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Module 5 ITM

The document provides information on various Excel and SPSS topics: 1) It describes different types of cell referencing in Excel formulas including relative, absolute, and mixed referencing. 2) It explains how to create nested IF functions in Excel to evaluate multiple conditions. 3) It outlines some uses of conditional formatting in Excel such as highlighting cells that meet criteria and applying different formatting styles. 4) It lists some advanced Excel functions including LOOKUP, Goal Seek, Scenario Manager, and Data Tables. 5) It describes common uses of the statistical software SPSS including data management, descriptive statistics, statistical tests, data visualization, and advanced analysis techniques.

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neenasukesh01
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25 views

Module 5 ITM

The document provides information on various Excel and SPSS topics: 1) It describes different types of cell referencing in Excel formulas including relative, absolute, and mixed referencing. 2) It explains how to create nested IF functions in Excel to evaluate multiple conditions. 3) It outlines some uses of conditional formatting in Excel such as highlighting cells that meet criteria and applying different formatting styles. 4) It lists some advanced Excel functions including LOOKUP, Goal Seek, Scenario Manager, and Data Tables. 5) It describes common uses of the statistical software SPSS including data management, descriptive statistics, statistical tests, data visualization, and advanced analysis techniques.

Uploaded by

neenasukesh01
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 5

MS-Excel:

Cell Referencing:

• Relative Referencing: This is the default reference type in Excel. When a formula is
copied or moved, the cell references within the formula are automatically adjusted. For
example, if the formula =A1 + B1 is copied to cell C2, it will become =A2 + B2. This
is because the relative references A1 and B1 are adjusted by one column each to
become A2 and B2.

• Absolute Referencing: This allows you to fix a cell reference in a formula so that it
remains constant regardless of where the formula is copied or moved. To make a
reference absolute, you add a dollar sign ($) before the row number or column
letter. For example, if the formula =A1 + $B$1 is copied to cell C2, it will become =A2
+ $B$1. The reference to cell B1 remains constant, while the reference to cell A1 is
adjusted to become cell A2.

• Mixed Referencing: This is a combination of relative and absolute referencing. You


can use a dollar sign to fix either the row or column reference while leaving the other
reference relative. For example, the formula =A$1 + B1 will always reference cell
A1, regardless of where it is copied, but the reference to cell B1 will be adjusted to the
corresponding row.

Nested IF() Function:

The IF() function is a powerful tool that allows you to make decisions based on specific
conditions. You can nest IF() functions within each other to create complex decision-making
logic. For example, the formula =IF(A1>10,IF(B1>5,"High", "Medium"),"Low") checks the
values in cells A1 and B1 and returns "High", "Medium", or "Low" based on the following
conditions:

• If the value in cell A1 is greater than 10, then the formula checks the value in cell B1.

• If the value in cell B1 is greater than 5, then the formula returns "High".
• If the value in cell B1 is not greater than 5, then the formula returns "Medium".

• If the value in cell A1 is not greater than 10, then the formula returns "Low".

Conditional Formatting:

Conditional formatting is a great way to visually highlight important data in your spreadsheet.
You can use conditional formatting to:

• Highlight cells that meet specific criteria, such as values above or below a certain
threshold.

• Apply different formatting styles based on text or formulas.

• Create data bars, color scales, and icon sets to visualize data trends.

Advanced Excel Functions:

• LOOKUP(): This function allows you to find a specific value in a table or array and
return its corresponding value. There are several different types of LOOKUP()
functions, including VLOOKUP(), HLOOKUP(), and MATCH().

• Goal Seek: This tool allows you to find the input value that will produce a desired
output value. This is useful for "what-if" analysis and reverse calculations.

• Scenario Manager: This tool allows you to save and manage different sets of input
values for a spreadsheet. You can then switch between scenarios to see how changes in
the input values affect the outcome.

• Data Tables: This tool allows you to create a table that shows how changing one or
two input values affects the output of a formula. This is useful for sensitivity analysis
and understanding the relationship between variables.

SPSS:

SPSS is a powerful statistical software program that is widely used in research and analysis. It
offers a wide range of tools and features for:

• Data Management: Importing, cleaning, and organizing data from various sources.
• Descriptive Statistics: Calculating measures of central tendency
(mean, median, mode) and variability (standard deviation, variance).

• Statistical Tests: Performing tests of hypotheses, such as t-tests, ANOVA, and


regressions.

• Data Visualization: Creating charts and graphs to visualize data trends and
relationships.

• Advanced Analysis: Conducting factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and


other complex statistical techniques.

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