Sand Quarries in the South Cumberland Plateau:

Coarse, Irritating and Seemingly Everywhere

Cole Baker

Anthropology of Environmental Justice

Professor Tate

November 21, 2023

Abstract: Evaluating the extractive industry of sand mining, a case study of the developing
Jumpoff Sand Quarry in the South Cumberland Plateau reveals risks of environmental justice,
compromising water access and infringing on quality of life for residents. Responding to
discussions debating the environmental and socio ecological impacts of smaller dispersed
extraction versus larger regional operations, dispersed impacts are exacerbated by limited
infrastructure. These environmental injustices parallel adverse effects of sand extraction on
Sand Frontiers, but methods of resistance in developed countries and communities like the
South Cumberland have increased formalized avenues of active resistance. Despite local
governments being ineffective in stopping the environmental impacts of the Jumpoff Quarry,
methods of active resistance are possible through larger governmental bodies. Further studies
of Sand Extractivism and responsibilities of local governments in the United States should be
carried out to evaluate a smaller scale pattern of placing extractivist industries on local frontiers
on county and state levels.

“We deserve a right to breathe”

“The County Powers Act is like a tree, the only branch we want to put up is to
stop industrial development in residential areas”

“Every time a blast goes off, it will send me and the other veterans in this room
back to Iraq, Vietnam, Korea and World War II”
These are the testimonies from residents of Marion County, Tennessee, appealing to

their elected county commission to draft an act to protect their community from sandstone

mining. Each testimony against the quarry was followed by roaring applause from a crowd

sporting anti-sand quarry stickers, while quiet attendees with “No County Powers Act” stood

silently on the periphery. The short testimony in favor of the quarry received reserved applause.

Prior to the meeting, community members opposing the mine held a demonstration, holding

signs and chanting as the commissioners entered the building. The majority of the community

members present were middle aged or older, and predominantly white. This is not an isolated

incident, but a continuation of an ongoing resistance from community members in the South

Cumberland Plateau region in Tennessee. The newest proposed quarry is a 150 acre in the

unincorporated area of Jumpoff, Tennessee, between Sewanee and South Pittsburg.

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 Sand is essential to the continual development of infrastructure and technology, and

sand and related materials are the most demanded extractive resource on the planet (Bendixen

2021). A variety of methods including river bed extraction, marine extraction, and surface mining

are used to extract sand and other related aggregates such as gravel and crushed stone

(Bendixen 2021). For the purposes of this paper, the term sand will be used to encompass the

aggregates including sand, since this is the common terminology used by the proponents and

resistors related to the proposed quarry. While sand extractivism shares similar ecological,

economic and social problems as mineral extractivism, there is considerably less research on

the social and ecological impacts of sand extraction (Bisht 2021).

Sand extraction is motivated by the increase in social metabolism (Bisht 2021), which is

further exacerbated by the demand for sand to produce infrastructure for a transition to

renewable energy sources. Additionally, due to the effects of globalization, global sand use

translates to local increases in sand consumption (Bisht 2021). However, traditional mixes of

cement and concrete, which include sand, contribute negatively to the ecosystems they are

sourced from and the built environments they are to be a part of (Bandera 2022).

Within the framework of extractivism and commodity frontiers that often disproportionately draw

from the global south and developing countries, Sand Frontiers have emerged as a new and

little studied extractivist industry. Often at the expense of river and aquatic ecosystems and

societies around them, similar adverse effects of the broadening of Sand Frontiers can be seen

in the South Cumberland. Arguments for smaller, dispersed, sand extraction methods have

been evaluated to prevent environmental degradation and injustice compared to mega quarries

(Simoni 2021). However, as evaluated with the quarries in the South Cumberland Plateau, the

placement of these sand quarries often conflicts with the existing communities they are placed

in.

To evaluate the impact of existing quarries and the practices used to actively resist the

continuation and new development of quarries in the South Cumberland Plateau, a combination

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of available resources were used. Interviews of community members were conducted in an

informal setting. Publications in news sources and social media communicate the local

sentiments and rationale for the resistance or support of the quarries, as well as serve as a

means to organize community members against the development of quarries. Official

publications of governing bodies that oversee the areas with past and proposed quarries were

also evaluated for historical context and evaluation of the methods used by community

resistance. Statements made by Tinsley Sand and Gravel were also evaluated as counter

narratives to resistance from Jumpoff residents. The South Cumberland Plateau scope of this

evaluation includes potential and existing quarries in Marion County, where the unincorporated

area of Jumpoff is located, as well as Franklin and Grundy counties in Southern Tennessee in

the United States.

The residents of Jumpoff, Tennessee, are working to resist the negative effects of sand

quarries that contribute to water insecurity, pollution and property damage, compromising

environmental justice for residents. While localized sand mining lifts economic and

environmental burdens from developing countries (Bisht 2021), similar harmful effects can be

seen in sand quarries in the South Cumberland, but have more opportunities for resistance

through structures of power, creating a higher possibility of effective resistance. This paper first

evaluates the social conditions and parties involved in the development of quarries, then

recounts previous instances of social and environmental injustice and outlines the potential

extension to the Jumpoff Quarry, if completed. Then, current methods of resistance are outlined,

with considerations of these methods being noted.

The Cumberland Plateau and the Sand Quarries

The South Cumberland Plateau has a history with extractivist industries, extending back

to coal mining under the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company in the mid-nineteenth century. The

Tennessee Coal and Iron Company was responsible for buying the land tract that later became

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the campus of the University of the South, as well as a convict leasing mine in Tracy City in

Grundy County. The exclusion of local labor is a common theme with extractive industries, and

prevents the creation of jobs and infrastructure for the communities surrounding the extraction

of resources.

Since the departure of coal mining from the South Cumberland region, the majority of

industry in Franklin, Grundy and Marion counties has been centered around manufacturing, with

above 20% of the population in the manufacturing industry in each county, and all three counties

have poverty rates higher than the national average (datausa.io). There is no zoning for rural

areas of these counties, allowing industry to have the potential to mix with agricultural and

residential areas in unincorporated parts of the county. The County Powers Act was designed to

prohibit any behavior that impacts the health or wellbeing of community members, but doesn’t

apply to agricultural practices, demonstrating the protections centered around agriculture in

Tennessee.

Tinsley Sand and Gravel is an emerging branch of the corporation founded by the

Tinsley brothers and run by Peter Tinsley (tinsleyasphalt.com). The company began in

Tullahoma, Tennessee as an asphalt company, with locations in Decherd in Franklin County,

South Pittsburg in Marion County and McMinnville in Warren County. Since then, the company

has moved into limestone, another aggregate material for construction (tinsleyasphalt.com). The

Clouse Hill Sand Quarry, which started development in 2021, is an existing sand quarry that

exhibits many of the rising concerns from opponents of the Jumpoff Quarry (“STOP the Clouse

Hill Sand Plant” sites.google.com). The SRM Quarry in between Monteagle and Sewanee,

Tennessee is owned by the much larger Smyrna Ready Mix company, but shares characteristics

to the proposed Jumpoff Quarry in practice and industry.

Risks of Water Insecurity

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 A driving concern for community members is the risk for water inaccessibility or

tampering with water sources for homes surrounding the proposed mine site. The proposed

method of extraction for the quarry is a practice called wet mining, which uses water to contain

silica dust, allowing for the water used to clean equipment and byproducts of the quarry to

return to the water table (It should be noted that this process only mitigates the distribution of

silica particles through blast mining and doesn’t apply to transportation of sand, causing the

lodging of silica particles in lungs of residents, causing inflammation and compromising lung

health) (“STOP the Clouse Hill Sand Plant”). The Jumpoff community has limited access to

county or city water, so many residents depend on well water, including eight recorded wells

within a one mile radius of the proposed mine (Chitty 2023). The introduction of water from the

quarry into the water table was measured at the Clouse Hill Sand Quarry. Dye tracing was used

to track the waste water from the quarry by placing dye into water sources at the quarry. The

dye materialized in local homes in tap water, and was traced as far as local caves (Taylor 2022).

This distribution of silt from the quarry would also likely appear in wells neighboring the Jumpoff

Quarry, as well as disrupt the local water cycle. One resident in Jumpoff reported their well

going dry after Tinsley did exploratory drilling (Chitty 2023). For residents in Jumpoff to connect

to the Sewanee Utility District, piping would need to be laid, and water prices would increase

financial burden on the Jumpoff Community. Additionally, this would further strain the water

capacity of the independent SUD, which is projected to be at 80% capacity (Chitty 2023).

Tinsley also has not disclosed the planned source of water for the quarry, but if sourced from the

SUD, would put strain on the water system, impacting the greater Sewanee community. The

SRM quarry uses retention ponds for wet mining operations, but it is noted that Tinsley at their

Clouse Hill location chose the property for the existing infrastructure access (Proudfoot 2022),

and it could be inferred that this could also be a plan for the Jumpoff Quarry.

Water insecurity as a result of extractive industries is shown to alter resident’s everyday

abilities to produce food and bathe (Wies 2020). The impacts on the water table and well water

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long outlast the extractive industries themselves, often stranding residents with polluted water

and little resources or infrastructure to source water from other sources. In addition to the

economic impact of switching to “city water” like the Sewanee Utility District, residents in other

communities in Appalachia do not trust the water, and see the usage of well water as both a

source of pride and generational wealth (Wies 2020). This could be seen paralleled in

residences near quarry sites, who have stopped using city water due to damage to water pipes

as a result of road damage from transportation of equipment and materials.

Water pollution from the quarry also carries ecological consequences. Similar to the

Clouse Hill Sand Quarry, the proposed Jumpoff Quarry would impact geological formations like

caves that house unique parts of the ecosystem, including Jumpoff Falls. While the proposed

sand quarry is a land operation, contrasting riverbed extraction that occurs in other parts of the

world, the proposed Jumpoff Quarry would still impact the waterways and physical structure of

Jumpoff Creek and Battle Creek with the distribution of silt. Additionally, the Jumpoff site is less

than a mile from Franklin State Forest, and shares a watershed with Battle Creek at the base of

the plateau. This close proximity with the State Forest could hinder conservation efforts through

various avenues of pollutants. The Battle Creek watershed eventually flows into the Tennessee

River, which is protected by the Clean Water Act, also posing a legal risk for the quarry for

violating the Act. Water retention of the Jumpoff community would also be compromised by the

clear cutting of land for the quarry, creating erosion issues at the top of the plateau that will

impact land in Jumpoff, and raise the risk of flooding and erosion down the plateau in the Battle

Creek watershed.

Noise Pollution

Noise pollution, while gaining less attention than chemical pollutants or other physical

pollutants, has a comparable impact on quality of life, and through the mainstream practice of

blast mining, is an environmental pollutant of quarries in the South Cumberland. The impacts of

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noise as a pollutant have been found to be the second most common stressor on the

environment surrounding mines, after dust, causing neurotic impairment and physical strain

(Sudhakar et al. 2022).

Blast mining raises several concerns considering noise pollution. Sand Quarries are

required to announce plans for blasting to warn people in the area, but Tinsley has a reported

history of neglecting to issue warnings. As one neighbor of the Clouse Hill Sand Quarry said to

the Nashville Scene, “I was sitting on the bed. There was a small decorative pillow on a table

beside me, and the explosion blew it a foot-and-a-half up in the air” (Taylor 2022). Blasts have

been shown to decrease property value, and would detract from the appeal of the Jumpoff

Community as a place to retire, polluting the quiet community with irregular blasts. Additionally,

opponents to the Jumpoff Quarry have argued that the blasting, especially without warning,

would be disrespectful to veterans in the area who may be experiencing PTSD (Chitty 2023).

The fee for not warning about blasts is $50, which could be seen as a cost of business by

Tinsley (Chitty 2023). Blasts have been recorded at other quarry sites to raise awareness of the

magnitude of the mining process, and have noted that children have been outside and fully

exposed to the blasts (“STOP the Clouse Hill Sand Plant”). Tinsley has maintained that they will

restrict blasting to 8 times per year, but the other sand quarry on Greenhaw Road, also operated

by Tinsley, blasts 2-3 times per week (Chitty 2023). The SRM quarry on 41-A blasts roughly

once a week per reports from the neighboring business (Chitty 2023). This claim of 8 times per

year would be a sharp and uncharacteristic decline from industry averages in the area. Noise

pollution would also be extended to trucks, which would have a more constant increase in the

overall noise pollution in the area, with an estimated 100 trucks per day increase expected

(stopjumpoffquarry.org). These combinations of noise pollution would have a negative impact on

the daily lives of residents in the area, which currently experience low levels of noise pollution,

and a decrease in land value could make residents stranded in the Jumpoff community, or

forced to downgrade if they seek new homes due to a lower real estate value of their property.

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Another consideration is the extent of the noise pollution to the Franklin State Forest, which

could decrease tourism and other human uses of the protected forest, as well as the ecosystem

due to irregular noise pollutants which can impact animals ability to reproduce and communicate

(Sordello 2020).

Structural Damage and Property Rights

A consequence of blast mining at sand quarries is the infringement on property rights of

nearby residents. In addition to noise pollution, public and private property makes daily life

harder and compromises the structural integrity of communities with blast mining. Blast mining

has been recorded to break window seals, crack foundations and drywall (“STOP the Clouse Hill

Sand Plant”). This increases the financial cost in addition to the biological tax of living within

close proximity to blast zones. While it is easy to speculate the impact of intense sound waves

on structures in the area, it is difficult to discern normal wear from blast mining impacts, making

compensation difficult to obtain. Jasper residents, also in Marion County, were unable to prove

their cracked walls were a result of blast mining from a nearby rock quarry, and therefore were

unable to secure compensation (Lytle 2023). However, residents near the Jasper Quarry were

integrated into the city water system, and were not dependent on well water (Lytle 2023). Blasts

add a layer of risk for well water, compromising aquifers and the quality of well water by further

introducing sediment to underground water (stopjumpoffquarry.org). A combination of these

factors will further decrease property value, economically stranding residents from lower

socioeconomic levels and infringe on daily activities, and raise the cost of living.

Public property is also expected to carry a large burden of the sand quarry, straining the

infrastructure, and possibly benefitting the Tinsley company, while further financially burdening

other residents through taxes. The proposed sand quarry is expected to increase traffic by 100

trucks on State Highway 156 and US Highway 41-A daily. Opponents of the quarry identify this

as a concern for the safety of students waiting for school buses on these roads and the

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accessibility of emergency vehicles. Beyond this, the wear on these roads would dramatically

increase with the frequency and weight of traffic that results from the quarry. This would likely

result in Tinsley Asphalt, another branch of the company, gaining a new project to repave the

road, as they did with Clouse Hill Road (“STOP the Clouse Hill Sand Plant”), both benefiting the

company through ease of access and profiting from government contracting.

Organization of Resistance

Public support for policies that regulate quarries and other forms of organized resistance

make use of existing social connections and technology to raise awareness in the South

Cumberland. This stems from Facebook groups and other forms of social media, eventually

rising to news coverage statewide. With the increased access to the internet, opponents of both

the Clouse Hill Quarry and the proposed Jumpoff Quarry have used websites to serve as tools

to increase awareness and organize opponents in events such as town hall meetings in Jasper,

the Marion County Seat. These websites also serve as archives to document coverage of the

quarries in larger news sources.

A number of physical markers protesting the quarry can be seen in signage near the

proposed mine site along TN-156, but there are only signs present north of the Franklin State

Forest, following the prospective route of trucks to US 41-A and I-24. There are no signs

protesting the potential development towards South Pittsburg, the nearest incorporated area in

Marion County. However, signs continue along TN-156 to Sewanee. This raises a few

considerations. The proposed site for the Jumpoff Quarry is along the border of Marion and

Franklin Counties (Appendix 1), with equal, if not more signage protesting the potential

developments on the Franklin County side of the road. Petition signatures opposing the mine

also have a heavy presence from Franklin County. The route for trucks would go through

Franklin County, explaining this support; however, this divides the support base of the opposition

to the quarry. A report opposing the mine goes as far as to propose a potential lawsuit between

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Franklin and Marion Counties to pay for the infrastructure damage to roads and sewers as a

result of transportation from the Jumpoff Quarry.

Another consideration concerning residents affected by the quarry is the population

distribution between permanent and temporary residents. The South Cumberland has become a

popular tourist location, inspiring many communities and homes that do not house permanent

residents. This could detract from opposition against the quarry, since some households,

especially when getting closer to Sewanee, are not permanent homes. This pattern can be seen

with the SRM Quarry in Monteagle. The quarry directly borders a gated community, Clifftops,

and is within a mile of another, Cooley’s Rift. If owners of these properties are not living here full

time, they might not be present for the blasts, and are integrated into the city water system,

lowering their stake in opposing the quarry. While there are no similar communities near the

proposed Jumpoff site, there are second homes in the area.

Legal Avenues to Stop Sand Mining

The main avenue used for comprehensive resistance is the implementation of county

policy to regulate the sand quarry industry. The primary piece of legislation used in

unincorporated portions of the county without zoning is Tennessee Code Title 5-1-118,

subsection (c). Commonly referred to as the County Powers Act, gives Tennessee Counties the

power to regulate practices and businesses that impact quality of life. This encompasses any

practices that negatively impact the “health, morals, comfort, safety, convenience or welfare of

the inhabitants” (ctas.tennessee.edu). Two-thirds of the county commission and two-thirds of the

general legislative body of a county must vote in favor of a County Powers Act for it to be

enacted. However, T.C.A. § 5-1-118(c) has limitations to the application to the agricultural

industry, as well as practices governed by other legislation, including waste management and

surface mining. While not explicitly noted in the act, surface mining does not include the

extraction of aggregates including sand, leaving quarries susceptible to regulation through the

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County Powers Act. Additionally, existing practices are grandfathered in, so pre existing

practices that affect communities cannot be shut down, only future ones prevented. The

application for sand quarries in the South Cumberland go through the Tennessee Department of

Environment and Conservation, which is a state agency. T.C.A. § 5-1-118(c) also defines the

regulation of negative impacts as “nuisances”, a vaguely defined term that is noted to be open

to personal interpretation (Lytle 2023).

Grundy County followed this route of legal resistance to use the County Powers Act to

regulate both sand quarries and other industries. Initially used to prevent an adult entertainment

business, Grundy County passed a specific resolution in 2019 to regulate extractive industries.

Resolution No.19-5-20c requires potential quarries to apply for a business license and a permit

from the county, which are separate from the state application. The most important note of the

resolution is the distance requirement for quarries to be 5,000 feet from residences. Upon the

purchase of land at Clouse Hill Sand Quarry and the preparation for sand extraction, this

resolution had already passed. In 2022, Tinsley used the state permit to begin operation, but

with local residences appealing to county government, the 2019 resolution was used to serve

multiple cease and desist notices to Tinsley. Tinsley continued operation, however, through a

highly publicized legal pursuit; Grundy County Government eventually ruled against Tinsley,

halting operations at the Clouse Hill Quarry (Chancery Court of Grundy County 2022). As of

2023, Tinsley has filed for appeals, maintaining that the quarry, since it obtained permits through

the state, cannot be held accountable by the County Powers Act. However, Grundy County

Attorneys have maintained that the County Powers Act gives the government the ability to

regulate where businesses are located, and that the state permits were filed for the construction

of a quarry, not the operation of one, making the Tennessee state permits inapplicable.

Opponents of the proposed Jumpoff Quarry are following a similar legal route in an

attempt to persuade the Marion County Commission to pass a similar resolution to regulate the

operation of sand quarries in the county. For this County Powers Act to apply to the proposed

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quarry, it would have to precede the development of the quarry as a preventative measure. The

election of this as an avenue for resistance is encouraged by the recent successes of the

legislation in neighboring counties, and since the County Powers Act applies to areas without

zoning, so the unincorporated community of Jumpoff would not have to be zoned. This

sentiment is echoed by District 1 Marion County Commissioner Ruric Brandt, stating “ If

someone wants to have a dilapidated shack, that’s their right. It’s different when a big

corporation comes here and buys 600-700 acres and puts in a portal to hell” (Lytle 2023). A

Marion County Commission meeting, quoted at the beginning, was held on November 27th,

2023. Nine longtime residents, three who were born in the South Cumberland Plateau, and two

of which were veterans, testified against the quarry, and two Tinsley representatives followed.

The vote fell short by over a third to draft a County Powers Act, dramatically increasing the

chances of a quarry at Jumpoff.

Another form of legal action used in the resistance to the Clouse Hill Sand Quarry as

advertised in the “Stop the Clouse Hill Sand Plant” page, was to file complaints against water

pollution under the Tennessee Water Quality Act, a piece of legislation that mining operations

need to apply through when obtaining permits (tn.gov). The website provides analysis of the act,

making it interpretable to the public, as well as detailed instructions to submit a complaint and

timeline for following up with the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation. This

form of active resistance requires both time and determination, and is a form of resistance

against actively operating quarries. This route of resisting an active quarry will likely have to be

used by residents from Jumpoff if the quarry begins operating.

Conclusion

The proposed sand quarry in Jumpoff, Tennessee, follows a pattern of extractive

industries in the South Cumberland region. Blast mining threatens water and infrastructure

integrity, and would infringe on property rights and disrupt everyday life for residents. These

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effects parallel impacts of blast mining in other parts of the United States and in developing

countries, where these effects are exaggerated. However, residents of Jumpoff have avenues of

resistance through local government, appealing to state and federal governments is another

form of resistance through legislation inaccessible for communities on sand frontiers. Another

parallel can be drawn in the placement of sand mines in the South Cumberland, in rural areas

and areas with limited infrastructure, which is a state and county counterpart to the emergence

of global sand frontiers. Regional sand extraction with increased infrastructure and regulation

would localize impact and provide better opportunities for residents of the South Cumberland to

live farther from sand quarries. Further research on extractive industries in the rural United

States, and a comprehensive study of the relationship between local government and extractive

industries would help further contextualize the case study of the Jumpoff Quarry.

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Appendix 1:

Proposed quarry site in comparison to the Battle Creek Watershed

Source: USGS 7.5-Minute Image Map for Monteagle, Tennessee

Proposed quarry site in comparison to Franklin State Forest

Source: google.maps.com

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