LAW OF TORT BOOK - English-1-16

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LAW OF TORT BOOK - English-1-16

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peqesaphy SNOW MYT VISV wontpa Pug ‘auyoonay ‘wir wo RIMOD‘L (WDA VaVAITV E's Aq paysissy, 19 DATION MV AGIA WD US sMer[ UL DUNT Aurous0d “enyseroyeyy “ueeHd (#eD aad ‘OVA VAUNS VOU AC Jord aa SMUT 101)99}01g Jaumsu0d pue syuspray IPIYIA, 100] SUIPNIIUI Sj.10], jo Mey] 19 08 J9YOURNY 's. UBnosyp juauudojanag jet 5 OP J94OURWY “2, paiyeg pur payag uot suser jeyeyemer ‘9 me (8102 up wp) (ten & 4) erpuy yo uoynyysuoT (090 “= n6injaL (oy arg) ™ ysi6uq (joy areg) Jedeg ajqig ul UOnIp “Pid 1209 ‘eIpU Jo UL asnoH Mey eISy “> z asnoH meq eISY € y}SUC UO yiNED eueidng. IN PAeYOY Zz, “(UP Y}OL) BIPUl JO UOAM|RSUOD, DIN PAreYpy “| WT _TWNOILT iO SHOO8 YNPublished by S.P. GOGIA (HLU.F) C/o ASIA LAW HOUSE Ist Edition 2001 2nd Edition 2013 Reprint 2019 © Ail rights including copyrights, di may be reproduced information, commen Hyderabad. Sys 2(D) Printed at : Raadha Sree Graphics, ‘Near NTR Stadium, Hyderabad-80. nis being sold on the cor . rights, translation ig reserved and vested exclusively with the publishers. No part oft Copied in any form or by any means {Graphic, and views for reference aad must not be taken as having the authority of, ding in any way on, the author, edi s, who do not owe any respo1 disputes are subject to the jurisdiction of competent courts in 260712: 3000, 24607999, lawhouse.com ing are mer publishers, whatsoever Ambedkar Nagar, DEDICATED TO Late Shri. Shankarrao Jijaba Bhoite and Late Smt. Laxmibhai Shankarrao Bhoite Reverend Parents of Principal Dr. Ashok Bhoite, M.Se, Ph.D Hon'ble Pro. Vice Chancellor, Shivaji University (Kolhapur, Maharashtra) and Ex-Secretary Rayat Shikshan Sanstha (One of the Leading Educational Institutions in Asia) Satara, Maharashtra (India)a s,aekojdwg ‘sgyi ‘roy siuaploy ered -zIA sioy Aueus passed sey atu 0} 2wH wxO3} UOUTEL| Ie OM “EIPUY UI “PEYIPOD s! walqns amp 40.4409 UIP JOU ‘pur|TUg UI oAIMOL{ “m9 APoD [euag UEIpy] OW OBNIUOD UeIPU] axp 94H] PaLEIPOD 10U st 9afqns ay,, “suOHIpuoD dujcuEYD oy uoperdepe pue iouidojaaap Jo ssoo0ud aut ul S111 “expu Ul "SOLUS pooueape solo pur “g'7 “¥'p_ Ur aoueuodun yeasd pourene sey pu padojanap [19M St] “pueyaiug Jo Me] woURRHOD B42 01 UIBIIO Sif SOMO SHO] Jo v7] alum §,Bu0IM [1919 10 BuoIM, piom YstRug quapeainbo st pue [POIsIAK| SUBOUL YOIT|A ¢,LUMIOD, PIOM UNE] atp Woy POALsOP St 401, “UO ayy, “sourrodutt yeasd Jo st .sMeT] UONDIO4Y JoWUNSUOD PUR SWHaPIOY a1sIaA Jolopy FuIpnjouy SUOL Jo MET,, 199{4ns ruesoid ax “sjaafans snourea uo syrom Aur yst|qnd 01 premsog sure ON “eIPUT ‘sJooq ave] Jo Joystiqnd Bumpea] & “peqesopsH ‘asno}] Me EIS Jo UONUOHE ‘lp Maxp pub aut so uEds BOYS v UL asuOdsal BurUFayAaAO Partagas fav “nunyg ‘Suonvorigng eepounsy £q 66-€661 Tuuinp paystignd ae] Jo spoafang Zz uo reHeIeyy Apmis otp pue “wemnedeyyesta ‘sionquisic] Due sraystiqnd ‘sia]19g Yoo we7 ‘asnop MET wypUy £q nySu0sq\ s0 ywourUos}sdusy asjos Come yon RUHjaC pu UTE CL ynessy uonanponuy uosiad ain 03 ssedsou. TxX-21n901 mr yoy, ut AAIIqeNT AsEUIPIO ssedsauy, 9110 qussuo3 40 Bunt 3y YOU sjaneyp snore6ueq 10) X= 243997 4a1dn990 UON BJO ANGET “ ie UTWOD € stossedsazy, sprEmor ssaasug017] spxemor Ait 6 6 a z 3 uohonponiuy “| (sespueid snoseBueg 10) 19]0n290 40 Anger) ANNAeTT S491dN290 ° XI -eanpeT Yoo SNOAION. 1] pasorsoy Aujiqvaasazog - ssoursai}q Jo 169, ULL + Kyyiqu2esoi0g JO 182, uROWaY JO SISAL, aidioutig Burxopup, iY JO ULI OL oSoureq Jo SsousIowoy “| 2POYS SNOAION 7g BGewweg Jo ssaUa;OWIOY TITA-21n 27 L961 “IE (HO. UL 60] ee ae (T) YHoUIUIDAOD ou (Ayunuuy uBrazan0g pue Ager yusUIUIBAOD/97E}S) BIEIS O43 JO AITGEFT SNOHEIA TIA-21n}27 eee 42Kojduta Jo 3k [eUOSIOg OV INFMETUP) JO [ESOT Toroutue) mspusdapul pue soo1dua °Z “suLNDOG at JO WS!xiy (Wrongful Confinement) and Malicious Prosecution .. Lecture-XIII ition or Abuse of Legal Procedure jv) Acquittal or Termination of Cri v) Damage Lecture-xIVv ‘Trespass to land (Trespass to Immovable le Property) 1. Meaning and Defi 1) Trespass by wrongful entry. 3) Trespass by animals 2. Essential Elements . i) Unauthorised Interference ii) Direct Interference ... iil) Proof of Damage ‘Nature and Character ‘Trespass ab Initio “Trespass by abuse of li Continuing Trespas pawae i) Prescript Lawful Authority or State Authority ~. Act of NECeSSiAY onan v) Abating Nuisance vi) Self Defence Reentry on land Contents xv Lecture-xv ‘Trespass to movable property (Trespass to Goods) 1) Trespass to Good 1) Meaning and 2) Essential Element Trespass 10 Goods is a& Trespass Ab Initio v) Remedies a) An action for damages b) °) (2) TelegranvE.Mail and G) Telephone...Jo Jooud,, 2191 atp 0} uondaoxg) anymbo7 osdy 52x Ainqyo yea *Z 1d axp spremoy oreo Jo Ainp s.AuEpUaJOC “1 douadt|#aN Jo syenuassa Asoayy, aanoatang “1 sous8if8oN Jo SoOSYL uonnnjeg pure Surseopy 10 woyutod 01 Aanfuy Kusadosd 03 Aanfuy Ct ue] Jo woUXOfUO Jo asn at YIM douALapOUT (9 SuapOD vse souvsiny oand (VY ~ siadedsmou 01 989,344 “ ABojody (Gd * sBuypoooord [emIpny “ 1d JO sBuypazo014. “| aBoHALd amnjosqy (& Ayuurapuy (9 wonnadey (a Pur pugs (Vv “= soidoy peousy) Asounpy 30 Apsetouy (P) “* ssaunup) 10 sounjoduyy (9) PMA 10}; Suypnpouy sy], jo MET rdxvii Strict Liability:Gthe'Rule in Rylands vs. Fletcher and ity (The Rul In MG Metta vs. Uno of Inte) Issues/questions im The Rule of St }) Dangerous Thing i) Escape i) Non-Natural Use « i) Me iv) Consent of the PI v) Statutory Author 2 ‘ability (The Rule in MC. Mehua vs, Union of Indi i) Union Carbide Corporation vs. Union of India (1986) 2 ComLJ. 169 (US.)— (Bhopal Gas Leak Disaster Case) ... ‘Oleum Gas Leak Case (M.C.Mehta v. Union of India) The Rule of Absolute Liat tea Lecture-XX peath in Relation to Tort 1. Death as extinguish Actions under contract Judicial Remedies Extra-Dudicial Remedi Contents 1, Damages .. @_ Contemptuous Damages .. Abatement of Nuisance Limitation 7 . Distress Damage Feasant (Imp. for Short Notes) Lecture-XxIT Discharge or Extinction of Tortious Liability 1. Introductios 2. Modes of Discharge 0 1. Death of Either of the Partie . Death as creating - Acquiescence .. . Accord and Satisfaction... . Release Judgment Recovered The State of Limitation 2 3. 4, 5, 6. 760 (€z1 wonses) sjeoddy $0E (ZL1 UoRDaG) sasvo UrE}I99 UT s1S09 UoHTESUaduOD Jo prEMY '908) pamo|fe St wie|D AUB aya 1SQIOIU! JO PIEMY (ZI woRDag) saseo ureus99 ut Joansuy Suyped}dw] 19.50 siamod pue ampadord ee" (go | woHdaS) JEUNQLL SUIIE|.) tp JO PLEMY 06" (z91 wonses) soseo uley9o ul uoTesuaduios 40} surtejo Burpsesas uondo ‘uon129g) uoHesuaduros 10} uonrwonddy jonoag) sfeunquy, SUITE] rey199 uy wEJo aff 01 uOKdQ, ‘(¥-£91 wonsas) siseq eynuts05 parmonns 0 uourked 0 se suotstaoid jojoods Jo os89 ut uonesuaduios Jo waULAed 303 oWIDyOS 8) 191 u £62 (6b1 UoNoDg) syst Aired pay Jo oodsex ul paunsuy suosiod 0 Aner yer] SouRINsuy Jo waPe pure IMEN rT pue satotjoq Jo syuawiastnboy Je SOPOIYA 1OIOWY Jo eoueNsU] PV S2PIY2A J0}0W SUL J9pUN UoRESUAdWOD AIXX-2unpe7 qer" uns) wroay Aprumwsttty “| 9761 Py suOTUN SPELL ~T SulULON stan [BUONO Jo 1094 1 AINPAHOS: 7 (y¢1 uoneg) sored przyp £q suutejo JO parnsut ‘go AqeI| 19AyJe 04 10 Suosied pasnsut Jo KouDAjosu] 86Z(€S1 YONSES) ZST PUBL SI ‘OSI SUONeS Jo oadsas UY 267 (zs1 10H298) ‘Arnfu jouossod 10y suossod pamsuy puv siosnsuy wad ming aUIo}9S suiadusoo Ked 0} 19K0|durg JO £261 “PV UoHEsUadwIOD s,e0Xo1dul “1 Angers Aoges TIIXX-24N 97 = SPIA 20V0WW BUPPHIIUT SOL, FO MET ot me ETT)xxil Law of Torts including Motor Vehicle PART-II Lecture-xxV The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 Introductior - 2. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 .. i) Statement of Objects and Reasons ii) Salient Features of the Act: Chapter I Preliminary 3, Definition 316 1. Appropriate Laboratory 316 2. Complainant . 316 ‘Who can make a complaint? 317 3. Complaint 317 Who can make a complaint 4, Consumer Purchase of a Jeep for Commercial Purpose .. ‘Supply of Defective Machinery .. Education-Examinations. Hire of Ser Medical Services and the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 322 5. Consumer Dispute 2323 1. Unfair Trade Pract 323 2. Restrictive Trade Practice 326 326 327 327 329 ‘Chapter IT Consumer Protection Councils ‘The Central Consumer Protection Couneil x... 331 331 332 332 332 333 333 233 334 334 Constitution... ‘Term of the Cou Procedure for meetings (Sect Objects (See. 6) “The State Consumer Protection Council (Section 7(1)) Constitution (Section 7(2)) Object of the State Counc ‘The District Consumer Protection Council (Section 8(A) Objects of the District Council (Section 8(B) Contents xxiii Chapter 11 Consumer Disputes Redressal Agencies Powers of the Di Procedure on ad Findings ofthe Distrit Forum (Section 14). Appeals (Section 15) Ex parte Order Dismissal of complaint in default Appeal against interlocutory order of certain amount as a pre-condition for appeal n period runs from the date of Communication 347 347 2. 348 348 349 Jurisdiction (S. 17) 349 ‘Transfer of cases (Section 17-A) 350 Circuit Benches (Section 17-B).. 350 Procedure applicable to State Commi 51 :351 3. 351 ‘Composition/Constitution (Section 20) 351 Disqualifications of members354 Salary and Allowances ete. of the members soe BSA Jurisdiction (Sec. 21 354 Powers and Procedure (Section 22) 356 Power to set aside ex-parte orders (Section 22-A) sannenw 356 ‘Transfer of cases (Section 22-B) 356 se 356 Circuit Benches (Section 22-C) Vacancy in the office of the President (Section 23-D) Qualifications, terms and conditions of service of 356 Bresident and Member (Section, 226) 357 ‘Appeal (Section 23).. = ce 387 Finality of orders (Section 24) . 357 Limitation period (Section 24-A\ 357 Administrative controi (Section - 358 Enforce: State Commission or the National Commission (Section 25) ........358Jo woadsaz ut nod a4 2Aour UED sUOTT UOSIad parouTTE/parsayE im “UND ay) 2. [4nd jo 9sv9 uy s2yn0 21p) sHuoIH I 241 pur Karta squatposiuy 10 “Bururour yum speap [-aimoat) 4: 0) a1qefTeAw wedson ‘uonreureyap ede 40 aousiedui0s Luau ue “o}9 99u9H] Bau ‘ouNsINU UL TH Med Ou ued LJOMET | pur spoo8 snounds ay wosy sioworsno/siounsui tp ioa1cud 01 pauaisap sf yoy “986, nestisduso> 10} sapiaoid ads “103 40 saouayap pur sojdiouud [erau08 yam sjeap , sme] woNDMOs JOLUNSUOD PUB SWOPIOOY 2pOIYSA JOIoW Burpnjout suo Jo me, Papnus 1oa{qns yuasaid aL uoponpo.qur _I-eunpey SMV1 NOILD3LOad YINNSNOD 8 SLYOL uo SOINjae7 soe" siadeq uopsond Ayss94jun ze" (1¢ ones Bd JO 9sNO}} Yoo 210309 P| 29 0 suoNeINBar pS SOIR 196 ” (¥-0¢ wonoag) = Suopuindes axeur 0} uorssiuwwoD (euoHENY auf Jo 19MOd * (W-8z wondas) * (Z uons9s) iniey pod: ose 6st ose. (92 wonoes) supejdusoo snonexaa 40 shorty ys fos2 Lectures on Torts & Consumer Protection Laws [Lec. I rivate wrong. A person, who suffers injury by tort committed by person, who committed the tort (ic. tort-feasor) is given an opportunity to plead one of the defences available for him to get exemption from the liability in tort (ortious liability). The plaintiff (aggrieved) wins the case (gets decree), if he/she successfully proves all the essential elements and in addition, the defendant (tort-feasor) could not establish/ prove any one of the defences available to him/her. The suit is dismissed (defendant wins the case) either the plaintiff could not prove all or any; one of the elements of the tort or if the defendant could establish/prove even one defence to get exemption from the tortious lisbility. The relevancy of motive (good object) and malice (bad intention or evil intention) are immaterial in tortious because of the reason that the motive is good, a person cannot be held ity. Eg. Causing harm to one with an objective (motive) o save the other. Similarly, a person cannot be held liable in tort for causing damage to another, by exercising his legal he two conflicting cn discussed in this chapter under the head “foun *. According to Winfield’s theory on law of tort, if'a wrongful act constitutes the elements of tert, remedy should be given to the aggrieved by creating a new remedy and by naming a new tort. This theory is accepted as good because it ‘ensures remedy to every aggrieved. It is criticized on the ground that, it creates very many new torts resulting in confusion and the concept gets complicated. Where as, Salmond’s theory on law of torts has been cepted as good for the reason, the number of torts is restricted to a mited number and avoids ambiguity. Salmond’s theory criticized on the ground, it denies remedy/relief to the aggrieved, though he deserves (is entitled to) to get relief. However, both the theories have been accepted as good in their tespective points of view. Finally, the position of law of torts in India has been discussed. The subject (law of torts) is well developed in advanced countries like U.K., U.S. etc., while itis in the process of development in India and hopeful of ng fully in near future. Lecture-III deals with general conditions of liability in tort namely injuria, and iii) legal remedy. ‘The plaintiff has to prove these conditions to make the defendant liable in tort. First of all theories of Win Lee. 1) Introduction 3 the plaintiff has to prove that the defendant's act against the plaintiff is wrongful. Secondly, the plaintiff has to prove that he/she suffered injury to his/her legal right irrespective of quantum of loss or damage. Injuria is of two kinds, namely a) Injuria sine’ damnum and b) Damnum ine injuria. In case of the former, the plaintiff suffers injury to his/her legal right, though there is no loss or damage to his/her person or Property, the defendant is liable. Whereas in the case of the latter, the Plaintiff suffers loss or damage to his/her person or property, but there is no loss to plaintiff's legal right. (Eg. Defendant starts a new school opposite to plaintiff's school). The defendant is not liable in this case. The third condition to be proved by the plaintiff is legal remedy. The plaintiff has to prove that there is a legal remedy, which he/she is entitled 0 for the loss of his/her legal right. The plaintiff to be successful in an action for tort, has to prove these three conditions and also the defendant is unable to prove/establish any one of the defenses available to get exemption from tortious liability. Lecture IV deals with various defences available to the defendant {o get exemption from the tortious liability. The defences are namely, volenii non fit injuria, act of god, inevitable accident, parental and quasi parental authority, statutory authority, necessity, mistake etc. Volenti non fi “wrong suffered voluntarily is not ‘The defendant can plead the defence on the ground that, mnsented (0 the act resulting in wrong. Eg. A patient is required to give his written consent before undergoing a surgical ‘operation so that the doctor/surgeon can plead the defence (of volenti ‘non fit injuria) to get exemption from the tortious liability. With regard to the defence Act of God (or Vis Major) the defendant is not liable, if the loss caused to the plaintiff is due to an act of god viz. heavy rain, htning or other natural calamity. Inevitable Accident is that, innot be avoided and absolutely beyond the control of the driver Of the vehicle, Relating the defence of parental and quasi parental authorities, like a parent, quasi parent viz. teacher, warden etc, cannot be held liable for tort of assault, battery, wrongful confinement ‘committed (with consent of the pare'st) for the well-being of the child (plaintiff), With regard to the defence of statutory authority, an act Committed under lawful or statutory authority is not actionable in tort. An act done out of necessity resulting in tort is not actionable by Pleading the defence of necessity. Eg. 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PalLieu sour "214 suossod Jo sasse[o [erD9ds soMo atp Jo 19edsou UL aUEEN PENUAIAAs!P $1 194] “asLMOYLT “(RIPUT UI) DOUTESSY [eIOIFO. Jo (pueySug u1) aarsnay_ ur parson st pans 2q pue ans 01 1y8t4 Jousiy 20UIS OWE UASO JOIYSIY] UE Pans 2q pu ans ouULD “UoAfosut PaseIoop. Stous ‘uosiad v “kre [!uHIg “suunos amp Jo uoNDtpsunf axp oF saajasuIaYp yoafqns Kays ssajun synod fediorunyus Jo uonorpsian! xp 01 1De/qns JOU ae suopessequre pue sudraranos 8 tai0y ‘Sou IsU! JO “SantunUIT Pur soBaprauid upe29 Kofue Koy aouis quoseyyip Zuryiowos are suosiod jo sasse[> je1oads asaxp yo oadsox ut pans aq put ans 0 sojnt SUL “219 areas “soneUN, uoAfosUt 40 idnuTytTEG ‘s}OIAUOD ‘ssopessequE ‘sud1ox0A08 UBraI03 “s10sv23 1401 1UTOf ‘uoNeIodIo9 ‘ueWIOM paLLTeUt ‘souru “21a suossad jo sasse]> peioads ureuso Jo yo0dsax Ut AANLIGEHT ‘snonso} 40} pans aq puv ons 01 Arjsedvo tim sjeap A — ANDI] ‘sordeyo oyp ut poureidxa are ayeig Jo 1oy OMT pue Soy Te IPAS IseNd ‘siOV [eIOKpNs Jo Soouajap ay JOyLIN “(o[qeudnoE st 8b] Jo o2feIstU yp a|IYA) a[qvUONIe 10U SI 198) Jo DALISIUL “OOURYOp se ‘SyPISHU Jo ase UT “Sasnoy BuIpuNouMs om ones OY. 19px0 UT AML YSNED Tae] sav] wopDoIONg OMTARIOD HF Say, wo ITT6 Lectures on Torts & Consumer Protection Laws (Lec. I of Directness was followed. ‘Later, the test of foreseeability, which is just and universally accepted has been in practice since 1961 till date. ‘The other important topic dealt in this chapter is ‘Nervous Shock’, which means “a shock to the nerve and brain structures of the body.” If an injury is caused to plaintiff's mind or nerve by defendant's act through the application of physical force or by words causing emotional disturbances like fear, sorrow or distress, it amounts to nervous shock. An action for nervous shock without any physical contact was allowed/ entertained for the first time in 1897 in Wilkinson v. Downton (1897) LR 2.Q.B.57. The plaintiff to be successful in an action for nervous shock has to establish/prove that, the injury is foreseeable. Lecture-IX deals with “Occupier’s Liability” or “Liability for Dangerous Premises”. Occupier is a person, who has control over his, premises in public places viz. Shopping Malls, Theatres, Star Hotels with facilities like lift, swimming pool etc. For instance, swimming pool in a Hotel, Tower Clock in busy centre, maintained by Municipal Corporation, ground well in fields without fencing or wall around the well. There are several incidents, where a child below 10 years fell into the deep ditch bore well and rescue operations under taken to save the child. The liability of the occupier of a.land depends/varies upon the nature of visitor viz. a) alawful itor: of b) a trespasser/unlawful visitor; or a In England, the Occupiers’ Liability Act, 1957 deals with the liability of an occupier of the premises. There is no such legislation in India. Lecture-X deals with “Liability for Dangerous Chattel term dangerous chattels is applicable to things like fire, gas, electricity etc, The manufacturer of certain chattels is liable to pay compensation’ damages to the consumer. Eg. A Hot water bottle burst, when it is, properly used. The chattels are classified into two categories, namely, i) dangerous chattels (dangerous per se like firearms, explosives, poisons). The ii) Chattels not dangerous by themselves (i.e. not dangerous per se) Lec I) Introduction 1 But the transferor has knowledge that it would be dangerous unless proper care is taken. However, certain goods may be neither dangerous per se nor known to be dangerous to the transferor, but are dangerous in fact, Jn such cases, the transferor is liable though the injured/aggrieved is not a directimmediate transferee. Lecture-XI deals with “Liability for Animals”. Where an animal, dangerous (like elephant, tiger) or domestic (like cow, ox, horse et.) ‘causes injury (personal or property) to a person, he/she (Lc. the injured) ‘can bring an action against the owner of that animal and the owner of the animal is held liable. Such liability of the owner of the animals is explained in this chapter under three heads, namely i) The Scienter Rule; ii) Cattle Trespass; and Ordinary liability in tort. ‘With regard to “Scienter Rule”, the term “Scienter” means knowledge of the dangerous propensity of the animal. The keeper of an animal is expected to know the nature of acts likely to cause harm toothers. He has to take necessary care. Otherwise he will be liable. ‘The animals are of two categories viz, dangerous animals and domesticated animals. Regarding “Cattle Trespass”, @ person becomes liable for the damage caused to another by his cattle. The liability is strict ie. irrespective of proof of negligence on the part of the defendant. The defendant is liable though he had no knowledge as to the vicious propensity of the “cattle”. The expression cattle includes bull, cow, buffalo, horse, pig, ass and poultry. Dogs and cats are not included for this purpose. Thirdly, with regard to “Ordinary Liability in bie in tort through the instrumentality of an ‘on one’s own land causing nui 's neighbors or users of the highway. Similarly the owner of the animals is iable for trespass if they enter upon the land of another (for eating leaves or grass). ‘The torts of assault or battery may be committed through dogs. Lecture-XIT deals with specific torts of “Trespass to Person”, which means wrong/torts affecting another's personal safety. security and liberty, namely, Battery; and

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