Volume 9, Issue 1, January – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology

ISSN No:-2456-2165

Potential of Bacteria from Goat Rumen in

Suppressing the Growth of Ganoderma boninense
Rusmini, Daryono, La Mudi, Zainal Abidin, Rusli Anwar, Jamaluddiin, Fahrizal, Haryatie Sarie
Nur Apriliyani, Dimas Eko Susilo Putro, Febriana Kartika Huring

Samarinda State Agricultural Polytechnic, East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract:- Ganoderma boninens is a soil-borne fungus that countries in Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia and
currently threatens oil palm. This disease causes stem rot Malaysia, the disease can cause significant revenue losses.
in oil palms. This fungus can cause great damage to oil Ganoderma boninense infection starts from the roots and can
palm plantations. The high infection rate and rapid spread spread through spores and root-to-root contact. The
of G. boninense in the soil make control of the disease a consequences of Ganoderma boninense Pat attacks are that the
challenge. Goat rumen bacteria are bacteria that can act color of the leaves becomes pale, stunted growth, rot on the
as biological agents that are expected to inhibit the growth plant stem and shortening the life of the plant [4] .
of Ganoderma boninens..The aim of this research is to
suppress the growth of the Ganoderma boninens fungus To treat Stem Root Rot disease, appropriate techniques
both in vitro and ex vivo. The research used a completely and environmentally friendly controls are needed, such as
randomized design consisting of 1 factor with 15 levels and biological control. Biological control is a method that does not
2 replications. The results of the research showed that the harm the environment and living creatures. To control
highest percentage of inhibitory power against the growth Ganoderma boninense Pat biologically, use microorganisms
of the fungus Ganoderma boninense was sequentially or antagonistic bacteria. Antagonistic bacterial tests can be
found in isolates P204, P102, P104, P206 and P106 and the carried out to suppress the development of Ganoderma
level of root rot disease in oil palm plants could be reduced boninense Pat. Bacteria can act as a source of biofungicide.
by the application of biological agents derived from the Biofungicides are populations of microorganisms that can
isolates. goat rumen. inhibit and even destroy pathogens [5]

Keywords:- Goat Rumen ; Bakteria ; Ganoderma ;Oil Palm. In this study, goat rumen microbes are used in disease
control to suppress or suppress the fungus Ganoderma
I. INTRODUCTION boninense Pat. This antagonistic bacteria from the goat rumen
is able to inhibit the formation of pathogen spores, has the
Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is a very important plant ability to increase plant immunity against pathogenic fungal
for the plantation industry. In terms of economic turnover, palm infections and produces antibacterial compounds that can
oil commodities are ranked second after rice. Cultivation and suppress fungal growth. There were a total of 15 isolates, with
processing of palm oil results in increased income of farmers 7 isolates from liquid goat rumen and 8 isolates from solid goat
and communities, increased added value in the country, export rumen [6] and[7]. All isolates have been tested to function as
of crude palm oil to generate foreign exchange, and biodecomposers, biofertilizers and biological agents. They
employment opportunities in various other subsectors [1] contain bacteria that damage organic matter, substances that
stimulate plant growth, substances that control pests and
Palm oil production is increasing, while the demand for diseases, and necessary plant nutrients [8]. This study used 15
palm oil is increasing worldwide. Indonesia is bacterial isolates originating from liquid goat rumen and solid
the world's largest producer and exporter of palm oil. The goat rumen, the fifteen isolates, namely P101, P102, P103,
domestic market for palm oil and palm kernel oil is still very P104, P105, P106, P107, P201, P202, P203, P204, P205,
large, although export opportunities are opening up more and P206, P207 and P208.
more. Indonesia and CPO production has decreased over the
last three years (2019-2022). 47.03 million tons were II. MATERIAL AND METHODS
produced in 2020, that is 0.3% less than 47.18
million tons in 2019; In 2021, production will be 46.89 A. Time and Location of Research
million tons, that is 0.31% less than 47.03 million tons in The studies are carried out in the Agronomy Laboratory
2020; and in 2022 production will be 46.73 million tons, that of the Plantation Training Program of the State
is 0.34% less than 46.89 million tons in 2021 [2]. Agricultural University of Samarinda and and at PT. Sentosa
Kalimantan Jaya. This study will be conducted in September-
In cultivating oil palm plants, there are problems that can December 2023
reduce the productivity and quality of the harvest. Stem Root
Rot caused by Ganoderma boninense Pat is a major disease
of oil palm plants [3]. In well-known palm oil producing

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Volume 9, Issue 1, January – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
B. Tools and Materials side. As a negative control, G. boninense was grown alone
The tools used ini this this research are laminar air flow without antagonist isolates on potato dextrose
cabinet (LAFC), Erlenmayer, Petridishes, Bunsen lamp, agar (PDA) medium. The culture was then incubated
autoclave, cover glass, oven, micropipette, hot plate at 26°C for 5 and 7 days. To determine the inhibitory effect of
knife/cutter, glass preparation, scissors, tube needle, antagonistic isolates against G. boninense, the diameter of
microscope, tweezers, camera and stationery. fungal colonies growing on agar Petri dishes was
measured. The percentage inhibition is calculated using the
The materials used in the research are namely isolates following formula:.
P101, P102, P103, P104, P105, P106, P107, P201, P202,
P203, P204, P205, P206, P207 and P208, ganoderma fungus, I = R1 − R2
potatoes, agar-agar, distilled water, tissue, spirit, dextrose, X 100%
label paper, aluminum foil, plastic wrap. R1

C. Reasrch Design Where :

The study was conducted using a non- factorial I = Percentage of inhibition
completely randomized design (CRD) with 15 treatments and R1 = G. boninense colon radius in control petri dishes.
2 replications. The tested treatments consisted of: isolate P101, R2 = Coloni radius of G. boninense on test plate
P102, P103, P104, P105, P106, P107, P201, P202, P203, P204,
P205, P206, P207 and P208.  Test the Severity of Disease in the Field
The biological agent derived from five bacterial isolates
D. Research Prosedure
from the goat rumen which have been multiplied in the
laboratory will be tested for effectiveness in the field by
 The Media Making & Propagation of Ganoderma diluting the biological agent in a ratio of 1: 10 liters of water.
boninense Pat. Before controlling with 5 isolates of bacteria from the rumen
Ganoderma boninense propagation media Pat. using of goats, oil palm plants that were infected with the disease,
PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) media. Making PDA media uses data collection was carried out on sample plants of 16 trees.
a mixture of potato extract, dextrose and agar. The potatoes Biological agents derived from five isolates of bacteria from
were peeled and cut into pieces measuring ± 2 x 2 x 2 cm and the rumen of goats which have been propagated in the
weighed 200 g. Next, the potatoes are boiled in 500 ml of laboratory will be tested for their effectiveness in the field by
distilled water until soft using a hotplate. Next, the potato diluting the biological agents. in a ratio of 1: 10 liters of water.
extract is cooled. Then weigh 15 g of agar and weigh 15 g of Before control was carried out with 5 bacterial isolates from
dextrose. Next, the potato extract is poured into the agar and the goat rumen of diseased oil palm plants, data were collected
dextrose mixture and distilled water is added until it reaches a on 16 sample plants. then carry out control by spraying a
volume of 1000 ml. The mixture of ingredients is then cooked bioactivator solution derived from 5 isolates of bacteria from
until it boils using a hotplate. After boiling, the PDA media is goat rumen on oil palm plants resulting in 200 ml of disease
put into an Erlenmayer and then covered with plastic caused by the Ganoderma fungus per tree and leaving it for 6
wrapping. The media was then sterilized in an autoclave for weeks before observing again to test the effectiveness of the
approximately 15 minutes at a temperature of 121 oC at a biological agent. to the severity of the disease. The level of
pressure of 1.25 atm. Once sterile, the PDA media can be severity can be seen from the score as follows:
poured directly into a cup aseptically in the LAFC until it Score 1 = Three or more spear leaves do not open when the
solidifies. Bacterial multiplication is carried out by scratching tree does not lack water
and incubation for 28 hours. Score 2 =Three or more spear leaves do not open when the
spear leaves are not short of water, accompanied by natural
 Isolation of Ganoderma boninense Pat. wilting of the lower midrib
Ganoderma Boninese mushrooms are obtained from the Score 3 = Three or more spear leaves do not open when there
Berau area, precisely at PT. Sentosa Klimantan Jaya in East is no shortage of water, natural wilt at the lower midrib, and
Kalimantan on the affected annual crop plantations, the Ganoderma fruit bodies are found
ganoderma fungus was taken to the laboratory for isolation. Score 4 = Three or more spear leaves do not open when there
Before isolating the ganoderma fungus, it was cleaned first is no shortage of water, natural wilting of the lower midrib,
using 70% alcohol and then washed with distilled water. After Ganoderma fruit bodies are found, and all midribs have wilted
the ganoderma fungus is clean, then cut it using a catheter to a except the spear leaves
size of around 0.5 cm, inoculate it into a cup containing new Score 5 = Three or more spear leaves do not open when the
PDA media aseptically in the LAFC. spear does not lack water, natural wilting at the lower midrib,
body.
 Test in Vitro the Antagonism ability of Biological Agents
against Ganoderma Fungi.
To determine the effectiveness of 5 bacterial isolates
from the rumen of goats against the fungal pathogen
G. boninense, an in vitro antagonism test was performed using
a two-culture assay. In a 9 cm Petri dish, all bacterial isolates
were collected and placed on one side of the agar medium,
while the fungal pathogens were placed on the opposite

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Volume 9, Issue 1, January – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION produces hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinase and
glucanase. so that it can act as a biological control agent..
A. Inhibitiom Test in The Laboratory
Graphic image of the inhibitory power of fifteen types of B. Disease Severity Levels in the Field
isolates of bacteria from the goat rumen at 3 and 7 days after Based on the results of in vito tests, it was found that 5
isolation on the growth of the fungus Ganoderma boninense isolates produced the highest inhibitory power on the growth
can be seen in Figure 1 below. of the Ganoderma boninense fungus, namely isolates P204,
P102, P104, P206 and P106. These five isolates were
multiplied and combined into one solution to control stem rot
disease which attacks oil palm plants in the leaf growing at the
PT company. Sentosa Kalimantan Jaya, Graphic image of the
level of severity of attack on oil palm plants after application
with biological agents originating from 5 goat rumen isolates
can be seen in Figure 2 below:

Fig 1 Graph of the inhibitory power of fifteen types of

isolates of bacteria from the goat rumen at 3 and 7 days after
isolation on the growth of the fungus Ganoderma boninense
Fig 2. Graphic of the level of severity of attack on oil palm
Figure 1 shows that fifteen isolates originating from goat plants after application with biological agents from 5 goat
rumen were able to show different inhibitory activities on the rumen isolates
growth of the Ganoderma boninensa fungus, including isolates
P101, P102, P103, P104, P105, P106, P107, P201, P202, Based on the graph in Figure 2, it shows that the severity
P203, P204, P205, P206, P207 and P208. Inhibitory activity is of the attack from the Ganoderma boninense fungus before the
expressed as a percentage of growth inhibition, with a higher application of the biological agent from bacteria originating
percentage indicating stronger inhibitory activity. All 15 from the goat's rumen was 65.63%, while after application it
isolates were able to inhibit, but the highest inhibitory activity fell to 28.13%, this shows that the biological agent is able to
was observed in isolates P204, P102, P104, P206 and P106. increase growth and suppressing the severity of oil palm stem
The results of this study are consistent with those of [9], who rot disease from the Ganoderma boninense fungus. The high
found that the five microbial isolates used could inhibit the reduction in the rate of root rot disease attacks on oil palm
growth of Ganoderma boninense. Suppression of plant plants is also due to the fact that these five isolates contain
pathogens can occur through a variety of mechanisms, amylase and protease enzymes which are able to inhibit the
including hyperparasitism or mycoparasitism, which inhibits growth of Ganoderma fungus. Apart from that, the bacteria
the pathogen's growth zone. In some cases, biocontrol agents from these five isolates have the ability to act as biofertilizers
can grow faster than pathogens, as observed with goat rumen- because they are able to fix the element N, Phosphate solvent,
derived biologics isolated against G. boninense. produces the hormones auxin, gibberellins and cytokinins so
that the growth of oil palm plants becomes more fertile and
Biologics derived from goat rumen can inhibit or inhibit can even produce flowers and fruit again. This opinion is
the growth of Ganoderma boninense. The application of supported by [14] ; by [15] ; [16]; [17] and by [18] research
microbes from the goat rumen is very beneficial and results show that local bacteria are able to inhibit the growth
contributes to improving the plant defense system against the of Ganoderma fungi on oil palm plants.
Ganoderma b pathogen. This is thought to be because all
isolates, especially the 5 isolates that have the highest IV. CONCLUSION
inhibitory power, contain amylase and protease enzymes
which are able to suppress the growth of pathogenic fungi and  The highest percentage of inhibition against the growth of
apart from that they also contain hormones which can the Ganoderma boninense fungus was sequentially found
stimulate growth, cellulase enzymes which can decompose in isolates P204, P102, P104, P206 and P106
organic material into compost. This claim is supported  The level of root rot disease in oil palm plants can be
by [10]; [11] [12]; [13] where it was found that several reduced by the application of biological agents derived
endophytic microbes such as Trichoderma spp., from goat rumen isolates
Bacillus sp. and Pseudomonas sp. secreting both enzymes, it

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Volume 9, Issue 1, January – 2024 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology
ISSN No:-2456-2165
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS [10]. Irma, A. Meryandini, B. Rupaedah.2018. Biofungicide
producing bacteria: An in vitro inhibitor of Ganoderma
The author would like to thank the 2023 Matching Fund boninense Hayati J Biosci., 25 (4) (2018), pp. 151-
Program, PT. Sentosa Kalimantan Jaya and Samarinda State 159, 10.4308/hjb.25.4.151
Agricultural Polytechnic have helped facilitate research [11]. Abubakar,A., M.Y. Ishak, A.A. Bakar, M.K. Uddin.
funding both in cash and in kind. 2022. Ganoderma boninense basal stem rot induced by
climate change and its effect on oil palm Environ.
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