1.

Three Different Kinds of Architecture Structures:

➢ Module Structures:
• Organize a system into smaller, self-contained modules with well-defined interfaces.
• Promote modularity, reusability, and maintainability.
• Examples: Layered architecture, object-oriented architecture.
➢ Component-and-Connector Structures:
• Focus on components (units of computation or data storage) and connectors (communication
pathways between components).
• Emphasize interaction and communication patterns.
• Examples: Pipe-and-filter architecture, publish-subscribe architecture.
➢ Allocation Structures:
• Describe how system elements are mapped onto physical hardware or software resources.
• Address deployment, performance, and scalability concerns.
• Examples: Client-server architecture, distributed architecture.
2. Two Views of Client-Server System:
➢ Logical View:
Emphasizes the functional roles of clients and servers, independent of their physical implementation.
Describes interactions, services, and data flows.
Focuses on what the system does, not how it does it.
➢ Physical View:
Considers the physical distribution of clients and servers across hardware and networks.
Addresses performance, scalability, and security concerns.
Focuses on how the system is deployed and operates.
3. Defining Quality Attribute:
A quality attribute is a non-functional property of a system that describes its overall behavior and
qualities beyond its basic functionality. It represents how well the system meets user needs and
expectations in terms of performance, reliability, security, usability, maintainability, and other essential
characteristics.
4. Functional Requirements State:
Functional requirements specify what a system must do, defining its essential behaviors and
capabilities.
They focus on the core tasks and functionalities that the system must provide to its users.
Examples: "The system shall allow users to create and edit documents." or "The system shall process
payments securely."
6. Discuss in detail about some useful allocatoin structure?
Ans:- Here are some common and useful allocation structures in software architecture, along with
their key characteristics and considerations:
1. Deployment Structure:
• Purpose: Maps software elements to hardware resources, specifying their physical locations
and communication pathways.
• Key Elements: Software elements, hardware entities (processors, nodes), communication
pathways (networks, buses).
• Concerns: Performance, data integrity, security, availability.
• Example: A web application deployed across multiple servers with load balancing for high
availability.
2. Implementation Structure:
• Purpose: Maps software elements to file structures in development environments, ensuring
proper organization and management of code and resources.
• Key Elements: Software elements (modules), file structure (directories, source files).
• Concerns: Build process, configuration management, version control.
• Example: A project hierarchy in an integrated development environment (IDE), mirroring the
system's modular structure.
3. Work Assignment Structure:
• Purpose: Assigns responsibility for implementation and integration of modules to specific
development teams or individuals.
• Key Elements: Software elements (modules), development teams or individuals.
• Concerns: Project management, communication, coordination, dependencies.
• Example: A team structure aligned with architectural components to facilitate collaboration
and ownership.
4. Team Structure:
• Purpose: Organizes development teams to align with architectural components or subsystems,
fostering communication and ownership.
• Key Elements: Development teams, architectural components or subsystems.
• Concerns: Collaboration, communication, knowledge transfer, coordination.
• Example: Dedicated teams responsible for specific modules or subsystems, fostering expertise
and accountability.
5. Process Structure:
• Purpose: Maps software elements to processes or threads for concurrent execution, improving
performance and responsiveness.
• Key Elements: Software elements (processes, threads), hardware entities (processors, cores).
• Concerns: Concurrency, parallelism, resource contention, synchronization.
• Example: A web server using multiple threads to handle incoming requests simultaneously.

7. How does software architecture influences in designing business goal?

Ans:- Software architecture plays a crucial role in shaping and influencing the design of business goals
in several ways:
1. Aligning Capabilities with Strategies:
The architecture defines the technical foundation and capabilities of the software system. A well-
chosen architecture helps ensure those capabilities align with the overall business strategy and
objectives.
For example, if a business goal is to expand into new markets, the architecture should be designed to
be scalable and flexible to accommodate increased workloads and integrations with new systems.
2. Optimizing Efficiency and Costs: Architecture choices impact performance, resource utilization,
and maintainability. Choosing the right architecture can optimize processing efficiency, minimize
infrastructure costs, and reduce long-term development and maintenance expenses.
For instance, a microservices architecture can facilitate faster development cycles and independent
scaling of functionalities, leading to cost savings and higher agility.
3. Enhancing User Experience and Customer Value:
Architecture decisions directly impact the user experience and how your software delivers value to
customers. By prioritizing responsiveness, usability, and reliability in the architecture, you can
improve customer satisfaction and engagement, contributing to business growth.
For example, a serverless architecture can improve responsiveness and uptime, leading to a
smoother user experience and increased customer retention.
4. Enabling Innovation and Adaptability:
Modern software architectures should be modular, flexible, and future-proof to allow for continuous
innovation and adaptation to changing business needs. This helps the software keep pace with
evolving market trends and competitive landscapes.
For example, containerized architectures facilitate rapid deployment of new features and updates,
allowing businesses to respond quickly to market opportunities.
5. Mitigating Risks and Ensuring Sustainability:
Software architecture choices can impact security, reliability, and disaster recovery capabilities. A
robust architecture helps mitigate security risks, minimize downtime, and ensure the system's long-
term viability, contributing to business sustainability.
For example a distributed architecture with redundancy can improve fault tolerance and ensure
continued operation even during system failures.
8. Discuss the influece of software architecture in cost and schedule estimates?
Ans:- Software architecture plays a crucial role in determining the cost and schedule of a software
project. The choices made in the architectural design phase can significantly impact the amount of
resources required, the development complexity, and the overall timeline. Here are some key ways
in which architecture influences cost and schedule estimates:
1. Development Effort:
Complexity: Complex architectures with intricate dependencies, numerous components, or advanced
technologies often require more development time and effort compared to simpler, modular designs.
Reuse and Adaptability: A well-designed architecture that promotes code reuse and component-
based development can significantly reduce development time and effort by leveraging existing code
and facilitating faster integration.
Maintainability: Architectures with clear separation of concerns and easy-to-understand components
are generally easier to maintain, which reduces the need for rework and saves time in the long run.
2. Resource Requirements:
Technology Stack: Choosing specific programming languages, frameworks, and infrastructure
technologies can impact resource requirements. Some technologies may require specialized
expertise, which can be more expensive to acquire or hire.
Hardware and Infrastructure: The chosen architecture can influence the hardware and infrastructure
requirements. Scalable architectures might necessitate robust servers and network infrastructure,
impacting initial investment and ongoing maintenance costs.
Team Composition: Complex architectures may necessitate hiring or training developers with
specialized skills and knowledge, potentially increasing staffing costs.
3. Project Risks:
Technical Debt: Poor architectural choices can lead to technical debt, where the system becomes
difficult to maintain and extend, ultimately requiring rework and potentially delaying future
development cycles.
 Integration Challenges: Complex architectures with numerous dependencies can introduce
integration challenges, leading to delays and unexpected issues during development and
deployment.
Scalability Issues: Architectures that are not designed for scalability may struggle to handle increased
workloads or user traffic, requiring costly refactoring or infrastructure upgrades.
4. Estimation Techniques:
Cost Estimation Models: Using established cost estimation models that consider the chosen
architecture and its complexity can provide more accurate cost forecasts.
Expert Judgment: Consulting with experienced architects and developers familiar with the chosen
technology stack can provide valuable insights into resource requirements and potential challenges.
Prototyping and Proof of Concept: Building prototypes or proof-of-concept projects based on the
chosen architecture can help identify potential issues early on and refine the estimates.
9. what are the six parts of the software architecture quality attributes and explain them?
Ans:- Software architecture encompasses various aspects, and quality attributes are characteristics
that define the overall quality and performance of a software system. The six primary parts of
software architecture quality attributes are:
➢ Performance:
Definition: Performance refers to the responsiveness and efficiency of a software system concerning
factors such as speed, throughput, and resource utilization.
Importance: It is crucial for ensuring that the software meets user expectations in terms of speed and
responsiveness.
➢ Reliability:
Definition: Reliability is the ability of a system to perform its intended functions without failure over
a specified period.
Importance: Reliable software is essential for critical applications where errors or failures can have
severe consequences.
➢ Availability:
Definition: Availability is the proportion of time that a system is operational and available for use.
Importance: High availability is vital for systems that require continuous operation, such as online
services and mission-critical applications.
➢ Security:
 Definition: Security involves protecting the software system and its data from unauthorized access,
attacks, and other potential security threats.
Importance: Security is paramount to safeguard sensitive information and prevent disruptions or
damage caused by malicious activities.
➢ Maintainability:
Definition: Maintainability refers to the ease with which a software system can be modified, updated,
and extended over time.
Importance: A maintainable system is cost-effective, as it allows for efficient bug fixes, updates, and
the addition of new features without significant effort.
➢ Scalability:
Definition: Scalability is the ability of a software system to handle increased workload by adding
resources or adapting to changing requirements.
Importance: Scalability is essential for systems that may experience variable levels of demand,
ensuring that they can grow or shrink to accommodate different workloads.
These quality attributes collectively contribute to the overall success and effectiveness of a software
system. Architects and developers must consider these attributes during the design and
implementation phases to create a system that meets user expectations and business requirements
while being robust, secure, and maintainable.