Questions are adapted from “8 Practice Tests for the SAT”, Kaplan, 2017 (Tests 1 & 2).

Module 1:
1) Mr. Ryan is quick to point out that mindfulness is not a religious practice, but rather a
________ mental technique that can be effective regardless of spiritual beliefs. He
compares it to his grandparents praying and to athletes working out until they feel "in the
zone:'
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. pristine
B. secular
C. serious
D. impersonal
2) One night in June, Fahlberg finished a long day of work; he had been so ________ in his
research that he forgot to eat lunch, so he hurried to his supper without stopping to wash
his hands.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. demanding
B. delayed
C. engrossed
D. excited
3) This 17th-century philosopher ushered Western thought through an era of great public
doubt and upheaval and into the age of self-reliant rationalism. Political and religious
tradition and authority-the _______ premodern sources of truth and knowledge-were
being questioned and rejected as new ideas identified potential inconsistencies.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. obvious
B. makeshift
C. innovative
D. reigning
4) A few quotations from acclaimed novelists of the past illustrate how _______ the form
was once regarded. G. K. Chesterton said, "A good novel tells us the truth about its hero;
but a bad novel tells us the truth about its author:'
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. loftily
B. broadly
C. haughtily
D. pretentiously
5) Most began with their personal appreciation of the novel and the enduring ________ of
questions it raised. Several students then mentioned scholars' praise for Quixote's
 ideological impact on culture, challenging worldviews and highlighting ambiguities
between reality and perception.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. triviality
B. pertinence
C. irrelevance
D. inertia
6) It may be tempting to take a position that promises high income for working at home. But
don't be tempted. Many of these advertised "work-from-home" positions are outright
scams. Of the 8, 192 ________ filed with Federal Trade Commission (FTC) in 2010
involving work-at-home business opportunities, the FTC estimates that only 1 in every 55
cases involved any real business.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. compliants
B. complaints
C. compliments
D. complements
7) In the 60 years since the beginning of space exploration, large quantities of human-made
orbital debris have accumulated. Much of the debris consists of satellites that have
stopped functioning or rocket booster sections that separated from the main spacecraft
during a mission. Some of the debris consists of items lost by astronauts, such as tools or
space suit parts. Still more of the debris is the result of collisions, such as when one
satellite collides with another or with a large piece of debris.
Which choice best describes the overall purpose of the text?
A. To explain why space debris left by humans is more dangerous than meteors.
B. To summarize the problems caused by old satellites and discarded equipment.
C. To describe the types of human-made space debris that are causing problems.
D. To argue for better tracking of the space debris that is orbiting Earth.
8) He was not studying medicine. He had himself, in reply to a question, confirmed
Stamford's opinion upon that point. Neither did he appear to have pursued any course of
reading which might fit him for a degree in science or any other recognized portal which
would give him an entrance into the learned world. Yet his zeal for certain studies was
remarkable, and within eccentric limits his knowledge was so extraordinarily ample and
minute that his observations have fairly astounded me. Surely no man would work so
hard or attain such precise information unless he had some definite end in view.
Desultory readers are seldom remarkable for the exactness of their learning. No man
burdens his mind with small matters unless he has some very good reason for doing so.
Based on the text, what of the following is most true about Holmes?
A. He tried, but failed, to become a doctor.
B. He was an excellent student at the university.
 C. He studies things he is passionate about.
D. He is considered an expert in philosophy.
9) Text 1
Although it still isn't exactly mainstream, many people practice meditation. Mindfulness
meditation, in particular, has become more popular in recent years. The practice involves
sitting comfortably, focusing on one's breathing, and bringing the mind's attention to the
present. Concerns about the past or future are let go of. The benefits of meditation are
coming to be widely accepted by health professionals, business leaders, and the media.
Text 2
In 2008, hoping to relax from his stressful job, Congressman Tim Ryan took a weekend
retreat where he first practiced mindfulness meditation. Now Ryan is an advocate for the
benefits of meditation on health, performance, and social awareness. Every week Ryan, a
Democrat representing the 13th congressional district of Ohio, hosts a meditation session
for his staff and any other members of Congress who want to join. Word seems to be
spreading around Capitol Hill. ''I've had members of Congress approach me and say, 'I
want to learn more about this;" Ryan says.
Based on the texts, which generalization about mindfulness meditation will both authors
support?
A. It has become an acceptable way to show spirituality.
B. It is making inroads into U. S. culture.
C. It should be utilized in public institutions.
D. It will soon be embraced by the American public.
10) The following passage is adapted from the nineteenth-century novel Three Men in a Boat.
In this scene, George, William Samuel, Harris, Jerome, and a dog named Montmorency
take a typical boating holiday of the time on a Thames River camping skiff. Jerome, the
narrator, shares the story of how the journey with his friends began. The author depicts
man as tired and hungry.
Which quotation from “Three Men in a Boat” most effectively illustrates the claim?
A. “George had towed us up to Staines, and we had taken the boat from there, and it
seemed that we were dragging fifty tons after us, and were walking forty miles.”
B. “A bit of water between a coal-barge and a gas-works would have quite satisfied
us for that night.”
C. “We wanted to have our supper and go to bed.”
D. “Then, he said, all our work would be done, and we could sit down to eat with an
easy mind.”
11) Amber is often confused with sap because of its sticky, liquid form. It is chemically
different, though, and hardens to such an extent that it can immaculately preserve what it
encases. As a result, researchers often encounter insects and other animals preserved in
amber for long periods of time. Considered a type of fossil, these findings are incredibly
useful, as the animals found in amber are not usually found elsewhere in the fossil record.
 Plants, on the other hand, are rarely seen preserved this way. This new discovery, along
with amber-encased animals, provides scientists with a more comprehensive view of life
in earlier times.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. The author indicates the benefits of amber and then explains why it is better than
sap.
B. The author provides the background information about amber and then lists the
applications of using it.
C. The author emphasizes the difference of amber from sap and then explains the
importance of this quality.
D. The author identifies the secret of amber and then reveals it.
12) Sunspots are relatively cool areas on the surface of the sun, formed by changes in the
sun's magnetic field. The sun's surface is very hot, approximately 10,000°F, while the
center of a sunspot is comparatively cool at about 6,000°F. Scientists do not know exactly
what causes sunspots, but the magnetic field within a sunspot is about 100 times stronger
than it is on the rest of the sun's surface.Normally, hot gasses flow from the interior of the
sun to the surface, maintaining the high temperature. Within a sunspot, however, the
concentrated magnetic field inhibits the movement of the gasses, causing the surface of
the sunspot to cool.
Which choice best states the main idea of the text?
A. Because the sunspots make it difficult for gasses to circulate, its magnetic field is
much stronger than at the other areas of the sun.
B. Because the magnetic field prevents the flow of hot gasses , sunspots are much
colder than other areas of the sun’s surface.
C. Because magnetic fields accelerate the flow of hot gasses, the area of sunspots are
much hotter than the rest of the sun.
D. Because the magnetic field of sunspots restrain the cold gasses inside the sun’s
core, it is much hotter than the rest of the sun.
13) Cold, flu, and allergies all affect the respiratory system and cause breathing problems.
However, each condition has distinctive symptoms. According to Dr. Hauguel, colds and
flu are caused by different viruses, while allergies are most commonly caused by airborne
pathogens like pollen or dander. All three illnesses usually involve _________________
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
 A. congestion and sneezing, but the flu is commonly distinguished by high,
prolonged fever as well as headache and often severe pain.
B. fever and sneezing, but the flu is commonly distinguished by sore throat and
congestion.
C. fatigue and headache, but the flu is commonly distinguished by cough, sore
throat, and mild fever.
D. congestion and headache, but the flu is commonly distinguished by high,
prolonged fever and sore throat.
14) With much at stake for companies if their products don't sell, merchandise buyers make
purchasing decisions based on careful deliberation. A study published in 2014 in the
Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services asked apparel merchandise buyers to rate
(from 1 to 4) the factors they take into account when making purchases. Perhaps
unsurprisingly, a product's seasonal appropriateness received the highest average rating,
at 3.39. Other factors that buyers gave the highest ratings illustrate the wide range of
expertise that Suveyke and others in the field must bring to their work. For instance,
understanding the target customer and __________________
Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the statement?
A. current fashion trends each received an average rating of 3.20. Buyers also rated sales
history (3.28) and budget (3.19) very highly, illustrating that they must pay attention to
market research and accounting concerns.
B. the product brand image showed a wide split in priorities among buyers.
C. recognizing a brand's position in the market received essentially the same ratings.
D. scouting competitors' products were given ratings below 3.21.
15) Newcomers were always treated with indifference. Even if you were the best guitar
player, or cuica player, or composer, or cavaquinho player, in the world, you had to be
invited to join the circle. Don't even think about joining and fighting to set the pace right
away—newcomers only follow. The batucada—that glorious, improvised roda
sound—was like a school of fish, sometimes floating serenely together, sometimes
darting faster than you could keep up with, but you had to earn the right to lead that
school. And the songs? Don't even think about playing a lighthearted marchinha—those
were for once a year, for Carnaval, for outsiders. Samba in the roda had mirth but it
wasn't a party; it was a lament. When you play samba in the roda, you laugh at your own
misery. You and your loneliness hold hands and traipse through the music, in awe of how
pathetic and glorious you both are.
Which choice best describes the function of the underlined question in the text as a
whole?
A. To use sensory imagery to show how a certain musical style became widespread.
B. To make a comparison between different types of artistic expression.
C. To provide an analogy to explore the effect of a musical style on a culture.
 D. To describe an auditory experience using an evocative visual image.
16) American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed
and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by
any European powers.
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To provide historical background.
B. To announce a conciliatory initiative.
C. To declare an authoritative position.
D. To reject a philosophical premise.
17) Colony collapse disorder causes entire honey bee colonies to mysteriously disappear.
When colony collapse disorder was first recognized, beekeepers and scientists assumed
that a pathogen was to blame. For example, there are several known viruses and pests that
can kill off entire hives of honey bees quickly and be extremely hard to prevent. Mites,
fungus, and bacterial infections are all common killers. Because of how often they're seen
in hives, farmers assumed that these common plights were responsible for colony
collapse disorder. However, as time passed and the disorder was studied, researchers
noticed something odd. In many cases, there were simply no dead bees to discover. While
common killers of the honey bee left telltale signs, colony collapse disorder left nothing
behind but empty hives.Scientists attributed the rapid disappearance of the bees to a form
of altruistic behavior. When a bee gets sick, it flies away from the hive so as not to spread
its illness to the other bees. It naturally prioritizes the overall health of the hive over its
own. Although this behavior explained the bees' disappearing act, _____________
Which choice most logically completes the text?
A. the question about where bees are dying: in a hive or outside, stays a mystery.
B. the cause of the disorder is yet to be understood and the list of possible
explanations just keeps getting longer.
C. the answer for the reason for colony collapse disorder is more obvious than it
seems.
D. there is an increasing necessity to solve the consequences of this disorder than to
search for the reason.
18) Before the holiday, the World Literature professor assigned the ________ next novel,
Don Quixote.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. classes'
B. class '
C. class's
D. classes
19) "Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra wrote Quixote in Spanish;' he boomed over the
end-of-class shuffle of notebooks and bags. "Find a good translation, start reading-and
class?" ____________ their attention.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. All motion stopped he had
B. All motion stopped: he had
C. All motion stopped, and had
D. All motion stopped. Had
20) As the students gradually finished their copies of Quixote, most felt the defense the
professor had requested was. somewhat unnecessary-it was a literary masterpiece. But
research ________ required, so they dutifully opened laptops and visited libraries.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. will have been
B. is
C. was
D. will be
21) Throughout history, philosophy has shaped culture in pivotal ways. From the ancients to
the postmoderns, great philosophers have spoken powerfully within ______ respective
contexts.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. there
B. their
C. its
D. it’s
22) So it is with the novel, that still relatively young member of the literary family (many
consider Don Quixote, published in 1605, to be the first). The novel is evolving to reflect
the __________ or for worse.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. changing world; for better
B. changing world—for better
C. changing world: for better
D. changing world for better
23) Fahlberg rushed back into the lab and began to taste the contents of every beaker he had
used that day. Fortunately, he had not worked with anything poisonous or corrosive, or
the story ________ a different ending.
 Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. may have
B. would have had
C. might have
D. could have had
24) While at the paper bag company, Knight perfected an idea for an automated machine that
would cut, fold, and paste paper bags. _______ when a man stole her idea, Knight fought
for her rights. In the Knight v. Annan dispute of 1871, she won a rare victory for women.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. However,
B. Furthermore,
C. Also,
D. Although
25) Researchers have carefully tested groups of these people, giving them a diet that omitted
gluten and then adding gluten back into their diet in pill form. Some felt no difference
when gluten was added back into their diets. Some, ________ were affected by gluten,
which suggests that there might be other health conditions related to gluten besides celiac
disease.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. moreover,
B. in addition,
C. however,
D. besides,
26) While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Vincent van Gogh is Dutch painter.
● He is generally considered the greatest after Rembrandt van Rijn, and one of the
greatest of the Post-Impressionists.
● His 10-year artistic career produced more than 800 paintings and 700 drawings, of
which he sold only one in his lifetime.
● Van Gogh’s art became astoundingly popular after his death, especially in the late
20th century, when his work sold for record-breaking sums at auctions around the
world and was featured in blockbuster touring exhibitions.
● Because of his extensive published letters, van Gogh has also been mythologized
in the popular imagination as the quintessential tortured artist.
The student wants to emphasize that van Gogh’s paintings were unsuccessful at life but gained
recognition after his death. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Van Gogh is considered the greatest after Rembrandt van Rijn, even though his career
was only 10 years old.
 B. Van Gogh produced more than 800 paintings and 700 drawings, which were sold for
record-breaking sums at auctions around the world.
C. During his 10-year artistic career Van Gogh sold only one painting, but after his death his
work sold for record-breaking sums at auctions around the world.
D. After publishing the letter of Van Gogh, his works gained the attention of art-lovers
around the world.

27) While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Coco Chanel is French fashion designer who ruled Parisian haute couture for
almost six decades.
● Her innovative use of jersey fabric and accessories was attracting wealthy patrons.
● Her nonconformist designs, stressing simplicity and comfort, revolutionized the
fashion industry for the next 30 years.
● She popularized turtleneck sweaters, the “little black dress,” and the much-copied
“Chanel suit.”
● Chanel industries included a Parisian fashion house, a textile business, perfume
laboratories, and a workshop for costume jewelry.
● The financial basis of her empire was Chanel No. 5 perfume, introduced in 1922
and still popular.
The student wants to emphasize the products that Chanel styled. Which choice most effectively
uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Chanel ruled Parisian haute couture for almost six decades, having expanded her business
in next industries: Parisian fashion house, a textile business, perfume laboratories, and a
workshop for costume jewelry.
B. Chanel implemented innovative use of jersey fabric and accessories and stressed the
simplicity and comfort.
C. Chanel made her perfume Chanel No. 5 as the financial basis of her empire and expanded
her business in next industries: Parisian fashion house, a textile business, perfume
laboratories, and a workshop for costume jewelry.
D. Chanel is a French fashion designer who created turtleneck sweaters, the “little black
dress,” the much-copied “Chanel suit,” and the still popular Chanel No. 5 perfume.
Module 2:

1) His expertise drew trusted readership, and his well-read ideas pointed culture down the
road to modern understanding-a road paved with reason, modernism's great intellectual
virtue. Shifts _______ by Descartes's work would influence the very structure of ideas
and systems in the modern world, from research methods to public processes like
government and health systems.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. begun
B. foreseen
C. initiated
D. evolved
2) Art is never ______, nor is it meant to be. A poem written today looks and sounds vastly
different from a poem by Shakespeare, and a modern symphony no longer resembles one
by Beethoven.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. immovable
B. sluggish
C. static
D. stationary
3) Kelli Blake, a chemical engineering major, recently accepted a summer internship with
BP, an international energy company, to gain career experience. Some argue against the
value of internships, claiming they pay very little and can involve performing _______
tasks, yet Kelli feels her internship is critical to helping her discover whether engineering
is right for her.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. boring
B. skilled
C. menial
D. challenging
4) That canvas wanted more putting up than I think any of us had bargained for. It looked so
simple ________ You took five iron arches, like gigantic croquet hoops, and fitted them
up over the boat, and then stretched the canvas over them, and fastened it down: it would
take quite ten minutes, we thought.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. in summary.
B. in the directions.
C. in the ideal.
D. in theory.
5) One scam involves a fee to process insurance claims for doctors. The _______ fee is
supposed to get you marketing materials, software, and a training session. But once the
company has your money, the training sessions are postponed indefinitely, and the
materials never arrive. You don't earn a cent.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. certification
B. registration
C. conclusion
D. termination
6) It's important to select your medication carefully according to your condition. Specialized
prescription treatments are available for flu and allergy sufferers, but over-the-counter
medications can be effective for mild cases. Dr. Hauguel also suggests selecting
medicines with only the active ingredients _________ to your condition.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or phrase?
A. convenient
B. logical
C. valuable
D. suitable
7) Today, couples are marrying much later than they did in previous generations and are
starting families later still. With careers, homes, and lives comfortably in place, however,
these couples are facing a new problem of modern family planning. Forty may be the new
thirty, but not when it comes to having babies!
Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?
A. To propose a solution to a problem.
B. To describe a sociological phenomenon.
C. To identify a common misconception.
D. To advance a new medical theory.
8) We can look at this system as analogous to short-term memory. First, the flytrap encodes
the information (forms the memory) that something (it doesn’t know what) has touched
one of its hairs. Then it stores this information for a number of seconds (retains the
memory) and finally retrieves this information (recalls the memory) once a second hair is
touched. If a small ant takes a while to get from one hair to the next, the trap will have
forgotten the first touch by the time the ant brushes up against the next hair. In other
words, it loses the storage of the information, doesn’t close, and the ant happily meanders
on. How does the plant encode and store the information from the unassuming bug’s
encounter with the first hair? How does it remember the first touch in order to react upon
the second?
Which choice best describes the overall purpose of the text?
A. To clarify an explanation of what prompts the Venus flytrap to close.
 B. To advance a controversial hypothesis about the function of electric charges found
in the leaf of the Venus flytrap.
C. To stress the distinction between the strategies of the Venus flytrap and the
strategies of human beings.
D. To emphasize the Venus flytrap’s capacity for retaining detailed information about
its prey.
9) In April 2013, actress Angelina Jolie underwent a double mastectomy in order to avoid
future susceptibility to breast cancer. At the time she opted for the surgery, Jolie had not
Line actually been diagnosed with the disease. She made the decision 5 to undergo the
procedure after genetic testing revealed that her DNA contained a gene mutation that put
her at a relatively high risk of breast and ovarian cancers.
Based on the text, why did Angelina Jolie decide to get surgery?
A. Because she was diagnosed with breast cancer.
B. Because of her mother who died from cancer.
C. Because of having the genetic disposition to these diseases.
D. Because she supports the charitable organizations dedicated to fighting cancer.
10) Granted, natural changes to Earth's climate have also occurred in recent times. For
example, two major volcanic eruptions, in 1982 and in 1991, pumped sulfur dioxide gas
high into the atmosphere, creating tiny particles that lingered for more than a year. These
reflected sunlight and shaded Earth's surface, and temperatures across the globe dipped
for about three years. However, although volcanoes are active around the world, the
amount of carbon dioxide they release is extremely small compared to that released by
human activities. On average, volcanoes emit between 130 and 230 million tons of
carbon dioxide per year, whereas the burning of fossil fuels releases about 26 billion tons
of carbon dioxide every year. In other words, human influence on the climate is 100-200
times the effect of all the world's volcanoes.
Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?
A. The author provides examples of two volcanic eruptions and emphasizes the
importance of these eruptions for environment.
B. The author describes the effect of volcanic eruptions and people on earth and then
identifies which has a bigger impact.
C. The author compares the eruption of two volcanoes and its effect on people and
nature.
D. The author explains the reason for global cooling and then compares the effect of
volcanoes to anthropogenic factors.
11) In the first days of space exploration, one concern was the possibility that astronauts or
spacecraft might be hit by meteoroids. Scientists calculated that this possibility was
extremely small because meteoroids are rare. Astronauts and spacecraft, on the other
hand, would almost certainly encounter micrometeorites, which are about the size of
grains of dust and much more common.
 Based on the text, why does space debris created by humans pose a greater threat than
meteoroids?
A. Meteoroids are rare, while there are large quantities of space debris.
B. Meteoroids are much smaller than most pieces of space debris.
C. Space debris cannot be tracked and monitored, but meteoroids can.
D. Space debris is only found in a narrow band around Earth.
12) Text 1
At the end of the eighth century, the Scandinavians known as the Vikings took to the seas,
traveling to areas including Iceland, Greenland, England, Ireland, France, and Russia, and
even reaching the shores of America some 500 years before Columbus.The Vikings'
innovations in shipbuilding were central to constructing their empire. They relied on the
superior ships conjured in the minds of master shipwrights for travel and exploration.
Using vessels such as the longboat, these fascinating seafarers opened up new foreign
connections. While its shallow draft and ease of construction made the Viking longboat a
superior seafaring vessel, the seamanship of the Norsemen was the most decisive factor
in the success of their boats. For example, Vikings navigated by looking at the sky
through a crystal, which was known as a sunstone. The Vikings' outstanding talents in
ship construction, coupled with their superlative skills as navigators, greatly impacted
Scandinavia. In turn, through their explorations, the Vikings influenced the rest of the
world.
Text 2
The Gokstad ship was excavated in 1 880 and dates to around AD 890; discovery of this
Viking ship revealed innovations in construction. Aptly named "longboats;' such ships
were long and narrow and could travel on the open sea as well as along rivers.It reveals
the technical achievements of the Vikings because the shape was different from the norm.
Its shallow draft, plus its ability to change direction quickly, was a tremendous asset to
the Vikings. Contrary to popular belief, the Vikings were not just warriors; they were also
coastal farmers, fishers, hunters, and craftsmen. Their lands were harsh, however, and
increases in their population forced some men to search for other opportunities. Vikings,
therefore, turned to trade and sea raiding. Their swift sailing ships, already perfect for
coastal fishing, enabled Vikings to attack ports and towns, making these seamen effective
as both raiders and traders. Truly, their ships are representatives of a great leap in
seafaring, for this finest expression of technical achievement could serve many purposes.
Based on the text, with which generalization about vikings would both authors agree?
A. Devoted to warfare, the Vikings built an empire that reshaped the map of Europe.
B. Innovations in shipbuilding and navigation saved the Vikings from decline and
extinction.
C. The Vikings were noble warriors and farmers who sought to better understand the
world.
 D. Through their seafaring skills and abilities, the Vikings expanded and changed the
world.

13) One of the reasons that space travel is so expensive is that, at present, to travel to and
through space requires heavy single-use rockets. Heavy rockets require immense amounts
of fuel to generate thrust, so rockets are constructed in tank-like sections that can detach
as fuel is consumed. While this design increases rocket efficiency, it also makes travel or
cargo shipment by rocket significantly more expensive than travel by airplane. A plane
and a rocket of similar capacity cost about the same amount of money to build, but the
cost per ton for a given voyage is many orders of magnitude more expensive by rocket
than by plane because the rocket can be deployed only once, whereas an airplane can
complete many trips and thereby decrease the cost per ton over a longer lifetime.
Based on the text, why does the author compare travel by rocket and by plane?
A. To indicate why planes have not been used in space exploration.
B. To show why typical rockets are less cost-efficient than planes.
C. To establish the average lifespan of a reusable rocket.
D. To suggest that commercial airlines and space exploration companies often
collaborate.
14) For example, Richard III of England has long been regarded as one of the most vicious
and heartless monarchs in history. Yet now the Richard III Society has uncovered facts
suggesting that this image was distorted by Shakespeare's famous representation, which
in turn was based solely on the Tudor version of Richard's reign. Since the Tudors were
eager to vilify Richard and legitimize Henry VII's usurpation of the throne from the
Plantagenets, their representations can hardly be regarded as historically objective.
Based on the text, what was Shakespeare's role in depicting Richard III?
A. A famous figure whose identity and background are in dispute.
B. An exemplary author of riveting historical plays.
C. An early pioneer of the classic narrative approach.
D. An abettor to an act of historical misrepresentation.
15) Text 1
The group found that as planetary mass increases, there is an increase in the shear stress
[stress parallel to a plate's surface] and a decrease in the plate thickness. Both of these
factors weaken the plates and contribute to plate subduction, which is a key component of
plate tectonics. Therefore, the scientists say, the conditions required for plate deformation
and subduction are easily met by super-Earths. Their results show that this is particularly
true for the larger super-Earths.
Text 2
Once they had an idea of what an exoplanet's mantle and crust might look like,
geochemically 75 speaking, the scientists were able to determine whether that exoplanet's
crust would be dense enough to sink into the mantle, just as Earth's oceanic plates do at
 places like the Cascadia subduction zone—North America's 1,000-kilometer-80 long
chain of volcanoes built as one plate takes a deep dive beneath another. Making the
calculation involved rigorous modeling: As pressures and temperatures mount during a
plate's descent, atoms in the plate undergo a reorganization that makes the 85 plate
denser. Should the plate remain denser than the surrounding mantle then the plate would
continue to sink. If that is the case, plate tectonics might thrive for billions of years. But if
it does not and the plate stalls, then plate tectonics would shut down, 90 crippling life's
chances. The results paint a rather depressing result as far as habitability is concerned: At
least two thirds of the simulated planets build a crust that is too buoyant to sink.
Based on the texts, what would the author of text 2 most likely say about the findings in
the text 1?
A. The crusts of the super-Earths lack the thermal energy needed to cause
deformation and subduction.
B. Conditions required for plate tectonics to occur vary according to the mass of the
planet.
C. The buoyancy of most super-Earths' plates overcomes other forces that sustain
ongoing plate deformation and subduction.
D. There is no direct method for analyzing the geochemical composition of
super-Earths.
16) During the Industrial Age, many women, like Knight, were able to secure jobs in m
_________ in their higher labor market participation.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. factories, this resulted
B. factories, because this resulted
C. factories; this resulted
D. factories, but resulted
17) ___________________________ one that ought to enthrall its passive reader and relieve
him or her of the stress and tedium of life.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. Novels are considered just another entertainment medium, which are now
available on digital devices,
B. Novels, which are now available on digital devices, are considered just another
entertainment medium,
C. Novels are considered just another entertainment medium, now available on
digital devices,
D. Novels, just another entertainment medium which are now available on digital
devices
18) Scientific method, and the emphasis on human reason, would become standard elements
of modern thought. Though reimagined by ensuing culture and philosophy, these changes
_________ by Descartes's initial contributions to that conversation.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. propelled
B. being propelled
C. having been propelled
D. were propelled
19) It can be hard to break into your desired field, whether that's advertising, medicine, or
technology. New graduates usually have to start at entry-level positions, where salaries
are low. Meanwhile, the cost of rent can be ______ and if you live with your parents to
save on rent, perhaps in the suburbs, then you might have a costly commute.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. high,
B. high
C. high:
D. high—
20) Uncertainty hinders economic activity and thereby impedes growth. Without the stability,
enforcement, and predictability that _________ a reliable system of institutions, a nation
cannot prosper.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. is afforded by
B. are afforded by
C. affords
D. afford
21) Cyber security serves a growing need, and the field is so new and dynamic ____ it
provides many opportunities for entrepreneurs. Governments, corporations, and
individuals must protect their computers, networks, programs, and data so that they
cannot be accessed, stolen, or destroyed by unauthorized users. The idea is simple, but
the reality is not.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. but
B. and
C. that
D. because
22) Although many of our nation's founders wanted to avoid anything associated with
monarchism, they recognized that one of its benefits was the lack of civil struggles over
 succession. _____ they established that the executive branch would include a Vice II
President who would have no particular role except to take command if the President
dies, resigns, or is removed from office.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Then
B. In so doing,
C. Nevertheless,
D. Accordingly,
23) Among those investigating dogs' cognitive relationship to olfaction are German
researchers Juliane Bräuer and Julia Belger.In a study published in the Journal of
Comparative Psychology in 2018, Bräuer and Belger sought to learn if dogs mentally
represent what they smell. ________ the scientists wondered whether dogs have
expectations of what they search for or whether they simply follow a trail of positive
stimuli.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. Nevertheless,
C. However,
D. As a result,
24) This practice of continued education, also known as professional development, benefits
not only employees but also their employers. __________ meaningful professional
development is a shared responsibility: it is the responsibility of employers to provide
useful programs, and it is also the responsibility of employees to take advantage of the
opportunities offered to them.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Accordingly,
B. Nevertheless,
C. Regardless,
D. Similarly,
25) Accordingly, colleges and universities have begun offering both bachelor's and master's
degrees in cyber security. According to US News and World Report, in the past few years
the demand for cyber security services _______ twice as fast as that for the general
information technology (IT) services.
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard
English?
A. have grown
B. has grown
C. had grown
D. will grow
26) With world population topping seven billion, humanity is in need of some perspective.
___________ we should continue to support NASA not only for practical reasons but
also because it is a necessary vehicle for increasing our awareness of how we can fulfill
our responsibilities to the planet and each other.
Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Therefore,
B. Instead,
C. For example,
D. However,
27) While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
● Lamp, device for producing illumination, originally a vessel containing a wick
soaked in combustible material.
● The lamp was invented at least as early as 70,000 BCE.
● In the Mediterranean area and the Middle East, the earliest lamp had a shell shape.
● Originally, actual shells were used, with sections cut out to provide space for the
lighting area; later these were replaced by pottery, alabaster, or metal lamps
shaped to resemble their natural prototypes.
● Another basic early type of lamp, found in ancient Egypt and China, was the
saucer lamp.
● Made of pottery or bronze, it was sometimes provided with a spike in the centre
of the declivity to support the wick, which was used to control the rate of burning.
The student wants to emphasize that primary versions of lamps were different around the
world. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. The lamps in the Middle East and Ancient China were both made of pottery.
B. The ancient lamps were made mostly of pottery and left the space for the lighting
area.
C. The lamp was invented at least as early as 70,000 BCE in different corners of the
world like the Middle East and Ancient Egypt.
D. The earliest lamp in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East had a shell shape
while the lamp found in ancient Egypt and China was the saucer lamp.