks;
kz=real(sqrt(cosd(theta0)./cosd(theta)));
H_0_prime=kz.*H0;
end

BATHYMETRY PLOT

data=load('depth_data.csv');
i=1;

21
j=1;
k=1;
while (i*j)<length(data)+1;
j=1;
while j<13;
a(i,j)=data(k,1);
k=k+1;
j=j+1;
end
i=i+1;

end
i=1;
j=1;
k=1;
while (i*j)<length(data)+1;
j=1;
while j<13;
b(i,j)=data(k,2);
k=k+1;
j=j+1;
end
i=i+1;

end
i=1;
j=1;
k=1;
while (i*j)<length(data)+1;
j=1;
while j<13;
c(i,j)=data(k,3);
k=k+1;
j=j+1;
end
i=i+1;
end
surfc(a,b,c)
figure
contourf(a,b,c)
levelstep=0.1;

lat=data(:,2)
lat_pier=28.3676;
dif_lat=data(1,2)-data(13,2)
[idx idx]=min(abs(data(:,2)-lat_pier))
project_lat1=lat(idx)
if project_lat1<lat_pier
project_lat2=project_lat1+dif_lat
indx2=idx-12

22
else project_lat2=project_lat1-dif_lat
indx2=idx+12
end
d_pier=2 %meters

for t=1:7;
for u=1:12;
[distance(t,u)]=latlong(data(u+1+(t-1)*12,2),data(u+(t-
1)*12,2),data(u+1+(t-1)*12,1),data(u+(t-1)*12,1));
u=u+1;
end

t=t+1;
end
t=1
for t=1:2;
u=1
for u=1:12;
m(t,u)=-((data(idx-1+(u+1)*t,3)-data(idx-
1+u*t,3)))./distance(t,u);
u=u+1;
end

t=t+1;
end

REFREACTION SHOALING

function[H,theta,L]=refraction_shoaling_Oliveira(H0,T,theta0,d)
[ k,L ] = lin_disp_OLiveira(T,d);
g=9.81;
Linf=g*T^2/(2*pi); % Length in Deep Water
n=1/2*(1+4*pi.*d./(L*sinh(4*pi.*d./L)));
C=L./T;
C0=Linf/T;
Cg=C*n;
%Snell`s Law
theta=asind(C/C0*sind(theta0));
Kr=sqrt(cosd(theta0)/cosd(theta));
Ks=sqrt(C0/(2*Cg));

23
kr_ks=Ks*Kr;
H=H0*Kr*Ks;
kz=sqrt(cosd(theta0)/cosd(theta));
H_0_prime=kz*H0;
end

REFRACTION SHOALING FOR BREAKING

function [H,theta,Hb,L]=refraction_shoaling_breaking(H0,T,theta0,d,m);
[H,theta,L]=refraction_shoaling_Oliveira(H0,T,theta0,d);
g=9.81;
%breaking wave
a=43.75*(1-exp(-19*m));
b=1.56/(1+exp(-19.5*m));
Hb=b./((1./d+(a/(g.*T^2))));
end

FINAL PROJECT DESIGN CODE.

%data collection
wavedata=load('Project_wavedata.csv');
%checking for deep water conditons.
H=wavedata(:,1);
T=wavedata(:,2);
theta=wavedata(:,3);
d=wavedata(:,4);
[ k,L ]=lin_disp_OLiveira(T,d);
if d./L>0.5;
fprintf('conditions satisfy deep water wave');
H=wavedata(:,1);
T=wavedata(:,2);
theta=wavedata(:,3);
else
fprintf('condtios doesnot satisfy deepwater wave, hence finding
deepwater wave conditions \n');
[H0,theta0,L0]=refraction_shoaling_Oliveira_inverse(H,T,theta,d);
H0;
theta0;
L0;
end
d=0;
bathy_slope
v=1;
d=abs(d);
df=(d(1,:)+d(2,:))/2;
ds=linspace(min(df),max(df),length(d));
for v=1:2;
figure
for i=1:length(H);
j=1;
for j=1:length(d);
[H_i(v,i,j),theta_i(v,i,j),Hb(v,i,j),L_i(v,i,j)]=refraction_shoaling_breaki
ng(H0(i),T(i),theta0(i),d(v,j),m(v,j));
j=j+1;
end

o=(squeeze(H_i(v,i,:)));

24
 plot(ds,o,'r','LineWidth', 4);
hold on;
q=(squeeze(Hb(v,i,:)));
plot(ds,q,'b','LineWidth', 4);

t=1;
for t=1:12;
if abs(o-q)<1;
oq(t)=q(t);
db1(t)=ds(t);
plot(db1,oq,'go','Markersize',15,'LineWidth',50);
fprintf('Hb=%.3f m \ndb=%.3f m \n',Hb1,db1);
legend('Breaking Point', 'Location', 'North East');
t=t+1;

end
grid on
legend('H from Refraction and Shoaling','HB model', 'Location',
'SouthEast');
xlabel('Depth (m)');
ylabel('Wave Height (m)');
hold on

end

i=i+1;
end
v=v+1;
end
depth=2;
HBi=[transpose(Hb(1,:,1));transpose(Hb(2,:,1))];
Li=[transpose(L_i(1,:,1));transpose(L_i(2,:,1))];
Ti=[T;T];

100 YEAR WAVE HEIGHT

WAVE_NUMBER=linspace(1,40,40);
N=length(WAVE_NUMBER);
WAVE_HEIGHT=[HBi];
% (a) calculation of pdf
BIN=(max(WAVE_HEIGHT)-min(WAVE_HEIGHT))/length(WAVE_HEIGHT);
H_bin=(min(WAVE_HEIGHT):BIN:(max(WAVE_HEIGHT)));
n=hist(WAVE_HEIGHT,H_bin);
p_WAVE_HEIGHT=n/(N*BIN);
%(b) calcualtion of cdf
figure
P_WAVE_HEIGHT=cumsum(p_WAVE_HEIGHT*BIN);
r= P_WAVE_HEIGHT>0.999;
P_WAVE_HEIGHT(:,r)=0.99;
plot(H_bin,(-log(-log(P_WAVE_HEIGHT))),'*r')
hold on
grid on

% (c) calculating the coeffecients for Gumbl's equations

H_mean=mean(WAVE_HEIGHT);
H_std=std(WAVE_HEIGHT);
A=0.779*H_std;

25
B=H_mean-(0.45*H_std);
ph=exp(-exp(-((H_bin-B)/A)));

% using poly fit to calcuate slope and constant

[m]=polyfit(H_bin,(-log(-log(P_WAVE_HEIGHT))),1);
a=1/m(1,1);
b=-m(1,2)*a;
p_h=exp(-exp(-((H_bin-b)/a)));

% (d) ploting the data, Gumbel distributions

plot(H_bin,(-log(-log(ph))),'b');
hold on
plot(H_bin,(-log(-log(p_h))),'g');
xlim([1.59,1.625]);
xlabel('H');
ylabel('-ln(-ln(P))');
legend('Data','Gumbel fit using CEM A & B','Gumbel fit using Lsq A &
B','location','southeast');

%(e) using rsquare fn to compare the best fit

[r12 rmse] = rsquare((-log(-log(P_WAVE_HEIGHT))),(-log(-log(ph))));

[r22 rmse] = rsquare((-log(-log(P_WAVE_HEIGHT))),(-log(-log(p_h))));
sstr1=char('R^2 using CEM A&B=', num2str(r12));
str1=strcat('R^2 using CEM A&B=', num2str(r12));
text(1.592,4, str1, 'Color', 'b', 'FontSize',18);
str2=char('R^2 using Lsq A&B=', num2str(r22));
str2=strcat('R^2 using Lsq for A&B=', num2str(r22));
text(1.592,3.5, str2, 'Color', 'g', 'FontSize', 18);

%(f) calcuation of return period.

r=1;
Tr=(1:1000);
figure
HTr=b-a*log(log((r*Tr)./(r*Tr-1)));

semilogx(Tr,HTr, 'g', 'LineWidth', 2);

grid on;
legend('Gumbel fit using Lsq A & B', 'Location', 'SouthEast');
xlabel('Return Period, Tr(yrs)');
ylabel('H(m)');
title('Wave Height for Given Return Period')

%now to find wave height at Tr=100 years

str3=strcat('The heihgt for Tr 100 years =', num2str(HTr(1,100)),'m');

text(1,1.7, str3,'Color','b','FontSize',15);

26
PILE DESIGN FORCE

i=1;
j=1;
P_dia=[0.5,0.75,1,1.25];
for i=1:40;
j=1;
for j=1:4;
[force_pile(i,j),moment_pile(i,j)]=piledesign
(2,1.6808,Ti(i),P_dia(j),Li(i));
j=j+1;
end
i=i+1;
end

function [force_pile,moment_pile]=piledesign(d,H_i,T,P_dia,L)
rho=1025;
g=9.81;
n=1/2*(1+4*pi*d/(L*sinh(4*pi*d/L)));
% sice the rynold no. is very high, according to coastal engineering manual
% following values are considered
C_D=0.7;
C_M=1.5;
ti=-T/4;
td=0;
K_im=0.5*tanh(2*pi()*d/L)*sin(-2*pi()*ti/T);
K_dm=1/8*(1+(4*pi()*d/L)/(sinh(4*pi()*d/L)))*cos(2*pi()*td/T)*(cos(2*pi()*t
d/T));
S_im=1+(1-cosh(2*pi()*d/L))/((2*pi()*d/L)*sinh(2*pi()*d/L));
S_dm=0.5+(1/(2*n))*(0.5+(1-
cosh(4*pi()*d/L))/((4*pi()*d/L)*(sinh(4*pi()*d/L))));
F_D=C_D*0.5*rho*g*P_dia*H_i.^2*K_dm;
F_I=C_M*rho*g*pi()*P_dia^2/4*H_i*K_im;
M_D=F_D*d*S_dm;
M_I=(F_I)*d*S_im;
force_pile=(F_I)+F_D;
moment_pile=M_I+(M_D);
end

DISTANCE

function [distance]=latlong(lat1,lat2,long1,long2);
lat1=lat1*pi()/180;
lat2=lat2*pi()/180;
long1=long1*pi()/180;
long2=long2*pi()/180;
distance=acos(sin(lat1)*sin(lat2)+cos(lat1)*cos(lat2)*cos(long2-
long1))*6371000;

27
LEAST SQUARE FIT
function [r2 rmse] = rsquare(y,f,varargin)
% Jered R Wells
% 11/17/11
% jered [dot] wells [at] duke [dot] edu
%
if isempty(varargin); c = true;
elseif length(varargin)>1; error 'Too many input arguments';
elseif ~islogical(varargin{1}); error 'C must be logical (TRUE||FALSE)'
else c = varargin{1};
end

% Compare inputs
if ~all(size(y)==size(f)); error 'Y and F must be the same size'; end

% Check for NaN

tmp = ~or(isnan(y),isnan(f));
y = y(tmp);
f = f(tmp);

if c; r2 = max(0,1 - sum((y(:)-f(:)).^2)/sum((y(:)-mean(y(:))).^2));
else r2 = 1 - sum((y(:)-f(:)).^2)/sum((y(:)).^2);
if r2<0
% http://web.maths.unsw.edu.au/~adelle/Garvan/Assays/GoodnessOfFit.html
warning('Consider adding a constant term to your model')
%#ok<WNTAG>
r2 = 0;
end
end

rmse = sqrt(mean((y(:) - f(:)).^2));

28